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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wkyKnds5dwrRsqprLgwtWZD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2009001000005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(09)09300405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2009001000005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida para a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial isolada por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Jos&#233; de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Souza Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canale</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Secchin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabischoffsky</surname>
            <given-names>Arnaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Luiz Menssing da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boechat</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>93</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>334</fpage>
      <lpage>342</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A preval&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, os gastos com o sistema de sa&#250;de e a elevada morbidade e mortalidade associadas a ela, t&#234;m justificado a procura por novas abordagens terap&#234;uticas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, a seguran&#231;a e os resultados inicias da cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida para a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial isolada com radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar. M&#201;TODOS: Dez pacientes (90% homens) com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (50% parox&#237;stica) sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria &#224; terapia medicamentosa, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca que requeresse cirurgia concomitante, foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da arritmia guiada por toracoscopia, no per&#237;odo de maio de 2007 a maio de 2008. Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e de imagem foram prospectivamente coletadas antes, durante e no seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. RESULTADOS: A cirurgia foi realizada conforme o planejado em todos os pacientes. N&#227;o houve les&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica de estruturas intrator&#225;cicas ou &#243;bitos. No seguimento m&#233;dio de seis meses, 80% dos pacientes est&#227;o livres de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Houve melhora significativa dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional New York Heart Association (2,4 &#177; 0,5 para 1,6 &#177; 0,7; p = 0,011). N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de estenose de veias pulmonares &#224; angiotomografia, nesta s&#233;rie. CONCLUS&#195;O: A cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; reprodut&#237;vel e segura. H&#225; melhora evolutiva dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cirurgia video-assistida</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOGERIATRIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida para a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial isolada por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi<sup>I, II</sup>; Andrey Jos&#233; de Oliveira Monteiro<sup>I, II</sup>; Eduardo Souza Leal Botelho<sup>I, II</sup>; Leonardo Secchin Canale<sup>I</sup>; Arnaldo Rabischoffsky<sup>II</sup>; Ieda Prata Costa<sup>I, II</sup>; Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos Cruz Filho<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Luiz Menssing da Silva S&#225;<sup>I, II</sup>; Ana Luiza Boechat<sup>II</sup>; Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A preval&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, os gastos com o sistema de sa&#250;de e a elevada morbidade e mortalidade associadas a ela, t&#234;m justificado a procura por novas abordagens terap&#234;uticas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a reprodutibilidade da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, a seguran&#231;a e os resultados inicias da cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida para a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial isolada com radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Dez pacientes (90% homens) com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (50% parox&#237;stica) sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria &#224; terapia medicamentosa, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca que requeresse cirurgia concomitante, foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o da arritmia guiada por toracoscopia, no per&#237;odo de maio de 2007 a maio de 2008. Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e de imagem foram prospectivamente coletadas antes, durante e no seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A cirurgia foi realizada conforme o planejado em todos os pacientes. N&#227;o houve les&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica de estruturas intrator&#225;cicas ou &#243;bitos. No seguimento m&#233;dio de seis meses, 80% dos pacientes est&#227;o livres de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Houve melhora significativa dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional New York Heart Association (2,4 &#177; 0,5 para 1,6 &#177; 0,7; p = 0,011). N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de estenose de veias pulmonares &#224; angiotomografia, nesta s&#233;rie. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; reprodut&#237;vel e segura. H&#225; melhora evolutiva dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Cirurgia video-assistida, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Sua preval&#234;ncia estimada est&#225; entre 0,4% e 1% da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>1</sup> e em 6% daqueles com idade superior a 65 anos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A FA &#233; fator de risco independente para mortalidade, com um risco relativo para todas as idades de 1,5 para homens e 1,9 para mulheres<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares devido &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aumentaram 66%<sup>4</sup>. No Brasil, a FA &#233; a quinta maior causa de interna&#231;&#227;o do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) e acomete quase 10% da popula&#231;&#227;o atendida por servi&#231;o especializado em cardiologia, de hospitais com n&#237;vel de complexidade de atendimento quatern&#225;rio<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia desta arritmia, os gastos com o sistema de sa&#250;de e a elevada morbidade e mortalidade associadas a ela, t&#234;m justificado a procura por um melhor entendimento de suas bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas e por novas abordagens terap&#234;uticas. Procedimentos curativos, minimamente invasivos, seguros e mais eficazes que o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico a longo prazo, podem se tornar tratamentos de primeira escolha da FA<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ao analisar suas bases eletrofisiol&#243;gicas, constata-se que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial que ocorre repetidamente associa-se a exist&#234;ncia de gatilhos que se localizam ao redor dos orif&#237;cios das veias pulmonares em 90% dos pacientes<sup>7</sup>. A zona de transi&#231;&#227;o entre o endot&#233;lio das veias pulmonares e o endoc&#225;rdio atrial esquerdo constitui um substrato anat&#244;mico formado por dois tipos de tecidos justapostos. O fato desses tecidos apresentarem propriedades el&#233;tricas distintas pode propiciar o desenvolvimento de focos de disparo dos epis&#243;dios de FA. O isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares pode, portanto, terminar com essa arritmia.</p>
    <p>Alguns autores acreditam ainda que a abla&#231;&#227;o dos plexos ganglionares parassimp&#225;ticos pericard&#237;acos pode aumentar a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de pacientes submetidos ao isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico e o surgimento de novos dispositivos, capazes de gerar dano celular localizado e por toda a espessura tecidual - como a radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar - e, com isso, substituir as les&#245;es criadas pela cirurgia tradicional de corte e costura, o procedimento cir&#250;rgico se torna mais r&#225;pido, menos cruento e igualmente eficaz &#224; t&#233;cnica tradicional. Desta forma, s&#227;o ampliadas as possibilidades de atua&#231;&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular criando-se um cen&#225;rio prop&#237;cio para a minimiza&#231;&#227;o do acesso cir&#250;rgico e exclus&#227;o da necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea na abordagem cir&#250;rgica de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>Wolf e cols.<sup>9</sup> descreveram a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica v&#237;deo-assistida para a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA e relataram sua experi&#234;ncia em pouco mais de 20 pacientes. Entretanto, a reprodutibilidade desta t&#233;cnica minimamente invasiva e os poss&#237;veis riscos associados a ela e ao fato de se manter os pulm&#245;es colabados por um per&#237;odo de tempo ainda est&#227;o por ser definidos.</p>
    <p>Os objetivos dessa an&#225;lise prospectiva incluem:</p>
    <p>&#149; Avaliar a reprodutibilidade do tratamento cir&#250;rgico, v&#237;deo-assistido, minimamente invasivo da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial refrat&#225;ria &#224; terapia medicamentosa.</p>
    <p>&#149; Avaliar a seguran&#231;a do mesmo.</p>
    <p>&#149; Avaliar o impacto da cirurgia no seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) em 2004 e foi registrado sob o n&#250;mero: 11141, parecer n&#250;mero 2554/2004, processo 25000.164698/2004-53. A Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro corroborou a aprova&#231;&#227;o da CONEP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De maio de 2007 at&#233; maio de 2008, dez (10) pacientes foram submetidos ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, no Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classificada de acordo com a classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) entre II e III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o est&#227;o definidos a seguir:</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; Homens ou mulheres com idade entre 18 e 80 anos;</p>
    <p>&#149; M&#237;nimo de tr&#234;s meses de hist&#243;ria de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (intermitente ou cont&#237;nua) sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento cl&#237;nico;</p>
    <p>&#149; Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt;35%;</p>
    <p>&#149; Capazes de entender e assinar o consentimento informado;</p>
    <p>&#149; Comprometidos a retornar nas visitas de seguimento cl&#237;nico;</p>
    <p>&#149; Seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio m&#237;nimo de tr&#234;s meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; Classe funcional IV (NYHA);</p>
    <p>&#149; Cirurgia card&#237;aca ou tor&#225;cica pr&#233;via;</p>
    <p>&#149; Indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca ou tor&#225;cica concomitante;</p>
    <p>&#149; Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) nos &#250;ltimos seis meses;</p>
    <p>&#149; Presen&#231;a de trombo atrial e/ou ventricular;</p>
    <p>&#149; Co-morbidades que aumentam o risco cir&#250;rgico na depend&#234;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o do investigador principal.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias dos pacientes. Alguns pacientes apresentavam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural concomitante sem repercuss&#227;o funcional e sem indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou de outra interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nesta popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 5,2 &#177; 3,2 anos (3 meses a 12 anos). O hist&#243;rico relacionado &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#225; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sistema de Abla&#231;&#227;o de Tecidos por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia Bipolar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os componentes do sistema de abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) bipolar (<italic>Atricure Inc.</italic>, <italic>Cincinnati</italic> - <italic>OH</italic>) utilizados neste estudo cl&#237;nico incluem a pin&#231;a descart&#225;vel bipolar de RF, a unidade de abla&#231;&#227;o e controle (ASU - "<italic>Ablation and Sensing Unit</italic>") e um dissector especialmente desenvolvido para esse fim.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o da RF &#233; feita somente no tecido atrial, evitando-se estruturas como as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e as veias pulmonares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico. Os riscos, benef&#237;cios e alternativas ao procedimento proposto foram discutidos nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado.</p>
    <p>Aos pacientes que aceitaram participar do estudo foram solicitados os seguintes exames pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios:</p>
    <p>&#149; Sangue (hemograma completo com contagem de plaquetas, coagulograma e bioqu&#237;mica b&#225;sica do sangue)</p>
    <p>&#149; Eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es;</p>
    <p>&#149; Telerradiografia de t&#243;rax;</p>
    <p>&#149; Holter de 24 horas.</p>
    <p>O Holter de 24 horas de tr&#234;s canais foi utilizado para analisar a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Considerou-se fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial qualquer ritmo com intervalos irregulares entre as ondas R e aus&#234;ncia de ondas P (atividade el&#233;trica atrial) por pelo menos trinta segundos.</p>
    <p>&#149; Outros exames</p>
