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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LgBstvxF87djbhV93JYJKHD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2010000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(10)09400305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de custo-efetividade dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos na doen&#231;a coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Esmeralci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Cyro Vargues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Camillo de Lellis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amino</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Mara Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Status Cor</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Mario Lioni</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Prontocor</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>94</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>306</fpage>
      <lpage>312</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Na literatura nacional h&#225; escassez de an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade, comparando stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) versus n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos (SNF), no seguimento tardio. OBJETIVO: Estimar a Raz&#227;o de Custo-Efetividade Incremental (RCEI) entre SF e SNF na coronariopatia uniarterial. M&#201;TODOS: 217 pacientes (130 SF e 87 SNF), com 48 meses de seguimento (m&#233;dia=26). Desfecho prim&#225;rio: custo por re-estenose evitada, sendo efetividade definida como redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos maiores. O modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o foi baseado no estudo de Polanczyk et al. Os custos diretos foram aqueles utilizados diretamente nas interven&#231;&#245;es. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi homog&#234;nea para idade e sexo. O SF foi mais utilizado em diab&#233;ticos: 59 (45,4%) vs 16 (18,4%)(p&lt;0,0001) e com hist&#243;ria de DAC: 53 (40,7%) vs 13 (14,9%)(p&lt;0,0001). O SNF foi utilizado em les&#245;es mais simples, por&#233;m com pior fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os SF foram implantados preferencialmente nas les&#245;es proximais: (p=0,0428) e os SNF no 1/3 m&#233;dio (p=0,0001). Sobrevida livre de eventos: SF=118 (90,8%) vs SNF=74 (85,0%) (p=0,19); Angina: SF=9 (6,9%) vs SNF=9 (10,3%) (NS): Reestenose cl&#237;nica: SF=3 (2,3%) vs SNF=10 (10,3%) (p=0,0253). &#211;bitos card&#237;acos: 2 (1,5%) no SF e 3 (3,5%) no SNF (NS). Custos: a &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o foi modelada na reestenose. O benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido para SF necessitou de incremento de R$7.238,16. A RCEI foi R$131.647,84 por reestenose evitada (acima do limiar da OMS). CONCLUS&#213;ES: O SF abordou les&#245;es mais complexas. Os resultados cl&#237;nicos foram similares. A reestenose foi maior no SNF. O SF foi uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o custo-efetiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Stents farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>custo-efetividade</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2010</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> ANGIOPLASTIA COM E SEM <italic><bold>STENT</bold></italic></p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise de custo-efetividade dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos na doen&#231;a coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Esmeralci Ferreira<sup>I, II, III, IV, V</sup>; Denizar Vianna Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup>; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo<sup>V</sup>; Cyro Vargues Rodrigues<sup>II, IV</sup>; Alcides Ferreira Jr.<sup>II, IV</sup>; Camillo de Lellis Junqueira<sup>IV</sup>; Jos&#233; Geraldo de Castro Amino<sup>V</sup>; Mara Lucia Farias<sup>III</sup>; Antonio Farias Neto<sup>III</sup>; Denilson Campos de Albuquerque<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Cl&#237;nica Status Cor </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Prontocor </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Mario Lioni (AMIL Par) </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras (INCL), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Na literatura nacional h&#225; escassez de an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade, comparando <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos (SNF), no seguimento tardio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a Raz&#227;o de Custo-Efetividade Incremental (RCEI) entre SF e SNF na coronariopatia uniarterial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> 217 pacientes (130 SF e 87 SNF), com 48 meses de seguimento (m&#233;dia=26). Desfecho prim&#225;rio: custo por re-estenose evitada, sendo efetividade definida como redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos maiores. O modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o foi baseado no estudo de Polanczyk et al. Os custos diretos foram aqueles utilizados diretamente nas interven&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A amostra foi homog&#234;nea para idade e sexo. O SF foi mais utilizado em diab&#233;ticos: 59 (45,4%) <italic>vs</italic> 16 (18,4%)(p&lt;0,0001) e com hist&#243;ria de DAC: 53 (40,7%) <italic>vs</italic> 13 (14,9%)(p&lt;0,0001). O SNF foi utilizado em les&#245;es mais simples, por&#233;m com pior fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os SF foram implantados preferencialmente nas les&#245;es proximais: (p=0,0428) e os SNF no 1/3 m&#233;dio (p=0,0001). Sobrevida livre de eventos: SF=118 (90,8%) <italic>vs</italic> SNF=74 (85,0%) (p=0,19); Angina: SF=9 (6,9%) <italic>vs</italic> SNF=9 (10,3%) (NS): Reestenose cl&#237;nica: SF=3 (2,3%) <italic>vs</italic> SNF=10 (10,3%) (p=0,0253). &#211;bitos card&#237;acos: 2 (1,5%) no SF e 3 (3,5%) no SNF (NS). Custos: a &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o foi modelada na reestenose. O benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido para SF necessitou de incremento de R$7.238,16. A RCEI foi R$131.647,84 por reestenose evitada (acima do limiar da OMS). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O SF abordou les&#245;es mais complexas. Os resultados cl&#237;nicos foram similares. A reestenose foi maior no SNF. O SF foi uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o custo-efetiva.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold><italic>Stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, custo-efetividade, angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronariana, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morbimortalidade tanto no Brasil como no Mundo Ocidental, e com um impacto significativo nos custos do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) evoluiu muito desde o desenvolvimento da angioplastia coronariana<sup>3</sup> e posteriormente com a inclus&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic>. Os <italic>stents</italic> tornaram-se o procedimento padr&#227;o em interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) e a reestenose tornou-se o grande desafio da cardiologia intervencionista, com percentuais variando entre 15% e 30%, em m&#233;dia<sup>4-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O uso de drogas anti-proliferativas liberadas pelos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) tem reduzido a reestenose<sup>10-18</sup>, por&#233;m os primeiros estudos, avaliando-se o custo-efetividade, mostraram que seu elevado custo tornou-se a principal limita&#231;&#227;o para a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Polanczyk e cols.