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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9yHzj4Bvfb33TTPkDCSxkjG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2009000800016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(09)09300216</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2009000800016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular convencional em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Andery Ludovico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>93</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>167</fpage>
      <lpage>173</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A estimula&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser delet&#233;ria em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, entretanto h&#225; poucas evid&#234;ncias sobre o impacto dessa estimula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal submetidos a implante de marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados de forma prospectiva 16 pacientes com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal definida pelo ecocardiograma e presen&#231;a de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular superior 90% (avalia&#231;&#227;o por telemetria do gerador). Par&#226;metros analisados: classe funcional (CF), teste de caminhada, dosagem de BNP, ecocardiograma (convencional e par&#226;metros de dessincronia intraventricular e teste de qualidade de vida (SF36). Essas medidas fora feitas com 10 dias(d) (t1), 120d(t2) e 240 d(t3). Os dados foram comparados ao longo do tempo segundo m&#233;todo ANOVA. Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de m&#233;dias foram efetuadas utilizando-se o m&#233;todo de Tukey. RESULTADOS: Dos dados avaliados os seguintes n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significante (p&gt;0,05): classe funcional, dosagem de BNP, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais, dessincronia intraventricular (Doppler tecidual). Apresentaram piora (p&lt;0,05) o teste de caminhada (entre t2 e t3) e o tempo entre a contra&#231;&#227;o septal e a parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, por&#233;m sem preencher crit&#233;rios de dessincronia. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade de vida (SF36) mostrou melhora na capacidade funcional, nos aspectos sociais e estado geral de sa&#250;de. CONCLUS&#195;O: Ap&#243;s oito meses, em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o foram evidenciadas altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (CF e SF 36) e laboratoriais (ecocardiografia convencional, par&#226;metros de dessincronia e dosagem de BNP); entretanto, houve piora no teste de caminhada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>marca-passo artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS </p>
    <p> MARCAPASSO</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular convencional em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;; Salvador Rassi; M&#225;rcia Andery Ludovico Batista</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="not1">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A estimula&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser delet&#233;ria em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, entretanto h&#225; poucas evid&#234;ncias sobre o impacto dessa estimula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal submetidos a implante de marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados de forma prospectiva 16 pacientes com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal definida pelo ecocardiograma e presen&#231;a de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular superior 90% (avalia&#231;&#227;o por telemetria do gerador). Par&#226;metros analisados: classe funcional (CF), teste de caminhada, dosagem de BNP, ecocardiograma (convencional e par&#226;metros de dessincronia intraventricular e teste de qualidade de vida (SF36). Essas medidas fora feitas com 10 dias(d) (t1), 120d(t2) e 240 d(t3). Os dados foram comparados ao longo do tempo segundo m&#233;todo ANOVA. Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de m&#233;dias foram efetuadas utilizando-se o m&#233;todo de Tukey. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos dados avaliados os seguintes n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significante (p&gt;0,05): classe funcional, dosagem de BNP, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais, dessincronia intraventricular (Doppler tecidual). Apresentaram piora (p&lt;0,05) o teste de caminhada (entre t2 e t3) e o tempo entre a contra&#231;&#227;o septal e a parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, por&#233;m sem preencher crit&#233;rios de dessincronia. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade de vida (SF36) mostrou melhora na capacidade funcional, nos aspectos sociais e estado geral de sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Ap&#243;s oito meses, em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o foram evidenciadas altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (CF e SF 36) e laboratoriais (ecocardiografia convencional, par&#226;metros de dessincronia e dosagem de BNP); entretanto, houve piora no teste de caminhada.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, marca-passo artificial, estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s sua introdu&#231;&#227;o no final da d&#233;cada de 1950<sup>1</sup>, a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial teve enormes transforma&#231;&#245;es at&#233; os dias atuais. A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos associada a novas evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas ampliaram as indica&#231;&#245;es de forma significativa, n&#227;o somente na &#225;rea de bradiarritmias<sup>2</sup>, como na de taquiarritmias (cardioversores desfibriladores implant&#225;veis)<sup>3-5</sup> e, mais recentemente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca). Esta &#250;ltima incorporou os novos conceitos sobre os mecanismos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) como um fen&#244;meno n&#227;o puramente muscular, mas tamb&#233;m com o envolvimento do sistema el&#233;trico do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 15% do total de pacientes com IC apresentam dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, e pacientes com sintomas mais severos atingem 30%<sup>9</sup>. A dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada dos complexos QRS &#233; fator progn&#243;stico negativo sobre a mortalidade e est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a do dessincronismo ventricular que gera uma contra&#231;&#227;o descoordenada acarretando redu&#231;&#227;o do volume de eje&#231;&#227;o, do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, da dP/dt, inefici&#234;ncia mecano-energ&#233;tica e disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral<sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>O implante do eletrodo do marcapasso card&#237;aco convencional &#233; realizado em ventr&#237;culo direito, e como a estimula&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita diretamente sobre o endoc&#225;rdio, o resultado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico produzido &#233; um complexo QRS alargado. Existem evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>12,13</sup>, por&#233;m em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal o impacto dessa estimula&#231;&#227;o como fator de dessincronia e desencadeando disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular clinicamente relevante n&#227;o &#233; completamente estabelecido.</p>
    <p>O papel da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita provocando dessincronismo iniciou-se com a reavalia&#231;&#227;o dos estudos de compara&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o unicameral (VVI) x bicameral (DDD). A estimula&#231;&#227;o DDD preserva o sincronismo atrioventricular e apresenta melhores dados hemodin&#226;micos<sup>14</sup>. Entretanto, os estudos prospectivos desenhados com finalidade de analisar seu impacto sobre a mortalidade foram desapontadores. Os estudos PASE<sup>15</sup>, CTOPP<sup>16</sup>, MOST<sup>17</sup> e UKPACE<sup>18</sup> demonstraram apenas benef&#237;cios secund&#225;rios, como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e melhora da qualidade de vida e nenhum efeito sobre a mortalidade. Tem sido proposto que os prov&#225;veis efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita levando a dessincronia possam anular os benef&#237;cios obtidos com o sincronismo atrioventricular<sup>19</sup>. Entretanto, essa an&#225;lise tem limita&#231;&#245;es, pois esses estudos n&#227;o foram desenhados para testar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca convencional em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s sob o registro n.062/06. Todos os pacientes participantes deste estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2006 a julho de 2007, entre os 142 pacientes encaminhados para implante de marcapasso, foram selecionados 19 pacientes que preencheram os seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
    <p><bold>1)</bold> Idade &gt; 18 anos e &lt; 75 anos</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> As indica&#231;&#245;es de marcapasso card&#237;aco convencional seguiram as Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>20</sup> e foram aceitas aquelas com alta probabilidade de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita: </p>
    <p><bold>2.1)</bold> Bloqueio atrioventricular total </p>
    <p><bold>2.2)</bold> Bloqueio atrioventricular do segundo grau tipo II </p>
    <p><bold>2.3)</bold> Doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal com bloqueio AV de primeiro grau com intervalo PR &gt; 200 ms </p>
    <p><bold>2.4)</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal, definida pelo ecocardiograma, realizado ap&#243;s implante do marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial (di&#226;metros de ventriculares normais e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal pelo m&#233;todo de Teicholz). </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram:</p>
    <p><bold>1)</bold> Doen&#231;a grave com probabilidade de sobrevida reduzida</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> Incapacidade de realizar os testes propostos na pesquisa</p>
    <p><bold>3) </bold>Ap&#243;s implante, foi realizada periodicamente (10 dias(d), 120d e 240d) a verifica&#231;&#227;o do porcentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita por meio da an&#225;lise dos dados do gerador, sendo exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentassem valores menores que 90%.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes ap&#243;s implante foram seguidos por um per&#237;odo de oito meses, assim definidos: avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s implante - 10 dias(t1), 4 meses(t2) e 8 meses(t3). Foram analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros:</p>