    <p>Homens acima de 45 anos e mulheres acima de 50 anos ou indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana realizaram pelo menos um teste de estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, teste de esfor&#231;o ou ecocardiograma de esfor&#231;o) para afastar doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva assintom&#225;tica concomitantemente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O procedimento cir&#250;rgico envolve instrumenta&#231;&#227;o de ambos os lados do t&#243;rax e foi realizado conforme descrito detalhadamente anteriormente<sup>9</sup>. Em resumo, o lado direito &#233; realizado inicialmente: O paciente &#233; inicialmente posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo com o bra&#231;o direito abduzido sobre a cabe&#231;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Um trocarte de 12 mm &#233; posicionado sob a sexta ou s&#233;tima costela de forma a permitir a introdu&#231;&#227;o da &#243;tica de v&#237;deotoracoscopia de 10 mm e 30 graus, no interior do t&#243;rax. Esse trocarte &#233; colocado 2 cm medialmente &#224; linha axilar m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Com o aux&#237;lio da &#243;tica, as costelas s&#227;o contadas. Uma incis&#227;o de 4 a 6 cm &#233; realizada embaixo da terceira costela, da borda lateral do mamilo em dire&#231;&#227;o a linha axilar m&#233;dia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A gordura do oco axilar &#233; rebatida posteriormente. As costelas s&#227;o gentilmente afastadas. Com isso, se visualiza o peric&#225;rdio diretamente. O peric&#225;rdio &#233; aberto de 2 a 4 cm anterior e paralelamente ao nervo fr&#234;nico, expondo o cora&#231;&#227;o 3 cm acima da jun&#231;&#227;o da veia cava superior com o &#225;trio direito. A abertura do peric&#225;rdio inferiormente deve ser realizada t&#227;o distalmente quanto poss&#237;vel. O peric&#225;rdio &#233; reparado com pontos separados de algod&#227;o 2-0.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o do tecido entre a veia cava superior e a veia pulmonar superior direita &#233; feita de forma romba, afastando-se os tecidos com a ponteira do aspirador. A mesma manobra &#233; realizada para se acessar o seio obl&#237;quo entre a veia cava inferior e a veia pulmonar inferior direita.</p>
    <p>Uma segunda incis&#227;o &#233; feita para o posicionamento de um dissector de tecidos especialmente desenvolvido para este fim. Este dissector &#233; direcionado ao seio obl&#237;quo, logo acima da veia cava inferior, por tr&#225;s das veias pulmonares direitas, e avan&#231;ado superiormente, at&#233; a reflex&#227;o peric&#225;rdica na margem superior da veia pulmonar superior. Um cateter de borracha &#233; adaptado na ponta do dissector e passa por tr&#225;s das veias pulmonares com a retirada do dissector. A mesma manobra &#233; realizada trocando-se o cateter de borracha pela p&#225; inferior da pin&#231;a bipolar.</p>
    <p>A energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#233; administrada e a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o celular em toda a espessura do tecido &#233;, teoricamente, atingida ap&#243;s 10 a 15 segundos, quando um sinal sonoro &#233; deflagrado pelo sistema.</p>
    <p>Utiliza-se ent&#227;o um teste de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica das veias pulmonares ao &#225;trio esquerdo. Esse teste s&#243; pode ser realizado nos pacientes que se apresentam em ritmo n&#227;o fibrilat&#243;rio no momento do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Utilizando-se um gerador de marcapasso convencional, estimulam-se as veias pulmonares com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 20% acima da frequ&#234;ncia de base e se verifica a captura atrial, confirmando ou n&#227;o a passagem do est&#237;mulo destas para o &#225;trio esquerdo. Ap&#243;s o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares a n&#227;o captura do est&#237;mulo de marcapasso pelo &#225;trio esquerdo confirma a desconex&#227;o el&#233;trica das veias pulmonares. Caso ocorra captura atrial esquerda, nova aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar deve ser administrada.</p>
    <p>Ao fim do procedimento, um dreno tubular de t&#243;rax n&#250;mero 20 ou um dreno de silicone tipo Blake &#233; posicionado atrav&#233;s de uma das incis&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>O paciente deve ser reposicionado na mesa operat&#243;ria em dec&#250;bito lateral direito e o lado esquerdo do procedimento &#233; realizado de forma semelhante ao que fora &#224; direita. A quantidade de tecido a ser dissecado, entretanto, &#233; menor &#224; esquerda quando se realiza apenas a dissec&#231;&#227;o do ligamento de Marshall para permitir o acesso ao longo da borda superior da veia pulmonar superior esquerda. O acesso ao seio obl&#237;quo inferiormente n&#227;o requer dissec&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o se administra heparina venosa aos pacientes. A pin&#231;a &#233; mantida ocluindo as veias pulmonares por, no m&#225;ximo, 20 segundos.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes t&#234;m o tubo endotraqueal retirado ainda no centro cir&#250;rgico sempre que poss&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis do per&#237;odo peri-operat&#243;rio computadas incluem o tempo de colabamento pulmonar direito e esquerdo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, a necessidade de cadiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica ap&#243;s o isolamento das veias pulmonares e a confirma&#231;&#227;o do isolamento el&#233;trico com o teste de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica das veias pulmonares ao &#225;trio esquerdo. Avaliou-se ainda a necessidade de convers&#227;o para toracotomia e a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o de estruturas intrator&#225;cicas como: nervo fr&#234;nico, cora&#231;&#227;o e pulm&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; Manejo de f&#225;rmacos e do ritmo card&#237;aco:</p>
    <p>os pacientes t&#234;m suas medica&#231;&#245;es de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio re-introduzidas na manh&#227; seguinte ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico e mantidas durante o seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Todos os pacientes foram aconselhados a utilizar anticoagulante oral por pelo menos 6 meses.</p>
    <p>A estrat&#233;gia perseguida foi de que a alta hospitalar ocorresse em ritmo sinusal. Para tanto, drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas intravenosas ou de revers&#227;o el&#233;trica foram utilizadas conforme necess&#225;rio durante o per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>&#149; Avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica das veias pulmonares:</p>
    <p>para avaliar as veias pulmonares adicionou-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma angiotomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax no terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O estudo tomogr&#225;fico foi realizado atrav&#233;s da aquisi&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica dos dados com 1 mm de colima&#231;&#227;o, durante a administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste venoso n&#227;o i&#244;nico. As imagens obtidas foram processadas obtendo-se imagens axiais e reconstru&#231;&#245;es multiplanares e tridimensionais. Considerou-se estenose de veia pulmonar qualquer redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% em seu di&#226;metro.</p>
    <p>&#149; Outras vari&#225;veis analisadas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio:</p>
    <p>computou-se o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia do dreno tor&#225;cico e as complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o teste de McNemar para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre propor&#231;&#245;es de grupos pareados e o teste do qui-quadrado para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas propor&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o pareadas.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o teste <italic>t de</italic> Student para valores pareados e para amostras independentes para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas.</p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. O coeficiente de Spearman foi utilizado no caso de correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis ordinais.</p>
    <p>Considerou-se significativo valor de p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi realizado em ambos os lados do t&#243;rax dos dez pacientes, conforme previamente planejado. N&#227;o houve necessidade de convers&#227;o ou amplia&#231;&#227;o da toracotomia em nenhum caso bem como n&#227;o houve mortalidade operat&#243;ria nesta s&#233;rie.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve les&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, de vasos da base ou de nervo fr&#234;nico. Nenhum paciente precisou de transfus&#227;o de hemocomponentes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Os dados relacionados &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram agrupados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> e os de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O seguimento m&#233;dio de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dos pacientes foi de 6 meses (3 a 12 meses).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa dos f&#225;rmacos utilizados nos per&#237;odos de pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Cinco pacientes foram operados em 2007 e outros cinco em 2008. Todas as complica&#231;&#245;es descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref> ocorreram nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia em 2007 (p = 0,048).</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o em 2007 foi de 12,4 dias enquanto em 2008 foi de 3,6 dias (p = 0,098). O tempo de colabamento pulmonar direito e esquerdo foi reduzido de forma significativa com o ac&#250;mulo de experi&#234;ncia. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>)</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Houve decr&#233;scimo da classe funcional da NYHA de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio: 2,4 &#177; 0,5 quando comparada &#224; avaliada no seguimento de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio: 1,6 &#177; 0,7 (p = 0,011).</p>
    <p>Oito dos dez pacientes (80%) apresentam-se em ritmo sinusal na avalia&#231;&#227;o final do seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da angiotomografia de veias pulmonares n&#227;o identificou estenose de veias pulmonares em nenhum dos dez pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cirurgia x fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Definir o melhor tratamento para a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tem sido um desafio. A manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal pode resultar em menos sintomas, menor risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, descontinua&#231;&#227;o do uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos e anticoagulantes orais, melhora na capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio, na qualidade de vida e menor mortalidade<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mais dif&#237;cil ainda, tem sido definir e selecionar pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial candidatos a tratamentos invasivos.</p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico do labirinto (tamb&#233;m conhecido como "<italic>Maze III</italic>"), al&#233;m de ser uma t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica bem estabelecida &#233; uma forma extremamente eficaz para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. O Dr. James Cox relata &#237;ndices de sucesso superiores a 95% para pacientes submetidos a este procedimento<sup>11</sup>. Em nosso meio, Kalil e cols.<sup>12</sup> relatam mais de 80% de pacientes livres de FA ap&#243;s 14 meses de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio m&#233;dio. Entretanto, a complexidade e morbidade associadas ao tempo prolongado para a execu&#231;&#227;o deste procedimento cir&#250;rgico limitaram a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o pela comunidade cir&#250;rgica em geral.</p>
    <p>Esfor&#231;os para simplificar a cirurgia t&#234;m utilizado uma variedade de fontes alternativas de energia para se criarem les&#245;es que causem bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica bidirecionais no tecido atrial, incluindo a radiofrequ&#234;ncia unipolar<sup>13</sup>. A aplica&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica de radiofrequ&#234;ncia unipolar (ao contr&#225;rio da radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar) n&#227;o permite a f&#225;cil determina&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia da les&#227;o em toda a espessura do tecido (transmural) produzindo, possivelmente, les&#245;es incompletas e ineficazes<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, les&#245;es que n&#227;o s&#227;o confinadas ao tecido alvo podem resultar em dano tecidual de estruturas vizinhas, particularmente do es&#244;fago e das veias pulmonares<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Gaynor e cols.<sup>16</sup> inicialmente relataram o uso do sistema de abla&#231;&#227;o de tecidos por radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar para cria&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es lineares e transmurais durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca. A pin&#231;a bipolar libera energia entre dois eletrodos, atrav&#233;s dos tecidos fixados entre suas mand&#237;bulas o que, essencialmente elimina o risco de les&#227;o em tecidos adjacentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cirurgia x abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de procedimentos menos invasivos para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tiveram grande crescimento ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia das veias pulmonares na patog&#234;nese desta arritmia<sup>14</sup>. A partir de ent&#227;o, as t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter passaram a ser amplamente utilizadas para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Com o uso disseminado, diversas e graves complica&#231;&#245;es ocorreram e acabaram por impulsionar o aprendizado e a ind&#250;stria para que a evolu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica e da tecnologia utilizada pudesse resultar em procedimentos mais eficazes e seguros. Entretanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia unipolar ao tecido endoc&#225;rdico ainda apresenta taxas de sucesso vari&#225;veis, necessidades de re-interven&#231;&#245;es frequentes e, ocasionalmente, s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, tais como a forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stulas entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e o es&#244;fago, potencialmente fatais<sup>15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres de radiofrequ&#234;ncia irrigados, em um esfor&#231;o de se atingir maior profundidade das les&#245;es, aumenta o risco de erup&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e perfura&#231;&#227;o tecidual<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica descrita de cirurgia tor&#225;cica v&#237;deo-assistida para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, minimamente invasivo, da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, utiliza a radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar para a abla&#231;&#227;o tecidual afim de se atingir o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares. Tal dispositivo &#233; capaz, ainda, de perceber a condut&#226;ncia el&#233;trica tissular e definir a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o ao longo de toda a espessura do tecido<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um benef&#237;cio adicional da radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar &#233; que a energia liberada est&#225; confinada ao tecido entre os eletrodos. Isto limita o espalhamento lateral de calor, reduzindo a possibilidade de les&#227;o em tecidos adjacentes. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da pin&#231;a bipolar permite, potencialmente, maior uniformidade de resultados independente do operador, fato que n&#227;o ocorre com a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter por radiofrequ&#234;ncia unipolar<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida tenta minimizar as preocupa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; agressividade da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica cl&#225;ssica do "<italic>Maze III</italic>". Esse procedimento evita a esternotomia. A abordagem epic&#225;rdica permite, ainda, que esse procedimento seja realizado sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com o cora&#231;&#227;o batendo e sem a necessidade do uso de heparina<sup>7</sup>. &#201; importante enfatizar, entretanto, que o procedimento cir&#250;rgico aqui proposto visa promover apenas o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares, les&#245;es conectantes n&#227;o est&#227;o contempladas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados x fisiopatologia da FA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Existe uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que o isolamento das veias pulmonares sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es conectantes n&#227;o seja t&#227;o eficaz<sup>19</sup> e que, potencialmente, permita a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia supraventricular tipo flutter atrial. Dois dos dez pacientes desta s&#233;rie apresentaram flutter atrial ap&#243;s a cirurgia, um dos quais j&#225; apresentava esta arritmia no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. As taquiarritmias atriais (incluindo o flutter atrial) ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#227;o primariamente relacionadas a linhas de abla&#231;&#227;o incompletas e que n&#227;o atingiram toda a espessura do tecido<sup>20,21</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar reduz esse risco por conceitualmente garantir a "transmuralidade" das les&#245;es. Al&#233;m da condut&#226;ncia el&#233;trica calculada pelo dispositivo durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o da energia bipolar, o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares p&#244;de ser testado em todos os pacientes em ritmo n&#227;o fibrilat&#243;rio. Em um paciente, entretanto, n&#227;o se conseguiu demonstrar o isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares esquerdas, a despeito de quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia bipolar. Este apresenta &#224; angiotomografia as quatro veias pulmonares conectadas ao &#225;trio esquerdo de forma anat&#244;mica. Talvez a metodologia do teste de condut&#226;ncia tenha favorecido a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do est&#237;mulo de marcapasso da veia pulmonar ao &#225;trio esquerdo atrav&#233;s dos eletrodos da pin&#231;a bipolar que, at&#233; ent&#227;o, eram mantidas abertas no interior da cavidade at&#233; o teste de condut&#226;ncia ser conclusivo. A partir deste caso, a pin&#231;a bipolar passou a ser retirada da cavidade para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de condut&#226;ncia das veias pulmonares. Este paciente permanece em ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia v&#237;deo-assistida, contudo, n&#227;o contempla a abla&#231;&#227;o do circuito do flutter atrial direito que pode coexistir com a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existe ainda questionamento sobre a efic&#225;cia do isolamento das veias pulmonares nos cen&#225;rios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cont&#237;nua (persistente ou permanente), que compreende 50% dessa amostra<sup>19</sup>. Essa abordagem cir&#250;rgica prev&#234; um amplo isolamento das veias pulmonares e antro atrial esquerdo, resultando em isolamento de grande volume atrial esquerdo. Apesar de ser discut&#237;vel a extens&#227;o de tecido atrial esquerdo que deva ser isolada para o sucesso do procedimento existe evid&#234;ncia que, quanto mais extensa a abla&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda, maiores as taxas de sucesso do procedimento<sup>23</sup>. Relatos de Wolf e cols.<sup>9</sup>, que utilizou t&#233;cnica semelhante a esta aqui descrita, demonstram que 100% dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cont&#237;nua (persistente ou permanente) est&#227;o livres desta arritmia ap&#243;s seis meses. Entretanto, esta abordagem n&#227;o contempla a patog&#234;nese da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente quando j&#225; existe remodelamento el&#233;trico e mec&#226;nico do tecido atrial. Em nossa s&#233;rie, o &#250;nico paciente que n&#227;o saiu do centro cir&#250;rgico em ritmo sinusal foi um paciente refrat&#225;rio a tentativas de revers&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco (FA permanente) e desde ent&#227;o, esse modelo de paciente tem sido desencorajado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. Um segundo paciente, com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente e alta resposta ventricular, foi submetido ao procedimento com sucesso, mas teve recorr&#234;ncia precoce da FA. Este apresenta miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica n&#227;o obstrutiva e diversas restri&#231;&#245;es (efeitos colaterais graves) ao uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos. Manteve-se em ritmo sinusal por duas semanas ap&#243;s o procedimento. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel submet&#234;-lo a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica devido &#224; presen&#231;a de trombo atrial. Considerando-se o conhecimento atual, &#233; frequente a ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de taquiarritmias por at&#233; quatro semanas, e a recorr&#234;ncia precoce da FA n&#227;o significa fal&#234;ncia do tratamento<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cirurgia x complica&#231;&#245;es: O efeito da curva de aprendizado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de minimamente invasiva (reduzido trauma tecidual direto) esse procedimento requer anestesia geral, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar independente com colabamento pulmonar. Todos esses aspectos apresentam potenciais efeitos delet&#233;rios. Ambos os hemit&#243;races s&#227;o abordados e todos os pacientes recebem drenagem tor&#225;cica bilateral. As complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas no per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apesar de n&#227;o fatais, ocasionaram uma necessidade de tempo prolongado de perman&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva e de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. As complica&#231;&#245;es operat&#243;rias, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia intra-hospitalar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e os tempos de colabamento pulmonar para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia foram dependentes da data de realiza&#231;&#227;o da mesma.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel correlacionar o tempo de colabamento pulmonar com as complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. Nossa observa&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, aponta para o fato de a extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce no centro cir&#250;rgico, ocasionando hipoexpans&#227;o pulmonar associada ao efeito residual de seda&#231;&#227;o e agentes paralisantes neuromusculares, poder estar relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias descritas, que ocorreram no in&#237;cio da experi&#234;ncia, e resultaram em um maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Uma mudan&#231;a na condu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica e na verifica&#231;&#227;o objetiva do estado de bloqueio neuromuscular ao final do procedimento (com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de aparelhos que testam o n&#237;vel residual de bloqueador neuromuscular) permitiu maior seguran&#231;a na extuba&#231;&#227;o e reduziu a zero as complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes receberam analg&#233;sicos comuns (dipirona e acetaminofen) ou antiinflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o-hormonais durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Nenhum paciente necessitou de analgesia com derivados de opi&#243;ides no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A dor tor&#225;cica, entretanto, n&#227;o foi uma vari&#225;vel objetivamente coletada.</p>
    <p>Fica evidente a import&#226;ncia da curva de aprendizado na incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novos procedimentos e tecnologia &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e o curto seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio neste estudo longitudinal, n&#227;o randomizado e sem grupo controle t&#234;m limita&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias a este desenho, sobretudo na infer&#234;ncia dos resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>Vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes n&#227;o foram controlados.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o apenas do Holter 24h no seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio como ferramenta definidora da ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio pode subestimar a recorr&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica v&#237;deo-assistida para o tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; reprodut&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia &#233; segura, por&#233;m requer um aprendizado dos profissionais envolvidos nesta nova modalidade de abordagem terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos iniciais da melhora dos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial s&#227;o encorajadores no sentido da disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma alternativa t&#233;cnica para o tratamento invasivo da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi </p>
        <p> Rua Dona Mariana, 143, sala A 12 - Botafogo </p>
        <p> 22.280-020 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="acolafranceschi@hotmail.com">acolafranceschi@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/06/08; revisado recebido em 26/08/08; aceito em 11/09/08</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Videothoracoscopy for isolated atrial fibrillation ablation through bipolar radiofrequency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation, expenses with the healthcare system and the associated high morbidity and mortality have justified the search for new therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reproducibility of the surgical technique, its safety and the initial outcome of the video-assisted surgery for the isolated atrial fibrillation ablation with bipolar radiofrequency. METHODS: Ten patients (90% men) with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (50% paroxystic type) that was refractory to drug therapy, with no heart disease that required concomitant surgical treatment, were submitted to arrhythmia ablation guided by thoracoscopy from May 2007 to May 2008. Clinical, laboratory and image variables were prospectively collected before, during surgery and at the postoperative follow-up. RESULTS: The surgery was carried out as planned in all patients. There was no intra-thoracic structure iatrogenic lesion or deaths. At the mean 6-month follow-up, 80% of the patients were free of atrial fibrillation. There was a significant improvement in the symptoms of New York Heart Association Functional Class heart failure (2.4 &#177; 0.5 to 1.6 &#177; 0.7; p=0.011). There was no evidence of pulmonary vein stenosis at the angiotomography in this series. CONCLUSION: The video-assisted surgery for the treatment of atrial fibrillation is reproducible and safe. There is a heart failure symptom evolution improvement after the surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Video-assisted surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Videothoracoscopy for isolated atrial fibrillation ablation through bipolar radiofrequency</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi<sup>I, II</sup>; Andrey Jos&#233; de Oliveira Monteiro<sup>I, II</sup>; Eduardo Souza Leal Botelho<sup>I, II</sup>; Leonardo Secchin Canale<sup>I</sup>; Arnaldo Rabischoffsky<sup>II</sup>; Ieda Prata Costa<sup>I, II</sup>; Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos Cruz Filho<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Luiz Menssing da Silva S&#225;<sup>I, II</sup>; Ana Luiza Boechat<sup>II</sup>; Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan<sup>III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia<sup>I</sup>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The prevalence of atrial fibrillation, expenses with the healthcare system and the associated high morbidity and mortality have justified the search for new therapeutic approaches.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the reproducibility of the surgical technique, its safety and the initial outcome of the video-assisted surgery for the isolated atrial fibrillation ablation with bipolar radiofrequency.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Ten patients (90% men) with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (50% paroxystic type) that was refractory to drug therapy, with no heart disease that required concomitant surgical treatment, were submitted to arrhythmia ablation guided by thoracoscopy from May 2007 to May 2008. Clinical, laboratory and image variables were prospectively collected before, during surgery and at the postoperative follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The surgery was carried out as planned in all patients. There was no intra-thoracic structure iatrogenic lesion or deaths. At the mean 6-month follow-up, 80% of the patients were free of atrial fibrillation. There was a significant improvement in the symptoms of New York Heart Association Functional Class heart failure (2.4 &#177; 0.5 to 1.6 &#177; 0.7; p=0.011). There was no evidence of pulmonary vein stenosis at the angiotomography in this series.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The video-assisted surgery for the treatment of atrial fibrillation is reproducible and safe. There is a heart failure symptom evolution improvement after the surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Video-assisted Surgery; Catheter Ablation; Atrial Fibrillation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice and its prevalence is estimated between 0.4% and 1% of the general population<sup>1</sup> and in 6% of those older than 65 years<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The AF is an independent risk factor for mortality with a relative risk for all ages of 1.5 for men and 1.9 for women<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the last 20 years, hospital admissions due to AF increased 66%<sup>4</sup>. In Brazil, AF is the fifth major cause of hospital admission at the Sistema Unico de Saude (SUS - Brazilian Public Healthcare System) and affects almost 10% of the population treated by specialized cardiology services with a quaternary treatment level of complexity<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The high prevalence of this arrhythmia, the AF-related public healthcare costs and the elevated morbidity and mortality associated to it, have justified the search for a better understanding of its physiopathological bases and new therapeutic approaches.</p>