<sup>21</sup> realizaram an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade, em nosso meio, comparando a estrat&#233;gia de implante do SF com sirolimus <italic>versus stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (SNF), nos procedimentos percut&#226;neos coronarianos, sob as perspectivas do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) e Sistema Suplementar de Sa&#250;de. Os autores utilizaram um modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o para estimar a efetividade e os custos relacionados com os procedimentos, as complica&#231;&#245;es e os desfechos. O principal desfecho analisado no modelo foi "sobrevida livre de eventos em um ano". A an&#225;lise foi elaborada com resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos e registros publicados. Os pesquisadores conclu&#237;ram que as rela&#231;&#245;es de custo-efetividade para o uso do SF com sirolimus <italic>versus</italic> SNF s&#227;o elevadas no cen&#225;rio brasileiro, principalmente no SUS.</p>
    <p>Esta nossa an&#225;lise apresenta os resultados de um estudo n&#227;o randomizado, consecutivo, com pacientes atendidos no Sistema Suplementar de Sa&#250;de, com objetivo prim&#225;rio de avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade entre os <italic>stents</italic> com paclitaxel e os SNF para o desfecho "reestenose evitada em um ano". Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram comparar os resultados cl&#237;nicos de ambos os grupos para angina, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo (RLA), reestenose e morte.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo de 217 pacientes consecutivos, realizado em tr&#234;s hospitais privados no Rio de Janeiro, submetidos &#224; ICP. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: 130 pacientes receberam <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, do tipo Taxus (SF) e 87 com SNF, do tipo Libert&#232;. O seguimento foi de setembro de 2003 a dezembro de 2007, variando de 13 a 48 meses, com m&#233;dia de 26 meses.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes com angina est&#225;vel e s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas, apresentando les&#245;es obstrutivas acima de 70% da luz classificadas como tipo A, B ou C<sup>22</sup>. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados por tr&#234;s operadores das institui&#231;&#245;es participantes. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi avaliada subjetivamente pelos operadores, no momento do exame. Em cinco pacientes, a ventriculografia n&#227;o foi realizada por apresentarem insufici&#234;ncia renal, ou grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos SNF foi utilizada em pacientes com les&#245;es mais favor&#225;veis (tipo A ou B) ou naqueles incapazes de usar os SF, quer seja por motivos econ&#244;micos, ou por impossibilidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do clopidogrel. Os SF foram usados, preferencialmente, para les&#245;es complexas e/ou pacientes diab&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>O procedimento foi considerado de sucesso quando a les&#227;o residual foi menor do que 30% do l&#250;men e com aus&#234;ncia de grandes eventos: morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e oclus&#227;o subaguda.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST e pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p>Durante a fase hospitalar, os grandes eventos card&#237;acos (infarto, &#243;bito e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo) e os custos diretos foram avaliados. Na fase tardia, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os principais eventos card&#237;acos: reestenose, necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos por meio de consulta ou contato telef&#244;nico.</p>
    <p>A reestenose foi avaliada de forma clinica e relacionada com a presen&#231;a de sintomas, uma vez que os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos n&#227;o foram submetidos ao cateterismo de controle.</p>
    <p>A terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria adjuvante, ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, estabeleceu o uso de clopidogrel e aspirina, durante tr&#234;s meses para os SNF e de no m&#237;nimo um ano para os SF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e comparadas com os testes t de Student ou Mann-Whitney quando aplic&#225;vel, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste exato de Fisher. O m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado na an&#225;lise de sobrevida geral e livre de eventos e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (SNF <italic>vs</italic> SF) foi realizado pelo teste de log-rank. Na an&#225;lise multivariada foi empregado o m&#233;todo de Cox.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise de custos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi elaborado o modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o com dados probabil&#237;sticos e custos extra&#237;dos do estudo de Polanczyk e cols.<sup>21</sup>. A efetividade do procedimento foi estabelecida como sendo a sobrevida livre de reestenose no per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de seguimento cl&#237;nico de um ano. O modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o foi desenvolvido para estimar resultados, probabilidades e custos em ambos os grupos. Foram computados como custos diretos, aqueles recursos utilizados diretamente nas interven&#231;&#245;es, sendo que a valora&#231;&#227;o dos honor&#225;rios foi homog&#234;nea e os procedimentos m&#233;dicos das institui&#231;&#245;es foram feitos pela Classifica&#231;&#227;o Brasileira Hierarquizada de Procedimentos (CBHPM), vers&#227;o 2005. Visando evitar a variabilidade no percentual de desconto da tabela CBHPM, concedido aos hospitais, optamos por utilizar os dados de custo m&#233;dio dos procedimentos cardiovasculares publicados anteriormente por Polanczyk e cols.<sup>21</sup>. Em todas as institui&#231;&#245;es o valor unit&#225;rio de cada dispositivo foi o mesmo, sendo de R$ 4.200,00 para os SNF e de R$ 11.762,00 para os SF. Objetivando diminuir o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o para a indica&#231;&#227;o de SF, foi realizado o ajuste estat&#237;stico para os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Aos recursos utilizados foram atribu&#237;dos custos em Reais (R$) baseando-se em valores do ano de 2005 (US$1,00 equivalia a R$2,34). A efetividade foi relacionada &#224; curva de sobrevida livre de reestenose durante um ano (expressa em porcentagem).</p>
