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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Hf56HTrmsKNppNq6S9KNfJb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2009000600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(09)09200610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2009000600010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em hipertensos de Cuiab&#225; - MT: preval&#234;ncia e fatores associados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto Paulo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scala</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar Naz&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanny Vin&#237;cius Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cassanelli</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cuiab&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Mato Grosso</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>92</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>472</fpage>
      <lpage>478</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; um agregado de fatores predisponentes para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabete melito, cujas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas s&#227;o insuficientemente conhecidas nos n&#237;veis regional e nacional. OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia de SM e fatores associados em uma amostra de hipertensos da &#225;rea urbana de Cuiab&#225; - MT. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de corte transversal (maio a novembro de 2007) em amostra de 120 hipertensos (com 20 anos ou mais), pareados por g&#234;nero e selecionados por amostragem sistem&#225;tica de uma popula&#231;&#227;o fonte de 567 hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;. Todos os selecionados responderam a um inqu&#233;rito em domic&#237;lio para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficos e h&#225;bitos de vida. Foram medidos: press&#227;o arterial; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC); circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e quadril; glicemia; insulinemia; l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos; c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de homeostase da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (HOMA); prote&#237;na C-reativa; &#225;cido &#250;rico e fibrinog&#234;nio. O crit&#233;rio para hipertens&#227;o adotado foi: m&#233;dia da PAS &gt; 140mmHg e/ou PAD &gt; 90mmHg, para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica segundo a I Diretriz Brasileira de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e NCEP-ATP III. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 120 hipertensos (60 mulheres), com m&#233;dia de idade de 58,3 &#177; 12,6 anos. Observou-se preval&#234;ncia de SM de 70,8% (IC95% 61,8-78,8), com predom&#237;nio entre as mulheres (81,7% vs. 60,0%; p=0,009), sem diferen&#231;as entre adultos (71,4%) e idosos (70,2%). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a SM e o IMC &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;, a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e algum antecedente familiar de hipertens&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: Observou-se uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM entre hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, associada significativamente ao IMC &gt;25 kg/m&#178;, &#224; resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (&#205;ndice HOMA) e, em especial, a uma hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o. Estes resultados sugerem o aprofundamento deste assunto atrav&#233;s de novos estudos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuiab&#225; (MT)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EPIDEMIOLOGIA</p>
    <p>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em hipertensos de Cuiab&#225; - MT: preval&#234;ncia e fatores associados</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco; Luiz C&#233;sar Naz&#225;rio Scala; Carlos Jos&#233; Alves; Giovanny Vin&#237;cius Ara&#250;jo de Fran&#231;a; Tatiane Cassanelli; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; um agregado de fatores predisponentes para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabete melito, cujas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas s&#227;o insuficientemente conhecidas nos n&#237;veis regional e nacional. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estimar a preval&#234;ncia de SM e fatores associados em uma amostra de hipertensos da &#225;rea urbana de Cuiab&#225; - MT. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo de corte transversal (maio a novembro de 2007) em amostra de 120 hipertensos (com 20 anos ou mais), pareados por g&#234;nero e selecionados por amostragem sistem&#225;tica de uma popula&#231;&#227;o fonte de 567 hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;. Todos os selecionados responderam a um inqu&#233;rito em domic&#237;lio para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficos e h&#225;bitos de vida. Foram medidos: press&#227;o arterial; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC); circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e quadril; glicemia; insulinemia; l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos; c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de homeostase da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (HOMA); prote&#237;na C-reativa; &#225;cido &#250;rico e fibrinog&#234;nio. O crit&#233;rio para hipertens&#227;o adotado foi: m&#233;dia da PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg, para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica segundo a I Diretriz Brasileira de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e NCEP-ATP III. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram analisados 120 hipertensos (60 mulheres), com m&#233;dia de idade de 58,3 &#177; 12,6 anos. Observou-se preval&#234;ncia de SM de 70,8% (IC95% 61,8-78,8), com predom&#237;nio entre as mulheres (81,7% vs. 60,0%; p=0,009), sem diferen&#231;as entre adultos (71,4%) e idosos (70,2%). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a SM e o IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e algum antecedente familiar de hipertens&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Observou-se uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM entre hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, associada significativamente ao IMC &gt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, &#224; resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (&#205;ndice HOMA) e, em especial, a uma hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o. Estes resultados sugerem o aprofundamento deste assunto atrav&#233;s de novos estudos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, hipertens&#227;o, fatores de risco, Cuiab&#225; (MT), Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em que coexistem alguns fatores de risco cardiovascular em maior preval&#234;ncia do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A partir da descri&#231;&#227;o inicial e dos estudos realizados por Reaven (1988), consolidou-se o elo entre um conjunto de anormalidades metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo, com uma mesma base fisiopatol&#243;gica: a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<sup>1</sup>. Estes fatores s&#227;o: press&#227;o arterial (PA) <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 x 85 mmHg, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo da glicose (glicemia de jejum &gt;100 mg/dl, ou diabete tipo 2), obesidade central (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm no homem e <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm na mulher), altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas (HDL &lt;40 mg/dl no homem ou &lt;50 mg/dl na mulher, triglic&#233;rides &gt;150 mg/dl), dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e microalbumin&#250;ria<sup>2-4</sup>. O termo s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, proposto pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) em 1998, contribuiu para reformular a compreens&#227;o de que v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular, n&#227;o associados por acaso, atuam de forma global para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. A denomina&#231;&#227;o SM, a mais aceita atualmente, foi precedida por outras como: s&#237;ndrome de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, s&#237;ndrome plurimetab&#243;lica, s&#237;ndrome X e quarteto mortal. A SM pode aumentar a mortalidade geral em cerca de 1,5 vez, e a cardiovascular em, aproximadamente, 2,5 vezes<sup>3</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA), importante componente da SM, que ocorre com maior preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o de obesos e diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, constitui-se na principal causa da mortalidade cardiovascular precoce em todo o mundo, especialmente o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE)<sup>5,6</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de SM &#233; elevada e vari&#225;vel (13,7% a 39%,), com predom&#237;nio, em alguns estudos, entre as mulheres<sup>7-10</sup>. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos confirmaram sua ocorr&#234;ncia em diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos: europeus; afro-americanos; mexicano-americanos; asi&#225;ticos; chineses; abor&#237;genes australianos; polin&#233;sios e micron&#233;sios<sup>11</sup>. A exist&#234;ncia de um elo molecular (gene ou genes) unificador da fisiopatologia da SM, sugerida por diversos estudos, carece de provas mais consistentes<sup>11</sup>. No Brasil, por exemplo, observa-se um crescente interesse em se conhecer as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas desta s&#237;ndrome<sup>4</sup>. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; estimar a preval&#234;ncia da SM, e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com alguns fatores de risco, em hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, no Centro-Oeste brasileiro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi feito um estudo de corte transversal usando o banco de dados do "Estudo da Preval&#234;ncia e do Conhecimento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e alguns Fatores de Risco em uma Regi&#227;o do Brasil", realizado pelo Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva e pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT), em coopera&#231;&#227;o com a Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#150; UFG (Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Faculdade de Medicina). A popula&#231;&#227;o fonte foi constitu&#237;da por todos os indiv&#237;duos (n= 567) classificados como hipertensos, em estudo anterior sobre preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em Cuiab&#225;-MT, realizado de fevereiro de 2003 a agosto de 2004<sup>12</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de HA detectada nesse estudo foi estimada em 33,4%. Atrav&#233;s de amostragem sistem&#225;tica, que considerou a densidade populacional das &#225;reas, calculou-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o amostral de 120 indiv&#237;duos, pareados por g&#234;nero, com idade igual ou superior a 20 anos. Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos acamados, os inv&#225;lidos, as gestantes, as lactantes e as empregadas dom&#233;sticas. Em domic&#237;lio, os 120 participantes responderam a um question&#225;rio pr&#233;-testado sobre dados s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficos; de h&#225;bitos de vida (consumo de sal e gordura, atividade f&#237;sica, h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gico e alco&#243;lico); conhecimento, tratamento e controle de HA; antecedentes familiares de HA; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e AVE. Foram realizadas tr&#234;s medidas da press&#227;o arterial, com intervalo de 10 minutos entre cada uma, considerando-se a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas, classificada segundo as V Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (2006)<sup>13</sup>. Foi utilizado um esfigmoman&#244;metro eletr&#244;nico, autom&#225;tico, oscilom&#233;trico (OMRON-HEM 705 CP), validado e recomendado por institui&#231;&#245;es internacionais competentes para estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>14</sup>. As medidas foram efetuadas com o entrevistado: sentado; com os p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o; o bra&#231;o esquerdo relaxado, apoiado sobre mesa e &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o; a palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima; a bexiga vazia; sem ter praticado exerc&#237;cios moderados ou pesados, fumado ou ingerido bebida alco&#243;lica nos 30 minutos antecedentes &#224;s medidas. Utilizou-se uma bra&#231;adeira compat&#237;vel com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. A estatura e o peso foram medidos com estadi&#244;metro <italic>Seca Bodymeter</italic> 208 e balan&#231;a <italic>Plenna Lithium Digital Mea</italic> 08128, para c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) e classifica&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional do indiv&#237;duo<sup>15</sup>. A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi medida com fita met&#225;lica inextens&#237;vel <italic>Cardiomed </italic>sobre a pele, ajustada ao corpo, tomando como par&#226;metro a parte mais estreita do tronco, entre o t&#243;rax e os quadris. Foi calculada tamb&#233;m a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ). A CC foi classificada em aumentada ou muito aumentada segundo os crit&#233;rios da OMS (1998) e a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) em aumentada (&gt;1 para homens e 0,85 para mulheres)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi ent&#227;o colhida uma amostra de sangue venoso (ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum) por pun&#231;&#227;o da fossa antecubital, para determina&#231;&#227;o de: glicemia de jejum, l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos, uricemia (m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico), insulinemia (quimioluminesc&#234;ncia), prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e fibrinog&#234;nio (turbidimetria). A partir da glicemia e da insulinemia, calculou-se o &#237;ndice de homeostase da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (HOMA), atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula: glicose (mg/dl) x 0,0555 x insulina / 22,4. Tamb&#233;m foram adotados o ponto de corte de 2,71 para defini&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<sup>16</sup> e os crit&#233;rios das IV Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose para os l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de anormalidades e defini&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como vari&#225;vel dependente, tivemos a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, crit&#233;rio da "I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica" (IDBSM)<sup>3</sup>, que utilizou os crit&#233;rios do <italic>National Cholesterol Evaluation Program for Adult Treatment Panel III</italic> (NCEP-ATP III)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; as vari&#225;veis independentes foram: hipertens&#227;o arterial, crit&#233;rio das "V Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial"<sup>13</sup>; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) 90 mmHg. Sobrepeso, definido pelo IMC (peso/altura<sup>2</sup>) (&gt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e &lt;30kg/m<sup>2</sup> ) e obesidade (&gt;30kg/m<sup>2</sup> de superf&#237;cie corporal; obesidade central, definida pelos pontos de corte da CC em 102 cm para homens e 88 cm para mulheres); l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos (jejum de 12 horas), crit&#233;rio das IV Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Ateroesclerose<sup>17</sup>. Concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides e glicose determinadas usando um teste enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico, com n&#237;veis de LDL calculados por aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Friedwald<sup>18,19</sup> (para triglic&#233;rides &lt;400 mg/dl); colesterol total: &#243;timo (<underline>&lt;</underline>200 mg%), lim&#237;trofe (200&#150;239 mg%) e alto ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg%).; LDL colesterol: &#243;timo (&lt;100 mg%), lim&#237;trofe (130-159 mg%), alto (160&#150;189 mg%) e muito alto ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 190 mg%).; HDL colesterol: baixo (&lt; 40 mg%) e alto (&gt;60 mg%). Glicemia (jejum de 12 horas): elevada ou disglicemia (entre 100 e 125 mg%); diabete melito ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg%)<sup>17</sup>. Insulinemia (jejum de 12 horas): atrav&#233;s de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia, expressa em &#181;U/ml. Determina&#231;&#227;o da Prote&#237;na C-reativa (jejum de 12 horas): pelo m&#233;todo turbidim&#233;trico, expressa em mg/l, com ponto de corte para defini&#231;&#227;o de PCR elevada de 3 mg/dl<sup>20</sup>. Uricemia (jejum de 12 horas): elevada (&gt;7 mg/dl para homens e 6 mg/dl para mulheres<sup>21</sup>). Fibrinog&#234;nio no sangue (jejum de 12 horas): elevado (&gt; 4 mg/l<sup>22</sup>).</p>
    <p>Como vari&#225;veis independentes s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas, foram considerados idade: igual ou superior a 20 anos; g&#234;nero: masculino ou feminino; situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal: com ou sem companheiro(a); escolaridade, renda e n&#250;mero de moradores no domic&#237;lio; h&#225;bitos alimentares: uso de sal, consumo de gorduras, ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica: sedentarismo (definido quando o indiv&#237;duo relatou inatividade f&#237;sica no trabalho, no deslocamento at&#233; o trabalho e nos momentos de folga); h&#225;bito tab&#225;gico: fumante (pelo menos um cigarro por dia), ex-fumante (o que fumou regularmente no passado e abandonou completamente o tabagismo); h&#225;bito alco&#243;lico: uso de bebida alco&#243;lica (frequ&#234;ncia, tipo e quantidade ingerida); hist&#243;ria familiar: pais, ou parentes em primeiro grau, menores de 60 anos, com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou AVE. </p>
    <p>Para o gerenciamento e a an&#225;lise dos dados, organizou-se um banco de dados utilizando-se os Programas <italic>Microsoft Office ACCESS</italic> 2003 e <italic>Epi Info</italic> 2000, vers&#227;o 11.0, para an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria, bivariada e estratificada, e o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 3.3.4, para a an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla. Para o grupo total, estratificado por g&#234;nero, e para vari&#225;veis independentes, foram calculadas as taxas de preval&#234;ncia de SM, os intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) 95% e as medidas de associa&#231;&#227;o. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e a SM foi testada por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, testou-se a hip&#243;tese de normalidade atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As m&#233;dias de vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas por meio do teste t-Student e para as que n&#227;o apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, aplicou-se o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia cr&#237;tico adotado para a rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese nula foi de at&#233; 5% (p&lt; 0,05). A an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla foi feita atrav&#233;s da Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica pelo m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise forward</italic>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi autorizado ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Julio Muller (HUJM). Utilizou-se tamb&#233;m um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, conforme Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de de 10 de outubro de 1996. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 120 participantes analisados, 60 eram mulheres. A m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 58,3 &#177; 12,6 anos, sem diferen&#231;a quanto ao g&#234;nero, faixa et&#225;ria (adultos e idosos) e antecedente familiar de HA. A preval&#234;ncia total de SM entre os hipertensos foi de 70,8%, significativamente mais frequente entre as mulheres (81,7% vs<italic>. </italic>60%; RP=1,36; IC95% 1,07-1,73). Do total, 15% dos hipertensos apresentaram cinco crit&#233;rios e 21,7% quatro crit&#233;rios de SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Sob a an&#225;lise bivariada ocorreu uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre SM e g&#234;nero, antecedente familiar de HA, IMC superior a 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, CC muito aumentada e RCQ aumentada. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas, sedentarismo, tabagismo e h&#225;bitos alco&#243;lico ou alimentar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e HDL-colesterol baixo, VLDL-colesterol elevado, &#225;cido &#250;rico elevado, e presen&#231;a de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Pela regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla observaram-se <italic>ORaj</italic> estatisticamente significantes para associa&#231;&#245;es entre SM e IMC igual ou superior a 25kg/m<sup>2</sup>, resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e presen&#231;a de familiar em primeiro grau com HA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho comp&#245;e um projeto mais amplo, cuja finalidade foi descrever algumas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas associadas &#224; Hipertens&#227;o Arterial na Regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste: em cidades de Goi&#225;s (Goi&#226;nia e Firmin&#243;polis) e de Mato Grosso (Cuiab&#225; e Nobres). O objetivo deste estudo, de corte transversal, foi apresentar a an&#225;lise de algumas caracter&#237;sticas da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica entre hipertensos de Cuiab&#225; - MT. A sele&#231;&#227;o amostral considerou a proporcionalidade da densidade populacional de cada macrozona urbana. Os dados foram obtidos por inqu&#233;rito domiciliar, padronizado e previamente aplicado atrav&#233;s de estudo piloto. Apesar de crit&#233;rios bem definidos para o diagn&#243;stico de SM, a diversidade de fatores causais dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia entre diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. J&#225; em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer com componentes individuais distintos<sup>23</sup>. Diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, dieta, grau de atividade f&#237;sica, caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas e gen&#233;ticas, podem afetar a propor&#231;&#227;o dos diversos componentes da SM. Assim, as preval&#234;ncias encontradas neste estudo s&#227;o representativas de uma popula&#231;&#227;o urbana, heterog&#234;nea, miscigenada quanto &#224; ascend&#234;ncia, constitu&#237;da de adultos com idade superior a 20 anos, da regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste do pa&#237;s. </p>
    <p>Em um grupo espec&#237;fico de hipertensos, a SM, diagnosticada segundo os crit&#233;rios tradicionais, conferiu um aumento do risco relativo em 2,64 vezes (IC95% = 1,52&#150;4,58) para o primeiro evento cardiovascular<sup>24</sup>. No presente estudo, em hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, observou-se preval&#234;ncia geral de SM de 70,8%, segundo os crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III, com predom&#237;nio significativo entre as mulheres. Estudos de preval&#234;ncia de SM entre hipertensos s&#227;o ainda escassos no Brasil. Em Salvador, Bahia, Bulh&#245;es e Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup> estudaram 102 hipertensos maiores de 18 anos, atendidos em hospital-escola, registrando uma preval&#234;ncia de SM de 71,6% (crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III). O resultado foi similar ao obtido no presente estudo. Apesar de diferentes propor&#231;&#245;es entre os g&#234;neros, e do estudo de Salvador ter avaliado a demanda espont&#226;nea de um hospital-escola, observou-se uma semelhan&#231;a quanto &#224; idade e IMC m&#233;dios e a frequ&#234;ncia de cinco crit&#233;rios (NCEP-ATP III) nos dois estudos (17,9% em Salvador, 15% em Cuiab&#225;). </p>