    <p><bold>1) </bold>Cl&#237;nicos</p>
    <p><bold>1.1)</bold> Classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic></p>
    <p><bold>1.2) </bold>Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida (vers&#227;o brasileira) - SF36</p>
    <p><bold>1.3)</bold> Teste de caminhada 6 minutos</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</p>
    <p><bold>2.1)</bold> Avalia&#231;&#227;o por telemetria do gerador</p>
    <p><bold>2.2)</bold> Eletrocardiograma - Largura dos complexos QRS estimulado.</p>
    <p><bold>2.3)</bold> Dosagem de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP)</p>
    <p><bold>2.4)</bold> Ecocardiograma</p>
    <p>a. Di&#226;metros e volumes cavit&#225;rios</p>
    <p>b. Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p>c. Par&#226;metros de dessincronia intraventricular </p>
    <p>Os exames de ecocardiograma foram realizados em equipamento da marca Toshiba modelo Xario com modo bidimensional harm&#244;nica e transdutor setorial de 2.5 MHz. Todos os exames foram realizados por um &#250;nico observador. Os pacientes foram colocados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e monitorados com eletrocardiograma. Todas as medidas foram adquiridas com paciente em apneia expirat&#243;ria. As medidas dos ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ventr&#237;culo direito, di&#226;metros de aorta e &#225;trio esquerdo foram feitas pelo modo unidimensional de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da dessincronia intraventricular foi utilizada os seguintes crit&#233;rios: Modo M: diferen&#231;a entre o in&#237;cio do QRS at&#233; o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o da parede septal, e em seguida a medida do tempo entre o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o pico da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior, sendo considerada dessincronia valor maior de 130 ms. Doppler pulsado: medida do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS ao in&#237;cio do fluxo a&#243;rtico sendo considerado dessincronia valor maior de 140 ms. Doppler tecidual: diferen&#231;a entre o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS e o pico da onda S da regi&#227;o basal das paredes lateral, anterior, septal e inferior, sendo considerado dessincronia valor maior de 65 ms<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias de vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (ou aproximadamente normal) foram comparadas ao longo do tempo segundo m&#233;todo ANOVA medidas repetidas (rmANOVA). O teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste de esfericidade de Mauchly foram aplicados para verificar suposi&#231;&#245;es do modelo rmANOVA. Quando a suposi&#231;&#227;o de esfericidade n&#227;o foi satisfeita, determinou-se valor-p segundo corre&#231;&#227;o de Huyn-Feldt nas an&#225;lises rmANOVA. Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de m&#233;dias foram efetuadas pelo m&#233;todo de Tukey, quando se observou diferen&#231;a significativa no teste rmANOVA.</p>
    <p>Em caso de vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica, medianas foram comparadas ao longo do tempo segundo m&#233;todo de Friedman, alternativa n&#227;o-param&#233;trica ao m&#233;todo param&#233;trico rmANOVA. O teste de Conover-Inman foi utilizado em compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de medianas ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Todas as probabilidades de signific&#226;ncia (valores de p) apresentadas s&#227;o do tipo bilateral e valores menores que 0,05 considerados estatisticamente significantes. O software SAS 9.1 (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>, Cary, NC, USA) foi utilizado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na amostra inicial de 19 pacientes, tr&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular menor que 90%. Dos 16 pacientes analisados, 56% foram do sexo masculino, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 60 anos (DP+/- 11). A etiologia mais frequente foi a chag&#225;sica (75%). Bloqueio AV total ou Bloqueio AV do segundo Mobitz 2 corresponderam a 62,5% da amostra. O eletrodo foi implantado na regi&#227;o septal em 75%. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab01m">tabela 1</xref>. Foi poss&#237;vel realizar seguimento previsto de oito meses em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a16tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes iniciaram o protocolo em classe funcional I, durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o apenas um paciente evoluiu para classe funcional II aos oito meses (p&gt;0,05). Por meio do sistema de telemetria foi poss&#237;vel obter o porcentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em cada paciente. O porcentual m&#233;dio de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi de 99%%. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as medianas ao longo dos tempos t1, t2 e t3 (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A largura dos complexos QRS estimulados manteve uma m&#233;dia de 134 ms durante todo estudo, n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica durante os oito meses (p&gt;0,05).</p>
    <p>No teste de caminhada observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias ao longo do tempo (p=0,0021), sendo observada diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias nos valores entre quatro e oito meses ( p=0,0014), n&#227;o sendo observada entre o tempo inicial e quatro meses (p&gt;0,05) e entre 10 dias e oito meses (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nas dosagens de BNP n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias de dosagem ao longo do tempo (p&gt;0,05). A m&#233;dia das dosagens foi de 29,75 no t1, de 28,26 no t2, e de 51,34 no t3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab02m">tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o os dados relativos aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume diast&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume sist&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#225;trio esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e delta D. N&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas ao longo do tempo (p&gt;0,05).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a16tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref> observam-se os dados referentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da dessincronia ventricular. Pelo modo M foi observado um valor m&#233;dio no in&#237;cio de 39,68 ms e ao final dos oito meses de 52,06 ms. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias do tempo entre a ativa&#231;&#227;o septal e a parede posterior ao longo do tempo (p=0,1252). Pelo m&#233;todo Doppler pulsado foi observado um valor m&#233;dio de 106 ms no t1 e de 117 ms no t3. Observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias ao longo do tempo (p=0,0302). Constatou-se piora entre t1 e t2 (p=0,047), por&#233;m n&#227;o entre t1 e t3 e t2 e t3 (p&gt;0,05). Pelo Doppler tecidual foi observado um valor m&#233;dio no t1 de 43 ms e em t3 de 45 ms. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias ao longo do tempo entre a ativa&#231;&#227;o septal e a parede posterior (p=0,9305). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na<xref ref-type="table" rid="a16tab04m"> tabela 4</xref> est&#227;o os dados relativos ao teste de qualidade de vida (SF 36); n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica ao longo do tempo nos subitens: aspectos f&#237;sicos, dor, vitalidade, aspectos emocionais e sa&#250;de mental. No subitem capacidade funcional observou-se uma melhora (p=0,003), sendo essa diferen&#231;a observada entre t1 e t2 (p=0,0002) e entre t1 e t3 (p=0,0298). Entre t2 e t3 n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a (p&gt;0,05). No subitem estado geral de sa&#250;de observou-se melhora apenas entre t1 e t3 (p=0,0172). No item aspectos sociais observou-se uma melhora (p=0,190), sendo essa melhora observada entre t1 e t2 (p=0,0084).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a16tab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo aborda um subgrupo especifico de pacientes: aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada e que apresentam alto grau de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em raz&#227;o do tipo de bloqueio.</p>
    <p>Observamos que, no prazo de oito meses, a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita n&#227;o foi capaz de produzir efeitos delet&#233;rios significativos avaliados do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico e laboratorial.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas foi a principal etiologia neste estudo. A defini&#231;&#227;o de se a etiologia do bloqueio pode determinar evolu&#231;&#227;o diferente &#233; incerta e necessita ser pesquisada. A complexidade do paciente chag&#225;sico pode dificultar essa an&#225;lise, pois o bloqueio pode ser um marcador de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e o paciente evoluir para IC independentemente do marcapasso, al&#233;m de outros marcadores de risco<sup>23.</sup></p>
    <p>Foi observada mudan&#231;a estatisticamente significante no teste de caminhada. Esse &#233; um m&#233;todo que avalia objetivamente o grau de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional e tem valor progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>24</sup>. Neste estudo os pacientes n&#227;o desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e ao final dos oito meses ocorreu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o em 17 metros no teste de caminhada. Apesar de ter ocorrido diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, esse dado, do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, parece apresentar pouca import&#226;ncia, pois n&#227;o ocorreram modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas na classe funcional. </p>