      <p>Minimally-invasive, curative, safer and more effective procedures than the long-term drug therapy can become first-choice treatments of AF<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>When analyzing its electrophysiological bases, it can be observed that the AF that occurs repeatedly is associated to triggers located around the orifices of the pulmonary veins in 90% of the patients<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The transition zone between the endothelium of the pulmonary veins and the left atrial endocardium constitutes an anatomical substrate formed by two kinds of juxtaposed tissues. The fact that these tissues present distinct electrical properties can promote the development of triggering foci of AF episodes. The electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins can, therefore, terminate the arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>Some authors still believe that the ablation of the peri-cardiac parasympathetic ganglia can increase the atrial fibrillation-free survival of patients submitted to electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the technological development and the emergence of new devices, capable of generating localized cell damage and throughout the entire tissue thickness, as the bipolar radiofrequency, thus substituting the lesions created by the traditional surgery of cutting and suturing, the surgical procedure becomes faster and less bloody and equally effective as the traditional technique. Therefore, the cardiovascular surgeon has increased possibilities of action and a favorable scenario is created for the minimization of the surgical access and exclusion of the need for extracorporeal circulation in the clinical approach of patients with AF.</p>
      <p>Wolf et al<sup>9</sup> described a video-assisted surgical technique for the ablation of AF and reported their experience in little more than 20 patients. On the other hand, however, the reproducibility of this minimally-invasive technique and the possible risks associated to it and the fact that the lungs are kept in collapse for a period of time are still to be defined.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this prospective analysis include:</p>
      <p>&#149; To evaluate the reproducibility of the video-assisted, minimally-invasive surgical treatment of AF refractory to drug therapy.</p>
      <p>&#149; To evaluate its safety.</p>
      <p>&#149; To evaluate the impact of the surgery on the postoperative follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This protocol was approved by the National Ethical Committee in Research (CONEP) in 2004 and registered under #11141, decision # 2554/2004, process 25000.164698/2004-53. The Ethical Committee in Research of Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (National Institute of Cardiology), Rio de Janeiro, corroborated the approval by CONEP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Studied population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From May 2007 to May 2008, ten (10) patients were submitted to the surgical procedure at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, in Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil.</p>
      <p>All patients presented heart failure classified according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class between II and III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined as following:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inclusion criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Men or women aged 18 to 80 years;</p>
      <p>&#149; Minimum of three months of history of AF (intermittent or continuous) symptomatic and refractory to clinical treatment;</p>
      <p>&#149; Ejection fraction &gt;35%;</p>
      <p>&#149; Patients able to understand and sign the free and informed consent form;</p>
      <p>&#149; Patients committed to clinical follow-up at return visits;</p>
      <p>&#149; Minimum postoperative follow-up of three months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion criteria:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Functional class IV (NYHA);</p>
      <p>&#149; Previous cardiac or thoracic surgery;</p>
      <p>&#149; Indication for concomitant cardiac or thoracic surgery;</p>
      <p>&#149; Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the last six months;</p>
      <p>&#149; Presence of atrial and/or ventricular thrombus;</p>
      <p>&#149; Comorbidities that increase the surgical risk, depending on the evaluation of the main investigator;</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the preoperative characteristics of the patients. Some patients presented concomitant structural heart disease with no functional consequences and with no indication for surgical treatment or another intervention.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean time of the AF in this population was 5.2 &#177; 3.2 years (3 months to 12 years). The history related to the AF is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tissue ablation system by bipolar radiofrequency</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The components of the tissue ablation system by bipolar radiofrequency (RF) (Atricure Inc, Cincinnati - OH) used in this clinical study, include the disposable RF bipolar tweezers, the ablation and sensing unit (ASU) and a dissector specifically developed for this purpose.</p>
      <p>The use of the RF is performed only in the atrial tissue, avoiding structures such as the coronary arteries and the pulmonary veins.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Preoperative period</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients were evaluated at the preoperative period, with a clinical history and physical examination. The risks, benefits and alternatives to the proposed procedure were discussed at this initial assessment and all patients signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p>The patients that accepted to participate in the study were asked to undergo the following preoperative examinations:</p>
      <p>&#149; Blood (Complete blood count, with platelet count, Coagulogram blood biochemistry);</p>
      <p>&#149; 12-derivation Electrocardiogram;</p>
      <p>&#149; Chest teleradiography;</p>
      <p>&#149; 24-hour Holter.</p>
      <p>Three-channel 24-hour Holter monitoring was used to assess the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation. AF was considered when any rhythm with intervals between the irregular R waves and the absence and absence of P waves (atrial electrical activity) was present for at least 30 seconds.</p>
      <p>&#149; Other examinations</p>
      <p>Men older than 45 years and women older than 50 or individuals that presented risk factors for coronary artery disease underwent, at least once, a non-invasive risk stratification (myocardial scintigraphy, ergometric stress test or stress echocardiogram) to rule out concomitant asymptomatic obstructive coronary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The surgical procedure involves instrumentation on both sides of the thorax and it was carried out as previously detailed<sup>9</sup>. Briefly, the right side is initially performed: the patient is initially positioned on left lateral decubitus with the right arm abducted over the head (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). A 12-mm trocar is positioned under the sixth or seventh rib in order to allow the introduction of the 10-mm and 30-degree videothoracoscopy optical instrument inside the chest. This trocar is placed medially 2 cm to the mid-axillary line (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>With the help of the optical instrument, the ribs are counted. A 4-6 cm incision is performed under the third rib, from lateral border of the nipple toward to mid-axillary line (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>) The fat tissue in the axillary hollow is placed posteriorly. The ribs are carefully retracted and the pericardium is directly observed. The pericardium is opened 2 to 4 cm anteriorly and parallel to the phrenic nerve, exposing the heart 3 cm above the vena cava and right atrium junction. The opening of the pericardium, inferiorly, must be carried out as distally as possible. The pericardium is repaired with separate 2-0 cotton stitches.</p>
      <p>The dissection of the tissue between the superior vena cava and the right upper pulmonary vein is carried out by blunt dissection, separating the tissues with the tip of the aspirator. The same maneuver is used to access the oblique sinus between the inferior vena cava and the right lower pulmonary vein.</p>
      <p>A second incision is made for the positioning of a tissue dissector especially developed for this purpose. This dissector is directed to the oblique sinus, just above the inferior vena cava, behind the right pulmonary veins and is advanced superiorly to the pericardial reflection in the upper margin of the superior pulmonary vein. A rubber catheter is adapted at the tip of the dissector and goes behind the pulmonary veins with the removal of the dissector. The same maneuver is performed by exchanging the rubber catheter by the lower paddle of the bipolar tweezers.</p>
      <p>The RF energy is administered and the occurrence of cell damage throughout the entire tissue thickness is, in theory, achieved after 10-15 seconds, when a beeper sound is emitted by the system.</p>
      <p>A test of electrical conduction from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium is then used. This test is only possible to be performed in patients that are presenting a non-fibrillatory rhythm at the moment of the procedure.</p>
      <p>Using a conventional pacemaker generator, the pulmonary veins are stimulated with a heart rate 20% &gt; the basal rate and the atrial capture is verified, confirming or not the passage of the stimulus from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. After the electrical isolation of the pulmonary vein, the non-capture of the pacemaker stimulus by the left atrium confirms the electrical disconnection of the pulmonary veins. In case of left atrial capture, the bipolar RF must be administered again. At the end of the procedure, a tubular chest drain number 20 or a Blake-type silicone drain is positioned through one of the incisions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The patients must be repositioned on the operating table in right lateral decubitus and the left side of the procedure is carried out similarly to what was performed on the right. The amount of tissue to be dissected, however, is smaller on the left when only the Marshall's ligament dissection is performed, to allow the access along the upper border of the left upper pulmonary vein. The access to the oblique sinus inferiorly does not require additional dissection.</p>
      <p>Intravenous heparin is not administered to the patients. The tweezers are kept occluding the pulmonary veins for a maximum of 20 seconds.</p>
      <p>The endotracheal tube is removed while the patient is still in the operating room, whenever possible. The computed variables of the perioperative period include the time of right and left pulmonary collapse to perform the procedure, the need for electrical cardioversion after the isolation of the pulmonary veins and the confirmation of the electrical isolation through the electrical conduction test from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. We also evaluated the need for conversion to thoracotomy and the occurrence of lesions in the intra-thoracic structures, such as the phrenic nerve, heart and lungs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Postoperative follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Drug prescriptions and cardiac rhythm management:</p>
      <p>The patients have their preoperative medications re-introduced in the morning after the surgical procedure and these are maintained during the postoperative follow-up. All patients were advised to use an oral anticoagulant for at least 6 months.</p>
      <p>The desired strategy was for patients to attain hospital discharge in sinus rhythm. In order to achieve that, the use of intravenous antiarrhythmic drugs or electrical reversion was used as necessary, during the intrahospital postoperative period.</p>
      <p>&#149; Anatomic evaluation of the pulmonary veins:</p>
      <p>To evaluate the pulmonary veins, a computed angiotomography of the thorax was performed on the third month of postoperative follow-up. The tomographic study was carried out through the volumetric acquisition of data with 1 mm of collimation during the administration of nonionic contrast. The acquired images were processed by obtaining axial images and multiplane and three-dimensional reconstructions. Pulmonary vein stenosis was considered when there was any 50% decrease in its diameter.</p>
      <p>&#149; Other variables analyzed in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>The duration of hospital stay was computed, as well as the duration at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay, the time of permanence of the chest drain and the complications that occurred during the intra-hospital period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The McNemar test was used to compare proportions of paired groups and the Chi-square test to compare two non-paired proportions.</p>
      <p>The Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used for paired values and the Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples for the analysis of numerical variables.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the occurrence of associations between the numerical variables, Pearson's coefficient of correlation was used. Spearman's coefficient was used for the correlation between ordinal variables.</p>