    <p>A predomin&#226;ncia de SM entre as mulheres (81,7% <italic>vs</italic> 60,0%; p=0,009), sem diferen&#231;a entre adultos e idosos, concorda com o estudo da popula&#231;&#227;o rural do Vale do Jequitinhonha &#150; MG (33,6% vs<italic>. </italic>7,7%), com preval&#234;ncia geral de 21,6%<sup>26</sup> e com outro estudo no semi-&#225;rido baiano<sup>27</sup>, em faixa et&#225;ria igual ou superior a 45 anos. O predom&#237;nio de SM nesta faixa et&#225;ria, possivelmente por influ&#234;ncia do climat&#233;rio, pode justificar a rapidez da progress&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em mulheres com SM ap&#243;s o climat&#233;rio<sup>28</sup>. Contrariamente, em adultos americanos (preval&#234;ncia geral de 23,7% &#150; NCEP-ATP III), observou-se o incremento de SM com o aumento da idade, sem diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros<sup>29</sup>, em concord&#226;ncia com o estudo de base populacional em adultos de Vit&#243;ria-ES (preval&#234;ncia geral de 29,8%), onde tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreu diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros<sup>23</sup>. Diferentemente, o Estudo SESI, entre trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria de cinco estados brasileiros, revelou preval&#234;ncia geral de SM de 10,5%, significativamente maior nos homens (11,5% vs<italic>.</italic> 8,1%)<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a baixa escolaridade e a SM, em concord&#226;ncia com os resultados do Estudo SESI<sup>28</sup> em trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria e em hipertensos de Goi&#226;nia-GO<sup>31</sup>. Esse fato pode estar relacionado com o avan&#231;o significativo da obesidade em, praticamente, todas as faixas et&#225;rias e n&#237;veis sociais, em especial entre indiv&#237;duos de baixa renda e escolaridade. N&#227;o foi estabelecida uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a renda <italic>per capita </italic>e a SM, contrariamente ao observado em Vit&#243;ria-ES, onde mulheres da classe A apresentaram menor preval&#234;ncia de SM (17,9% <italic>vs</italic> 38,7%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s das classes D e E, de menor renda<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outras vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao estilo de vida, tais como: sedentarismo, horas assistindo televis&#227;o e h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos, alco&#243;licos e alimentares (ex.: retirar a gordura da carne e a pele do frango ou utilizar sal adicional &#224; mesa) n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com a SM no presente estudo, mediante an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Velasquez-Melendez e cols.<sup>26</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tabagismo e a SM. A falta da avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da ingest&#227;o de etanol e sal nos participantes do presente estudo, pode ter influenciado estes resultados. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre a SM e a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, Bulh&#245;es e Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup> observaram valores de insulinemia de jejum significativamente maiores entre os indiv&#237;duos portadores de SM (p = 0,006). No presente estudo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios adotados<sup>16</sup>, verificou-se que mais de 80% dos hipertensos portadores de SM apresentaram &#237;ndice HOMA superior a 2,71, em concord&#226;ncia com outros estudos acerca do relevante papel da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica na fisiopatogenia da SM<sup>32</sup>. O fato do &#237;ndice HOMA permanecer associado &#224; SM sob an&#225;lise multivariada, aponta para a possibilidade de utilizar-se este &#237;ndice como indicador de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina em portadores de SM, com evidente repercuss&#227;o na terap&#234;utica e no progn&#243;stico, em especial dos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos<sup>33,34</sup>. Neste estudo, observou-se expressiva e significativa preval&#234;ncia de CC aumentada e muito aumentada nos portadores de SM, em especial entre as mulheres. O IMC m&#233;dio foi significativamente maior nos portadores de SM, sendo que valores acima de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> exerceram importante influ&#234;ncia sobre a vari&#225;vel-desfecho (p= 0,014), em concord&#226;ncia com Oliveira e cols.<sup>20</sup>, e contrariamente a Bulh&#245;es e Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup>. Este resultado refor&#231;a o elo fisiopatol&#243;gico entre a adiposidade central e a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<sup>34</sup>. Quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o entre o estado inflamat&#243;rio e a SM, n&#227;o foi detectada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre valores de PCR e SM, ou resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. Este aspecto pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato da SM e a hipertens&#227;o serem, ambas, s&#237;ndromes vasculares inflamat&#243;rias<sup>35 </sup>ou pela t&#233;cnica utilizada (turbidimetria). A determina&#231;&#227;o da PCR ultra-sens&#237;vel por outro m&#233;todo (imunonefelometria hipersens&#237;vel), poderia estabelecer resultados mais precisos. A fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-colesterol, marcadamente a fra&#231;&#227;o pequena e densa, apesar de n&#227;o compor os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da SM, apresenta importante associa&#231;&#227;o com a resist&#234;ncia insufl&#237;nica e a SM<sup>3</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, observou-se neste estudo uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre o VLDL elevado e a SM, e uma negativa com n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total (&gt;240 mg%) e LDL-colesterol (&gt;160 mg%), em acordo com Oliveira e cols.<sup>27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos antecedentes familiares, observou-se neste estudo uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a SM e a presen&#231;a de familiar em primeiro grau com hipertens&#227;o, revelado por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla (p=0,002). Este original achado chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para os resultados de alguns estudos, que abordaram a import&#226;ncia do fator gen&#233;tico, e de um elo molecular unificador da fisiopatologia da SM<sup>32</sup>. J&#225; WU e cols.<sup>36</sup> demonstraram que a regi&#227;o pr&#243;xima ao gene da lipoprote&#237;na l&#237;pase (gene LPL), no bra&#231;o curto do cromossomo 8, influencia as varia&#231;&#245;es da PAS em membros de fam&#237;lias n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas que apresentaram risco substancialmente elevado para desenvolver resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e diabete melito 2 (SM)<sup>36</sup>. Por outro lado, Cheng e cols.<sup>37</sup>, estudando 390 membros de fam&#237;lias hisp&#226;nicas de hipertensos, observaram uma liga&#231;&#227;o coincidente entre a insulina de jejum e a PA no bra&#231;o longo do cromossomo 7, demonstrando um determinismo gen&#233;tico importante para componentes da SM localizado nesse cromossoma<sup>37</sup>. A pesquisa de polimorfismos do gene SA, realizada por Iwai e cols.<sup>38</sup> em 4 mil indiv&#237;duos representantes da popula&#231;&#227;o geral do Jap&#227;o, mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gene SA, a hipertrigliceridemia, a hipercolesterolemia, a obesidade e a hipertens&#227;o, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de base gen&#233;tica comum para a SM<sup>38</sup>. Em seu estudo, Love-Gregory e cols.<sup>39</sup> encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica entre o gene CD36 do cromossomo 7, a SM e o metabolismo do HDL-colesterol. O grupo do presente estudo revelou que hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, com antecedentes familiares de AVE, apresentaram risco 1,7 vez maior de hipertens&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que n&#227;o apresentavam tais antecedentes<sup>40</sup>. Estas investiga&#231;&#245;es, realizadas em popula&#231;&#245;es diversas e em diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo, revelam a grande dificuldade para o entendimento das bases gen&#233;ticas da SM. </p>
    <p>Este estudo revelou uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de SM entre os hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, e sua significativa associa&#231;&#227;o com o IMC superior a 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (avaliada pelo &#237;ndice HOMA) e, em especial, a hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o. Estes resultados sugerem o aprofundamento deste assunto atrav&#233;s de novos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, preferencialmente de base populacional e com avalia&#231;&#227;o de componente(s) gen&#233;tico(s). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco pelo Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco </p>
        <p> Rua Estocolmo, 300 - Residencial Alphagarden - Parque Rodovi&#225;rio </p>
        <p> 78048-580, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gppf@terra.com.br">gppf@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/07/2008; revisado recebido em 15/10/2008; aceito em 22/10/2008.</p>
  </body>
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              <given-names>LCN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>Hypertension.    2004; 22: S107.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S107</fpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Metabolic syndrome in patients with high blood pressure in Cuiab&#225; - Mato Grosso State: prevalence and associated factors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a cluster of predisposing factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, whose epidemiological characteristics are poorly known at regional and national levels. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of MS and its associated factors in a sample of patients with high blood pressure in the urban area of Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso State. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study (May to November 2007) in a sample of 120 patients with high blood pressure (aged &gt; 20 years), paired by gender and selected by the systematic sampling of a source population of 567 patients with high blood pressure in Cuiab&#225;. All patients answered to home inquiries to provide sociodemographic and life habits data. The following measurements were taken: blood pressure; body mass index (BMI); waist and hip circumferences; plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid levels; homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA); C-reactive protein, uric acid and fibrinogen levels. High blood pressure criterion: average systolic blood pressure &gt; 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90mmHg; and Metabolic Syndrome diagnosis according to the I Brazilian Directive for Metabolic Syndrome and the NCEP-ATP III criteria. RESULTS: 120 patients (60 women), with high blood pressure and an average age of 58.3 &#177; 12.6 years, were analyzed. We found a MS prevalence of 70.8% (95%CI 61.8 to 78.8), predominantly among women (81.7% vs. 60.0%; p=0.009), with no difference between adults (71.4%) and elderly patients (70.2%). The multiple regression analysis showed a positive association between MS and BMI &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;, insulin resistance and family history of high blood pressure. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of MS was observed among patients with high blood pressure living in Cuiab&#225;, with a significant association with BMI &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;, insulin resistance (HOMA index) and, especially, a family history of high blood pressure. These results suggest the need for deeper studies on this subject.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuiaba (MT)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Metabolic syndrome in patients with high blood pressure in Cuiab&#225; - Mato Grosso State: prevalence and associated factors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco; Luiz C&#233;sar Naz&#225;rio Scala; Carlos Jos&#233; Alves; Giovanny Vin&#237;cius Ara&#250;jo de Fran&#231;a; Tatiane Cassanelli; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a cluster of predisposing factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, whose epidemiological characteristics are poorly known at regional and national levels.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the prevalence of MS and its associated factors in a sample of patients with high blood pressure in the urban area of Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso State.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This was a cross-sectional study (May to November 2007) in a sample of 120 patients with high blood pressure (aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 years), paired by gender and selected by the systematic sampling of a source population of 567 patients with high blood pressure in Cuiab&#225;. All patients answered to home inquiries to provide sociodemographic and life habits data. The following measurements were taken: blood pressure; body mass index (BMI); waist and hip circumferences; plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid levels; homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA); C-reactive protein, uric acid and fibrinogen levels. High blood pressure criterion: average systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg; and Metabolic Syndrome diagnosis according to the I Brazilian Directive for Metabolic Syndrome and the NCEP-ATP III criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> 120 patients (60 women), with high blood pressure and an average age of 58.3 &#177; 12.6 years, were analyzed. We found a MS prevalence of 70.8% (95%CI 61.8 to 78.8), predominantly among women (81.7% vs. 60.0%; p=0.009), with no difference between adults (71.4%) and elderly patients (70.2%). The multiple regression analysis showed a positive association between MS and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, insulin resistance and family history of high blood pressure.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A high prevalence of MS was observed among patients with high blood pressure living in Cuiab&#225;, with a significant association with BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, insulin resistance (HOMA index) and, especially, a family history of high blood pressure. These results suggest the need for deeper studies on this subject. </p>