    <p>A RCEI (Raz&#227;o de Custo-Efetividade Incremental) foi calculada dividindo-se a diferen&#231;a de custos diretos entre SF e SNF pela diferen&#231;a de efetividade entre o SF e SNF. O valor incremental sugerido pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de &#233; de at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes o produto interno bruto per capita(US$ 6.771,00), o que, de acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) em 2005, correspondia a um total de US$ 20.313,00<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra a f&#243;rmula utilizada para o c&#225;lculo da RCEI entre <italic>stent</italic> com paclitaxel e o SNF.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e anal&#237;tica do modelo de decis&#227;o foi conduzida pelo programa TreeAge Pro Health Care (TreeAge Software, Inc, MA, EUA - 2005 version).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a para sexo e idade. No entanto, diabetes mellitus, sedentarismo e hist&#243;ria familiar foram mais prevalentes nos SF (p&lt;0,0001 para estas vari&#225;veis). Entre as co-morbidades, os doentes com infarto pr&#233;vio tenderam a ser mais frequentes (p= 0,0512) no SF, assim como aqueles com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pr&#233;via (0,0021) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os quadros de angina est&#225;vel e de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesn&#237;vel, entre os dois grupos. O grupo dos SF apresentou mais pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal ou levemente comprometida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Houve mais implantes de SNF na art&#233;ria descendente anterior (p=0,0239) e de SF na coron&#225;ria direita, (p=0,0008). O segmento proximal dos vasos recebeu mais SF (p=0,0428) e o segmento m&#233;dio recebeu mais SNF. O SNF abordou mais les&#245;es do tipo A (p= 0,0229) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O di&#226;metro m&#233;dio dos <italic>stents</italic> no grupo SF foi 2,51&#177; 0,35mm (2,25 a 3,5mm) e no SNF foi de 2,91&#177;0,47mm (2,25 a 4,0mm) (p=0,006).</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 2,2 dias (1 a 29) no SF e 1,7 (1 a 10) no SNF (p=NS). Os procedimentos foram realizados com sucesso, n&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es fatais, ou quadros de eventos card&#237;acos em nenhum dos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico m&#233;dio foi de 26 meses (13 a 48 meses) revelou que ap&#243;s o procedimento 118 (90,8%), no SF e 74 (85%), no SNF mantiveram-se assintom&#225;ticos e livres de eventos sem diferen&#231;as entre grupos (p=0,19). Os quadros de angina n&#227;o foram diferentes: SF=9 (6,9%) e SNF=9 (10,3%) (p=NS). Durante o seguimento houve dois &#243;bitos card&#237;acos (0,75%), no SF e tr&#234;s (1,2%), no SNF (p=NS). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo dos SF, um dos &#243;bitos (0,75%) foi relacionado &#224; trombose tardia (6 meses), relacionada &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso do clopidogrel. O outro &#243;bito card&#237;aco foi relacionado &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em paciente idoso (85 anos). Os tr&#234;s &#243;bitos card&#237;acos, no grupo SNF, estiveram relacionados &#224; reestenose tardia.</p>
    <p>Entre os nove pacientes com angina, no grupo SF, cinco ocorreram por progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a em outro segmento (les&#227;o "de novo") e tr&#234;s por reestenose. Todas as les&#245;es "de novo" foram tratadas por ICP. Entre as tr&#234;s reestenoses, uma foi tratada clinicamente, uma atrav&#233;s de cirurgia e a terceira por interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea com <italic>stent</italic> de rapamicina.</p>
    <p>O grupo dos SF apresentou curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier livre de reestenose de 97,3% em seis meses e um ano e de 96,3% em dois e tr&#234;s anos. Nos pacientes do grupo SNF, a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier livre de reestenose foi de 100% em seis meses, 96,8% em um ano e de 86,9% em dois e tr&#234;s anos (p=0,062) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os quadros de angina no SNF foram relacionados &#224; reestenose, pois neste grupo n&#227;o houve les&#227;o "de novo". (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Nenhum dos pacientes foi submetido &#224; outra interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O grupo dos SF apresentou curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier de 98,2% em at&#233; tr&#234;s anos. Nos pacientes do grupo SNF, a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier foi de 98,4% em seis meses e um ano e de 94,5% em dois e tr&#234;s anos (p=0,28), sem diferen&#231;as. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O grupo dos SF apresentou curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier livre dos eventos combinados, reestenose ou &#243;bito de 97,3% em seis meses e um ano, e de 96,3% em dois e tr&#234;s anos. Nos pacientes do grupo SNF, a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier livre do evento combinado foi de 98,4% em seis meses, 95,2% em um ano e de 82,2% em dois e tr&#234;s anos (p=0,0067) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Na casu&#237;stica apresentada, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste entre os dois grupos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as preponderantes para que se pudesse criar subgrupos com resultados diferenciados.</p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultado da an&#225;lise custo-efetividade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o foi modelada baseada na frequ&#234;ncia de reestenose detectada no SF (2,3%) <italic>versus</italic> SNF (10,3%), em um per&#237;odo de 26 meses de seguimento, com os seus devidos custos. Atrav&#233;s da &#225;rvore se observamos as frequ&#234;ncias de ocorr&#234;ncia nos dois grupos e os respectivos custos, podendo estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o custo e a efetividade.</p>
    <p>Utilizando como par&#226;metro a taxa de reestenose l&#237;quida, a diferen&#231;a de efetividade &#233; de 7,7%. O custo final do implante do <italic>stent</italic> com paclitaxel, com efetividade de 97,7%, foi de R$ 13.098,60 <italic>versus</italic> R$ 5.860,44 para o implante do <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, cuja efetividade foi de 89,7%. Para a efetividade de 7,7% de redu&#231;&#227;o de reestenose, houve o incremento no custo de R$ 7.238,16. A RCEI foi de R$ 90.476,97, por reestenose evitada <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo n&#227;o randomizado, envolvendo pacientes do "mundo real", os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos n&#227;o foram custo-efetivos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos. Os resultados cl&#237;nicos, no per&#237;odo hospitalar e em m&#233;dio prazo, foram similares nos dois grupos, entretanto, a reestenose foi maior nos SNF. A despeito da menor reestenose, o fato dos SF serem consideravelmente mais dispendiosos do que os n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, n&#227;o permitiu comprovar o benef&#237;cio com o uso destes <italic>stents.</italic></p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade compara o valor relativo entre as terapias. Seu resultado pode ser expresso em unidades YLS ("year of life saved") ou unidades QALY ("quality adjusted life year"). Habitualmente, se admite que terapias com custos abaixo de US$ 20.000/QALY sejam muito favor&#225;veis, entre US$ 20.000 e US$ 40.000/QALY sejam consistentes com as interven&#231;&#245;es habituais e acima de US$ 40.000/QALY sejam pouco favor&#225;veis. Colombo e cols.<sup>24</sup>, em 2004, demonstraram que no primeiro ano, a qualidade de vida ajustada por ano ganho &#233; dependente da reestenose. Estima-se que para os SF, os valores de QALY de U$ 50.000 e o valor de do custo-efetividade de U$ 10.000, por reestenose evitada sejam satisfat&#243;rios. Os custos adicionais podem ser contrabalan&#231;ados, com maior sobrevida ou com melhor qualidade de vida<sup>24,25</sup>. A quest&#227;o a ser respondida &#233; se evitar a reestenose aumenta a qualidade ou a expectativa de vida?</p>