      <p>Statistical significance was set at p &lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The surgical procedure was carried out in both sides of the thorax of the 10 patients, as previously planned. There was no need for conversion or enlargement of the thoracotomy in any of the cases as well as no operative mortality in this series.</p>
      <p>There was no surgical injury of the cardiac chambers, of basal vessels or the phrenic nerve. None of the patients needed a transfusion of blood components during the hospital stay. The data related to the surgical intervention were grouped in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref> and the postoperative data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean postoperative follow-up of the patients was 6 months (3 to 12 months). There was no significant difference regarding the drugs used in the pre- and postoperative periods (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Five patients underwent surgery in 2007 and the other five in 2008. All the complications described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref> occurred in patients submitted to surgery in 2007 (p=0.048).</p>
      <p>The mean hospital stay duration in 2007 was 12.4 days, whereas in 2008 it was 3.6 days (p=0.098). The time of right and left pulmonary collapse was significantly reduced with the accumulation of experience (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c1-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="c1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-04-0334-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>There was a decrease in the NYHA functional class in the preoperative period when compared to that assessed in the postoperative period: 2.4 &#177; 0.5 to 1.6 &#177; 0.7 (p=0.011).</p>
      <p>Eight of the 10 patients (80%) presented sinus rhythm at the final assessment of the postoperative follow-up. The analysis of the angiotomography of the pulmonary veins did not identify pulmonary vein stenosis in any of the 10 patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgery X atrial fibrillation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To define the best treatment for atrial fibrillation has been a challenge. The maintenance of the sinus rhythm can result in fewer symptoms, lower risk of cerebrovascular accident, discontinuation of anti-arrhythmic and oral anticoagulant drugs, improved exercise capacity, better quality of life and lower mortality<sup>10.</sup></p>
      <p>It has been even more difficult to define and select patients with atrial fibrillation that are candidate to invasive treatments. The surgical treatment of the Maze (also known as "Maze III"), in addition to being a well-established surgical technique, is also extremely effective for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>Dr. James Cox reports success rates &gt; 95% for patients submitted to this procedure<sup>11</sup>. In our country, Kalil et al<sup>12</sup> have reported more than 80% of AF-free patients after 14 months of mean postoperative follow-up. However, the complexity and morbidity associated to the long time needed to carry out the surgical procedure, limit its use by the surgical community in general.</p>
      <p>Efforts to simplify the surgery have used several alternative sources of energy to create lesions that block the bidirectional electrical conduction in the atrial tissue, including the unipolar radiofrequency<sup>13</sup>. The endocardial use of the unipolar RF (in contrast to the bipolar RF) does not allow the easy identification of lesion occurrence throughout the tissue thickness (transmural), possibly producing incomplete and ineffective lesions<sup>14</sup>. Additionally, lesions that are not limited to the target-tissue can result in tissue damage of neighboring structures, particularly the esophagus and the pulmonary veins<sup>15</sup>. Gaynor et al<sup>16</sup> initially reported the use of the tissue ablation system by bipolar radiofrequency to create linear and transmural lesions during heart surgery. The bipolar tweezers liberates energy between two electrodes, through tissues fixed between the arms, which essentially eliminates the risk of lesion in adjacent tissues.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgery x catheter ablation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The development of less invasive procedures for the treatment of atrial fibrillation significantly increased after the identification of the importance of the pulmonary veins in the pathogenesis of this arrhythmia<sup>14</sup>. After that, the techniques of catheter ablation started to be broadly used for the treatment of AF. With the disseminated use, varied and severe complications occurred and ended up promoting the learning and encouraging the industry so that the evolution of technique and the technology used could result in more effective and safer procedures.</p>
      <p>However, the catheter ablation of the atrial fibrillation by applying unipolar RF to the endocardial tissue still presents variable rates of success, frequently needing re-interventions and occasionally, resulting in severe complications such as fistula formation between the left atrium and the esophagus, which are potentially fatal<sup>15</sup>. Furthermore, the use of irrigated RF catheters, in an effort to reach deeper lesions, increases the risk of cardiac eruption and tissue perforation<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The described technique of video-assisted chest surgery for the surgical treatment of AF, which is minimally invasive, uses bipolar RF for tissue ablation without reaching the electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins. This device is also capable of perceiving the tissue electrical conductance and defining the occurrence of lesions along the entire tissue thickness<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>An additional benefit of the bipolar RF is that the energy released is confined to the tissue between the electrodes. This limits the lateral spread of heat, reducing the possibility of lesion in adjacent tissues. The use of the bipolar tweezers allows, potentially, a higher uniformity of results independently of the surgeon, a fact that does not occur with the catheter ablation by unipolar RF<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The video-assisted surgery tries to minimize the concerns related to the aggressiveness of the classic "Maze II" surgical intervention. This procedure prevents the sternotomy. The epicardial approach also allows the procedure to be carried out without extracorporeal circulation (ECC), with the heart beating and without the need for heparin use<sup>7</sup>. It is important to emphasize, however, that the surgical procedure proposed here aims at promoting only the electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins and connecting lesions are not contemplated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results x physiopathology of the AF</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is a concern that the isolation of the pulmonary veins without performing the connecting lesions is not so effective<sup>19</sup> and that, potentially, it will allow the manifestation of atrial flutter-type supra-ventricular tachycardia.</p>
      <p>Two of the 10 patients in this series presented atrial flutter after the surgery, one of whom already presented this arrhythmia in the preoperative period. The atrial tachyarrhythmias (including atrial flutter), after the AF ablation, are primarily related to incomplete ablation lines and that did not reach the entire tissue thickness<sup>20,21</sup>. The use of bipolar RF technology reduces this risk by conceptually guaranteeing the "transmurality" of the lesions. In addition to the electrical conductance calculated by the device during the use of the bipolar energy, the electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins could be tested in all patients in non-fibrillatory rhythm. In one patient, however, the electrical isolation of the left pulmonary veins could not be demonstrated, although the bipolar RF was applied four times. This patient presents the four pulmonary veins connected to the left atrium in anatomical form at the angiotomography. Perhaps the methodology of the conductance test favored the electrical conduction of the pacemaker stimulus from the pulmonary vein to left atrium through the electrodes of the bipolar tweezers, which were, until then, maintained open inside the cavity until the conductance test was conclusive.</p>
      <p>From this case on, the bipolar tweezers started to be removed from the cavity to perform the conductance test of the pulmonary veins. This patient remains in sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p>The video-assisted surgery, however, does not contemplate the ablation of right atrial flutter circuit which can co-exist with the atrial fibrillation<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is a debate on the efficacy of the isolation of the pulmonary veins in situations of continuous (persistent or permanent) atrial fibrillation, which comprehends 50% of this sample<sup>19</sup>. This surgical approach previews a broad isolation of the pulmonary veins and left atrial antrum, resulting in the isolation of a large left atrial volume. Although the extension of left atrial tissue that must be isolated for the procedure to be successful is debatable, there is evidence that the longer the extension of the left trial ablation, the higher the success rates of the procedure<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reports by Wolf et al<sup>9</sup>, who used a technique that was similar to the one described here, demonstrated that 100% of the patients with continuous (persistent or permanent) atrial fibrillation are arrhythmia-free after six months. However, this approach does not contemplate the pathogenesis of the permanent atrial fibrillation, when there is an electrical and mechanical remodeling of the atrial tissue.</p>
      <p>In our series, the only patient that did not leave the operating room in sinus rhythm was a patient refractory to attempts of cardiac rhythm reversion (permanent AF) and since then, this model of patient has been discouraged from undergoing the procedure. A second patient, with persistent AF and high ventricular response was submitted to the procedure successfully, but had early AF recurrence. This patient presents non-obstructive hypertrophic myocardiopathy and several restrictions (severe adverse events) to the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. He kept the sinus rhythm for two weeks after the procedure, but it was not possible to submit him to electrical cardioversion due to the presence of atrial thrombus.</p>
      <p>Considering the current knowledge, the occurrence of episodes of tachyarrhythmias for up to four weeks is frequent, and the early recurrence of AF does not mean treatment failure<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgery x complications: the effect of the learning curve</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although minimally invasive (reduced direct tissue trauma), this procedure requires general anesthesia, orotracheal intubation and independent pulmonary ventilation with pulmonary collapse. All these aspects present potential deleterious effects. Both thorax sides are manipulated and all patients receive bilateral chest drainage. The complications that occur in the postoperative period, despite not being fatal, result in a long ICU and hospital stay duration. The operative complications, time of hospital stay during the postoperative period and time of pulmonary collapse for carrying out the surgery were dependent on the date when it was performed.</p>
      <p>It was not possible to correlate the time of pulmonary collapse with the respiratory complications in the postoperative period due to the small number of patients. Our observation, however, points out to the fact that the early extubation in the operating room causing lung hypoexpansion associated to the residual effect of sedation and neuromuscular paralysis agents, might have been related to the occurrence of the described respiratory complications, which occurred in the beginning of the experience and resulted in a longer hospital stay duration.</p>
      <p>A change in the anesthetic conduct and in the objective assessment of the neuromuscular block status at the end of the procedure (with the use of equipment that test the residual level of neuromuscular blockers) allowed more safety in the extubation procedure and decreased to zero the respiratory complications after the procedure.</p>
      <p>All patients received common analgesic medication (dipyrone and acetaminophen) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during hospital stay. None of the patients needed opioids in the postoperative period. The chest pain, however, was not an objectively collected variable.</p>
      <p>It becomes evident the importance of the learning curve when incorporating new procedures and technologies to the clinical practice.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The small number of patients and the short postoperative follow-up period in this longitudinal, non-randomized study with no control group has limitations that are inherent to this design, especially regarding the inference of clinical outcomes. Patient selection biases were not controlled. The use of 24-hour Holter monitoring alone in the postoperative period as the tool that defined the occurrence or not of atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period might have underestimated the recurrence of AF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The video-assisted surgical technique for the treatment of atrial fibrillation is reproducible. The surgical procedure is safe; however, it requires the learning from the professionals involved in this new therapeutic approach modality.</p>
      <p>The initial clinical results of heart failure symptom improvement and atrial-fibrillation-free survival are encouraging, as they provide a technical alternative to the invasive treatment of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001; 285: 2370-5.</p>
      <p>2. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, Kronmal R, Hart RG. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155: 469-73.</p>
      <p>3. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB, Levy D. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1998; 98: 946-52.</p>
      <p>4. Friberg J, Buch P, Scharling H, Gadsbphioll N, Jensen GB. Rising rates of hospital admissions for atrial fibrillation. Epidemiology. 2003; 14: 666-72.</p>
      <p>5. Fornari LS, Calderaro D, Nassar IB, Lauretti C, Nakamura L, Bagnatori R, et al. Misuse of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients: frequent, pervasive and persistent. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2007; 23 (1): 65-71.</p>
      <p>6. Lip GYH, Tse HF. Management of atrial fibrillation. Lancet. 2007; 370: 604-18.</p>