      <p><bold>Key Words: </bold>Metabolic syndrome; hypertension; risk factors; Cuiaba (MT); Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition in which some cardiovascular risk factors coexist in a higher prevalence than that found in the general population. From the initial description and studies by Reaven (1988), MS has been defined as the combination of several metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities in the same individual, and which share the same pathophysiological basis: resistance to insulin<sup>1</sup>. These factors are: blood pressure (BP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 x 85mmHg; insulin resistance; changes in the metabolism of glucose (fasting plasma glucose &gt; 100 mg/dl, or type 2 diabetes); central obesity (waist circumference <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm in men and 88 <underline>&gt;</underline> cm in women);l abnormal lipid levels (HDL &lt; 40 mg/dl in men or &lt; 50 mg/dl in women; triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dl); blood clotting disorders; pro-inflammatory state; and microalbuminuria<sup>2-4</sup>. The term Metabolic Syndrome, proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998, helped reformulate the understanding that multiple cardiovascular risk factors, not related by chance, concurrently affect the development of atherosclerosis. The term MS, which is the most widely accepted today, was preceded by others: insulin resistance syndrome; plurimetabolic syndrome; Syndrome X; and deadly quartet. MS can increase overall mortality by about 1.5 times and cardiovascular mortality by approximately 2.5 times<sup>3</sup>. High blood pressure (HBP), an important component of MS that occurs with the highest prevalence in obese and type 2 diabetes populations, is the main cause of early cardiovascular mortality in the world, especially from cerebral vascular accident (CVA)<sup>5,6</sup>. The prevalence of MS is high and variable (13.7% to 39%), and according to some studies, it is predominant in women<sup>7-10</sup>. Epidemiological studies have confirmed its occurrence in different ethnic groups: Europeans, African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Asians, Chinese, Aboriginal Australians, Polynesians and Micronesians<sup>11</sup>. The existence of a molecular link (gene or genes) unifying the pathophysiology of MS, suggested by several studies, lacks more consistent evidence<sup>11</sup>. In Brazil, there is a growing interest in finding out the epidemiological features of this syndrome<sup>4</sup>. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of MS, and its association with certain risk factors, in hypertensive patients from Cuiab&#225;, Midwest Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study that used the database of the study on "Prevalence and Awareness of High Blood Pressure and some Risk Factors in a Region of Brazil", conducted by the Institute of Collective Health and the School of Medical Sciences (Federal University of Mato Grosso - UFMT), in cooperation with the Federal University of Goi&#225;s - UFG (Hypertension League and School of Medicine). The source population was entirely composed of subjects (N = 567) who had been classified as having high blood pressure in a previous study on prevalence of high blood pressure in Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso State, conducted from February 2003 to August 2004<sup>12</sup>. The estimated prevalence of high blood pressure in this study was of 33.4%. Through systematic sampling, which estimated the population density of the areas, a population sample of 120 individuals, matched by gender, aged 20 years or over, was calculated. We excluded bedridden and disabled individuals, pregnant women, nursing mothers and housemaids. The 120 participants answered a pre-tested questionnaire on socio-demographic data, living habits (consumption of salt and fat, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol drinking habit), awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure, and family history of high blood pressure, coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Three measurements of blood pressure (BP) were taken, with an interval of 10 minutes between each one , and the average of the last two measurements, classified according to the V Brazilian Guidelines on High Blood Pressure (2006), were taken into account<sup>13</sup>, with the use of an electronic, automatic, oscillometric sphygmomanometer (OMRON HEM-705 PC), which had been endorsed and recommended by relevant international institutions for epidemiological studies<sup>14</sup>. The measurements were taken with the subjects in a sitting position, with their feet on the floor, their left arm relaxed and supported on the table, at heart level, palm upwards, bladder empty, without having practiced moderate or heavy exercise, smoked or drunk alcohol in the 30 minutes before the measurements. A cuff that was compatible with the arm circumference was used. Height and weight were measured with a SECA BODY METTER 208 stadiometer and a PLENNA LITTHIUM DIGITAL MEA 08128 scale to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) and classify the nutritional state<sup>15</sup>. The waist circumference (WC) was measured with an inextensible CARDIOMED metallic measuring tape, wrapped around the bare abdomen, taking as parameter the narrowest part of the trunk between the chest and the hips. The waist-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated. The WC was classified as severely increased or increased, by the WHO criteria (1998), and the waist-hip ratio (WHR) was classified as increased (&gt; 1 for men, and &gt; 0.85 for women)<sup>15.</sup></p>
      <p>A venous blood sample was collected (after 12 hours of fasting), by a puncture in the antecubital fossa, for determination of: fasting glucose; serum lipids; serum uric acid (enzymatic method); insulin (chemiluminescence); C-reactive protein (CRP); and fibrinogen (turbidimetry). The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA) was calculated with the formula: glucose (mg / dL) x 0.0555 x insulin / 22.4. We adopted the cutoff point of 2.71 for the definition of insulin resistance<sup>16</sup>, and the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis criteria for serum lipids<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Abnormalities and definitions criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Dependent Variables</bold> - Metabolic Syndrome, criterion of the "I Brazilian Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome" (IDBSM)<sup>3</sup>, that used the National Cholesterol Evaluation Program for Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p><bold>Independent Variables -</bold> High blood pressure, criterion of the "V Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension"<sup>13</sup>, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and / or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg. Overweight - defined by the BMI (weight/height<sup>2</sup>) (&gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and &lt;30kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obesity (body surface area &gt; 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>; central obesity defined by the WC cut-off points of 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women). Serum lipids (12-hour fasting) defined by the criterion of the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Prevention of Dyslipidemia and Ateroesclerose<sup>17</sup>. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels were determined by enzymatic colorimetric test, and LDL levels were calculated with the Friedwald formula<sup>18,19</sup> (for triglycerides &lt;400 mg/dl). Total cholesterol: fine (<underline>&gt;</underline> 200%), borderline (200 to 239mg%), high (<underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg%). LDL cholesterol: fine (&lt;100 mg%), borderline (130 to 159mg %), high (160 to 189 mg%), very high (<underline>&gt;</underline> 190mg%). Low HDL cholesterol: &lt; 40mg%, high HDL cholesterol: &gt; 60 mg%. Glucose (12-hour fasting): disglycemia or high (between 100 and 125mg%); diabetes mellitus (<underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg%)<sup>17</sup>. Insulin (12-hour fasting): by chemiluminescence, expressed in <italic>&#181;</italic>U / ml. Determination of C-reactive protein (12-hour fasting): by turbidimetric method, expressed in mg/l, with a cutoff point for high CRP of 3mg/dl<sup>20</sup>. Serum uric acid (12-hour fasting): high (&gt; 7mg/dl for men and 6mg/dl for women)<sup>21</sup>. Fibrinogen (12-hour fasting): high (&gt; 4mg/l)<sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p><bold>Independent socio-demographic variables -</bold> Age <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 years; gender: male or female; marital status: with or without a partner; education, income, number of household members; eating habits: use of salt, consumption of fats, caloric intake; physical activity: inactivity - defined as self-reported occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical inactivity; smoking habit: smoker - at least one cigarette per day; former smoker - an individual who regularly smoked in the past and completely abandoned the smoking habit; alcohol: use of alcohol - frequency, type and amount ingested. Family history - parents or first-degree relatives, aged &lt; 60 years, with a history of hypertension, myocardial infarction or stroke. </p>