    <p>O estudo SIRIUS<sup>25</sup>, envolveu 1.100 pacientes, comparando SF e SC, e demonstrou que o custo foi U$ 309 maior para os pacientes tratados com sirolimus. A RCEI para cada revasculariza&#231;&#227;o evitada foi de US$ 1.650<sup>25</sup>. Os pacientes com art&#233;rias de calibre abaixo de 2,5 mm apresentaram custos adicionais de U$ 1.256 com uso dos SNF. Os pacientes com art&#233;rias de comprimento acima de 20 mm tiveram custos adicionais de U$ 1.055. A RCEI por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo (RLA) evitada foi de U$ 1.650, com QALY de U$ 27.540. Em 5 anos, a taxa de RLA diminuiu em 60,4%, e o custo-efetividade foi abaixo de U$ 10.000, por repetida revasculariza&#231;&#227;o evitada. Os pacientes com art&#233;rias de calibre abaixo de 2,5 mm apresentaram custos adicionais de U$ 1.256 com uso dos SNF.</p>
    <p>A randomiza&#231;&#227;o do C-SIRIUS<sup>26</sup> comparou o CY e o SNF em pequenos vasos, durante um ano. O CY reduziu a RLA de 22% para 4% (p=0,015). Utilizando 1,5 <italic>stent</italic> por les&#227;o, com o custo do SF em U$ 2.700 e do SNF em U$ 700, a RCEI foi de U$ 11.275 por reestenose evitada. Estes valores s&#227;o considerados lim&#237;trofes para os padr&#245;es canadenses (U$ 12.551).</p>
    <p>O estudo TAXUS IV randomizou 1.314 pacientes uniarteriais, comparando SF <italic>versus</italic> SNF. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 12,2 eventos para cada 100 pacientes<sup>18</sup>. A diferen&#231;a de custos em 1 ano foi de U$ 572 por paciente e a RCEI foi de U$ 4.678 por RLA evitada, com QALY ganho de U$ 47.798. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos, com moderado aumento de custos.</p>
    <p>Lacey e cols.<sup>27,</sup> compararam <italic>stents</italic> Taxus<sup>TM</sup> e SNF por um ano e demonstraram custos de US$ 20.170 para o SF e US$ 19.327 para o SNF. A taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo (RLA) foi de 5,36% para os SF e 16,43% para os SNF. O custo-efetividade para cada RLA evitada foi de US$ 7.615. Mesmo os diab&#233;ticos, que tiveram mais eventos, apresentaram o custo-efetividade de US$ 1.585 por reestenose evitada.</p>
    <p>O <italic>Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment</italic> realizou meta-an&#225;lise comparando <italic>stents</italic> Cypher<sup>TM</sup> e Taxus<sup>TM</sup> com SNF<sup>28</sup>. Os <italic>stents</italic> Taxus<sup>TM</sup> apresentaram custos entre US$ 2.365 e US$ 2.411 comparados ao SNF. A redu&#231;&#227;o da RLA foi de 15% e 9% para o Cypher e o Taxus<sup>TM</sup>, resultando numa RCEI de US$ 10.751 e US$ 22.794, respectivamente, por reestenose evitada<sup>28</sup>. Embora haja uma tend&#234;ncia nestes resultados, h&#225; que se considerar o fato dessa meta-an&#225;lise contemplar grupos heterog&#234;neos criados para comparar os dois SF, resultando em vi&#233;s potencial.</p>
    <p>O estudo RESEARCH<sup>29</sup>, um registro comparando SF e SNF, mostrou que a taxa de RLA diminuiu 60,4% em 5 anos. Quinhentos e oito pacientes consecutivos foram avaliados no "mundo real", sendo observada uma taxa de eventos de 14,8% no SNF e 9,7% no SF. O grupo do SNF teve nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia de 10,9% e o SF na de 3,7%, (p&lt;0,001). A diferen&#231;a nos resultados dos dois grupos n&#227;o foi custo-efetiva.</p>
    <p>No estudo BASKET<sup>30</sup>, onde foram analisados pacientes complexos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as caracter&#237;sticas das popula&#231;&#245;es. A redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos neste estudo foi de 44%, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 34% do estudo RESEARCH. Contudo, o elevado pre&#231;o dos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o compensou a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos no acompanhamento. Esses dados devem ser interpretados com cautela devido o seu curto per&#237;odo de seguimento.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a &#225;rvore de decis&#227;o foi modelada para reestenose, em ambos os grupos, com um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 26 meses. O benef&#237;cio de implanta&#231;&#227;o do SF desta serie, foi uma reestenose de 2,3%, mas com acr&#233;scimo de custo de R$ 7.238,16. O RCEI foi de R$ 90.476,97 para cada reestenose evitada, o que &#233; superior ao limite sugerido pela OMS, tornando seu uso n&#227;o custo-efetivo. A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) sugere que o valor incremental do tratamento apresenta o limiar de tr&#234;s vezes o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) <italic>per capita.</italic> O PIB em 2005 foi de US$ 6,771 (3x = US$ 20,313 = R$ 47.532,00), segundo os dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE)<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do custo adicional do SF, uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de reestenose e RLA para o SNF contribuiu para uma redu&#231;&#227;o de custos nestes pacientes. O resultado dos SNF pode ser explicado por uma indica&#231;&#227;o seletiva, com pacientes e les&#245;es mais favor&#225;veis ao uso destes <italic>stents</italic>.</p>
    <p>O estudo BASKET<sup>30</sup> demonstrou que os SF foram custo-efetivos em idosos e pacientes de alto risco. Em nosso estudo, o grupo dos SF abordou les&#245;es mais longas e de menor di&#226;metro al&#233;m de um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes diab&#233;ticos e com mais comorbidades. Mesmo assim, a reestenose foi muito baixa e comparativamente menor do que no SNF. Entretanto, devido ao reduzido n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel selecionar subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes, como diab&#233;ticos, idosos, com pequenos vasos e les&#245;es longas, em que o <italic>stent</italic> com paclitaxel pudesse proporcionar uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade. Os bons resultados deste estudo, em pacientes do "mundo real", corroboram que, uma criteriosa indica&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, &#233; fundamental para a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia dos pacientes. Na casu&#237;stica apresentada, por Ferreira e cols.<sup>31</sup>, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o comparativa do "mundo real", incluindo multiarteriais, o tamanho do <italic>stent</italic> foi o fator preponderante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; reestenose, com OR= 6,752 e RR= 4,366. A tradu&#231;&#227;o para estes valores &#233; que os pacientes com SNF tinham 4,3 vezes mais chances de reestenose do que os do SF. Em nossa coorte, talvez pelo tamanho da amostra, o ajuste n&#227;o permitiu demonstrar nenhuma caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica ou angiogr&#225;fica que interferisse nos eventos.</p>