      <p>7. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 659-66.</p>
      <p>8. Scanavacca M, Pisani CF, Hachul D, Lara S, Hardy C, Darrieux F, et al. Selective atrial vagal denervation guided by evoked vagal reflex to treat patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2006; 114 (9): 876-85.</p>
      <p>9. Wolf RK, Schneeberger EW, Osterday R, Miller D, Merril W, Rege JB, et al. Video-assisted bilateral pulmonary vein isolation and left atrial appendage exclusion for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 130: 797-802.</p>
      <p>10. Friedman PA, Hammill SC. Atrial fibrillation therapies-rate or rhythm control? Business Briefing: US Cardiol. 2004. [Accessed 2009 Feb 19]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.touchcardiology.com./articles/atrial-fibrillation-therapies-rate">http://www.touchcardiology.com./articles/atrial-fibrillation-therapies-rate</ext-link>.</p>
      <p>11. Cox JL, Schuessler RB, Boineau JP. The development of the Maze Procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 12 (1): 2-14.</p>
      <p>12. Kalil RAK, Albrecht A, Lima GG, Vasconcellos D, Cunha B, Hatem D, et al. Resultados do tratamento cir&#250;rgico da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999; 73 (2): 144-8.</p>
      <p>13. Damiano RJ. Alternative energy sources for atrial ablation: judging the new technology. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003; 75: 329-30.</p>
      <p>14. Ouyang F, Antz M, Ernset S, Hachiya H, Mavrakis H, Deger FT, et al. Recovered pulmonary vein conduction as a dominant factor for recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias after complete circular isolation of the pulmonary veins. Circulation. 2005; 111: 127-35.</p>
      <p>15. Gillinov AM, Petterson G, Rice TW. Esophageal injury during radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 122: 1239-40.</p>
      <p>16. Gaynor SL, Diodato MD, Prasad SM, Ishii Y, Schuessler RB, Bailey MS, et al. A prospective, singlecenter clinical trial of a modified Cox maze procedure with bipolar radiofrequency ablation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 124: 535-42.</p>
      <p>17. Prasad SM, Maniar HS, Schuessler RB, Damiano RJ. Chronic transmural atrial ablation by using bipolar radiofrequency energy on the beating heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 124: 708-13.</p>
      <p>18. Scanavacca MI, Sosa E. Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial: t&#233;cnicas e resultados. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85 (4): 295-301.</p>
      <p>19. Oral H, Scharf C, Chugh A, Hall B, Cheung P, Good E, et al. Catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: segmental pulmonary vein ostial ablation versus left atrial ablation. Circulation. 2003; 108: 2355-60.</p>
      <p>20. Gaita F, Riccardi R, Caponi D, Shah S, Garberoglio L, Vivalda L, et al. Linear cryoablation of the left atrium versus pulmonary vein cryoisolation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease. Circulation. 2005; 111: 136-42.</p>
      <p>21. Kobza R, Hindricks G, Tanner H, Schirdewahn P, Dorszewski A, Piorkowski C, et al. Late recurrent arrhythmias after ablation of atrial fibrillation: incidence, mechanisms and treatment. Heart Rhythm. 2004; 1: 676-83.</p>
      <p>22. Moreira W, Timmermans C, Wellens HJ, Mizusawa Y, Philippens S, Perez D, et al. Can common-type atrial flutter be a sign of an arrhythmogenic substrate in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation? clinical and ablative consequences in patients with coexistent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter. Circulation. 2007; 116 (24): 2786-92.</p>
      <p>23. Marrouche NF, Dresing T, Cole C, Bash D, Saad E, Balaban K, et al. Circular mapping and ablation of the pulmonary vein for treatment of atrial fibrillation: impact of different catheter technologies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 464-74.</p>
      <p>24. Fuster V, Ryd&#233;n LE, Cannom DS, Crizns HJ, Curtis HB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48: 854-906.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address</p>
          <p> Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi</p>
          <p> Rua Dona Mariana,143, sala A 12 - Botafogo</p>
          <p> 22.280-020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="acolafranceschi@hotmail.com">acolafranceschi@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 16, 2008; revised manuscript received August 26, 2008; accepted September 11, 2008.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Cirug&#237;a videoasistida para ablaci&#243;n de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial aislada por radiofrecuencia bipolar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: La prevalencia de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial, los gastos con el sistema de salud y la elevada morbilidad y mortalidad asociados a &#233;sta, justifican la b&#250;squeda de nuevos abordajes terap&#233;uticos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la reproducibilidad de la t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica, la seguridad y los resultados iniciales de la cirug&#237;a videoasistida para la ablaci&#243;n de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial aislada con radiofrecuencia bipolar. M&#201;TODOS: Diez pacientes (90% hombres) con fibrilaci&#243;n atrial (50% parox&#237;stica) sintom&#225;tica y refractaria a la terapia medicamentosa, sin enfermedad card&#237;aca que requiriera cirug&#237;a concomitante, fueron sometidos a la ablaci&#243;n de la arritmia guiada por toracoscop&#237;a en el per&#237;odo de mayor de 2007 a mayo de 2008. Variables cl&#237;nicas, de laboratorio y de imagina se recolectaron prospectivamente antes, durante y en el seguimiento postoperatorio. RESULTADOS: La cirug&#237;a se realiz&#243; conforme lo planeado en todos los pacientes. No hubo lesi&#243;n iatrog&#233;nica de estructuras intrator&#225;cicas u &#243;bitos. En el seguimiento medio de seis meses, el 80% de los pacientes est&#225;n libres de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial. Hubo mejora significativa de los s&#237;ntomas de insuficiencia card&#237;aca clase funcional New York Heart Association (2,4 &#177; 0,5 para 1,6 &#177; 0,7; p = 0,011). No hubo evidencia de estenosis de venas pulmonares a la angiotomograf&#237;a en esta serie. CONCLUSI&#211;N: La cirug&#237;a videoasistida para el tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial es reproducible y segura. Hay mejora evolutiva de los s&#237;ntomas de insuficiencia card&#237;aca despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Cirug&#237;a videoasistida</kwd>
        <kwd>ablaci&#243;n por cat&#233;ter</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrilaci&#243;n atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Cirug&#237;a videoasistida para ablaci&#243;n de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial aislada por radiofrecuencia bipolar</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi<sup>I, II</sup>; Andrey Jos&#233; de Oliveira Monteiro<sup>I, II</sup>; Eduardo Souza Leal Botelho<sup>I, II</sup>; Leonardo Secchin Canale<sup>I</sup>; Arnaldo Rabischoffsky<sup>II</sup>; Ieda Prata Costa<sup>I, II</sup>; Fernando Eug&#234;nio dos Santos Cruz Filho<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Luiz Menssing da Silva S&#225;<sup>I, II</sup>; Ana Luiza Boechat<sup>II</sup>; Luis Alberto Oliveira Dallan<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> La prevalencia de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial, los gastos con el sistema de salud y la elevada morbilidad y mortalidad asociados a &#233;sta, justifican la b&#250;squeda de nuevos abordajes terap&#233;uticos.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Evaluar la reproducibilidad de la t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica, la seguridad y los resultados iniciales de la cirug&#237;a videoasistida para la ablaci&#243;n de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial aislada con radiofrecuencia bipolar.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Diez pacientes (90% hombres) con fibrilaci&#243;n atrial (50% parox&#237;stica) sintom&#225;tica y refractaria a la terapia medicamentosa, sin enfermedad card&#237;aca que requiriera cirug&#237;a concomitante, fueron sometidos a la ablaci&#243;n de la arritmia guiada por toracoscop&#237;a en el per&#237;odo de mayor de 2007 a mayo de 2008. Variables cl&#237;nicas, de laboratorio y de imagina se recolectaron prospectivamente antes, durante y en el seguimiento postoperatorio.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> La cirug&#237;a se realiz&#243; conforme lo planeado en todos los pacientes. No hubo lesi&#243;n iatrog&#233;nica de estructuras intrator&#225;cicas u &#243;bitos. En el seguimiento medio de seis meses, el 80% de los pacientes est&#225;n libres de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial. Hubo mejora significativa de los s&#237;ntomas de insuficiencia card&#237;aca clase funcional <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (2,4 &#177; 0,5 para 1,6 &#177; 0,7; p = 0,011). No hubo evidencia de estenosis de venas pulmonares a la angiotomograf&#237;a en esta serie.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N: </bold> La cirug&#237;a videoasistida para el tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial es reproducible y segura. Hay mejora evolutiva de los s&#237;ntomas de insuficiencia card&#237;aca despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave:</bold> Cirug&#237;a videoasistida, ablaci&#243;n por cat&#233;ter, fibrilaci&#243;n atrial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>La fibrilaci&#243;n atrial (FA) es la arritmia card&#237;aca sostenida m&#225;s com&#250;n en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica. Su prevalencia estimada est&#225; entre el 0,4% y el 1% de la poblaci&#243;n en general<sup>1</sup> y en el 6% de aquellos con edad superior a los 65 a&#241;os<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>La FA es factor de riesgo independiente para mortalidad, con un riesgo relativo para todas las edades de 1,5 para hombres y 1,9 para mujeres<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>En los &#250;ltimos 20 a&#241;os, las internaciones hospitalarias debido a la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial aumentaron un 66%<sup>4</sup>. En Brasil, la FA es la quinta mayor causa de internaci&#243;n del Sistema &#218;nico de Salud (SUS) y afecta a casi el 10% de la poblaci&#243;n atendida por servicio especializado en cardiolog&#237;a de hospitales con nivel de complejidad de atenci&#243;n cuaternario<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>La alta prevalencia de esta arritmia, los gastos con el sistema de salud y la elevada morbilidad y mortalidad asociados a &#233;sta, justifican la b&#250;squeda de una mejor comprensi&#243;n de sus bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas y de nuevos abordajes terap&#233;uticos. Procedimientos curativos, m&#237;nimamente invasivos, seguros y m&#225;s eficaces que el tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico a largo plazo, pueden transformarse en tratamientos de primera elecci&#243;n de la FA<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Al analizar sus bases electrofisiol&#243;gicas, se constata que la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial que ocurre repetidamente se asocia a la existencia de gatillos que se localizan alrededor de los orificios de las venas pulmonares en el 90% de los pacientes<sup>7</sup>. La zona de transici&#243;n entre el endotelio de las venas pulmonares y el endocardio atrial izquierdo constituye un sustrato anat&#243;mico formado por dos tipos de tejidos sobrepuestos. El hecho de que estos tejidos presenten propiedades el&#233;ctricas distintas puede propiciar el desarrollo de focos de disparo de los episodios de FA. El aislamiento el&#233;ctrico de las venas pulmonares puede, por lo tanto, terminar con esa arritmia.</p>
      <p>Algunos autores creen incluso que la ablaci&#243;n de los plexos ganglionares parasimp&#225;ticos peric&#225;rdicos puede aumentar la supervivencia libre de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial de pacientes sometidos al aislamiento el&#233;ctrico de las venas pulmonares<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Con el desarrollo tecnol&#243;gico y el surgimiento de nuevos dispositivos, capaces de generar da&#241;o celular localizado y por todo el grosor tisular - como la radiofrecuencia bipolar -, y con ello sustituir las lesiones creadas por la cirug&#237;a tradicional de corte y costura, el procedimiento quir&#250;rgico se vuelve m&#225;s r&#225;pido, menos cruento e igualmente eficaz a la t&#233;cnica tradicional. De esta forma, se ampl&#237;an las posibilidades de actuaci&#243;n del cirujano cardiovascular cre&#225;ndose un escenario propicio para la minimizaci&#243;n del acceso quir&#250;rgico y exclusi&#243;n de la necesidad de utilizaci&#243;n de la circulaci&#243;n extracorp&#243;rea en el abordaje quir&#250;rgico de pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n atrial.</p>
      <p>Wolf et al.<sup>9</sup> describieron la t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica videoasistida para la ablaci&#243;n de la FA y relataron su experiencia en poco m&#225;s de 20 pacientes. No obstante, la reproducibilidad de esta t&#233;cnica m&#237;nimamente invasiva y los posibles riesgos asociados a &#233;sta y al hecho de mantener los pulmones colapsados por un per&#237;odo de tiempo todav&#237;a est&#225;n por definirse.</p>
      <p>Los objetivos de este an&#225;lisis prospectivo incluyen:</p>
      <p>&#149; Evaluar la reproducibilidad del tratamiento quir&#250;rgico, videoasistido, m&#237;nimamente invasivo de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial refractaria a la terapia medicamentosa.</p>
      <p>&#149; Evaluar la seguridad del mismo.</p>
      <p>&#149; Evaluar el impacto de la cirug&#237;a en el seguimiento postoperatorio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este protocolo fue aprobado por la Comisi&#243;n Nacional de &#201;tica en Investigaci&#243;n (CONEP, por su sigla en portugu&#233;s) en el 2004 y fue registrado con el n&#250;mero: 11141, dictamen n&#250;mero 2554/2004, proceso 25000.164698/2004-53. La Comisi&#243;n de &#201;tica en Investigaci&#243;n del Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog&#237;a, Rio de Janeiro corrobor&#243; la aprobaci&#243;n de la CONEP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Poblaci&#243;n estudiada:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>De mayo de 2007 hasta mayo de 2008, diez (10) pacientes fueron sometidos al procedimiento quir&#250;rgico en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog&#237;a, en Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil.</p>