    <p>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, volumes e di&#226;metros ventriculares n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas ao longo dos oito meses correlacionando com a classe funcional: dos 16 pacientes, apenas um evoluiu para classe funcional II ao final dos oito meses. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; reconhecida como um fator independente de mortalidade e seu uso tem ampla aplica&#231;&#227;o no manejo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>25</sup>. A estabilidade da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, indica que a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em oito meses n&#227;o foi capaz de deteriorar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Dentre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para avalia&#231;&#227;o do dessincronismo, os principais s&#227;o os que avaliam a dessincronia intraventricular. Dos tr&#234;s par&#226;metros avaliados neste estudo, apenas o que mede a dessincronia intraventricular pelo Doppler pulsado apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica ao longo do tempo, com piora do par&#226;metro, de 106 ms no inicio para 117 ms ao final do estudo. Entretanto, esses dados devem ser analisados com cautela, visto que o valor aceito para diagn&#243;stico de dessincronismo &#233; de 140 ms. Assim, n&#227;o se pode afirmar que ocorreu dessincronia na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de dessincronia intraventricular atrav&#233;s do Doppler tecidual tem sido considerada um importante par&#226;metro no estudo do dessincronismo<sup>26,27</sup>. Em nossa amostra n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. No estudo de Thambo e cols.<sup>28</sup> foram selecionados 23 pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular total cong&#234;nito e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda previamente normal, com pelo menos cinco anos de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Analisaram-se os seguintes par&#226;metros: tempo de enchimento ventricular, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, severidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, dessincronia interventricular, dessincronia intraventricular e teste ergom&#233;trico. Os resultados indicam que a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular prolongada foi associada com remodelamento ventricular, dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hipertrofia assim&#233;trica de VE e baixa capacidade f&#237;sica, por&#233;m o impacto dessas altera&#231;&#245;es do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico n&#227;o foi avaliado.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo houve predom&#237;nio da estimula&#231;&#227;o septal. Isso pode ter contribu&#237;do para um melhor resultado, visto que a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical parecer mais delet&#233;ria<sup>29</sup>, por&#233;m o melhor local dentro do VD ainda tem sido investigado<sup>30,31</sup>. Atualmente o objetivo tem sido minimizar a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular por meio de novos algoritmos de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Estudos em andamento (SAVEPACe, DAVID II, INTRINSIC, MVPtrial) investigam o papel da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#237;nima. Entretanto, os pacientes que necessitam da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular de forma permanente n&#227;o se beneficiam dessa estrat&#233;gia, assim novos locais de estimula&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido pesquisados<sup>32</sup>. </p>
    <p>No grupo analisado n&#227;o foi observado aumento significativo da dosagem de BNP ao longo dos oito meses de avalia&#231;&#227;o, indicando fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada<sup>33</sup>. Resultados similares foram obtidos no estudo de Albertsen e cols.<sup>34</sup> que comparou a estimula&#231;&#227;o DDD <italic>vs</italic> biventricular e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o evidenciou piora dos n&#237;veis pr&#243;-BNP com estimula&#231;&#227;o DDD. Observou-se apenas queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 2% no grupo DDD, sem repercuss&#227;o sobre classe funcional ou teste de caminhada. Esse estudo, entretanto, incluiu pacientes com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Por meio do question&#225;rio SF 36 foi observada uma melhora nos subitens: capacidade funcional, aspectos sociais e estado geral de sa&#250;de. Essa melhora pode ser atribu&#237;da aos efeitos da terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial no grupo de pacientes severamente limitados anteriormente pela bradicardia. Dados semelhantes foram obtidos no estudo MOST<sup>35</sup> que avaliou 2.015 pacientes, comparando estimula&#231;&#227;o unicameral <italic>vs</italic> bicameral. Os autores observaram melhora expressiva da qualidade de vida ap&#243;s implante do marcapasso nos dois grupos,por&#233;m com menor benef&#237;cio nos pacientes acima de 75 anos.</p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo referem-se ao tempo analisado, n&#227;o podendo afastar efeitos cl&#237;nicos significativos a longo prazo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s oito meses, a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o alterou de forma significativa a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular avaliada clinicamente (classe funcional e teste de qualidade de vida) e laboratorialmente (ecocardiograma convencional, par&#226;metros de dessincronia e dosagem de BNP), por&#233;m os pacientes apresentaram piora do teste de caminhada. Novos estudos com seguimento em longo prazo e maior n&#250;mero de pacientes ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para descobrir eventuais marcadores de risco, ajudando a identificar aqueles pacientes que ter&#227;o evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel com o marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225; pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">Links ] Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"&gt;35. Fleischmann KE, Orav EJ, Lamas GA, Mangione CM, Schron E, Lee KL, et al. Pacemaker implantation and quality of life in the Mode Selection Trial (MOST). Heart Rhythm. 2006; 3 (6): 653-9. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="not1" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225; </p>
        <p> Ambulat&#243;rio de Marcapasso do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Primeira Avenida s/n </p>
        <p> 76.610-030, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luiz.sa@cardiol.br">luiz.sa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/06/08; revisado recebido em 03/10/08; aceito em 24/10/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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        <mixed-citation>1.	Furman S, Robinson G. Use of an intracardiac pacemaker in the correction of total heart block. Surg Forum. 1958; 9: 245-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Use of an intracardiac pacemaker in the correction of total heart block</article-title>
          <source>Surg Forum</source>
          <date>
            <year>1958</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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              <surname>Leung</surname>
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          </date>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Conventional ventricular stimulation effects on patients with normal ventricular function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The stimulation of the right ventricle (RV) may be deleterious in patients with ventricular dysfunction; however there is little evidence about the impact of this stimulation in patients with normal ventricular function. OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and laboratory evolution of patients with normal ventricular function submitted to implant of artificial cardiac pacemaker (PM). METHODS: 16 patients enrolled according to the following inclusion criteria: normal ventricular function defined by echocardiogram and presence of upper ventricular stimulation &gt; 90% (generator telemetry assessment) submitted to a PM implant were prospectively studied. The following parameters were assessed: Functional Class (FC), walk test, BNP levels, echocardiography evaluation (conventional and intraventricular dyssynchrony) and quality of life test (SF36). The patients were assessed after 10 (t1), 120 (t2) and 240 days (t3). Data was compared throughout time according to ANOVA. Multiple comparisons of means were performed through Tukey's test. RESULTS: Among the assessed data, the following did not present significant statistic variation (p&gt; 0.05): functional class, BNP levels, conventional echocardiographic parameters, intraventricular dyssynchrony (tissue Doppler). The walk test (between t2 and t3) and the time between septal contraction and LV posterior wall showed worsening (p&lt;0.05), although they did not meet the dyssynchrony criteria. The quality of life assessment (SF36) showed improvement in the functional capacity, social aspects, and general status sub-items. CONCLUSION: After 8 months, patients with normal ventricular function did not show clinical (FC and SF36) or laboratory alterations (conventional echocardiography, dyssynchrony parameters and BNP levels); however, there was a worsening in the walk test.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>pacemaker, artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac pacing, artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conventional ventricular stimulation effects on patients with normal ventricular function</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;; Salvador Rassi; M&#225;rcia Andery Ludovico Batista</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="not1-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The stimulation of the right ventricle (RV) may be deleterious in patients with ventricular dysfunction; however there is little evidence about the impact of this stimulation in patients with normal ventricular function.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To assess the clinical and laboratory evolution of patients with normal ventricular function submitted to implant of artificial cardiac pacemaker (PM).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 16 patients enrolled according to the following inclusion criteria: normal ventricular function defined by echocardiogram and presence of upper ventricular stimulation &gt; 90% (generator telemetry assessment) submitted to a PM implant were prospectively studied. The following parameters were assessed: Functional Class (FC), walk test, BNP levels, echocardiography evaluation (conventional and intraventricular dyssynchrony) and quality of life test (SF36). The patients were assessed after 10 (t1), 120 (t2) and 240 days (t3). Data was compared throughout time according to ANOVA. Multiple comparisons of means were performed through Tukey's test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Among the assessed data, the following did not present significant statistic variation (p&gt; 0.05): functional class, BNP levels, conventional echocardiographic parameters, intraventricular dyssynchrony (tissue Doppler). The walk test (between t2 and t3) and the time between septal contraction and LV posterior wall showed worsening (p&lt;0.05), although they did not meet the dyssynchrony criteria. The quality of life assessment (SF36) showed improvement in the functional capacity, social aspects, and general status sub-items. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> After 8 months, patients with normal ventricular function did not show clinical (FC and SF36) or laboratory alterations (conventional echocardiography, dyssynchrony parameters and BNP levels); however, there was a worsening in the walk test. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular dysfunction; pacemaker, artificial; cardiac pacing, artificial; echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After its introduction at the end of the 50s<sup>1</sup>, the artificial cardiac stimulation went through great transformations up to the current days. The development of devices associated to new clinical evidence increased the indications significantly, not only in the area of bradyarrhythmias<sup>2</sup>, as well as tachyarrhythmias (implantable cardioverter defibrillator)<sup>3-5</sup> and more recently, heart failure (cardiac resynchronization therapy). The latter has incorporated the new concepts on the mechanisms of heart failure (HF) as a phenomenon that is not purely muscular, but also with the involvement of the electrical system of the heart<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Approximately 15% of patients com IC present intraventricular conduction disorder and patients with more severe symptoms comprise 30%<sup>9</sup>. The prolonged duration of the QRS complexes is a negative prognostic factor of mortality and is associated to the presence of ventricular dyssynchrony that generates an uncoordinated contraction leading to the decrease in ejection volume, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, dP/dt, mechanical-energetic impairment and mitral valve dysfunction<sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The implant of the conventional cardiac pacemaker is performed in the right ventricle and, as the simulation is carried out directly on the endocardium, the electrocardiographic result is an enlarged QRS complex. </p>
      <p>There is clinical and laboratory evidence of the deleterious effects of the ventricular stimulation in patients with ventricular dysfunction<sup>12,13</sup> ; however, in patients with normal function, the impact of this stimulation as a factor of dyssynchrony and the triggering of clinically relevant ventricular dysfunction has not been completely established. </p>
      <p>The role of the right ventricular stimulation as a cause of dyssynchrony started to be outlined with the reassessment of comparison studies of unichamber (VVI) x bi-chamber (DDD) stimulation. The DDD stimulation preserves the atrioventricular synchronism and presents better hemodynamic data<sup>14</sup>. However, the prospective studies designed with the objective of analyzing its impact on mortality were disappointing. The PASE<sup>15</sup>, CTOPP<sup>16</sup>, MOST<sup>17</sup> and UKPACE<sup>18</sup> studies demonstrated only secondary benefits, such as the decrease in the incidence of atrial fibrillation and improved quality of life, but without any effect on mortality. It has been proposed that the probable deleterious effects of right ventricular stimulation leading to dyssynchrony can annul the benefits obtained with the atrioventricular synchronism<sup>19</sup>. However, this analysis has limitations, as these studies were not designed to test this hypothesis. </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of conventional cardiac stimulation in patients with pacemaker indication and normal ventricular function. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of <italic>Hospital das Clinicas</italic> of the Federal University of Goias under #062/06. All the patients participating in the study signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p>From March 2006 to July 2007, 19 of the 142 patients referred to pacemaker implant were selected according to the following criteria: </p>
      <p>1) Age &gt; 18 years and &lt; 75 years</p>
      <p>2) The indications for conventional cardiac pacemaker followed the Directives of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>20</sup> and those with high probability of right ventricular stimulation were accepted: </p>
      <p>2.1) Total atrioventricular block.</p>
      <p>2.2) Second-degree atrioventricular block type II. </p>
      <p>2.3) Sinus node disease with first-degree AV block with PR interval &gt; 200ms. </p>
      <p>2.4) Normal ventricular function, defined by the echocardiogram, performed after the implant of the artificial cardiac pacemaker (normal ventricular diameters and normal ejection fraction by the Teicholz's method).</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: </p>
      <p>1) Severe disease with reduced life expectancy;</p>
      <p>2) Incapacity to perform the tests proposed by the study; </p>
      <p>3) After the implant, a regular verification was carried out (10 days (d), 120d and 240d) of the percentage of right ventricular stimulation through the analysis of the generator data and the patients that presented values &lt; 90% were excluded. </p>
      <p>The patients were followed for a period of 8 months after the implant, defined as: post-implant assessment - 10 days (t1), 4 months (t2) and 8 months (t3). The following parameters were analyzed: </p>
      <p>1) Clinical</p>
      <p>1.1) New York Heart Association Functional Class </p>
      <p>1.2) Quality of Life Questionnaire (Brazilian version) - SF36</p>
      <p>1.3) 6-minute walk test</p>
      <p>2) Laboratory Parameters</p>
      <p>2.1) Evaluation by generator telemetry</p>
      <p>2.2) Electrocardiogram - Stimulated QRS complex width</p>
      <p>2.3) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels</p>
      <p>2.4) Echocardiogram</p>
      <p>a. Cavity diameters and volumes </p>
      <p>b. Ejection fraction</p>
      <p>c. Intraventricular parameters of dyssynchrony </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram assessments were performed in a Toshiba equipment model Xario with two-dimensional harmonic mode and sector transducer of 2.5 MHz. All assessments were carried out by a single observer. The patients were placed in left lateral decubitus and monitored through electrocardiogram. All the measurements were acquired with the patient in expiratory apnea. The measurements of the left ventricle, right ventricle, aorta diameter and left atrium were carried out by the one-dimensional mode, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. The assessment of intraventricular dyssynchrony was carried out according to the following criteria: M Mode: difference between the start of the QRS up to the peak of contraction of the septal wall and then the measurement of the time between the start of the QRS complex up to the peak of contraction of the posterior wall; dyssynchrony was considered when the value was &gt; 130 ms. Pulsed Doppler: measurement from the start of the QRS complex to the start of the aortic flow; dyssynchrony was considered when the value was &gt; 140 ms. Tissue Doppler: difference between the start of the QRS complex and the S-wave peak of the basal region of the lateral, anterior, septal and inferior walls; dyssynchrony was considered when the value was &gt; 65 ms<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The means of the normal (or approximately normal) distribution variables were compared along time using the ANOVA method for repeated measures (rmANOVA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and the Mauchly's Test of Sphericity were applied to verify suppositions of the rmANOVA model. When the supposition of sphericity was not satisfied, the p-value was determined according to Huyn-Feldt correction in the rmANOVA analyses. Multiple comparisons of means were performed using Tukey's method, when a significant difference was observed in the rmANOVA test.</p>
      <p>In case of variables with asymmetric distribution, medians were compared throughout time according to Friedman's method, a non-parametric alternative to the parametric rmANOVA method. Conover-Inman test was used in multiple comparisons of medians throughout time.</p>
      <p>All probabilities of significance (p values) presented are the bilateral type and values &lt; 0.05 are considered statistically significant. The software SAS 9.1 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC, USA) was used in the statistical analysis of data. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the initial sample of 19 patients, 3 were excluded as they presented ventricular stimulation &lt; 90%. Of the 16 analyzed patients, 56% were males; mean age was 60 years (SD+/- 11). The most frequent etiology was the Chagasic one (75%). Total AV block or Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block corresponded to 62.5% of the sample. The electrode was implanted in the septal region in 75% of the cases. The clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. All patients underwent a follow-up period of 8 months. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a16tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>All patients started the protocol as Functional Class (FC) I; during the evolution, only one patient became FC II after 8 months (p&gt;0.05). The percentage of ventricular stimulation in each patient was obtained through the telemetry system. The mean stimulation percentage was 99%. No statistically significant difference was obtained among the medians during the times t1, t2 and t3 (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The width of the stimulated QRS complexes maintained a mean of 134 ms throughout the entire study, with no statistical difference during the 8 months (p&gt;0.05).</p>