    <p>A recente meta-an&#225;lise realizada por Kirtane e cols.<sup>32</sup>, demonstrou de forma clara, em mais de 180 mil pacientes, em 52 ensaios, que os SF s&#227;o seguros, tanto nas indica&#231;&#245;es "on label" (de bul&#225;rio), quanto "off label" (fora de bul&#225;rio), com uma grande superioridade relacionada a RLA a favor dos SF. Estes dados foram confirmados nos ensaios randomizados e naqueles avaliando mundo real<sup>33,34</sup>. O risco de nova interven&#231;&#227;o nos SNF varia de 5% a 14% nos registros e &#233; muito maior nos estudos controlados (at&#233; 30%). Sendo assim, a diferen&#231;a absoluta de repetida revasculariza&#231;&#227;o entre SNF e SF &#233; menor na vida real. N&#227;o obstante, n&#227;o h&#225; aumento na sobrevida ou diminui&#231;&#227;o de IAM, portanto, a diferen&#231;a do impacto financeiro diminui. Os SF acarretam maior custo, mas proporcionam redu&#231;&#227;o na repeti&#231;&#227;o de eventos<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por ser uma an&#225;lise cuja decis&#227;o da forma de tratamento, na maioria das vezes, dependia da indica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar a devida randomiza&#231;&#227;o com grupo-controle. Pelo mesmo motivo, o estudo n&#227;o permitiu o controle angiogr&#225;fico de todos os pacientes, principalmente os assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>Sendo assim, torna-se imposs&#237;vel afirmar que n&#227;o houve alguma perda tardia devido &#224; hiperplasia intimal, intra-<italic>stent.</italic> Apesar do n&#250;mero da amostra ser limitado, ela permitiu tirar extrapola&#231;&#245;es da evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes no per&#237;odo analisado.</p>
    <p>Mesmo estudando popula&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas, foi poss&#237;vel, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise ajustada, comprovar que, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os quadros de angina est&#225;vel e de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, embora apresentem custos superiores aos n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, s&#227;o promissores no tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, principalmente em casos mais complexos.</p>
    <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos do per&#237;odo analisado foram semelhantes, em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>Mesmo abordando grupos heterog&#234;neos, observamos uma taxa de reestenose menor com os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, entretanto, esta observa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi suficiente para demonstrar, nesta coorte, ser o uso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, uma estrat&#233;gia custo-efetiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo faz parte da Tese de Doutoramento do autor, na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e os dados dos pacientes foram coletados nas seguintes Institui&#231;&#245;es no Rio de Janeiro: Cl&#237;nica Status Cor, Prontocor e Hospital Mario Lioni. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia. Os autores agradecem a excel&#234;ncia das referidas Institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Esmeralci Ferreira pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Esmeralci Ferreira </p>
        <p> Av. Vicente de Carvalho 1159 </p>
        <p> Clinica Status Cor. </p>
        <p> 22210-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> Email: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ef.cardiol@terra.com.br">ef.cardiol@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/04/09; revisado recebido em 15/07/09; aceito em 07/08/09.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in coronary disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of cost-effectiveness analyses in the national literature comparing drug-eluting stents (DES) with bare-metal stents (BMS), at late follow-up. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between DES and BMS in uniarterial coronariopathy. METHODS: 217 patients (130 DES and 87 BMS), with 48 months of follow-up (mean = 26 months) were assessed. Primary outcome: cost per prevented restenosis, with effectiveness being defined as the decrease in major events. The analytical model of decision was based on the study by Polanczyk et al. The direct costs were those used directly in the interventions. RESULTS: The sample was homogenous for age and sex. The DES was more used in diabetic patients: 59 (45.4%) vs 16 (18.4%)(p&lt;0.0001) and with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD): 53 (40.7%) vs 13 (14.9%)(p&lt;0.0001). The BMS was more used in simple lesions, but with worse ventricular function. The DES were implanted preferentially in proximal lesions: (p=0.0428) and the BMS in the mid-third (p=0.0001). Event-free survival: DES = 118 (90.8%) vs BMS=74 (85.0%) (p=0.19); Angina: DES=9 (6.9%) vs BMS=9 (10.3%) (NS): Clinical restenosis: DES=3 (2.3%) vs BMS=10 (10.3%) (p=0.0253). Cardiac deaths: 2 (1.5%) in DES and 3 (3.5%) in BMS (NS). Costs: the tree of decision was modeled based on restenosis. The net benefit for the DES needed an increment of R$7,238.16. The ICER was R$131,647.84 per prevented restenosis (above the WHO threshold). CONCLUSIONS: The DES was used in more complex lesions. The clinical results were similar. The restenosis rate was higher in the BMS group. The DES was a non-cost-effective strategy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Drug-eluting stents</kwd>
        <kwd>cost-benefit analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in coronary disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Esmeralci Ferreira<sup>I, II, III, IV, V</sup>; Denizar Vianna Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup>; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo<sup>V</sup>; Cyro Vargues Rodrigues<sup>II, IV</sup>; Alcides Ferreira Jr.<sup>II, IV</sup>; Camillo de Lellis Junqueira<sup>IV</sup>; Jos&#233; Geraldo de Castro Amino<sup>V</sup>; Mara Lucia Farias<sup>III</sup>; Antonio Farias Neto<sup>III</sup>; Denilson Campos de Albuquerque<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Cl&#237;nica Status Cor</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Prontocor</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Mario Lioni (AMIL Par)</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia de Laranjeiras (INCL), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> There is a scarcity of cost-effectiveness analyses in the national literature comparing drug-eluting stents (DES) with bare-metal stents (BMS), at late follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between DES and BMS in uniarterial coronariopathy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 217 patients (130 DES and 87 BMS), with 48 months of follow-up (mean = 26 months) were assessed. Primary outcome: cost per prevented restenosis, with effectiveness being defined as the decrease in major events. The analytical model of decision was based on the study by Polanczyk et al. The direct costs were those used directly in the interventions.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The sample was homogenous for age and sex. The DES was more used in diabetic patients: 59 (45.4%) <italic>vs</italic>.16 (18.4%)(p&lt;0.0001) and with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD): 53 (40.7%) <italic>vs</italic>.13 (14.9%)(p&lt;0.0001). The BMS was more used in simple lesions, but with worse ventricular function. The DES were implanted preferentially in proximal lesions: (p=0.0428) and the BMS in the mid-third (p=0.0001). Event-free survival: DES = 118 (90.8%) <italic>vs</italic>. BMS=74 (85.0%) (p=0.19); Angina: DES=9 (6.9%) <italic>vs</italic>. BMS=9 (10.3%) (NS): Clinical restenosis: DES=3 (2.3%) <italic>vs</italic>. BMS=10 (10.3%) (p=0.0253). Cardiac deaths: 2 (1.5%) in DES and 3 (3.5%) in BMS (NS). Costs: the tree of decision was modeled based on restenosis. The net benefit for the DES needed an increment of R$7,238.16. The ICER was R$131,647.84 per prevented restenosis (above the WHO threshold).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The DES was used in more complex lesions. The clinical results were similar. The restenosis rate was higher in the BMS group. The DES was a non-cost-effective strategy.