      <p>Todos los pacientes presentaban insuficiencia card&#237;aca clasificada de acuerdo con la clase funcional de la <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) entre II y III (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body3">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n y exclusi&#243;n se definen a seguir:</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Criterio de inclusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Hombres o mujeres con edad entre 18 y 80 a&#241;os;</p>
      <p>&#149; M&#237;nimo de tres meses de historia de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial (intermitente o continua) sintom&#225;tica y refractaria al tratamiento cl&#237;nico;</p>
      <p>&#149; Fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n &gt;35%;</p>
      <p>&#149; Capaces de entender y firmar el consentimiento informado;</p>
      <p>&#149; Comprometidos a regresar en las visitas de seguimiento cl&#237;nico;</p>
      <p>&#149;Seguimiento postoperatorio m&#237;nimo de tres meses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Criterio de exclusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Clase funcional IV (NYHA);</p>
      <p>&#149; Cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca o tor&#225;cica previa;</p>
      <p>&#149; Indicaci&#243;n de cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca o tor&#225;cica concomitante;</p>
      <p>&#149; Accidente vascular encef&#225;lico o ataque isqu&#233;mico transitorio (AIT) en los &#250;ltimos seis meses;</p>
      <p>&#149; Presencia de trombo atrial y/o ventricular;</p>
      <p>&#149; Factores com&#243;rbidos que aumentan el riesgo quir&#250;rgico en la dependencia de la evaluaci&#243;n de la investigaci&#243;n principal.</p>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body3">tabla 2</xref> resume las caracter&#237;sticas preoperatorias de los pacientes. Algunos pacientes presentaban enfermedad card&#237;aca estructural concomitante sin repercusi&#243;n funcional y sin indicaci&#243;n de tratamiento quir&#250;rgico o de otra intervenci&#243;n.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>El tiempo promedio de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial en esta poblaci&#243;n fue de 5,2 &#177; 3,2 a&#241;os (3 meses a 12 a&#241;os). La historia relacionada a la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body3">tabla 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sistema de ablaci&#243;n de tejidos por radiofrecuencia bipolar</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los componentes del sistema de ablaci&#243;n de tejidos por radiofrecuencia (RF) bipolar (<italic>Atricure Inc</italic>., <italic>Cincinnati</italic> - <italic>OH</italic>) utilizados en este estudio cl&#237;nico incluyen la pinza bipolar descartable de RF, la unidad de ablaci&#243;n y control (ASU - "<italic>Ablation and Sensing Unit</italic>") y un disector especialmente desarrollado para ese fin.</p>
      <p>La aplicaci&#243;n de la RF se realiza s&#243;lo en el tejido atrial, evitando estructuras como las arterias coronarias y las venas pulmonares.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Preoperatorio</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Todos los pacientes se evaluaron en el preoperatorio con historia cl&#237;nica y examen f&#237;sico. En esta evaluaci&#243;n inicial se discutieron los riesgos, beneficios y alternativas al procedimiento propuesto y los pacientes firmaron el t&#233;rmino de consentimiento informado.</p>
      <p>A los pacientes que aceptaron participar en el estudio se les solicitaron los siguientes ex&#225;menes preoperatorios:</p>
      <p>&#149; Sangre (Hemograma completo con conteo de plaquetas, coagulograma y bioqu&#237;mica b&#225;sica de la sangre)</p>
      <p>&#149; Electrocardiograma de doce derivaciones;</p>
      <p>&#149; Telerradiograf&#237;a de t&#243;rax;</p>
      <p>&#149; Holter de 24 horas.</p>
      <p>El Holter de 24 horas de tres canales se utiliz&#243; para analizar la presencia o ausencia de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial. Se consider&#243; fibrilaci&#243;n atrial cualquier ritmo con intervalos irregulares entre las ondas R y ausencia de ondas P (actividad el&#233;ctrica atrial) durante por lo menos treinta segundos.</p>
      <p>&#149; Otros ex&#225;menes</p>
      <p>Hombres con m&#225;s de 45 a&#241;os y mujeres con m&#225;s de 50 a&#241;os o individuos con factores de riesgo para enfermedad arterial coronaria realizaron por lo menos un test de estratificaci&#243;n no invasiva (Centellograma mioc&#225;rdico, prueba de esfuerzo o ecocardiograma de esfuerzo) para alejar enfermedad coronaria obstructiva asintom&#225;tica concomitante.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>T&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El procedimiento quir&#250;rgico involucra instrumentaci&#243;n de ambos lados del t&#243;rax y se realiz&#243; conforme lo descrito en detalle anteriormente<sup>9</sup>. En resumen, el lado derecho se realiza inicialmente: El paciente se posiciona inicialmente en dec&#250;bito lateral izquierdo con el brazo derecho abducido sobre la cabeza. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">Figura 1</xref>) Un trocar de 12 mm se posicion&#243; bajo la sexta o s&#233;ptima costilla de forma de permitir la introducci&#243;n de la &#243;ptica de videotoracoscop&#237;a de 10 mm y 30 grados en el interior del t&#243;rax. Este trocar se coloca a 2 cm medialmente a la l&#237;nea axilar media. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body3">Figura 2</xref>) Con el auxilio de la &#243;ptica, se cuentan las costillas. Se realiza una incisi&#243;n de 4 a 6 cm bajo la tercera costilla, del borde lateral de pez&#243;n en direcci&#243;n a la l&#237;nea axilar media. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">Figura 1</xref>) La grasa del hueco axilar se rebate en forma posterior. Las costillas se separan cuidadosamente. De esa manera, se visualiza el pericardio directamente. Se abre el pericardio de 2 a 4 cm anterior y paralelamente al nervio fr&#233;nico, exponiendo el coraz&#243;n 3 cm arriba de la uni&#243;n de la vena cava superior con el atrio derecho. La apertura inferior del pericardio debe realizarse tan distalmente como sea posible. El pericardio se repara con puntos separados de algod&#243;n 2-0.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </fig>
      <fig id="f2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </fig>
      <p>La disecci&#243;n del tejido entre la vena cava superior y la vena pulmonar superior derecha se realiza de forma romboidal, alejando los tejidos con el puntero del aspirador. La misma maniobra se realiza para acceder al seno oblicuo entre la vena cava inferior y la vena pulmonar inferior derecha.</p>
      <p>Se realiza una segunda incisi&#243;n para posicionar un disector de tejidos especialmente desarrollado para este fin. Este disector se direcciona al seno oblicuo, justo arriba de la vena cava inferior, por detr&#225;s de las venas pulmonares derechas, y avanzando superiormente, hasta la reflexi&#243;n peric&#225;rdica en el margen superior de la vena pulmonar superior. Un cat&#233;ter de goma se adapta en la punta del disector y se pasa por detr&#225;s de las venas pulmonares con la retirada del disector. La misma maniobra se realiza cambiando el cat&#233;ter de goma por la pala inferior de la pinza bipolar.</p>
      <p>Se administra la energ&#237;a de radiofrecuencia y la ocurrencia de lesi&#243;n celular en todo el grosor del tejido se alcanza, te&#243;ricamente, despu&#233;s de 10-15 segundo, cuando el sistema emite una se&#241;al sonora.</p>
      <p>Se utiliza entonces un test de conducci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica de las venas pulmonares al atrio izquierdo. Este test s&#243;lo puede ser realizado en los pacientes que se presentan en ritmo no fibrilatorio al momento del procedimiento.</p>
      <p>Utilizando un generador de marcapaso convencional, se estimulan las venas pulmonares con frecuencia card&#237;aca un 20% por encima de la frecuencia de base y se verifica la captura atrial, confirmando o no el pasaje del est&#237;mulo de las venas pulmonares para el atrio izquierdo. Despu&#233;s del aislamiento el&#233;ctrico de las venas pulmonares, la no captura del est&#237;mulo de marcapaso por el atrio izquierdo confirma la desconexi&#243;n el&#233;ctrica de las venas pulmonares. En caso de que ocurra captura atrial izquierda, debe administrarse una nueva aplicaci&#243;n de radiofrecuencia bipolar.</p>
      <p>Al final del procedimiento, se posiciona a trav&#233;s de una de las incisiones un drenaje tubular de t&#243;rax n&#250;mero 20 o un drenaje de silicona tipo Blake. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>El paciente debe ser reposicionado en la mesa de cirug&#237;a en dec&#250;bito lateral derecho y el lado izquierdo del procedimiento se realiza de forma semejante al derecho. La cantidad de tejido a ser disecado, con todo, es menor a la izquierda cuando se realiza s&#243;lo la disecci&#243;n del ligamento de Marshall para permitir el acceso a lo largo del borde superior de la vena pulmonar superior izquierda. El acceso inferior al seno oblicuo no requiere disecci&#243;n adicional.</p>
      <p>No se administra heparina venosa a los pacientes. La pinza se mantiene ocluyendo las venas pulmonares por, como m&#225;ximo, 20 segundos.</p>
      <p>Siempre que sea posible, se retira el tubo endotraqueal de los pacientes cuando todav&#237;a est&#225;n en el centro quir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>Las variables del per&#237;odo perioperatorio computadas incluyen el tiempo de colapso pulmonar derecho e izquierdo para la realizaci&#243;n del procedimiento, la necesidad de cardioversi&#243;n el&#233;ctrica despu&#233;s del aislamiento de las venas pulmonares y la confirmaci&#243;n del aislamiento el&#233;ctrico con el test de conducci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica de las venas pulmonares al atrio izquierdo. Se evalu&#243; tambi&#233;n la necesidad de conversi&#243;n para toracotom&#237;a y la ocurrencia de lesi&#243;n de estructuras intrator&#225;cicas como: nervio fr&#233;nico, coraz&#243;n y pulm&#243;n.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Seguimiento postoperatorio</bold>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; Manejo de f&#225;rmacos y del ritmo card&#237;aco:</p>
      <p>En la ma&#241;ana siguiente al procedimiento quir&#250;rgico se vuelven a administrar a los pacientes sus medicaciones de preoperatorio, y se mantienen durante el seguimiento postoperatorio. Se aconsej&#243; a todos los pacientes a utilizar anticoagulante oral durante por lo menos 6 meses.</p>
      <p>La estrategia buscada fue que el alta hospitalaria ocurriera en ritmo sinusal. Con esa finalidad, se utilizaron drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas intravenosas o de reversi&#243;n el&#233;ctrica, conforme necesario durante el per&#237;odo de postoperatorio intrahospitalario.</p>
      <p>&#149; Evaluaci&#243;n anat&#243;mica de las venas pulmonares:</p>
      <p>Para evaluar las venas pulmonares se agreg&#243; la realizaci&#243;n de una angiotomograf&#237;a computada de t&#243;rax al tercer mes de seguimiento postoperatorio. El estudio tomogr&#225;fico se realiz&#243; mediante adquisici&#243;n volum&#233;trica de los datos con 1 mm de colimaci&#243;n, durante la administraci&#243;n de contraste venoso no i&#243;nico. Las im&#225;genes obtenidas se procesaron obteni&#233;ndose im&#225;genes axiales y reconstrucciones multiplanares y tridimensionales. Se consider&#243; estenosis de vena pulmonar cualquier reducci&#243;n del 50% en su di&#225;metro.</p>
      <p>&#149; Otras variables analizadas en el postoperatorio:</p>
      <p>Se comput&#243; el tiempo de internaci&#243;n hospitalaria, el tiempo de permanencia en unidad de terapia intensiva, el tiempo de permanencia del drenaje tor&#225;cico y las complicaciones ocurridas en el per&#237;odo intrahospitalario.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>An&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se utiliz&#243; el test de McNemar para la comparaci&#243;n entre proporciones de grupos pareados y el test chi-cuadrado para la comparaci&#243;n entre dos proporciones no pareadas.</p>
      <p>Se utiliz&#243; el test <italic>t</italic> de Student para valores pareados y para muestras independientes para el an&#225;lisis de variables num&#233;ricas.</p>
      <p>Para la evaluaci&#243;n de ocurrencia de asociaciones entre las variables num&#233;ricas de distribuci&#243;n normal se utiliz&#243; el coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Pearson. El coeficiente de Spearman se utiliz&#243; en el caso de correlaci&#243;n entre variables ordinales.</p>
      <p>Se consider&#243; significativo valor de p&lt;0,05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El procedimiento quir&#250;rgico se realiz&#243; en ambos lados del t&#243;rax de los diez pacientes, conforme lo previamente planeado. No hubo necesidad de conversi&#243;n o ampliaci&#243;n de la toracotom&#237;a en ning&#250;n caso, ni hubo mortalidad operatoria en esta serie.</p>
      <p>No hubo lesi&#243;n quir&#250;rgica de c&#225;maras card&#237;acas, de vasos de la base o del nervio fr&#233;nico. Ning&#250;n paciente precis&#243; transfusi&#243;n de hemocomponentes durante la internaci&#243;n hospitalaria. Los datos relacionados a la intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica se agruparon en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body3">tabla 3</xref> y los de postoperatorio, en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body3">tabla 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>El seguimiento promedio de postoperatorio de los pacientes fue de 6 meses (3 a 12 meses).</p>
      <p>No hubo diferencia significativa de los f&#225;rmacos utilizados en los per&#237;odos pre y postoperatorio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body3">Tabla 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Cinco pacientes fueron operados en 2007 y otros cinco en 2008. Todas las complicaciones descritas en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body3">tabla 4</xref> ocurrieron en los pacientes sometidos a la cirug&#237;a en el 2007 (p = 0,048).</p>
      <p>El tiempo promedio de internaci&#243;n en 2007 fue de 12,4 d&#237;as mientras que en 2008 fue de 3,6 d&#237;as (p = 0,098). El tiempo de colapso pulmonar derecho e izquierdo se redujo de forma significativa con el ac&#250;mulo de experiencia. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1-body3">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>)</p>
      <fig id="g1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href=""/>
      </fig>
      <p>Hubo disminuci&#243;n de la clase funcional de NYHA de preoperatorio: 2,4 &#177; 0,5 cuando se la compara con la evaluada en el seguimiento de postoperatorio: 1,6 &#177; 0,7 (p = 0,011).</p>
      <p>Ocho de los diez pacientes (80%) se presentan en ritmo sinusal en la evaluaci&#243;n final del seguimiento postoperatorio.</p>