      <p>The walk test showed a statistically significant difference among the means throughout time (p=0.0021), with a difference being observed between the means of the values between 4 and 8 months (p=0.0014), whereas no difference was observed between the initial time and 4 months (p&gt;0,05) and between 10 days and 8 months (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The BNP measurements did not show a significant difference between the means throughout time (p&gt;0.05). The mean measurements were 29.75 at t1, 28.26 at t2 and 51.34 at t3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the data related to the conventional echocardiographic parameters: left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter, LV systolic diameter, LV end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume, left atrium, ejection fraction (EF) and delta D. There were no statistical differences throughout time (p&gt;0.05).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a16tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the data related to the echocardiographic assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony. The M mode showed a mean value at the start of 39.68 ms and at the end of 8 months, 52.06 ms. No significant difference was observed between the time means between septal activation and the posterior wall throughout time (p=0.1252). The pulsed Doppler method showed a mean value of 106 ms at t1 and 117 ms at t3. A significant difference was observed between the means throughout time (p=0.0302). A worsening was observed between t1 and t2 (p=0.047), but not between t1 and t3 or t2 and t3(p&gt;0.05). The tissue Doppler method showed a mean value of 43 ms at t1 and 45 ms at t3. No significant difference was observed between the means throughout time between the septal activation and the posterior wall (p=0.9305). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a16tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the data related to the Quality of Life test (SF36) and no statistical difference was observed throughout time concerning the sub-items: physical aspects, emotional aspects and mental health. In the sub-item functional capacity, we observed an improvement (p=0.003) and this difference was observed between t1 and t2 (p=0.0002) as well as between t1 and t3 (p=0.0298). No difference was observed between t2 and t3 (p&gt;0.05). The general health status showed improvement only between t1 and t3 (p=0.0172). The item social aspects showed an improvement (p=0.190), which was observed between t1 and t2 (p=0.0084).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a16tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study assesses a specific subgroup of patients: those with preserved ventricular function and those who present a high degree of ventricular stimulation in view of the type of block. </p>
      <p>We observed that, during a period of 8 months, the right ventricular stimulation was not capable of producing significant deleterious effects, evaluated from a clinical and laboratory point of view. </p>
      <p>Chagas' disease was the main etiology of the present study. The conclusion whether the etiology of the block can determine a different evolution is uncertain and needs to be further analyzed. The complexity of the Chagasic patient can make it difficult to perform this analysis, as the block can be a marker of inflammatory reaction and the patient can develop HF regardless of the pacemaker, in addition to other risk markers<sup>23.</sup></p>
      <p>A statistically significant change was observed in the walk test. This is a method that objectively evaluates the degree of functional limitation and has a prognostic value in heart failure<sup>24</sup>. In the present study, the patients did not develop HF and at the end of the 8 months, there was a 17-meter decrease in the walk test. Although there was a statistically significant difference, this information, from a clinical point of view, seems to have little importance, as there were no significant modifications in FC. </p>
      <p>The ejection fraction (EF), ventricular volumes and diameters did not present significant alterations during the 8-month period, correlating with the FC: of the 16 patients, only one developed FC II at the end of the eight-month period. The EF is acknowledged as an independent factor of mortality and it is widely applied in the management of patients with HF<sup>25</sup>. The stability of the EF, in the present study, indicates that the ventricular stimulation during 8 months was not able to deteriorate the ventricular function. </p>
      <p>Among the echocardiographic parameters used to evaluate the dyssynchrony, the main ones are those that evaluate intraventricular dyssynchrony. Of the three parameters assessed in the present study, only the one that measures intraventricular dyssynchrony by pulsed Doppler presented statistical alteration throughout time, with worsening of the parameter, from 106 ms at the start to 117 at the end of the study. However, these data must be analyzed with care, considering that the accepted value for the diagnosis of dyssynchrony is 140 ms; thus, one cannot affirm that the studied population presented dyssynchrony. The assessment of the intraventricular dyssynchrony through tissue Doppler has been considered an important parameter in the study of dyssynchrony<sup>26,27</sup>. Our sample did not show a statistical difference. The study by Thambo et al<sup>28</sup> assessed 23 patients with total congenital atrioventricular block and a previously normal left ventricular function, with at least five years of cardiac stimulation. They analyzed the following parameters: time of ventricular filling, cardiac output, mitral failure severity, interventricular dyssynchrony and ergometric test. The results indicate that the prolonged ventricular stimulation was associated with ventricular remodeling, LV dilation, LV asymmetric hypertrophy and low physical capacity; however, the impact of these alterations from a clinical point of view has not been evaluated. </p>
      <p>Our study showed a predominance of septal stimulation. This might have contributed to a better result, considering that the apical stimulation seems to be more deleterious<sup>29</sup>; however, the best location inside the right ventricle has yet to be investigated<sup>30,31</sup>. Currently, the objective has been to minimize the ventricular stimulation through new algorithms of stimulation. Ongoing studies (SAVEPACe, DAVID II, INTRINSIC, MVPtrial) investigate the role of the minimum ventricular stimulation. Nevertheless, the patients that need permanent ventricular stimulation do not benefit from this strategy, and therefore, new sites of stimulation have been researched<sup>32</sup>. </p>
      <p>We did not observe a significant increase in BNP levels during the 8-month assessment, indicating preserved ventricular function<sup>33</sup>. Similar results were obtained by Albertsen et al<sup>34</sup> in their study, which compared the DDD x biventricular stimulation and did not show a worsening of the pro-BNP levels with DDD stimulation. The DDD group showed only a decrease in EF of 2%, with no effects on the FC or walk test results. This study, however, included patients with and without ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p>The analysis of the SF36 questionnaire showed an improvement in the following sub-items: functional capacity, social aspects and general health status. This improvement can be attributed to the effects of the artificial cardiac stimulation therapy, in the group of patients that were previously severely limited by bradycardia. Similar data were obtained in the MOST<sup>35</sup> study, which evaluated 2015 patients, comparing unichamber x bi-chamber stimulation. The authors observed a significant improvement in quality of life after the pacemaker implant in both groups; however, patients older than 75 years benefited less than younger ones. </p>
      <p>The limitations of the present study refer to the assessed length of time; significant long-term clinical effects cannot be ruled out. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After 8 months, patients with normal ventricular function did not show significant clinical (functional class and quality of life function) or laboratory alterations (conventional echocardiography, dyssynchrony parameters and BNP levels); however, the patients presented a worsening in the walk test. New studies with long-term follow-up and a larger sample size will be necessary to discover risk markers that will help identify patients who will have an unfavorable evolution with an artificial cardiac pacemaker.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Wonisch M, Lercher P, Scherr D, Maier R, Pokan R, Hoffman P, et al. Influence of permanent right ventricular pacing on cardiorespiratory exercise parameters in chronic heart failure patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Chest. 2005; 127: 787-93. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Wilkoff BL, Cook JR, Epstein AE, Greene HL, Hallstron AP, Hsia H, et al. Dual-chamber pacing or ventricular backup pacing in patients with an implantable defibrillator: the Dual Chamber and VVI Implantable Defibrillator (DAVID) Trial. JAMA. 2002; 288: 3115-23.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Wu RC. Reynolds DW. Hemodynamics of cardiac pacing. In: Ellenbogen KA, Wood MA (eds). Cardiac pacing and ICD. 3rd. ed. New York: Wiley; 2002. p. 129-73. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Lamas GA, Orav EJ, Stambler BS, Ellenbogen KA, Sgarbossa EB, Huang SK, et al. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 1097-104. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Connolly SJ, Kerr CR, Gent M, Roberts RS, Yusuf S, Gillis AM, et al. Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1385-91. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Lamas GA, Lee KL, Sweeney MO, Silverman R, Leon A, Yel R, et al. Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1854-62. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Sweeney MO, Prinzen FW. A new paradigm for physiologic ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 47: 282-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Martinelli Filho M, Zimerman LI, Lorga AM, Vasconcelos JTM, Rassi A Jr. Guidelines for implantable electronic cardiac devices of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 89 (6): e210-e238. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989; 2: 358-67. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Lane RE, Chow AWC, Mayet J. Selection and optimisation of biventricular pacing: the role of echocardiography. Heart. 2004; 90 (Suppl VI): 10-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Rassi A Jr, Rassi A, Rassi S. Predictors of mortality in chronic Chagas disease Circulation. 2007; 115: 1101-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Rubim VSM, Drumond NC, Romeo JLM, Montera MW. Prognostic value of the six-minute walk test in heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 86 (2): 120-5. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Bristow MR, Lowes BD. Management of heart failure. In: Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. Branwald&#180;s heart disease. 7th. ed. Phladelphia: WB Saunders; 2005. p. 603-51. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">26. Sun JP, Chinchoy E, Donal E, Popovic ZB, Perlic G, Asher CR, et al. Evaluation of ventricular synchrony using novel Doppler echocardiographic indices in patients with heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004; 17: 845-50. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">27. Silva CES, Barretto ACP. Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84 (6): 503-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">28. Thambo JB, Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Sanders P, Reuter S, et al. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation. 2004; 110 (25): 3766-72. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">29. Manolis AS. The deleterious consequences of right ventricular apical pacing: time to seek alternate site pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006; 29: 298-315. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">30. Stambler BA, Ellenbogen K, Zhang X, Porter TR, Xie F, Malik R, et al. and the ROVA Investigators. Right ventricular outflow versus apical pacing in pacemaker patients with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Eletrophysiol. 2003; 14: 1180-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">31. Kypta A, Steinwender C, Kammler J. Long term outcomes in patients with atrioventricular block undergoing septal ventricular lead implantation compared with standard apical pacing. Europace. 2008; 10 (5): 574-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">32. Zanon F, Bacchiega E, Rampin L, Aggio S, Baracca E, Pastore G, et al. Direct his bundle pacing preserves coronary perfusion compared with right ventricular pacing: a prospective, cross-over mid-term study. Europace. 2008; 10 (5): 580-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">33. Silva LB, Ferreira CA, Blacher C, Le&#227;es P, Haddad H. Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003; 81 (5): 529-34.  </p>