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Drug-eluting stents; cost-benefit analysis; coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of morbimortality in Brazil as well as in the Western world and they have a significant impact on the costs of the public health system<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) has evolved a lot since the development of coronary angioplasty<sup>3</sup> and, subsequently, with the inclusion of stents. Stents have become the standard procedure in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and restenosis became the great challenge of interventionist cardiology, with percentages varying from 15% and 30%, on average<sup>4-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of anti-proliferative drug-eluting stents (DES) has reduced stenosis<sup>10-18</sup>; however, the first studies that analyzed their cost-effectiveness showed that their elevated cost became the main limitation for their use in clinical practice<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Polanczyk et al<sup>21</sup> carried out a cost-effectiveness analysis in our country, comparing the strategy of sirolimus-eluting stent implant <italic>versus</italic> a bare-metal stent implant in PCI, under the perspectives of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) and Supplementary Health System. The authors used an analytical model of decision to estimate the effectiveness and the costs related to the procedures, the complications and the outcomes. The main outcome analyzed in the model was "one-year event-free survival". The analysis was carried out with results of clinical trials and published reports. The researchers concluded that the cost-effectiveness associations for the use of sirolimus-eluting stents <italic>versus</italic> BMS are elevated in the Brazilian scenario, especially concerning the SUS.</p>
      <p>The present analysis presents the results of a non-randomized, consecutive study, with patients treated at the Supplementary Health System, with the primary objective of assessing the cost-effectiveness association between paclitaxel-eluting stents and BMS for the outcome "prevented restenosis during a one-year period". The secondary objectives were to compare the clinical results of both groups for angina, target-lesion revascularization (TLR), restenosis and death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a prospective study of 217 consecutive patients submitted to PCI, carried out in three private hospitals in Rio de Janeiro. The patients were divided in two groups: 130 patients received Taxus drug-eluting stents (DES) and 87 received Libert&#233; bare-metal stents (BMS). The follow-up was carried out from September 2003 to December 2007, varying from 13 to 48 months, with a mean of 26 months.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria included patients with stable angina and acute coronary syndromes, presenting obstructive lesions &gt; 70% of the lumen, classified as types A, B or C<sup>22</sup>. All procedures were carried out by three surgeons from the participating institutions. The ventricular function was evaluated subjectively by the surgeons, at the moment of the examination. Five patients did not undergo the ventriculography, as they presented kidney failure or severe ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Most of the BMS were used in patients with more favorable lesions (type A or B) and in those incapable of using the DES, either by economic reasons or due to the impossibility of using clopidogrel. The DES were preferentially used for complex lesions and/or diabetic patients.</p>
      <p>The procedure was considered successful when the residual lesion was &lt; 30% of the lumen, with absence of major events: death, myocardial infarction and subacute occlusion.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation and patients with cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>During the hospital phase, the major cardiac events (infarction, death and TLR) and the direct costs were assessed. At the late phase, after the hospital discharge, information on the main cardiac events: restenosis, need for a new revascularization, were obtained from a consultation or telephone call.</p>
      <p>The restenosis was clinically assessed and correlated with the presence of symptoms, as the asymptomatic patients were not submitted to control catheterism.</p>
      <p>The adjuvant anti-platelet therapy, after the percutaneous intervention, established the use of clopidogrel and aspirin, during three months for the BMS and at least one year for the DES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The continuous variables were expressed as means &#177; SD and compared with Student's t or Mann-Whitney test, when applicable, whereas the categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan-Meyer method was used in the analysis of general and event-free survival and the comparison between the groups (BMS vs. DES) was carried out using the log-rank test. The Cox method was used in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of costs</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analytical model of decision was created with probabilistic data and costs extracted from the study by Polanczyk et al<sup>21</sup>. The effectiveness of the procedure was established as the restenosis-free survival for a minimum period of one-year clinical follow-up. The analytical model of decision was developed to estimate results, probabilities and costs in both groups. Direct costs were considered as the resources used directly in the interventions; the estimation of fees was homogenous and the medical procedures of the institutions were carried out through the Hierarchized Brazilian Classification of Medical Procedures (CBHPM), version 2005. Aiming at preventing the variability in the percentage of discount in the CBHPM list given to the hospitals, we chose to use the mean cost data of cardiovascular procedures previously published by Polanczyk et al<sup>21</sup>. In all the institutions, the unitary value of each device was the same, R$4,200.00 for the BMS and R$11,762.00 for the DES. Aiming at decreasing the selection bias for the indication of DES, the statistical adjustment was performed for both groups.</p>
      <p>The costs of the resources were calculated in Reais (R$), based on the exchange rates of the year 2005 (US$1.00 was equivalent to R$2.34). The effectiveness was related to the restenosis-free curve of survival for a one-year period (expressed in percentage).</p>