      <p>El an&#225;lisis de la angiotomograf&#237;a de venas pulmonares no identific&#243; estenosis de venas pulmonares en ninguno de los diez pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cirug&#237;a X Fibrilaci&#243;n atrial</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Definir el mejor tratamiento para fibrilaci&#243;n atrial ha sido un desaf&#237;o. El mantenimiento del ritmo sinusal puede resultar en menos s&#237;ntomas, menor riesgo de accidente vascular encef&#225;lico, discontinuaci&#243;n del uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos y anticoagulantes orales, mejora en la capacidad para el ejercicio, en la calidad de vida y menor mortalidad<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>M&#225;s dif&#237;cil todav&#237;a ha sido definir y seleccionar pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n atrial candidatos a tratamientos invasivos.</p>
      <p>El tratamiento quir&#250;rgico del laberinto (tambi&#233;n conocido como "<italic>Maze III</italic>"), adem&#225;s de ser una t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica bien establecida es una forma extremadamente eficaz para el tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial. El Dr. James Cox relata &#237;ndices de &#233;xito superiores al 95% para pacientes sometidos a este procedimiento<sup>11</sup>. En nuestro medio, Kalil et al.<sup>12</sup> relatan m&#225;s de un 80% de pacientes libres de FA tras 14 meses de seguimiento postoperatorio medio. No obstante, la complejidad y morbilidad asociadas al tiempo prolongado para la ejecuci&#243;n de este procedimiento quir&#250;rgico limitaron su aplicaci&#243;n por parte de la comunidad quir&#250;rgica en general.</p>
      <p>Esfuerzos para simplificar la cirug&#237;a han utilizado una variedad de fuentes alternativas de energ&#237;a para crear lesiones que causen bloque de conducci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica bidireccionales en el tejido atrial, incluyendo la radiofrecuencia unipolar<sup>13</sup>. La aplicaci&#243;n endoc&#225;rdica de radiofrecuencia unipolar (al contrario de la radiofrecuencia bipolar) no permite la f&#225;cil determinaci&#243;n de la ocurrencia de la lesi&#243;n en todo el grosor del tejido (transmural) produciendo, posiblemente, lesiones incompletas e ineficaces<sup>14</sup>. Adem&#225;s de ello, lesiones no confinadas al tejido objetivo pueden resultar en da&#241;o tisular de estructuras vecinas, particularmente del es&#243;fago y de las venas pulmonares<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Gaynor et al.<sup>16</sup> inicialmente relataron el uso del sistema de ablaci&#243;n de tejidos por radiofrecuencia bipolar para creaci&#243;n de lesiones lineales y transmurales durante la cirug&#237;a card&#237;aca. La pinza bipolar libera energ&#237;a entre dos electrodos, a trav&#233;s de los tejidos fijados entre sus mand&#237;bulas, lo que esencialmente elimina el riesgo de lesi&#243;n de tejidos adyacentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cirug&#237;a X ablaci&#243;n por cat&#233;ter</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El desarrollo de procedimientos menos invasivos para el tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial tuvo gran crecimiento despu&#233;s de la identificaci&#243;n de la importancia de las venas pulmonares en la patog&#233;nesis de esta arritmia<sup>14</sup>. A partir de entonces, las t&#233;cnicas de ablaci&#243;n por cat&#233;ter pasaron a ser ampliamente utilizadas para el tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial. Con la diseminaci&#243;n del uso, ocurrieron diversas y graves complicaciones y terminaron fomentando el aprendizaje y la industria para que la evoluci&#243;n de la t&#233;cnica y de la tecnolog&#237;a utilizada pudiera resultar en procedimientos m&#225;s eficaces y seguros. Sin embargo, la ablaci&#243;n por cat&#233;ter de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial por aplicaci&#243;n de radiofrecuencia unipolar al tejido endoc&#225;rdico todav&#237;a presenta &#237;ndices de &#233;xito variables, necesidades de reintervenciones frecuentes y, ocasionalmente, serias complicaciones, tales como la formaci&#243;n de f&#237;stulas entre el atrio izquierdo y el es&#243;fago, potencialmente fatales<sup>15</sup>. Adem&#225;s de ello, la utilizaci&#243;n de cat&#233;teres de radiofrecuencia irrigados, en un esfuerzo por alcanzar mayor profundidad de las lesiones, aumenta el riesgo de erupciones card&#237;acas y perforaci&#243;n tisular<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>La t&#233;cnica descrita de cirug&#237;a tor&#225;cica videoasistida para el tratamiento quir&#250;rgico, m&#237;nimamente invasivo, de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial, utiliza la radiofrecuencia bipolar para la ablaci&#243;n tisular a fin de alcanzar el aislamiento el&#233;ctrico de las venas pulmonares. Tal dispositivo es capaz, adem&#225;s, de percibir la conductancia el&#233;ctrica tisular y definir la ocurrencia de lesi&#243;n a lo largo de todo el grosor del tejido<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Un beneficio adicional de la radiofrecuencia bipolar es que la energ&#237;a liberada est&#225; confinada al tejido entre los electrodos. Esto limita la distribuci&#243;n lateral de calor, reduciendo la posibilidad de lesi&#243;n en tejidos adyacentes. La utilizaci&#243;n de pinza bipolar permite, potencialmente, mayor uniformidad de resultados independiente del operador, hecho que no ocurre con la ablaci&#243;n por cat&#233;ter por radiofrecuencia unipolar<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>La cirug&#237;a videoasistida intenta minimizar las preocupaciones relacionadas con la agresividad de la intervenci&#243;n quir&#250;rgica cl&#225;sica del "<italic>Maze III</italic>". Este procedimiento evita la esternotom&#237;a. El abordaje epic&#225;rdico permite, adem&#225;s, que este procedimiento se realice sin utilizar circulaci&#243;n extracorp&#243;rea, con el coraz&#243;n latiendo y sin la necesidad de uso de heparina<sup>7</sup>. Es importante enfatizar, con todo, que el procedimiento quir&#250;rgico aqu&#237; propuesto busca promover solamente el aislamiento el&#233;ctrico de las venas pulmonares, no se contemplan aqu&#237; lesiones vinculadas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados x fisiopatolog&#237;a da FA</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Existe una preocupaci&#243;n de que el aislamiento de las venas pulmonares sin la realizaci&#243;n de lesiones vinculadas no sea tan eficaz<sup>19</sup> y que, potencialmente, permita la manifestaci&#243;n de taquicardia supraventricular tipo flutter atrial. Dos de los diez pacientes de esta serie presentaron flutter atrial despu&#233;s de la cirug&#237;a, un de los cuales ya presentaba arritmia en el preoperatoria. Las taquiarritmias atriales (incluyendo el flutter atrial) despu&#233;s de la ablaci&#243;n de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial est&#225;n primariamente relacionadas a l&#237;neas de ablaci&#243;n incompletas y que no alcanzaron todo el grosor del tejido<sup>20,21</sup>. La utilizaci&#243;n de la tecnolog&#237;a de radiofrecuencia bipolar reduce ese riesgo por garantizar conceptualmente la "transmuralidad" de las lesiones. Adem&#225;s de la conductancia el&#233;ctrica calculada por el dispositivo durante la aplicaci&#243;n de la energ&#237;a bipolar, el aislamiento el&#233;ctrico de las venas pulmonares puede ser probado en todos los pacientes en ritmo no fibrilatorio. En un paciente, no obstante, no se consigui&#243; demostrar el aislamiento el&#233;ctrico de las venas pulmonares izquierdas, a pesar de las cuatro aplicaciones de radiofrecuencia bipolar. Este presenta a la angiotomograf&#237;a las cuatro venas pulmonares conectadas al atrio izquierdo de forma anat&#243;mica. Tal vez la metodolog&#237;a del test de conductancia haya favorecido la conducci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica del est&#237;mulo de marcapaso de la vena pulmonar al atrio izquierdo a trav&#233;s de los electrodos de la pinza bipolar que, hasta entonces, se manten&#237;an abiertas en el interior de la cavidad hasta que el test de conductancia fuera conclusivo. A partir de este caso, la pinza bipolar pas&#243; a ser retirada de la cavidad para la realizaci&#243;n del test de conductancia de las venas pulmonares. Este paciente permanece en ritmo sinusal.</p>
      <p>La cirug&#237;a videoasistida, con todo, no contempla la ablaci&#243;n del circuito del flutter atrial derecho que puede coexistir con la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Existe tambi&#233;n cuestionamiento sobre la eficacia del aislamiento de las venas pulmonares en los escenarios de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial continua (persistente o permanente), que comprende el 50% de esta muestra<sup>19</sup>. Este abordaje quir&#250;rgico prev&#233; un amplio aislamiento de las venas pulmonares y antro atrial izquierdo, resultando en aislamiento de gran volumen atrial izquierdo. A pesar de ser discutible la extensi&#243;n de tejido atrial izquierdo que deba ser aislado para el &#233;xito del procedimiento hay evidencia de que, cuanto m&#225;s extensa la ablaci&#243;n atrial izquierda, mayores los &#237;ndices de &#233;xito del procedimiento<sup>23</sup>. Relatos de Wolf et al. <sup>9</sup>, que utiliz&#243; t&#233;cnica similar a la descrita aqu&#237;, demuestran que el 100% de los pacientes con fibrilaci&#243;n atrial continua (persistente o permanente) est&#225;n libres de esta arritmia despu&#233;s de seis meses. No obstante, este abordaje no contempla la patog&#233;nesis de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial permanente cuando ya existe remodelamiento el&#233;ctrico y mec&#225;nico del tejido atrial. En nuestra serie, el &#250;nico paciente que no sali&#243; del centro quir&#250;rgico en ritmo sinusal fue un paciente refractario a intentos de reversi&#243;n del ritmo card&#237;aco (FA permanente) y desde entonces, este modelo de paciente se desestimula para la realizaci&#243;n del procedimiento. Un segundo paciente, con fibrilaci&#243;n atrial persistente y alta respuesta ventricular, se someti&#243; al procedimiento con &#233;xito, pero present&#243; recurrencia precoz de la FA. &#201;ste presenta miocardiopat&#237;a hipertr&#243;fica no obstructiva y diversas restricciones (efectos colaterales graves) al uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos. Se mantuvo en ritmo sinusal por dos semanas despu&#233;s del procedimiento. No fue posible someterlo a cardioversi&#243;n el&#233;ctrica debido a la presencia de trombo atrial. Considerando el conocimiento actual, es frecuente la ocurrencia de episodios de taquiarritmias por hasta cuatro semanas, y la recurrencia precoz de FA no significa falla del tratamiento<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cirug&#237;a x complicaciones: el efecto de la curva de aprendizaje</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A pesar de ser m&#237;nimamente invasiva (reducido trauma tisular directo) este procedimiento requiere anestesia general, intubaci&#243;n orotraqueal y ventilaci&#243;n pulmonar independiente con colapso pulmonar. Todos estos aspectos presentan potenciales efectos nocivos. Se abordan ambos hemit&#243;races y todos los pacientes reciben drenaje tor&#225;cico bilateral. Las complicaciones ocurridas en el per&#237;odo postoperatorio, a pesar de no ser fatales, generaci&#243;n una necesidad de tiempo prolongado de permanencia en unidad de terapia intensiva y de internaci&#243;n hospitalaria. Las complicaciones operatorias, el tiempo de permanencia intrahospitalario en el postoperatorio y los tiempos de colapso pulmonar para la realizaci&#243;n de la cirug&#237;a fueron dependientes de la fecha de realizaci&#243;n de la misma.</p>
      <p>No fue posible correlacionar el tiempo de colapso pulmonar con las complicaciones respiratorias en el postoperatorio debido al peque&#241;o n&#250;mero de pacientes. En nuestra observaci&#243;n, con todo, se se&#241;ala el hecho de que la extubaci&#243;n precoz en el centro quir&#250;rgico, ocasionando hipoexpansi&#243;n pulmonar asociada al efecto residual de la sedaci&#243;n y agentes paralizantes neuromusculares, puede estar relacionada con la ocurrencia de las complicaciones respiratorias descritas, que ocurrieron al inicio de la experiencia, y resultaron en un mayor tiempo de internaci&#243;n hospitalaria. Un cambio en la conducci&#243;n anest&#233;sica y en la verificaci&#243;n objetiva del estado de bloqueo neuromuscular al final del procedimiento (con la utilizaci&#243;n de aparatos que mide el nivel residual de bloqueador neuromuscular) permiti&#243; mayor seguridad en la extubaci&#243;n y redujo a cero las complicaciones respiratorias despu&#233;s del procedimiento.</p>
      <p>Todos los pacientes recibieron analg&#233;sicos comunes (dipirona y acetaminofen) o antiinflamatorios no hormonales durante la internaci&#243;n hospitalaria. Ning&#250;n paciente necesit&#243; analgesia con derivados opi&#225;ceos en el postoperatorio. El dolor tor&#225;cico, con todo, no fue una variable objetivamente recolectada.</p>
      <p>Resulta evidente la importancia de la curva de aprendizaje en la incorporaci&#243;n de nuevos procedimientos y tecnolog&#237;a en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitaciones</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El peque&#241;o n&#250;mero de pacientes y el corto seguimiento postoperatorio en este estudio longitudinal, no aleatorio y sin grupo de control tienen limitaciones propias a este dise&#241;o, sobre todo en la inferencia de los resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Sesgos de selecci&#243;n de pacientes no fueron controlados.</p>
      <p>La sola utilizaci&#243;n de Holter 24h en el seguimiento postoperatorio como herramienta definidora de la ocurrencia o no de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial en el postoperatorio puede subestimar la recurrencia de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>La t&#233;cnica quir&#250;rgica videoasistida para el tratamiento de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial es reproducible.</p>
      <p>La cirug&#237;a es segura, sin embargo exige un aprendizaje de los profesionales involucrados en esta nueva modalidad de abordaje terap&#233;utico.</p>
      <p>Los resultados cl&#237;nicos iniciales de la mejora de los s&#237;ntomas de insuficiencia card&#237;aca y de supervivencia libre de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial son estimulantes en el sentido de la disponibilidad de una alternativa t&#233;cnica para el tratamiento invasivo de la fibrilaci&#243;n atrial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiaci&#243;n externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo forma parte de la tesis de doctorado de Alexandre Siciliano Colafranceschi de la Universidad de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