      <p>34. Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC, Pousen SH, Mortensen PT, Pedersen AK, Hansen PS, et al. Biventricular pacing preserves left ventricular performance in patients with high-grade atrio-ventricular block: a randomized comparison with DDD(R) pacing in 50 consecutive patients. Europace. 2008, 10: 314-20.</p>
      <p>Links ] Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"&gt;35. Fleischmann KE, Orav EJ, Lamas GA, Mangione CM, Schron E, Lee KL, et al. Pacemaker implantation and quality of life in the Mode Selection Trial (MOST). Heart Rhythm. 2006; 3 (6): 653-9.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="not1-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225; </p>
          <p> Ambulat&#243;rio de Marcapasso do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Primeira Avenida s/n</p>
          <p> 76.610-030, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="luiz.sa@cardiol.br">luiz.sa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 15, 2008; revised manuscript received October 03, 2008; accepted October 24, 2008.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Efectos de la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular convencional en pacientes con funci&#243;n ventricular normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: La estimulaci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo derecho puede ser da&#241;osa a pacientes con disfunci&#243;n ventricular. Sin embargo, hay pocas evidencias sobre el impacto de esa estimulaci&#243;n en pacientes con funci&#243;n normal. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica y laboratorial de pacientes con funci&#243;n ventricular normal sometidos a implante de marcapaso card&#237;aco artificial. M&#201;TODOS: Se estudiaron de forma prospectiva a 16 pacientes con los siguientes criterios de inclusi&#243;n: funci&#243;n ventricular normal definida por el ecocardiograma y presencia de estimulaci&#243;n ventricular superior a 90% (evaluaci&#243;n por telemetr&#237;a del generador). Par&#225;metros analizados: clase funcional (CF), test de marcha, dosificaci&#243;n de BNP, ecocardiograma (convencional y par&#225;metros de desincron&#237;a intraventricular y prueba de calidad de vida (SF36). Esas mediciones se hicieron con 10 d&#237;as(d) (t1), 120d(t2) y 240 d(t3). Los datos se compararon a lo largo del tiempo seg&#250;n el m&#233;todo ANOVA. Comparaciones m&#250;ltiples de promedios se efectuaron utiliz&#225;ndose el m&#233;todo de Tukey. RESULTADOS: Desde los datos evaluados, los siguientes no presentaron variaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica significante (p&gt;0,05): clase funcional, dosificaci&#243;n de BNP, par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionales, desincron&#237;a intraventricular (Doppler tisular). Presentaron empeoramiento (p&lt;0,05) el test de marcha (entre t2 y t3) tiempo entre la contrataci&#243;n septal y la pared posterior del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, pero sin atender a criterios de desincron&#237;a. La evaluaci&#243;n de calidad de vida (SF36) evidenci&#243; mejora en la capacidad funcional, en los aspectos sociales y en el estado general de salud. CONCLUSI&#211;N: Tras ocho meses en pacientes con funci&#243;n normal no se evidenciaron alteraciones cl&#237;nicas (CF y SF 36) y laboratoriales (ecocardiograf&#237;a convencional, par&#225;metros de desincron&#237;a y dosificaci&#243;n de BNP); no obstante, hubo empeoramiento en el test de marcha.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Disfunci&#243;n ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>marcapaso artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>estimulaci&#243;n cardiaca artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograf&#237;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Efectos de la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular convencional en pacientes con funci&#243;n ventricular normal</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;; Salvador Rassi; M&#225;rcia Andery Ludovico Batista</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="not1-body3">Correspondencia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> La estimulaci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo derecho puede ser da&#241;osa a pacientes con disfunci&#243;n ventricular. Sin embargo, hay pocas evidencias sobre el impacto de esa estimulaci&#243;n en pacientes con funci&#243;n normal.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Evaluar la evoluci&#243;n cl&#237;nica y laboratorial de pacientes con funci&#243;n ventricular normal sometidos a implante de marcapaso card&#237;aco artificial.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Se estudiaron de forma prospectiva a 16 pacientes con los siguientes criterios de inclusi&#243;n: funci&#243;n ventricular normal definida por el ecocardiograma y presencia de estimulaci&#243;n ventricular superior a 90% (evaluaci&#243;n por telemetr&#237;a del generador). Par&#225;metros analizados: clase funcional (CF), test de marcha, dosificaci&#243;n de BNP, ecocardiograma (convencional y par&#225;metros de desincron&#237;a intraventricular y prueba de calidad de vida (SF36). Esas mediciones se hicieron con 10 d&#237;as(d) (t1), 120d(t2) y 240 d(t3). Los datos se compararon a lo largo del tiempo seg&#250;n el m&#233;todo ANOVA. Comparaciones m&#250;ltiples de promedios se efectuaron utiliz&#225;ndose el m&#233;todo de Tukey.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Desde los datos evaluados, los siguientes no presentaron variaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica significante (p&gt;0,05): clase funcional, dosificaci&#243;n de BNP, par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionales, desincron&#237;a intraventricular (Doppler tisular). Presentaron empeoramiento (p&lt;0,05) el test de marcha (entre t2 y t3) tiempo entre la contrataci&#243;n septal y la pared posterior del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, pero sin atender a criterios de desincron&#237;a. La evaluaci&#243;n de calidad de vida (SF36) evidenci&#243; mejora en la capacidad funcional, en los aspectos sociales y en el estado general de salud.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> Tras ocho meses en pacientes con funci&#243;n normal no se evidenciaron alteraciones cl&#237;nicas (CF y SF 36) y laboratoriales (ecocardiograf&#237;a convencional, par&#225;metros de desincron&#237;a y dosificaci&#243;n de BNP); no obstante, hubo empeoramiento en el test de marcha. </p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave:</bold> Disfunci&#243;n ventricular, marcapaso artificial, estimulaci&#243;n cardiaca artificial, ecocardiograf&#237;a.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tras su introducci&#243;n en el final de la d&#233;cada de 1950<sup>1</sup>, la estimulaci&#243;n cardiaca artificial ha tenido grandes transformaciones hasta los d&#237;as actuales. La evoluci&#243;n de los dispositivos asociada a nuevas evidencias cl&#237;nicas ampliaron las indicaciones de forma significativa, no solamente en el &#225;rea de bradiarritmias<sup>2</sup>, sino tambi&#233;n de taquiarritmias (cardioversores desfibriladores implantables)<sup>3-5</sup> y, m&#225;s recientemente, insuficiencia cardiaca (terapia de resincronizaci&#243;n cardiaca). &#201;sta &#250;ltima incorpor&#243; los nuevos conceptos sobre los mecanismos de la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) como un fen&#243;meno no puramente muscular, sino tambi&#233;n con la implicaci&#243;n del sistema el&#233;ctrico del coraz&#243;n<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Aproximadamente un 15% del total de pacientes con IC presentan disturbio de la conducci&#243;n intraventricular, y pacientes con s&#237;ntomas m&#225;s severos alcanzan el 30%<sup>9</sup>. La duraci&#243;n prolongada de los complejos QRS es factor pron&#243;stico negativo sobre la mortalidad y est&#225; asociada a la presencia del desincronismo ventricular que genera una contracci&#243;n descoordinada ocasionando una reducci&#243;n del volumen de eyecci&#243;n, del gasto cardiaco, de la presi&#243;n arterial promedio, de la dP/dt, ineficiencia mecano-energ&#233;tica y disfunci&#243;n valvular mitral<sup>10,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>El implante del electrodo del marcapaso cardiaco convencional se efect&#250;a en ventr&#237;culo derecho, y como la estimulaci&#243;n se lleva a cabo directamente sobre el endocardio, el resultado electrocardiogr&#225;fico producido es un complejo QRS alargado. Hay evidencias cl&#237;nicas y laboratoriales de los efectos da&#241;osos de la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular en pacientes con disfunci&#243;n ventricular<sup>12,13</sup>, aunque en pacientes con funci&#243;n normal el impacto de esa estimulaci&#243;n como factor de desincron&#237;a y como desencadenante de disfunci&#243;n ventricular cl&#237;nicamente relevante no es completamente establecido.</p>