      <p>The ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) was calculated by dividing the difference of direct costs between DES and BSM by the difference in effectiveness between them. The incremental value suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) is up to three-fold the gross internal product per capita (US$6,771.00), which, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2005, corresponded to a total of US$20,313.00<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the formula used to calculate the ICER between a paclitaxel-eluting stent <italic>vs</italic>. the BMS.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The statistical and analytical analysis of the model of decision was performed with the TreeAge Pro Health Care program (TreeAge Software, Inc, MA, USA - 2005 version).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the groups did not show any difference regarding sex and age. However, diabetes mellitus, sedentary life style and family history were more prevalent in the DES group (p&lt;0.0001 for these variables). Among the comorbidities, the patients with previous infarction tended to be more frequent (p= 0.0512) in the DES group, as well as those with previous surgical revascularization (0.0021) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There was no statistical difference between the two groups regarding the conditions of stable angina and acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. The DES group had more patients with normal or slightly impaired left ventricular function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>There were more BMS implants in the anterior descending artery (p=0.0239) and more DES implants in the right coronary artery, (p=0.0008). The proximal segment of the vessels received more DES (p=0.0428) and the mid-segment received more BMS. The BMS was more sued for type A lesions (p= 0.0229) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean diameter of the stents in the DES group was 2.51&#177; 0.35mm (2.25 to 3.5mm) and in the BMS group, it was 2.91&#177;0.47mm (2.25 to 4.0mm) (p=0.006).</p>
      <p>The mean time of hospitalization was 2.2 days (1 to 29) in the DES group and 1.7 (1 to 10) in the BMS group (p=NS). The procedures were carried out successfully; there were no fatal complications or cardiac events in either of the two groups.</p>
      <p>The mean clinical follow-up of 26 months (13 to 48 months) showed that after the procedure, 118 individuals (90.8%) in the DES group and 74 (85%) in the BMS group remained asymptomatic and event-free, with no difference between the groups (p=0.19). The angina symptoms were not different: DES=9 (6.9%) and BMS=9 (10.3%) (p=NS). There were 2 cardiac deaths (0.75%) in the DES group and 3 (1.2%) in the BMS group during the follow-up (p=NS). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the DES group, one of the deaths (0.75%) was related to late thrombosis (6 months), associated to the withdrawal of clopidogrel. The other cardiac death was related to heart failure in an elderly patient (85 years). The three cardiac deaths in the BMS group were related to late restenosis.</p>
      <p>Among the 9 patients with angina in the DES group, 5 occurred due to the disease progression in another segment (<italic>de novo</italic> lesion) and three by restenosis. All <italic>de novo</italic> lesions were treated by PCI. Among the three restenosis, one was treated clinically, one through surgery and the third one by percutaneous intervention with rapamycin stent.</p>
      <p>The DES group presented a Kaplan-Meyer curve for restenosis-free survival of 97.3% in six months and one year and 96.3% in two and three years. For the patients from the BMS group, the Kaplan-Meier curve for restenosis-free survival was 100% in six months, 96.8% in one year and 86.9% in two and three years (p=0.062) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The symptoms of angina in the BMS group were related to restenosis, as there were no <italic>de novo</italic> lesions in this group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>). None of the patients were submitted to another intervention.</p>
      <p>The DES group presented a Kaplan-Meyer curve of survival of 98.2% in up to 3 years. The patients from the BMS group presented a Kaplan Meier survival curve of 98.4% in six months and one year and of 94.5% in two and three years (p=0.28), with no differences. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The DES group presented a Kaplan-Meyer curve for combined event, restenosis or death-free survival of 97.3% in six months and one year and 96.3% in two and three years. The patients from the BMS group presented a Kaplan-Meyer curve for combined event-free survival of 98.4% in six months, 95.2% in one year and 82.2% in 2 and 3 years (p=0.0067) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). There were no significant differences among the groups studied, even after the adjustment, for sub-groups to be created with different results.</p>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Result of the cost-effectiveness analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The tree of decision was modeled based on the frequency of restenosis detected in the DES group (2.3%) <italic>versus</italic> the BMS group (10.3%), during a 26-month follow-up period, with the due costs. The tree allows us to observe the frequencies of occurrence in the two groups and the respective costs and can establish the association between the cost and the effectiveness.</p>
      <p>Using the net restenosis rate as a parameter, the difference in effectiveness is 7.7%. The final cost of the paclitaxel-stent implant, with an effectiveness of 97.7% was R$13,098.60 <italic>versus</italic> R$5,860.44 for the bare-metal implant, of which effectiveness was 89.7%. For the effectiveness of 7.7% of restenosis reduction, there was an increment in cost of R$7,238.16. The ICER was R$90,476.97 per prevented restenosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-94-03-0306-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this non-randomized study involving "real-world" patients, the DES were non-cost-effective when compared to the BMS. The clinical results during the hospitalization period and in the mid-term were similar between the two groups; however, the restenosis rate was higher in the BMS group. In spite of a higher rate of restenosis, the fact that the DES were considerably more expensive than the BMS does not allow us to establish the benefit of using such stents.</p>
      <p>The cost-effectiveness ratio compares the relative value between the therapies. Its result can be expressed in YLS ("years of life saved") or QALY ("quality adjusted life years") units. It is usually admitted that therapies with a cost below US$20,000/QALY are very favorable; between US$20,000 and US$40,000/QALY, they would be consistent with the usual interventions and above US$40,000/QALY, they would be little favorable. Colombo et al<sup>24</sup>, in 2004, demonstrated that, in the first year, the quality-adjusted life year depended on the restenosis. It is estimated that for the DES, the QALY value of U$50,000 and the cost-effectiveness value of U$10,000 per prevented restenosis are satisfactory. The additional costs can be counterbalanced by higher survival or better quality of life<sup>24,25</sup>. The question to be answered is whether preventing the restenosis increases the quality or expectancy of life.</p>
      <p>The SIRIUS<sup>25</sup> study, which involved 1,100 patients, comparing DES and conventional stents, demonstrated that the cost was U$309 higher for patients treated with sirolimus. The ICER for each prevented revascularization was of US$1,650<sup>25</sup>. The patients with arteries of which caliber were &lt; 2.5 mm presented additional costs of U$1,256 with the use of BMS. The patients with arteries with length &gt; 20 mm had additional costs of U$1,055. The ICER per prevented target lesion revascularization (TLR) was of U$1,650, with a QALY of U$27,540. In 5 years, the RTL rate decreased by 60.4%, and the cost-effectiveness was below U$10,000, per prevented repeat revascularization. The patients with arteries with a caliber &lt; 2.5 mm presented additional costs of U$1,256 with the use of BMS.</p>