      <p>For data management and analysis, a database was organized with the programs Microsoft Office Access 2003, Epi Info 2000 (version 11.0, for exploratory, bivariate and stratified analysis), and SPSS (version 3.3.4, for multiple analysis). For the whole group, stratified by gender, and for independent variables, MS prevalence rates, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and measures of association were calculated. The association between independent variables and MS was tested with the chi-square Pearson test. For continuous variables, the hypothesis of normality was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The means of the variables with normal distribution were compared with the Student t-test, and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for the variables which did not present a normal distribution. The critical level of significance adopted for the rejection of the null hypothesis was up to 5% (p &lt; 0.05). The forward stepwise method was used for multiple logistic regression analysis. </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Julio Muller (HUJM). A term of free and informed consent was used, according to the Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council of October 10<sup>th</sup>,1996. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 120 study participants, 60 were women. The average age of the study population was 58.3 &#177; 12.6 years, with no difference regarding gender, age (adult and elderly), and family history of hypertension. The overall prevalence of MS among hypertensive patients was 70.8%, significantly higher among women (81.7% vs 60%, PR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.73). Fifteen percent of the hypertensive patients had five criteria of MS, and 21.7% had four criteria of MS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The bivariate analysis showed significant association between MS and gender, family history of hypertension, BMI greater than 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, severely increased WC and increased WHR. There was no association with other socio-demographic variables, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol or food habits (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the laboratory variables, there was an association between MS and low HDL-cholesterol, high VLDL-cholesterol, high uric acid, and the presence of insulin resistance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>The multiple regression analysis showed a statistically significant ORadj for associations between MS and BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25kg/m<sup>2</sup>, insulin resistance and the presence of first-degree relatives with hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This work is part of a larger project that aims at describing some epidemiological characteristics associated with hypertension in the Midwest of Brazil, in several cities of the States of Goi&#225;s (Goi&#226;nia and Firmin&#243;polis) and Mato Grosso (Cuiab&#225; and Nobres). The objective of this cross-sectional study was to present the analysis of some of the characteristics of metabolic syndrome among hypertensive individuals from Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso. The sample selection took into account the population proportionality of each urban macrozone. Data were collected by household survey, which was standardized and previously implemented through a pilot study. Despite the well defined criteria for the diagnosis of MS, a variety of factors makes it difficult to compare prevalence rates among different populations. In specific populations, it may occur with different individual components<sup>23</sup>. Differences in the distribution by sex, age, diet, and level of physical activity, as well as genetic and ethnic characteristics, may affect the proportions of the various components of MS. Therefore, the prevalence rates found in this study are representative of an urban, heterogeneous, ethnically mixed population of adults, aged over 20 years, in the Midwest region of the country. </p>
      <p>In a specific group of hypertensive individuals, the diagnosis of MS by the traditional criteria was associated with a 2.64 times increase (95% CI = 1.52 to 4.58) in the relative risk of a first cardiovascular event<sup>24</sup>. In this study, in hypertensive individuals living in Cuiab&#225;, there was an overall MS prevalence of 70.8%, according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria, with significant prevalence among women. Studies of prevalence of MS among hypertensive patients are still scarce in Brazil. In Salvador, Bahia, Bulh&#245;es and Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup>, studied 102 hypertensive patients, aged &gt; 18 years, treated in a university hospital, and they recorded a prevalence of MS of 71.6% (by the NCEP-ATP III criteria), which was similar to the results obtained in this study. Despite the different proportions between the genders, and the fact that the study conducted in Salvador have assessed the spontaneous demand of a university hospital, there was similarity in age and BMI and in the average frequency of five criteria (NCEP-ATP III) in both studies (17.9% in Salvador, and 15% in Cuiab&#225;). </p>
      <p>The prevalence of MS among women (81.7% vs 60.0%, p = 0009), with no difference between adults and the elderly, agrees with the study conducted among the rural population of the Jequitinhonha Valley, State of Minas Gerais (33.6% vs 7.7%), which recorded an overall prevalence of 21.6%<sup>26</sup>, and also with another study conducted in the semi-arid region of Bahia<sup>27</sup>, among a population aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 45 years. The prevalence of MS in this age group, possibly due to the influence of menopause, may justify the speed of progression of cardiovascular events in women with MS after menopause<sup>28</sup>. Unlike what was observed among adult Americans (overall prevalence of 23.7% - NCEP-ATP III), there was an increase of MS with age, with no difference between genders<sup>29</sup>, in agreement with the population-based study conducted among adults in Vit&#243;ria, State of Esp&#237;rito Santo (overall prevalence of 29.8%), in which also no difference was observed between genders<sup>23</sup>. On the contrary, the SESI study, which was conducted among industrial workers of five Brazilian states, showed an overall prevalence of MS of 10.5%, significantly higher among men (11.5% vs. 8.1%)<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>There was no association between low educational level and MS, in agreement with the results of the SESI study<sup>28</sup>, conducted among industrial workers, and the study conducted among hypertensive individuals of Goi&#226;nia, State of Goi&#225;s<sup>31</sup>, and this may be associated with the spread of obesity in almost all ages and social levels, especially among individuals with low-income and low-educational level. No association was established between per capita income and MS, in contrast to what was observed in Vit&#243;ria, State of Esp&#237;rito Santo, where upper-class women had lower prevalence of MS (17.9% vs 38.7%) than working-class and lower-class women, who had lower income<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>On multiple regression analysis other variables related to lifestyle, such as: inactivity; hours of television watching; smoking, alcohol and eating habits (removing fat from meat, removing chicken skin, or table salt use), showed no association with MS in this study. Velasquez-Melendez et al<sup>26</sup> found no association between smoking habit and MS. In this study, the lack of a quantitative assessment of ethanol and salt intake among participants may have influenced these results. </p>
      <p>Regarding the association between MS and insulin resistance, Bulh&#245;es and Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup> observed significantly higher values of fasting insulin among individuals with MS (p = 0.006). In this study, according to the criteria used<sup>16</sup>, we found that over 80% of hypertensive patients with MS showed a HOMA index greater than 2.71, in agreement with other relevant studies on the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of MS<sup>32</sup>. The fact that the HOMA index remained associated with MS on multivariate analysis suggests the possibility of using this index as an indicator of insulin resistance in patients with MS, with obvious consequences in the therapy and prognosis, especially for non-diabetics<sup>33,34</sup>. In this study, a significant and substantial prevalence of increased and much increased WC was observed in patients with MS, especially among women. The mean BMI was significantly higher in patients with MS, and values over 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> exerted important influence on the outcome variable (p = 0.014), in agreement with Oliveira et al<sup>20</sup>, and contrary to Bulh&#245;es and Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup>. This result reinforces the existence of a pathophysiological link between central adiposity and insulin resistance<sup>34</sup>. As for the relationship between inflammatory state and MS, no significant association was found between CRP levels and MS, or insulin resistance. This can be attributed to the fact that MS and hypertension are both vascular inflammatory syndromes<sup>35</sup>, or the technique used (turbidimetry). The determination of ultra-sensitive CRP by another method (hypersensitive immunonephelometry) could have provided more accurate results. The LDL-cholesterol fraction, especially the small dense fraction, though not included in the diagnostic criteria of MS, has an important association with insulin resistance and MS.<sup>3</sup> As to the lipid fractions, in this study a significant and positive association was observed between high VLDL and MS, and a negative association with high levels of total cholesterol (&gt; 240 mg%) and LDL-cholesterol (&gt; 160mg%), in agreement with Oliveira et al<sup>27</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding family history, we observed in this study a positive association between MS and the presence of first-degree relatives with hypertension, revealed by multiple regression analysis (p = 0.002). This original finding draws attention to the results of some studies that addressed the importance of a genetic factor and a unifying molecular link in the pathophysiology of MS<sup>32</sup>. Wu et al<sup>36</sup> demonstrated that the region near the lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL gene) on the short arm of chromosome 8 influenced SBP variation in non-diabetic members of families who had substantially higher risk for developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (MS)<sup>36</sup>. Cheng et al<sup>37</sup>, studying 390 members of Hispanic hypertensive families, observed a coincidental connection between fasting insulin and BP, on the long arm of chromosome 7, showing an important genetic determinism for MS components located in this chromossome<sup>37</sup>. The search for SA gene polymorphisms, conducted by Iwai et al<sup>38</sup>, in a group of 4 thousand individuals representative of the general population of Japan, showed an association between the SA gene and hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, obesity and hypertension, reinforcing the hypothesis of a common genetic basis for MS<sup>38</sup>. Love-Gregory et al<sup>39</sup> found a specific association between the CD36 gene of chromosome 7 and MS and HDL-cholesterol metabolism. This study population showed that hypertensive individuals from Cuiab&#225;, with a family history of stroke, had a 1.7 times greater risk of hypertension than those who had no such antecedents<sup>40</sup>. These investigations, conducted in different populations, and in different regions of the world, demonstrate the great difficulty in understanding the genetic basis of MS. </p>
      <p>This study showed a high prevalence of MS among hypertensive individuals living in Cuiab&#225;, and a significant association with BMI &gt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, insulin resistance (assessed by the HOMA index), and, especially, a family history of hypertension. These results suggest the need for further epidemiological studies, so as to obtain greater understanding of this issue, preferably population-based studies, and assessment of the involved gene or genes. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco, from Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Geloneze B, Tambascia MA. Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e diagn&#243;stico da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 50 (2): 208-15. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. IV Diretriz Brasileira sobre dislipidemias e preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (sup 1): 2-19. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Circulation. 2002; 106: 3143-421. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Friedwald WT, Levy AI, Frederickson DS. Estimation of concentrations of low density cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499-502. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Maduro IPNN, Albuquerque FM, Nonino CB, Borges RM, Marchini JS. Hiperuricemia em obesas sob dieta altamente restritiva. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 47 (3): 266-70. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin S, Pio J, Fairchild C, Chen R. Cardiovascular disease in U.S. patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and elevated C-reactive protein. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 690-3. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Moura PA, Silva Torres VI, Marreiro DN, Lob&#227;o A, Souza SSR, Mendes Filho JL. Concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de fibrinog&#234;nio e prote&#237;na C reativa como biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em pacientes com sobrepeso. Rev Bras Nutr Clin. 2006; 21 (4): 290-5. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">23. Salaroli LB, Barbosa GC, Mill JG, Molina, CB. Preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em estudo de base populacional, Vit&#243;ria, Esp&#237;rito Santo, Brasil. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2007: 51 (7): 1143-52. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Pierdomenico SD, Lapena D, Di Tommazo R, Di Carlo S, Caldarella MP, Neri M, et al. Prognostic relevance of metabolic syndrome in hypertensive patients at low-to-medium Risk. Am J Hypertens. 2007; 20 (12): 1291-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Bulh&#245;es K, Ara&#250;jo L. Metabolic syndrome in hypertensive patients: correlation between antropometric data and laboratory findings. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30: 1624-6. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">26. Velasquez-Melendez G, Gazzinelli A, Correa-Oliveira R, Pimenta AM, Kac G. Preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em &#225;rea rural do Brasil. S&#227;o Paulo Med J. 2007; 125 (3): 155-62. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">27. Oliveira EP, Souza MLA, Lima MDA. Preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em uma &#225;rea rural do semi-&#225;rido baiano. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 50 (3): 456-65.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">28. Carr MC. The emergency of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003; 88 (6): 2404-11. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">29. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome aomong US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002; 287: 356-9.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">30. Estudo SESI. Servi&#231;o Social da Ind&#250;stria. Departamento Nacional. Perfil epidemiol&#243;gico de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis em trabalhadores da Ind&#250;stria no Brasil. Bras&#237;lia: SESI/DN, 2007. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">31. Jardim PCBV, Gondim MRP, Monego ET, Moreira HG, Vitorino PVO, Souza WSKB, et al. Hipertens&#227;o arterial e alguns fatores de risco em uma capital brasileira. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88 (4): 452-7.  </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">32. Grunfeld B, Balzareti M, Romo M, Gimenez M, Gutman R. Hyperinsulinemia in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Hypertension. 1994; 23: 112-5. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">33. Reaven GM. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002; 106: 286-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">34. Sp&#243;sito AC, Santos RD, Ramires JAF. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular no excesso de peso e obesidade. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 78 (supl 1): 3-13. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">35. Bj&#246;rntorp P, Rosmond R. The metabolic syndrome &#150; a neuroendocrine disorder? Br J Nutr. 2000; 83 (Suppl I): 549-57. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">36. Wu DA, Bu X, Warden CH, Shen DD, Jeng CY, Sheu WH, et al. Quantitative trait locus mapping of human blood pressure to a genetic region at or near the lipoprotein lipase gene locus on chromosome 8p22. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97: 2111-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">37. Cheng LS, Davis RC, Raffel LJ, Xiang AH, Wang N, Quinones M, et al. Coincident linkage of fasting plasma insulin and blood pressure to chromosome 7q in hypertensive families. Circulation. 2001; 104: 1255-60. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">38. Iwai N, Katsuya T, Mannami T, Higaki J, Ogihara T, Kokame K, et al. Association between SAH, an acyl-CoA synthetase gene, and hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and hypertension. Circulation. 2002; 105: 41-7. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">39. Love-Gregory L, Sherva R, Sun L, Wasson J, Schappe T, Doria A, et al. Variants in the CD36 gene associate with the metabolic syndrome and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Hum Mol Genet. 2008; 17 (11): 1695-704. </p>
      <p>40. Ara&#250;jo J, Salerno HD, Scala LCN. Prevalence and epidemiological profile of hypertension in the adult population of the family health program in Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil. In: 20th Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Hypertension; S&#227;o Paulo; 2004.  Hypertension. 2004; 22: S107.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco</p>
          <p> Rua Estocolmo, 300 - Residencial Alphagarden - Parque Rodovi&#225;rio - </p>
          <p> 78048-580, Cuiab&#225;, MT -Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gppf@terra.com.br">gppf@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received July 31, 2008; revised manuscript received October 15, 2008; accepted October 22, 2008.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico en hipertensos de Cuiab&#225; - MT: prevalencia y factores asociados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: El s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico (SM) es un agregado de factores que predisponen para enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes mellitus, cuyas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas no son suficientemente conocidas a nivel regional y nacional. OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de SM y factores asociados en una muestra de hipertensos del &#225;rea urbana de Cuiab&#225; - MT. M&#201;TODOS: Estudio de corte transversal (mayo a noviembre de 2007) en muestra de 120 hipertensos (con 20 a&#241;os o m&#225;s), clasificados por sexo y seleccionados por muestreo sistem&#225;tico de una poblaci&#243;n fuente de 567 hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;. Todos los seleccionados respondieron a una encuesta en domicilio para la obtenci&#243;n de datos sociodemogr&#225;ficos y h&#225;bitos de vida. Se midi&#243;: presi&#243;n arterial; &#237;ndice de masa corporal (IMC); circunferencias de cintura y cadera; glicemia; insulinemia; l&#237;pidos s&#233;ricos; c&#225;lculo del &#237;ndice de homeostasis de la resistencia insul&#237;nica (HOMA); prote&#237;na C-reactiva; &#225;cido &#250;rico y fibrin&#243;geno. El criterio para hipertensi&#243;n adoptado fue: Promedio de PAS &gt; 140mmHg y/o PAD &gt; 90mmHg, para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico seg&#250;n la I Directriz Brasile&#241;a de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lico y NCEP-ATP III. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 120 hipertensos (60 mujeres), con un promedio de edad de 58,3 &#177; 12,6 a&#241;os. Se observ&#243; una prevalencia de SM del 70,8% (IC95% 61,8-78,8), con predominio entre las mujeres (81,7% vs 60,0%; p=0,009), sin diferencias entre adultos (71,4%) y ancianos (70,2%). El an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n m&#250;ltiple revel&#243; una asociaci&#243;n positiva entre el SM y el IMC &gt;25 Kg/m&#178;, la resistencia insul&#237;nica y alg&#250;n antecedente familiar de hipertensi&#243;n. CONCLUSI&#211;N: Se observ&#243; una elevada prevalencia de SM entre hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, asociada significativamente al IMC &gt;25 Kg/m&#178;, a la resistencia insul&#237;nica (&#205;ndice HOMA) y, en especial, a una historia familiar de hipertensi&#243;n. Estos resultados sugieren la profundizaci&#243;n de este asunto mediante nuevos estudios.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertensi&#243;n</kwd>
        <kwd>factores de riesgo</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuiab&#225; (MT)</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico en hipertensos de Cuiab&#225; - MT: prevalencia y factores asociados</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco; Luiz C&#233;sar Naz&#225;rio Scala; Carlos Jos&#233; Alves; Giovanny Vin&#237;cius Ara&#250;jo de Fran&#231;a; Tatiane Cassanelli; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body3">Correspondencia</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> El s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico (SM) es un agregado de factores que predisponen para enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes mellitus, cuyas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas no son suficientemente conocidas a nivel regional y nacional.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar la prevalencia de SM y factores asociados en una muestra de hipertensos del &#225;rea urbana de Cuiab&#225; - MT.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudio de corte transversal (mayo a noviembre de 2007) en muestra de 120 hipertensos (con 20 a&#241;os o m&#225;s), clasificados por sexo y seleccionados por muestreo sistem&#225;tico de una poblaci&#243;n fuente de 567 hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;. Todos los seleccionados respondieron a una encuesta en domicilio para la obtenci&#243;n de datos sociodemogr&#225;ficos y h&#225;bitos de vida. Se midi&#243;: presi&#243;n arterial; &#237;ndice de masa corporal (IMC); circunferencias de cintura y cadera; glicemia; insulinemia; l&#237;pidos s&#233;ricos; c&#225;lculo del &#237;ndice de homeostasis de la resistencia insul&#237;nica (HOMA); prote&#237;na C-reactiva; &#225;cido &#250;rico y fibrin&#243;geno. El criterio para hipertensi&#243;n adoptado fue: Promedio de PAS &gt; 140mmHg y/o PAD &gt; 90mmHg, para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico seg&#250;n la I Directriz Brasile&#241;a de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lico y NCEP-ATP III.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Se analizaron 120 hipertensos (60 mujeres), con un promedio de edad de 58,3 &#177; 12,6 a&#241;os. Se observ&#243; una prevalencia de SM del 70,8% (IC95% 61,8-78,8), con predominio entre las mujeres (81,7% <italic>vs</italic> 60,0%; p=0,009), sin diferencias entre adultos (71,4%) y ancianos (70,2%). El an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n m&#250;ltiple revel&#243; una asociaci&#243;n positiva entre el SM y el IMC <underline>&gt;</underline>25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, la resistencia insul&#237;nica y alg&#250;n antecedente familiar de hipertensi&#243;n.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> Se observ&#243; una elevada prevalencia de SM entre hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, asociada significativamente al IMC &gt;25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, a la resistencia insul&#237;nica (&#205;ndice HOMA) y, en especial, a una historia familiar de hipertensi&#243;n. Estos resultados sugieren la profundizaci&#243;n de este asunto mediante nuevos estudios. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2009;92(6):456-461)</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico, hipertensi&#243;n, factores de riesgo, Cuiab&#225; (MT), Brasil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico (SM) es una condici&#243;n cl&#237;nica en la que coexisten algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mayor prevalencia que en la poblaci&#243;n general. A partir de la descripci&#243;n inicial y de los estudios realizados por Reaven (1988), se consolid&#243; el eslab&#243;n entre un conjunto de anormalidades metab&#243;licas y hemodin&#225;micas en un mismo individuo, con una misma base fisiopatol&#243;gica: la resistencia a la insulina<sup>1</sup>. Estos factores son: presi&#243;n arterial (PA) <underline>&gt;</underline>130/85mmHg, resistencia a la insulina, alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa (glicemia en ayunas &gt;100 mg/dl, o diabetes tipo 2), obesidad central (circunferencia de la cintura <underline>&gt;</underline>102 cm en el hombre y <underline>&gt;</underline>88 cm en la mujer), alteraciones lip&#237;dicas (HDL &lt;40 mg/dl en el hombre o &lt;50 mg/dl en la mujer, triglic&#233;ridos &gt;150 mg/dl), disturbios de la coagulaci&#243;n sangu&#237;nea, estado proinflamatorio y microalbuminuria<sup>2-4</sup>. El t&#233;rmino s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico, propuesto por la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en 1998, contribuy&#243; para reformular la comprensi&#243;n de que varios factores de riesgo cardiovascular, no asociados al azar, act&#250;an en forma global para el desarrollo de la aterosclerosis. La denominaci&#243;n SM, la m&#225;s aceptada actualmente, fue precedida por otras como: s&#237;ndrome de resistencia insul&#237;nica, s&#237;ndrome plurimetab&#243;lico, s&#237;ndrome X y cuarteto mortal. El SM puede aumentar la mortalidad general en cerca de 1,5, veces, y la cardiovascular en, aproximadamente, 2,5 veces<sup>3</sup>. La hipertensi&#243;n arterial (HA), importante componente del SM, que ocurre con mayor prevalencia en la poblaci&#243;n de obesos y diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, constituye la principal causa de mortalidad cardiovascular precoz en el mundo, especialmente el accidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE)<sup>5,6</sup>. La prevalencia de SM es elevada y variable (13,7% a 39%), con predominio, en algunos estudios, entre las mujeres<sup>7-10</sup>. Estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos confirmaron su ocurrencia en diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos: Europeos; afroamericanos; mexicano americanos; asi&#225;ticos; chinos; abor&#237;genes australianos; polinesios y micronesios<sup>11</sup>. La existencia de un eslab&#243;n molecular (gen o genes) unificador de la fisiopatolog&#237;a del SM, sugerido por diversos estudios, carece de pruebas m&#225;s consistentes<sup>11</sup>. En Brasil por ejemplo, se observa un inter&#233;s creciente en conocer las caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas de este s&#237;ndrome<sup>4</sup>. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia del SM, y su asociaci&#243;n con algunos factores de riesgo, en hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, en el Centro Oeste brasile&#241;o.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se realiz&#243; un estudio de corte transversal usando el banco de datos del "Estudio de Prevalencia y del Conocimiento de la Hipertensi&#243;n Arterial y algunos Factores de Riesgo en una Regi&#243;n de Brasil", realizado por el Instituto de Salud P&#250;blica y por la Facultad de Ciencias M&#233;dicas (Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT), en cooperaci&#243;n con la Universidad Federal de Goi&#225;s - UFG (Liga de Hipertensi&#243;n Arterial y Facultad de Medicina). La poblaci&#243;n fuente estaba constituida por todos los individuos (N= 567) clasificados como hipertensos, en estudio anterior sobre prevalencia de hipertensi&#243;n en Cuiab&#225;-MT, realizado de febrero de 2003 a agosto de 2004<sup>12</sup>. La prevalencia de HA detectada en este estudio se estim&#243; en un 33,4%. A trav&#233;s del muestreo sistem&#225;tico, que consider&#243; la densidad poblacional de las &#225;reas, se calcul&#243; una muestra de poblaci&#243;n de 120 individuos, clasificados por sexo, con edad igual o superior a 20 a&#241;os. Se excluyeron los individuos encamados, los inv&#225;lidos, las gestantes, las madres lactantes y las empleadas dom&#233;sticas. En domicilio, los 120 participantes respondieron a un cuestionario preprobado sobre datos sociodemogr&#225;ficos, de h&#225;bitos de vida (consumo de sal y grasas, actividad f&#237;sica, consumo de tabaco y alcohol), conocimiento, tratamiento y control de la HA, antecedentes familiares de HA, enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC) y AVE. Se realizaron tres medidas de la presi&#243;n arterial, con intervalo de 10 minutos entre cada una de ellas, consider&#225;ndose el promedio de las dos &#250;ltimas medidas, clasificada de acuerdo con las V Directrices Brasile&#241;as de Hipertensi&#243;n Arterial (2006)<sup>13</sup>. Se utiliz&#243; un esfigmoman&#243;metro electr&#243;nico, autom&#225;tico, oscilom&#233;trico (OMRON-HEM 705 CP), validado y recomendado por instituciones internacionales competentes para estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>14</sup>. Las medidas fueron realizadas con el entrevistado: sentado; con los pies apoyados en el suelo; el brazo izquierdo relajado, apoyado sobre la mesa y a la altura del coraz&#243;n; la palma de la mano dirigida hacia arriba; la vejiga vac&#237;a; sin haber practicado ejercicios moderados o pesados, fumado o ingerido bebidas alcoh&#243;licas en los 30 minutos anteriores a las medidas. Se utiliz&#243; una abrazadera compatible con la circunferencia del brazo. La estatura y el peso se midieron con estad&#237;metro <italic>Seca Bodymeter</italic> 208 y balanza <italic>Plenna Lithium Digital Mea</italic> 08128, para el c&#225;lculo del &#237;ndice de masa corporal (IMC) y clasificaci&#243;n del estado nutricional del individuo<sup>15</sup>. La circunferencia de la cintura (CC) se midi&#243; con cinta m&#233;trica inextensible <italic>Cardiomed </italic>sobre la piel, ajustada al cuerpo, tomando como par&#225;metro la parte m&#225;s estrecha del tronco, entre el t&#243;rax y la cadera. Se calcul&#243; tambi&#233;n la relaci&#243;n cintura-cadera (RCC). La CC fue clasificada como aumentada o muy aumentada seg&#250;n los criterios de la OMS (1998) y la relaci&#243;n cintura-cadera (RCC) como aumentada (&gt;1 para hombres y 0,85 para mujeres)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Se recogi&#243; entonces una muestra de sangre venosa (despu&#233;s de 12 horas de ayuno) por punci&#243;n de la fosa antecubital, para determinaci&#243;n de : glicemia en ayunas, l&#237;pidos s&#233;ricos, uricemia (m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico), insulinemia (quimioluminiscencia), prote&#237;na C-reactiva (PCR) y fibrin&#243;geno (turbidimetr&#237;a). A partir de la glicemia y de la insulinemia, se calcul&#243; el &#237;ndice de homeostasis de la resistencia insul&#237;nica (HOMA), mediante la f&#243;rmula: glucosa (mg/dL) x 0,0555 x insulina / 22,4. Tambi&#233;n se adoptaron el punto de corte de 2,71 para definici&#243;n de resistencia insul&#237;nica<sup>16</sup> y los criterios de las IV Directrices Brasile&#241;as Sobre Dislipidemias y Prevenci&#243;n de la Aterosclerosis para los l&#237;pidos s&#233;ricos<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Criterios de anormalidades y definiciones</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Como variable dependiente, tuvimos el s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico, criterio de la "I Directriz Brasile&#241;a de Diagn&#243;stico y Tratamiento del S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lico" (IDBSM, en portugu&#233;s)<sup>3</sup>, que utiliz&#243; los criterios del <italic>National Cholesterol Evaluation Program for Adult Treatment Panel III</italic> (NCEP-ATP III)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ya las variables independientes fueron: hipertensi&#243;n arterial, criterio de las "V Directrices Brasile&#241;as de Hipertensi&#243;n Arterial"<sup>13</sup>; presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) <underline>&gt;</underline>140mmHg y/o presi&#243;n arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) 90mmHg. Sobrepeso, definido por el IMC (peso/altura<sup>2</sup>) (&gt;25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> y &lt;30Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) y obesidad (&gt;30Kg/m<sup>2</sup> de superficie corporal; obesidad central, definida por los puntos de corte de la CC en 102 cm para hombres y 88 cm para mujeres); l&#237;pidos s&#233;ricos (ayuno de 12 horas), criterio de las IV Directrices Brasile&#241;as Sobre Dislipidemias y Prevenci&#243;n de la Aterosclerosis<sup>17</sup>. Concentraciones de colesterol total, triglic&#233;ridos y glucosa determinadas usando un test enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico, con niveles de LDL calculados por aplicaci&#243;n de la f&#243;rmula de Friedwald<sup>18,19</sup> (para triglic&#233;ridos &lt;400 mg/dl); colesterol total: &#243;ptimo (<underline>&lt;</underline>200mg%), lim&#237;trofe (200-239mg%) y alto (<underline>&gt;</underline>240mg%).; LDL colesterol: &#243;ptimo (&lt;100mg%), lim&#237;trofe (130-159mg%), alto (160-189mg%) y muy alto (<underline>&gt;</underline>190mg%).; HDL colesterol: bajo (&lt; 40mg%) y alto (&gt;60mg%). Glicemia (ayuno de 12 horas): elevada o disglicemia (entre 100 y 125mg%); diabetes mellitus (<underline>&gt;</underline>126mg%)<sup>17</sup>. Insulinemia (ayuno de 12 horas): a trav&#233;s de quimioluminiscencia, expresada en &#181;U/ml. Determinaci&#243;n de la prote&#237;na C-reactiva (ayuno de 12 horas): por el m&#233;todo turbidim&#233;trico, expresada en mg/l, con punto de corte para definici&#243;n de PCR elevada de 3mg/dl<sup>20</sup>. Uricemia (ayuno de 12 horas): elevada (&gt;7mg/dl para hombres y 6mg/dl para mujeres<sup>21</sup>). Fibrin&#243;geno en sangre (ayuno de 12 horas): elevado (&gt; 4mg/l<sup>22</sup>).</p>
      <p>Como variables independientes sociodemogr&#225;ficas se consideraron, edad: igual o superior a 20 a&#241;os; sexo: masculino o femenino; situaci&#243;n conyugal: con o sin compa&#241;ero(a); escolaridad, ingresos y n&#250;mero de habitantes en el domicilio; h&#225;bitos alimentarios: uso de sal, consumo de grasas, ingesti&#243;n cal&#243;rica, pr&#225;ctica de actividad f&#237;sica: sedentarismo (definido cuando el individuo relat&#243; inactividad f&#237;sica en el trabajo, en su desplazamiento hasta el trabajo o en los ratos libres); consumo de tabaco: fumante (por lo menos un cigarrillo por d&#237;a), ex-fumante (o que fum&#243; regularmente en el pasado y abandon&#243; completamente el tabaquismo); h&#225;bito de alcohol: uso de bebida alcoh&#243;lica (frecuencia, tipo y cantidad ingerida); historia familiar: padres, o parientes en primer grado, menores de 60 a&#241;os, con antecedentes de hipertensi&#243;n, infarto de miocardio o AVE. </p>
      <p>Para el manejo y an&#225;lisis de los datos, se organiz&#243; un banco de datos utilizando los Programas <italic>Microsoft Office ACCESS</italic> 2003 y <italic>Epi Info</italic> 2000, versi&#243;n 11.0, para an&#225;lisis exploratorio, bivariado y estratificado, y el programa SPSS, versi&#243;n 3.3.4, para el an&#225;lisis m&#250;ltiple. Para el grupo total, estratificado por sexo, y para variables independientes, se calcularon las tasas de prevalencia de SM, los intervalos de confianza (IC) 95% y las medidas de asociaci&#243;n. La asociaci&#243;n entre las variables independientes y el SM se prob&#243; por medio del test chi-cuadrado de Pearson. Para las variables continuas, se prob&#243; la hip&#243;tesis de normalidad a trav&#233;s del test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Las medidas de las variables con distribuci&#243;n normal se compararon por medio del test <italic>t-Student</italic> y para las que no presentaban distribuci&#243;n normal, se aplic&#243; el test no param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. El nivel de significancia cr&#237;tico adoptado para el rechazo de la hip&#243;tesis nula fue de hasta un 5% (p&lt; 0,05). El an&#225;lisis m&#250;ltiple se realiz&#243; a trav&#233;s de la Regresi&#243;n Log&#237;stica por el m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise forward</italic>.</p>
      <p>Este estudio fue autorizado despu&#233;s de la evaluaci&#243;n del Comit&#233; de &#201;tica en Investigaci&#243;n del Hospital Universitario Julio Muller (HUJM). Se utiliz&#243; tambi&#233;n un T&#233;rmino de Consentimiento Libre e Informado, de acuerdo con la Resoluci&#243;n 196/96 del Consejo Nacional de Salud del 10 de octubre de 1996. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>De los 120 participantes analizados, 60 eran mujeres. El promedio de edad de la poblaci&#243;n estudiada fue de 58,3 &#177; 12,6 a&#241;os, sin diferencia en cuanto al sexo, intervalo de edades (adultos y ancianos) y antecedente familiar de HA. La prevalencia total de SM entre los hipertensos fue del 70,8%, significativamente m&#225;s frecuente entre las mujeres (81,7% <italic>vs </italic>60%; RP=1,36; IC95% 1,07-1,73). Del total, el 15% de los hipertensos presentaron cinco criterios y el 21,7% cuatro criterios de SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body3">Figura 1</xref>). Bajo el an&#225;lisis bivariado ocurri&#243; una asociaci&#243;n significativa ente SM y sexo, antecedente familiar de HA, IMC superior al 25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, CC muy aumentada y RCC aumentada. No hubo asociaci&#243;n con otras variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas, sedentarismo, tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol o h&#225;bitos alimentarios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body3">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>En relaci&#243;n a las variables de laboratorio, se observ&#243; una asociaci&#243;n entre SM y HDL-colesterol bajo, VLDL-colesterol elevado, &#225;cido &#250;rico elevado, y presencia de resistencia insul&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body3">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Por regresi&#243;n m&#250;ltiple se observaron <italic>ORaj</italic> estad&#237;sticamente significantes para asociaciones entre SM y IMC igual o superior a 25kg/m<sup>2</sup>, resistencia insul&#237;nica y presencia de familiar en primer grado con HA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body3">Tabla 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-06-0472-00010-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este trabajo compone un proyecto m&#225;s amplio, cuya finalidad fue describir algunas caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas asociadas a la Hipertensi&#243;n Arterial en la Regi&#243;n Centro Oeste: en ciudades de Goi&#225;s (Goi&#226;nia y Firmin&#243;polis) y de Mato Grosso (Cuiab&#225; y Nobres). El objetivo de este estudio, de corte transversal, fue presentar el an&#225;lisis de algunas caracter&#237;sticas del s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico entre hipertensos de Cuiab&#225; - MT. La selecci&#243;n muestral consider&#243; la proporcionalidad de la densidad poblacional de cada macrozona urbana. Los datos se obtuvieron por encuesta domiciliaria, estandarizada y previamente aplicada a trav&#233;s de estudio piloto. A pesar de criterios bien definidos para el diagn&#243;stico de SM, la diversidad de factores causales dificulta la comparaci&#243;n de prevalencia entre diferentes poblaciones. Ya en poblaciones espec&#237;ficas, su presentaci&#243;n puede ocurrir con componentes individuales distintos<sup>23</sup>. Diferencias en la distribuci&#243;n por sexo, intervalo de edades, dieta, grado de actividad f&#237;sica, caracter&#237;sticas &#233;tnicas y gen&#233;ticas, pueden afectar la proporci&#243;n de los diversos componentes del SM. As&#237;, las prevalencias encontradas en este estudio son representativas de una poblaci&#243;n urbana, heterog&#233;nea, mestiza en cuanto a su ascendencia, constituida por adultos con edad superior a los 20 a&#241;os, de la regi&#243;n Centro Oeste del pa&#237;s. </p>