      <p>El rol de la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular derecha al provocar el desincronismo tuvo inicio con la reevaluaci&#243;n de los estudios de comparaci&#243;n de la estimulaci&#243;n unicameral (VVI) x bicameral (DDD). La estimulaci&#243;n DDD preserva el sincronismo atrioventricular y presenta mejores datos hemodin&#225;micos<sup>14</sup>. Sin embargo, los estudios prospectivos dibujados con la finalidad de analizar su impacto sobre la mortalidad resultaron decepcionantes. Los estudios PASE<sup>15</sup>, CTOPP<sup>16</sup>, MOST<sup>17</sup> y UKPACE<sup>18</sup> demostraron s&#243;lo beneficios secundarios, como la disminuci&#243;n de la incidencia de fibrilaci&#243;n atrial y mejora de la calidad de vida y ning&#250;n efecto sobre la mortalidad. Se ha propuesto que probables efectos da&#241;osos de la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular derecha, que conllevan la desincron&#237;a, puedan anular los beneficios obtenidos con el sincronismo atrioventricular<sup>19</sup>. Sin embargo, ese an&#225;lisis tiene limitaciones, ya que esos estudios no se dibujaron para probar esa hip&#243;tesis.</p>
      <p>El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los efectos de la estimulaci&#243;n cardiaca convencional en pacientes con indicaci&#243;n de marcapaso y funci&#243;n ventricular normal. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El Comit&#233; de &#201;tica y Investigaci&#243;n del Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de la Universidad Federal de Goi&#225;s aprob&#243; este estudio, bajo el registro n.062/06. Todos los pacientes participantes de este estudio firmaron el formulario de consentimiento informado</p>
      <p>En el per&#237;odo de marzo del 2006 a julio del 2007, entre los 142 pacientes referidos al implante de marcapaso, se seleccionaron a 19 pacientes que atendieron a los siguientes criterios:</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> Edad &gt; 18 a&#241;os y &lt; 75 a&#241;os</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> Las indicaciones de marcapaso cardiaco convencional siguieron las Directrices de la Sociedad Brasile&#241;a de Cardiolog&#237;a<sup>20</sup> y se aceptaron aquellas con alta probabilidad de estimulaci&#243;n ventricular derecha: </p>
      <p><bold>2.1)</bold> Bloqueo atrioventricular total </p>
      <p><bold>2.2)</bold> Bloqueo atrioventricular del segundo grado tipo II </p>
      <p><bold>2.3)</bold> Enfermedad del nodo sinusal con bloqueo AV de primer grado con intervalo PR &gt; 200 ms </p>
      <p><bold>2.4)</bold> Funci&#243;n ventricular normal, definida por el ecocardiograma, realizado tras implante del marcapaso cardiaco artificial (di&#225;metros de ventriculares normales y fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n normal por el m&#233;todo de Teicholz). </p>
      <p>Los criterios de exclusi&#243;n fueron:</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> Enfermedad severa con probabilidad de sobrevida reducida</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> Incapacidad de realizar las pruebas propuestas en la investigaci&#243;n</p>
      <p><bold>3)</bold> Tras el implante, se realiz&#243; peri&#243;dicamente (10 d&#237;as(d), 120d y 240d) la verificaci&#243;n del porcentaje de estimulaci&#243;n ventricular derecho por medio del an&#225;lisis de los datos del generador, siendo excluidos los pacientes que presentaran valores menores que el 90%.</p>
      <p>Los pacientes luego del implante se siguieron por un per&#237;odo de 8 meses, as&#237; definidos: evaluaci&#243;n post implante - 10 d&#237;as(t1), 4 meses(t2) y 8 meses(t3). Se analizaron los siguientes par&#225;metros:</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> Cl&#237;nicos</p>
      <p><bold>1.1)</bold> Clase funcional de la New York Heart Association</p>
      <p><bold>1.2)</bold> Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida (versi&#243;n brasile&#241;a) - SF36</p>
      <p><bold>1.3)</bold> Test de marcha 6 minutos</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> Par&#225;metros laboratoriales</p>
      <p><bold>2.1)</bold> Evaluaci&#243;n por telemetr&#237;a del generador</p>
      <p><bold>2.2)</bold> Electrocardiograma - Anchura de los complejos QRS estimulado.</p>
      <p><bold>2.3)</bold> Dosificaci&#243;n de p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP)</p>
      <p><bold>2.4)</bold> Ecocardiograma </p>
      <p><bold>a.</bold> Di&#225;metros y vol&#250;menes cavitarios</p>
      <p><bold>b.</bold> Fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n</p>
      <p><bold>c.</bold> Par&#225;metros de desincron&#237;a intraventricular </p>
      <p>Los ex&#225;menes de ecocardiograma se efectuaron en equipos de Toshiba, modelo Xario, con modo bidimensional arm&#243;nica y transductor sectorial de 2.5 MHz. Un &#250;nico observador realiz&#243; todos los ex&#225;menes. A los pacientes se les colocaron en dec&#250;bito lateral izquierdo y se emple&#243; el electrocardiograma como monitoreo. Todas las mediciones se adquirieron con paciente en apnea espiratoria. Las mediciones del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, el ventr&#237;culo derecho, los di&#225;metros de aorta y el atrio izquierdo se efectuaron por el modo unidimensional de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la American Society of Echocardiography. En la evaluaci&#243;n de la desincron&#237;a intraventricular se utilizaron los criterios que siguen a continuaci&#243;n: Modo M: diferencia en el inicio del QRS hasta el pico de contracci&#243;n de la pared septal y, seguidamente, la medici&#243;n del tiempo entre el inicio del complejo QRS hasta el pico de la contracci&#243;n de la pared posterior, considerado como desincron&#237;a el valor mayor de 130 ms. Doppler pulsado: medici&#243;n del inicio del complejo QRS al inicio del flujo a&#243;rtico, considerado como desincron&#237;a el valor mayor de 140 ms. Doppler tisular: diferencia entre el inicio del complejo QRS y el pico de la onda S de la regi&#243;n basal de las paredes lateral, anterior, septal e inferior, considerado como desincron&#237;a el valor mayor de 65 ms<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Los promedios de variables de distribuci&#243;n normal (o aproximadamente normal) se compararon a lo largo del tiempo seg&#250;n m&#233;todo ANOVA medidas repetidas (rmANOVA). La prueba de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y el test de esfericidad de Mauchly se aplicaron para verificar suposiciones del modelo rmANOVA. Cuando la suposici&#243;n de esfericidad no fue satisfecha, se determin&#243; el valor-p seg&#250;n correcci&#243;n de Huyn-Feldt en los an&#225;lisis rmANOVA. Comparaciones m&#250;ltiples de promedios se llevaron a cabo por el m&#233;todo de Tukey, cuando se observ&#243; diferencia significativa en la prueba rmANOVA.</p>
      <p>En caso de variables de distribuci&#243;n asim&#233;trica, medianas se compararon a lo largo del tiempo seg&#250;n m&#233;todo de Friedman, alternativa no-param&#233;trica al m&#233;todo param&#233;trico rmANOVA. Se realiz&#243; el procedimiento Conover-Inman en comparaciones m&#250;ltiples de medianas al paso del tiempo.</p>
      <p>Todas las probabilidades de significancia (valores de p) presentadas son del tipo bilateral y valores menores que 0,05 considerados como estad&#237;sticamente significantes. El software SAS 9.1 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC, USA) se utiliz&#243; en el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico de datos.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados </bold>
      </p>
      <p>En la muestra inicial de 19 pacientes, se excluyeron a tres por presentar estimulaci&#243;n ventricular menor que el 90%. De los 16 pacientes analizados, el 56% eran del sexo masculino, la edad promedio fue de 60 a&#241;os (DE+/- 11). La etiolog&#237;a m&#225;s frecuente fue la chag&#225;sica (75%). Bloqueo AV total o Bloqueo AV del segundo Mobitz 2 correspondieron al 62,5% de la muestra. El electrodo se implant&#243; en la regi&#243;n septal en el 75%. Las caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#225;n detalladas en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a16tab01-body3">Tabla 1</xref>. Fue posible realizar seguimiento previsto de 8 meses en todos los pacientes.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_a16tab01-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Todos los pacientes iniciaron el protocolo en clase funcional I, durante la evoluci&#243;n solamente un paciente evolucion&#243; para clase funcional II a los 8 meses (p&gt;0,05). Por medio del sistema de telemetr&#237;a fue posible obtener el porcentaje de estimulaci&#243;n ventricular en cada paciente. El porcentaje promedio de estimulaci&#243;n fue del 99%. No se observ&#243; diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significante entre las medianas durante los tiempos t1, t2 y t3 (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body3">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>La anchura de los complejos QRS estimulados mantuvo un promedio de 134 ms durante todo el estudio, sin presentar diferencia estad&#237;stica durante los 8 meses (p&gt;0,05).</p>
      <p>En el test de marcha se observ&#243; diferencia significativa entre los promedios con el paso del tiempo (p=0,0021). Tambi&#233;n se pudo observar diferencia entre los promedios en los valores entre 4 y 8 meses (p=0,0014), mientras que dicha diferencia no se pudo observar entre el tiempo inicial y 4 meses (p&gt;0,05) y entre 10 d&#237;as y 8 meses (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body3">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>En las dosificaciones de BNP no se observ&#243; diferencia significativa entre los promedios de dosificaci&#243;n con el paso del tiempo (p&gt;0,05). El promedio de las dosificaciones fue de 29,75 en el t1, de 28,26 en el t2, y de 51,34 en el t3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body3">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gf03-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a16tab02-body3">Tabla 2</xref> est&#225;n los datos relativos a los par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionales: di&#225;metro diast&#243;lico del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, di&#225;metro sist&#243;lico del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, volumen diast&#243;lico final del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, volumen sist&#243;lico final del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, atrio izquierdo, fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n y delta D. No presentaron diferencias estad&#237;sticas a lo largo del tiempo (p&gt;0,05).