      <p>The randomization of the C-SIRIUS<sup>26</sup> compared the DES and the BMS in small vessels during one year. The DES decreased the TLR from 22% to 4% (p=0.015). Using 1.5 stent per lesions, with the cost of the DES at U$2,700 and of the BMS at U$700, the ICER was U$11,275 per prevented restenosis. These values are considered borderline for the Canadian standards (U$12,551).</p>
      <p>The TAXUS IV study randomized 1,314 uniarterial patients, comparing DES with BMS. There was a decrease of 12.2 events for every 100 patients<sup>18</sup>. The difference in costs in 1 year was U$572 per patient and the ICE was U$4,678 per prevented TLR, with a QALY gain of U$47,798. There was a decrease in events, with a moderate increase in costs.</p>
      <p>Lacey et al<sup>27,</sup> compared Taxus<sup>TM</sup> stents and BMS for one year and demonstrated costs of US$20,170 for the DES and US$19,327 for the BMS. The TLR rate was 5.36% for the DES and 16.43% for the BMS. The cost-effectiveness for each prevented TLR was US$7,615. Even the diabetic patients, who presented more events, presented a cost-effectiveness of US$1,585 per prevented restenosis.</p>
      <p>The Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment performed a meta-analysis comparing Cypher<sup>TM</sup> and Taxus<sup>TM</sup> stents with BMS<sup>28</sup>. The Taxus<sup>TM</sup> stents presented cots between US$2,365 and US$2,411 when compared to the BMS. The decrease in the TLR was 15% and 9% for Cypher and Taxus<sup>TM</sup>, resulting in an ICER of US$10,751 and US$22,794, respectively, per prevented restenosis<sup>28</sup>. Although there is a trend in these results, one must consider the fact that this meta-analysis contemplated heterogeneous groups created to compare the two DES, resulting in a potential bias.</p>
      <p>The RESEARCH study<sup>29</sup>, a record comparing DES and BMS, showed that the TLR rate decreased 60.4% in 5 years. A total of 508 consecutive patients were assessed in the "real world", with an event rate of 14.8% being observed in the BMS group and 9.7% in the DES group. The BMS group had a frequency of new revascularization of 10.9% and the DES, of 3.7% (p&lt;0.001). The difference in the results between the two groups was non-cost-effective.</p>
      <p>The BASKET study<sup>30</sup>, which analyzed complex patients, did not show differences between population characteristics. The decrease in events in this study was 44%, in comparison with 34% of the RESEARCH study. However, the high cost of the stents did not compensate for the decrease in costs during the follow-up. These data must be interpreted with caution, due to the short period of follow-up.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the tree of decision was modeled for restenosis, in both groups, with a mean time of follow-up of 26 months. The benefit of DES implantation in this series was a restenosis of 2.3%, but with an increase in costs of R$7,238.16. The ICER was R$90,476.97 for each prevented restenosis, which is above the threshold suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), making its use non-cost-effective. The WHO suggests that the incremental value of the treatment presents a threshold that is three-fold the Gross Internal Product <italic>per capita</italic>. The GIP in 2005 was US$ 6,771 (3x = US$ 20,313 = R$ 47,532.00), according to the data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to the additional cost of DES, a low incidence of restenosis and TLR for the BMS contributed to a decrease in costs in these patients. The result of the BMS might be explained by a selective indication, with more favorable patients and lesions to the use of these stents.</p>
      <p>The BASKET study<sup>30</sup> demonstrated that the DES were cost-effective in elderly individuals and patients at high risk. In our study, the DES was used in longer and lower-diameter lesions, as well as in a higher number of diabetic patients and those with more comorbidities. Still, the rate of restenosis was very low and comparatively lower than in the BMS group. However, due to the small sample size, it was not possible to detect specific sub-groups of patients, such as diabetics, the elderly, those with small vessels and long lesions, in whom the stent with paclitaxel could provide a good cost-effectiveness ratio. The good results of this study, in "real-world" patients, corroborate that a stringent indication of DES and BMS is crucial for patients' good late evolution. The series presented by Ferreira et al<sup>31</sup>, in a comparative "real-world" population, including multiarterial patients, the stent size was the main factor concerning the restenosis, with an OR= 6.752 and RR= 4.366. The interpretation of these values is that patients from the BMS group had a 4.3-fold higher chance of restenosis than patients from the DES group. In our cohort, maybe due to sample size, the adjustment did not allow the demonstration of any clinical or angiographic characteristic that would interfere with the events.</p>
      <p>The recent meta-analysis carried out by Kirtane et al<sup>32</sup>, clearly demonstrated, in more than 180,000 patients, in 52 trials, that the DES are safe, both at "on label" and "off label" indications, with a great superiority of DES regarding TLR. These data were confirmed in the randomized trials and in those that assessed the real world<sup>33,34</sup>. The risk of a new intervention in the BMS varies from 5% to 14% in the records and it is much higher in the controlled studies (up to 30%). Thus, the absolute difference of repeat revascularization between BMS and DES is lower in the real life. Nevertheless, there is no increase in survival or decrease in AMI and thus, the difference of the economic impact decreases. The DES present a higher cost, but result in a decrease of repeat events<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As this is an analysis of which decision of the treatment type depended, most of the times, on the indication of the assistant physician, it was not possible to perform an adequate randomization with a control-group. For the same reason, the study did not allow the angiographic control of all patients, mainly of the asymptomatic ones.</p>
      <p>Thus, it becomes impossible to affirm that there was no late loss due to intrastent intimal hyperplasia. Although the sample size was limited, it allowed us to extrapolate the evolution of the patients during the analyzed period. Even when studying heterogeneous populations, it was possible, through the adjusted analysis, to show that there was no statistical difference between the stable angina and acute coronary syndrome pictures between the two groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although drug-eluting stents present a higher cost when compared to the bare-metal stents, they show to be promising in the treatment of coronary artery disease, mainly for the more complex cases. The clinical results of the analyzed period were similar in both groups. Even though heterogeneous groups were assessed, we observed a lower rate of restenosis with the DES; however, this observation was not enough to demonstrate, in this cohort, that the use of DES is a cost-effective strategy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is part of the author's Doctorate Thesis at the University of Rio de Janeiro and the patients' data were collected at the following institutions in Rio de Janeiro: Cl&#237;nica Status Cor, Prontocor and Hospital Mario Lioni. The statistical analysis was performed at the National Institute of Cardiology. The authors are grateful to the excellence of the aforementioned institutions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