      <p>En un grupo espec&#237;fico de hipertensos, el SM, diagnosticado seg&#250;n los criterios tradicionales, atribuy&#243; un aumento del riesgo relativo en 2,64 veces (IC95% = 1,52-4,58) para el primer evento cardiovascular<sup>24</sup>. En el presente estudio, en hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, se observ&#243; prevalencia general de SM del 70,8%, de acuerdo con los criterios del NCEP-ATP III, con predominio significativo entre las mujeres. Estudios de prevalencia de SM entre hipertensos son todav&#237;a escasos en Brasil. En Salvador, Bah&#237;a, Bulh&#245;es y Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup> estudiaron 102 hipertensos mayores de 18 a&#241;os, atendidos en hospital escuela, registrando una prevalencia de SM del 71,6% (criterios del NCEP-ATP III). El resultado fue similar al obtenido en el presente estudio. A pesar de diferentes proporciones entre los sexos, y de que el estudio de Salvador haya evaluado la demanda espont&#225;nea de un hospital escuela, se observ&#243; una semejanza en cuanto a la edad e IMC promedios y la frecuencia de cinco criterios (NCEP-ATP III) en los dos estudios (17,9% en Salvador, 15% en Cuiab&#225;).</p>
      <p>La predominancia de SM entre las mujeres (81,7% <italic>vs</italic> 60,0%; p=0,009), sin diferencia entre adultos y ancianos, concuerda con el estudio de la poblaci&#243;n rural de Vale do Jequitinhonha - MG (33,6% <italic>vs </italic>7,7%), con prevalencia general del 21,6%<sup>26</sup> y con otro estudio en el semi&#225;rido bahiano<sup>27</sup>, en intervalo de edades igual o superior a los 45 a&#241;os. El predominio de SM en este intervalo de edades, posiblemente por influencia del climaterio, puede justificar la rapidez de la progresi&#243;n de episodios cardiovasculares en mujeres con SM despu&#233;s del climaterio<sup>28</sup>. Contrariamente, en adultos americanos (prevalencia general del 23,7% - NCEP-ATP III), se observ&#243; un incremento de SM con el aumento de la edad, sin diferencia entre los sexos<sup>29</sup>, en consonancia con el estudio de base poblacional en adultos de Vit&#243;ria-ES (prevalencia general del 29,8%), donde tampoco hubo diferencia entre los sexos<sup>23</sup>. Diferentemente, el Estudio SESI, entre trabajadores de la industria de cinco estados brasile&#241;os, revel&#243; una prevalencia general de SM del 10,5%, significativamente en los hombres (11,5% <italic>vs </italic>8,1%)<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>No se observ&#243; una asociaci&#243;n entre la baja escolaridad y el SM, en consonancia con los resultados del Estudio SESI<sup>28</sup> en trabajadores de la industria y en hipertensos de Goi&#226;nia-GO<sup>31</sup>. Este hecho puede estar relacionado con el avance significado de la obesidad en, pr&#225;cticamente, todos los intervalos de edades y niveles sociales, en especial entre individuos de escasos ingresos y escolaridad. No fue establecida una asociaci&#243;n entre la renta <italic>per capita </italic>y el SM, contrariamente a lo observado en Vit&#243;ria-ES, donde mujeres de la clase A presentaron menor prevalencia de SM (17,9% <italic>vs</italic> 38,7%) en comparaci&#243;n con las de las clases D y E, de menores ingresos<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Otras variables relacionadas al estilo de vida, tales como: sedentarismo, horas mirando televisi&#243;n y consumo de tabaco y alcohol y h&#225;bitos alimentarios (ej.: retirar la grasa de la carne y la piel del pollo o usar sal adicional en la mesa) no mostraron asociaci&#243;n con el SM en el presente estudio, mediante an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n m&#250;ltiple. Velasquez-Melendez et al<sup>26</sup> tampoco observaron asociaci&#243;n entre el tabaquismo y el SM. La falta de evaluaci&#243;n cuantitativa de la ingesta de etanol y sal en los participantes del presente estudio, puede haber influido en estos resultados. </p>
      <p>Con relaci&#243;n a la asociaci&#243;n entre el SM y la resistencia insul&#237;nica, Bulh&#245;es y Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup> observaron valores de insulinemia de ayuno significativamente mayores entre los individuos portadores de SM (p = 0,006). En el presente estudio, de acuerdo con los criterios adoptados<sup>16</sup>, se verific&#243; que m&#225;s del 80% de los hipertensos portadores de SM presentaron &#237;ndice HOMA superior a 2,71, en consonancia con otros estudios acerca del relevante papel de la resistencia insul&#237;nica en la fisiopatogenia del SM<sup>32</sup>. El hecho del &#237;ndice HOMA permanecer asociado al SM bajo an&#225;lisis multivariado, se&#241;ala para la posibilidad de utilizar este &#237;ndice como indicador de resistencia a la insulina en portadores de SM, con evidente repercusi&#243;n en la terap&#233;utica y en el pron&#243;stico, especialmente de los no diab&#233;ticos<sup>33,34</sup>. En este estudio, se observ&#243; expresiva y significativa prevalencia de CC aumentada y muy aumentada en los portadores de SM, especialmente entre las mujeres. El IMC promedio fue significativamente mayor en los portadores de SM, siendo que valores superiores a 25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> ejercieron una importante influencia sobre la variable desenlace (p= 0,014), en consonancia con Oliveira et al<sup>20</sup>, y contrariamente a Bulh&#245;es y Ara&#250;jo<sup>25</sup>. Este resultado refuerza el v&#237;nculo fisiopatol&#243;gico entre la adiposidad central y la resistencia insul&#237;nica<sup>34</sup>. En cuanto a la relaci&#243;n entre el estado inflamatorio y el SM, no se detect&#243; una asociaci&#243;n significativa entre valores de PCR y SM, o resistencia insul&#237;nica. Este aspecto puede ser atribuido al hecho de que el SM y la hipertensi&#243;n son, ambas, s&#237;ndromes vasculares inflamatorios<sup>35 </sup>o por la t&#233;cnica utilizada (turbidimetr&#237;a). La determinaci&#243;n de la PCR ultrasensible por otro m&#233;todo (inmunonefelometr&#237;a hipersensible), podr&#237;a establecer resultados m&#225;s precisos. La fracci&#243;n LDL-colesterol, notoriamente la fracci&#243;n peque&#241;a y densa, a pesar de no componer los criterios diagn&#243;sticos del SM, presenta importante asociaci&#243;n con la resistencia insul&#237;nica y el SM<sup>3</sup>. Con relaci&#243;n a las fracciones lip&#237;dicas, se observ&#243; en este estudio una asociaci&#243;n positiva y significativa entre el VLDL elevado y el SM, y una negativa con niveles elevados de colesterol total (&gt;240mg%) y LDL-colesterol (&gt;160mg%), de acuerdo con Oliveira et al<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Con relaci&#243;n a los antecedentes familiares, se observ&#243; en este estudio una asociaci&#243;n positiva ente el SM y la presencia de familiar en primer grado con hipertensi&#243;n, revelado por an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n m&#250;ltiple (p=0,002). Este hallazgo original llama la atenci&#243;n para los resultados de algunos estudios, que abordaron la importancia del factor gen&#233;tico, y de un eslab&#243;n molecular unificador de la fisiopatolog&#237;a del SM<sup>32</sup>. Ya WU et al<sup>36</sup> demostraron que la regi&#243;n pr&#243;xima al gen de la lipoprote&#237;na lipasa (gen LPL), en el brazo corto del cromosoma 8, influye en las variaciones de la PAS en miembros de familias no diab&#233;ticas que presentaron riesgo sustancialmente elevado de desarrollar resistencia a la insulina y diabetes mellitus 2 (SM)<sup>36</sup>. Por otro lado, Cheng et al<sup>37</sup>, estudiando 390 miembros de familias hisp&#225;nicas de hipertensos, observaron un v&#237;nculo coincidente entre la insulina en ayunas y la PA en el brazo largo del cromosoma 7, demostrando un determinismo gen&#233;tico importante para componentes del SM localizado en este cromosoma<sup>37</sup>. La investigaci&#243;n de polimorfismos del gen SA, realizada por Iwai et al<sup>38</sup> en 4 mil individuos representantes de la poblaci&#243;n general de Jap&#243;n, mostr&#243; una asociaci&#243;n entre el gen SA, la hipertrigliceridemia, la hipercolesterolemia, la obesidad y la hipertensi&#243;n, reforzando la hip&#243;tesis de base gen&#233;tica com&#250;n para el SM<sup>38</sup>. En su estudio, Love-Gregory et al<sup>39</sup> encontraron una asociaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica entre el gen CD36 del cromosoma 7, el SM y el metabolismo del HDL-colesterol. El grupo del presente estudio revel&#243; que hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, con antecedentes familiares de AVE, presentaron un riesgo 1,7 veces mayor de hipertensi&#243;n en comparaci&#243;n con los que no presentaban tales antecedentes<sup>40</sup>. Estas investigaciones, realizadas en poblaciones diversas y en diferentes regiones del mundo, revelan la gran dificultad para la comprensi&#243;n de las bases gen&#233;ticas del SM.</p>
      <p>Este estudio revel&#243; una elevada prevalencia de SM entre los hipertensos de Cuiab&#225;, y su significativa asociaci&#243;n con el IMC superior a 25 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, la resistencia insul&#237;nica (evaluada por el &#237;ndice HOMA) y, en especial, a una historia familiar de hipertensi&#243;n. Estos resultados sugieren la profundizaci&#243;n de este asunto a trav&#233;s de nuevos estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos, preferentemente de base poblacional y con evaluaci&#243;n de componente(s) gen&#233;tico(s).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiamiento</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiamiento externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>V&#237;nculo Acad&#233;mico </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Este art&#237;culo es parte de la tesis de maestr&#237;a de Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco del Instituto de Salud P&#250;blica de la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>40. Ara&#250;jo J, Salerno HD, Scala LCN. Prevalence and epidemiological profile of hypertension in the adult population of the family health program in Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil. In: 20th Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Hypertension; S&#227;o Paulo; 2004.  Hypertension. 2004; 22: S107.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body3" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondencia:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Gilberto Paulo Pereira Franco</p>
          <p> Rua Estocolmo, 300 - Residencial Alphagarden - Parque Rodovi&#225;rio</p>
          <p> 78048-580, Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brasil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gppf@terra.com.br">gppf@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Art&#237;culo recibido el 31/07/08, revisado recibido el 15/10/08; aceptado el 22/10/08.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