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_a16tab02-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body3">Tabla 3</xref> est&#225;n detallados los datos referentes a la evaluaci&#243;n ecocardiogr&#225;fica de la desincron&#237;a ventricular. Mediante el modo M se observ&#243; un valor promedio, al inicio, de 39,68 ms, y al final de los 8 meses, de 52,06 ms. No se observ&#243; diferencia significativa entre los promedios del tiempo entre la activaci&#243;n septal y la pared posterior con el paso del tiempo (p=0,1252). Por el m&#233;todo Doppler pulsado se observ&#243; un valor promedio de 106 ms en el t1 y de 117 ms en el t3. Se observ&#243; diferencia significativa entre los promedios a lo largo del tiempo (p=0,0302). Se constat&#243; empeoramiento entre t1 y t2 (p=0,047), mientras que entre t1 y t3 y t2 y t3 (p&gt;0,05) no se observ&#243; empeoramiento. Por el Doppler tisular se pudo observar un valor promedio en el t1 de 43 ms y en t3 de 45 ms. No se observ&#243; diferencia significativa entre los promedios a lo largo del tiempo entre la activaci&#243;n septal y la pared posterior (p=0,9305). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt03-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="es_a16tab04-body3">Tabla 4</xref> est&#225;n los datos relativos a la prueba de calidad de vida (SF 36); no se observ&#243; diferencia estad&#237;stica con el paso del tiempo en los sub&#237;tems: aspectos f&#237;sicos, dolor, vitalidad, aspectos emocionales y salud mental. En el sub&#237;tem capacidad funcional se observ&#243; una mejora (p=0,003), y se observ&#243; esa diferencia entre t1 y t2 (p=0,0002) y entre t1 y t3 (p=0,0298). Entre t2 y t3 no se observ&#243; diferencia (p&gt;0,05). En el sub&#237;tem estado general de salud se observ&#243; mejora solamente entre t1 y t3 (p=0,0172). En el &#237;tem aspectos sociales se observ&#243; una mejora (p=0,190), la que se observ&#243; entre t1 y t2 (p=0,0084).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="es_a16tab04-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-93-02-0167-00016-gt04-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este estudio aborda un subgrupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes: aquellos con funci&#243;n ventricular preservada y que presentan alto grado de estimulaci&#243;n ventricular en raz&#243;n del tipo de bloqueo.</p>
      <p>Observamos que, en el plazo de 8 meses, la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular derecha no fue capaz de producir efectos da&#241;osos significativos evaluados del punto de vista cl&#237;nico y laboratorial.</p>
      <p>La enfermedad de Chagas fue la principal etiolog&#237;a en este estudio. Saber definitivamente si la etiolog&#237;a del bloqueo puede determinar evoluci&#243;n diferente es todav&#237;a incierto y se necesita investigaci&#243;n. La complejidad del paciente chag&#225;sico puede dificultar ese an&#225;lisis, ya que el bloqueo puede ser un marcador de reacci&#243;n inflamatoria y el paciente puede evolucionar para IC independientemente del marcapaso, adem&#225;s de otros marcadores de riesgo<sup>23.</sup></p>
      <p>Se observ&#243; cambio estad&#237;sticamente significante en el test de marcha. Ese es un m&#233;todo que eval&#250;a objetivamente el grado de limitaci&#243;n funcional y tiene valor pron&#243;stico en la insuficiencia cardiaca<sup>24</sup>. En este estudio, los pacientes no desarrollaron insuficiencia cardiaca y al final de los 8 meses ocurri&#243; una disminuci&#243;n en 17 metros en el test de marcha. A pesar de tener ocurrido diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa, ese dato, desde el punto de vista cl&#237;nico, parece presentar poca importancia, ya que no ocurrieron cambios significativos en la clase funcional. </p>
      <p>Fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n, vol&#250;menes y di&#225;metros ventriculares no presentaron alteraciones significativas con el paso de los 8 meses correlacionando con la clase funcional: de los 16 pacientes, s&#243;lo uno evolucion&#243; para clase funcional II al final de los 8 meses. La fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n es reconocida como un factor independiente de mortalidad y su uso tiene amplia aplicaci&#243;n en el manejo de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca<sup>25</sup>. La estabilidad de la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n, en este estudio, indica que la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular en 8 meses no fue capaz de ocasionar deterioro de la funci&#243;n ventricular.</p>
      <p>Entre los par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para evaluaci&#243;n del desincronismo, los principales son los que eval&#250;an la desincron&#237;a intraventricular. De los tres par&#225;metros evaluados en este estudio, s&#243;lo el que mide la desincron&#237;a intraventricular por el Doppler pulsado present&#243; alteraci&#243;n estad&#237;stica con el paso del tiempo, con empeoramiento del par&#225;metro, de 106 ms al inicio para 117 ms al final del estudio. Sin embargo, esos datos se deben analizarse con cautela, teniendo en cuenta que el valor aceptado para diagn&#243;stico de desincronismo es de 140 ms. As&#237;, no se puede afirmar que ocurri&#243; desincron&#237;a en la poblaci&#243;n estudiada. La evaluaci&#243;n de desincron&#237;a intraventricular a trav&#233;s del Doppler tisular ha sido considerada como un importante par&#225;metro en el estudio del desincronismo<sup>26,27</sup>. En nuestra muestra no se observ&#243; diferencia estad&#237;stica. En el estudio de Thambo et al.<sup>28</sup> se seleccionaron a 23 pacientes con bloqueo atrioventricular total cong&#233;nito y funci&#243;n ventricular izquierda previamente normal, con al menos cinco a&#241;os de estimulaci&#243;n cardiaca. Se analizaron los siguientes par&#225;metros: tiempo de llenado ventricular, gasto cardiaco, severidad de la insuficiencia mitral, desincron&#237;a interventricular, desincron&#237;a intraventricular y prueba ergom&#233;trica. Los resultados indican que la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular prolongada se asoci&#243; a la remodelaci&#243;n ventricular, la dilataci&#243;n de ventr&#237;culo izquierdo, la hipertrofia asim&#233;trica de VI y la baja capacidad f&#237;sica, aunque el impacto de esas alteraciones desde el punto de vista cl&#237;nico no se evalu&#243;. </p>
      <p>En nuestro estudio hubo predominio de la estimulaci&#243;n septal. Eso puede haber contribuido a un mejor resultado, visto que la estimulaci&#243;n apical parece m&#225;s da&#241;osa<sup>29</sup>, aunque el mejor local dentro del VD viene siendo investigado<sup>30,31</sup>. Actualmente el objetivo ha sido minimizar la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular por medio de nuevos algoritmos de estimulaci&#243;n. Hay estudios en marcha (SAVEPACe, DAVID II, INTRINSIC, MVPtrial) que investigan el rol de la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular m&#237;nima. Sin embargo, los pacientes que necesitan la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular de forma permanente no se benefician de esa estrategia, as&#237; se han investigado nuevos locales de estimulaci&#243;n<sup>32</sup>. </p>
      <p>En el grupo analizado no se observ&#243; aumento significativo de la dosificaci&#243;n de BNP a lo largo de los 8 meses de evaluaci&#243;n, indicando funci&#243;n ventricular preservada<sup>33</sup>. Resultados similares se obtuvieron en el estudio de Albertsen et al.<sup>34</sup> el que compar&#243; la estimulaci&#243;n DDD vs. biventricular y tambi&#233;n no evidenci&#243; empeoramiento de los niveles proBNP con estimulaci&#243;n DDD. Se observ&#243; solamente un descenso de la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del 2% en el grupo DDD, sin repercusi&#243;n sobre clase funcional o test de marcha. Ese estudio, sin embargo, incluy&#243; a pacientes con y sin disfunci&#243;n ventricular.</p>
      <p>Por medio del cuestionario SF 36 se observ&#243; una mejora en los sub&#237;tems: capacidad funcional, aspectos sociales y estado general de salud. Esa mejora puede atribuirse a los efectos de la terapia de estimulaci&#243;n cardiaca artificial en el grupo de pacientes severamente limitados anteriormente por la bradicardia. Datos semejantes se obtuvieron en el estudio MOST<sup>35</sup> que evalu&#243; a 2.015 pacientes, comparando estimulaci&#243;n unicameral vs. bicameral. Los autores observaron mejora expresiva de la calidad de vida tras implante del marcapaso en los dos grupos, aunque con menor beneficio en los pacientes con edad superior a 75 a&#241;os.</p>
      <p>Las limitaciones de este estudio se refieren al tiempo analizado, lo que impide la exclusi&#243;n de efectos cl&#237;nicos significativos a largo plazo. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tras 8 meses, la estimulaci&#243;n ventricular derecha en pacientes con funci&#243;n normal no alter&#243; de forma significativa la funci&#243;n ventricular evaluada cl&#237;nicamente (clase funcional y prueba de calidad de vida) y laboratorialmente (ecocardiograma convencional, par&#225;metros de desincron&#237;a y dosificaci&#243;n de BNP). No obstante, los pacientes presentaron empeoramiento de la prueba de marcha. Nuevos estudios con seguimiento a largo plazo y en mayor n&#250;mero de pacientes se necesitar&#225;n para descubrirse eventuales marcadores de riesgo, lo que ayuda a identificar a los pacientes que tendr&#225;n evoluci&#243;n desfavorable con el marcapaso cardiaco artificial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo forma parte de tesis de maestr&#237;a de Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225;, por la Universidad Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>34. Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC, Pousen SH, Mortensen PT, Pedersen AK, Hansen PS, et al. Biventricular pacing preserves left ventricular performance in patients with high-grade atrio-ventricular block: a randomized comparison with DDD(R) pacing in 50 consecutive patients. Europace. 2008, 10: 314-20.</p>
      <p>Links ] Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"&gt;35. Fleischmann KE, Orav EJ, Lamas GA, Mangione CM, Schron E, Lee KL, et al. Pacemaker implantation and quality of life in the Mode Selection Trial (MOST). Heart Rhythm. 2006; 3 (6): 653-9.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="not1-body3" fn-type="corresp">
          <p><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/9yHzj4Bvfb33TTPkDCSxkjG/dde71ea29401890e149bf4eaf2fabbd9b020555d.gif"/> Correspondencia:</p>
          <p> Luiz Antonio Batista de S&#225; </p>
          <p> Ambulat&#243;rio de Marcapasso do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</p>
          <p> Primeira Avenida s/n</p>
          <p> 76.610-030, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="luiz.sa@cardiol.br">luiz.sa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Art&#237;culo recibido el 15/06/08; revisado recibido el 03/10/08; aceptado el 24/10/08.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
