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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QHcPzmWnNb5vqTLHvY5TzpQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2009000200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(09)09200203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2009000200003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia de leuc&#243;citos e glicemia no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pesaro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Eduardo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Truffa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karbstein</surname>
            <given-names>Ralf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>92</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>88</fpage>
      <lpage>93</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que a leucocitose e a hiperglicemia verificadas &#224; admiss&#227;o de pacientes com IAM (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio), est&#227;o correlacionadas com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Entretanto, pouco &#233; sabido sobre o impacto desses marcadores a longo prazo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a curto e longo prazos, a influ&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis de glicose e leuc&#243;citos no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IAM. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 809 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 63,2 &#177; 12,87 anos) com IAM, inclu&#237;dos de forma prospectiva e consecutiva em banco de dados espec&#237;fico. RESULTADOS: a) Na fase intra-hospitalar os valores m&#233;dios aferidos foram comparados entre pacientes que morreram ou sobreviveram: Leucocitose 12156&#177;5977 vs 10337&#177;3528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); Glicose 176&#177;105 mg/dl vs 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95% IC= 19.4 - 52.6), respectivamente. b) No modo ajustado, o mesmo padr&#227;o foi verificado [valores de p: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectivamente]. c) Seguimento a longo prazo: a an&#225;lise univariada revelou valores de P de 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), &lt;0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectivamente. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada; P=0.001 (t-ratio 3,35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1,75), respectivamente. d) Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o das mortes intra-hospitalares, os n&#237;veis leucocit&#225;rios (P=0.989) e a glicemia (P=0.144) n&#227;o permaneceram correlacionadas significativamente com mortalidade. O mesmo resultado foi verificado na an&#225;lise multivariada. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#237;veis de leuc&#243;citos e glicemia &#224; admiss&#227;o de pacientes com IAM s&#227;o excelentes preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e pobres preditores de &#243;bitos a longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Leucocitose</kwd>
        <kwd>glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CORONARIOPATIA AGUDA</p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia de leuc&#243;citos e glicemia no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Eduardo P. Pesaro; Jose Carlos Nicolau; Carlos V. Serrano Jr.; Rodrigo Truffa; Marcus Vinicius B. Gaz; Ralf Karbstein; Roberto R. Giraldez; Roberto Kalil Filho; Jos&#233; A. Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que a leucocitose e a hiperglicemia verificadas &#224; admiss&#227;o de pacientes com IAM (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio), est&#227;o correlacionadas com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Entretanto, pouco &#233; sabido sobre o impacto desses marcadores a longo prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a curto e longo prazos, a influ&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis de glicose e leuc&#243;citos no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IAM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 809 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 63,2 &#177; 12,87 anos) com IAM, inclu&#237;dos de forma prospectiva e consecutiva em banco de dados espec&#237;fico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> a) Na fase intra-hospitalar os valores m&#233;dios aferidos foram comparados entre pacientes que morreram ou sobreviveram: Leucocitose 12156&#177;5977 <italic>vs</italic> 10337&#177;3528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); Glicose 176&#177;105 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95% IC= 19.4 - 52.6), respectivamente. b) No modo ajustado, o mesmo padr&#227;o foi verificado [valores de p: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectivamente]. c) Seguimento a longo prazo: a an&#225;lise univariada revelou valores de P de 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), &lt;0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectivamente. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada; P=0.001 (t-ratio 3,35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1,75), respectivamente. d) Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o das mortes intra-hospitalares, os n&#237;veis leucocit&#225;rios (P=0.989) e a glicemia (P=0.144) n&#227;o permaneceram correlacionadas significativamente com mortalidade. O mesmo resultado foi verificado na an&#225;lise multivariada. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> N&#237;veis de leuc&#243;citos e glicemia &#224; admiss&#227;o de pacientes com IAM s&#227;o excelentes preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e pobres preditores de &#243;bitos a longo prazo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Leucocitose, glucose, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas mioc&#225;rdicas inst&#225;veis (SIMI) devem ser rotineiramente submetidos a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco quando da chegada ao hospital. A fun&#231;&#227;o dessa estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; determinar o risco e o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes, o que permite orientar mais adequadamente a terap&#234;utica e o seguimento cl&#237;nico dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Braunwald<sup>1</sup> e os escores de risco publicados pelo grupo TIMI (<italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>)<sup>2,3</sup>, tanto para SIMI sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (no ECG) quanto para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel de ST v&#234;m sendo amplamente utilizados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce. No entanto, outros marcadores de risco t&#234;m sido investigados na tentativa de tornar essa avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica mais precisa a curto e longo prazos. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que a leucocitose e a hiperglicemia verificadas &#224; admiss&#227;o de pacientes com IAM, est&#227;o correlacionadas com a mortalidade intra-hospitalar<sup>4-7</sup>. Entretanto, pouco &#233; sabido sobre o impacto desses marcadores a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Assim, o prop&#243;sito principal deste estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis de glicose e leuc&#243;citos no progn&#243;stico a curto e longo prazos de pacientes com IAM, e comparar o impacto desses "novos" marcadores em rela&#231;&#227;o a marcadores "tradicionais", como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e idade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, onde todos os pacientes foram selecionados em uma unidade coron&#225;ria de terapia intensiva. Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 809 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 63,2 &#177; 12,87 anos) com IAM, inclu&#237;dos de forma prospectiva e consecutiva em banco de dados espec&#237;fico entre fevereiro de 1998 e julho de 2005. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM foram: Curva de troponina ou creatinoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB - CK-MB associado a ao menos um dos seguintes: sintomas isqu&#234;micos, desenvolvimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas no eletrocardiograma (ECG), altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas indicativas de isquemia (eleva&#231;&#227;o ou depress&#227;o de ST) ou p&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram seguidos por at&#233; 6,4 anos (tempo m&#233;dio de sobrevida 5,15 anos), com avalia&#231;&#245;es prospectivas anuais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade. O seguimento da popula&#231;&#227;o foi realizado anualmente por telefone ou entrevista pessoal. Os pacientes (ou familiares) eram contatados por telefone, visitas ao consult&#243;rio, ou busca ativa pessoal (procura pessoal em locais de trabalho, resid&#234;ncia, vizinhos, etc). </p>
    <p>Foram analisados os valores das primeiras dosagens de leuc&#243;citos e glicemia, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo. A coleta de sangue para dosagem de glicemia e leucocitose foi efetuada no momento da chegada do paciente ao hospital.</p>
    <p>Nos modelos ajustados, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram consideradas: Hist&#243;ria de angioplastia, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, diabetes, tabagismo, antecedente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), idade, sexo, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, glicemia, leuc&#243;citos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (primeiro ecocardiograma; m&#233;todo de Simpson), presen&#231;a de fibrin&#243;lise e angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Para a fase intra-hospitalar, o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>student</italic> ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis (an&#225;lises univariadas) e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (an&#225;lise multivariada) foram aplicados. Nas an&#225;lises de longo prazo foi aplicado o teste de Cox ("<italic>Cox proportional hazards estimatio</italic>n"). O m&#233;todo <italic>step wise</italic><sup>8</sup> (com 0,10 de entrada e 0,10 de sa&#237;da), foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>A. Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>B. Fase intra-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na fase intra-hospitalar, 92 pacientes (11,37%) faleceram. O tempo m&#233;dio para o &#243;bito foi de 94 horas (95% IC; 60,90-127,0). Os valores m&#233;dios aferidos para as vari&#225;veis foram comparados entre pacientes que faleceram ou sobreviveram: Leucocitose 12156&#177;5977 <italic>vs</italic> 10337&#177;3528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); Glicose 176&#177;105 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95% IC= 19.40 - 52.60), respectivamente. Como se pode notar, as duas vari&#225;veis analisadas se correlacionaram de forma significativa com o pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> demonstra os resultados do modelo multivariado. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de 16 vari&#225;veis, atrav&#233;s do modelo step wise (com 0,10 de entrada e 0,10 de sa&#237;da), observou-se que apenas 5 vari&#225;veis se correlacionaram de forma significativa e independente com mortalidade intra-hospitalar: glicemia, leuc&#243;citos, idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>C. Seguimento tardio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>C.1. Popula&#231;&#227;o global</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na fase extra-hospitalar houve 94 mortes adicionais. A probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia global foi de 77% (Kaplan-Mayer). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seguimento a longo prazo, levando-se em conta a totalidade dos pacientes, demonstra-se correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre glicemia e leuc&#243;citos, com a mortalidade como se nota na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref> demonstra-se que, no modelo multivariado, seis vari&#225;veis analisadas permanecem como fatores progn&#243;sticos na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo na popula&#231;&#227;o global. Entretanto a glicemia apresentou apenas uma tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>C.2. Pacientes sobreviventes &#224; fase intra-hospitalar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como se nota na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref>, ao exclu&#237;rem-se os &#243;bitos hospitalares, leuc&#243;citos e glicemia deixam de se correlacionar com evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo. Em outras palavras, o valor progn&#243;stico dos valores de leuc&#243;citos e glicemia se restringe &#224; fase intra-hospitalar, n&#227;o apresentando qualquer impacto ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Tal comportamento n&#227;o se modifica nos modelos ajustados, como se nota na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">Tabela 6</xref>, onde apenas hist&#243;ria de IC, idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o correlacionam-se com a mortalidade. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas, o tratamento do IAM avan&#231;ou significativamente, o que resultou na redu&#231;&#227;o da morbi-mortalidade relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a<sup>9</sup>. Isso ocorreu principalmente em virtude de novas estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o prim&#225;ria farmacol&#243;gica e mec&#226;nica, anti-agrega&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, al&#233;m da ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva e da possibilidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com angioplastia e stents<sup>10</sup>. Entretanto, pacientes com SIMI t&#234;m caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, o que determina que seu risco e progn&#243;stico sejam vari&#225;veis. Alguns desses pacientes beneficiam-se de medidas terap&#234;uticas agressivas, como por exemplo abordagem invasiva percut&#226;nea e controle r&#237;gido da glicemia<sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, identificar pacientes de maior risco tem sido uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o constante na literatura. Al&#233;m dos estudos para valida&#231;&#227;o de escores de risco e de vari&#225;veis tradicionalmente associadas a mau progn&#243;stico como idade e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, investigadores atuaram recentemente na identifica&#231;&#227;o de novas vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas, como marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico, leucocitose e hiperglicemia, entre outros<sup>12-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os diab&#233;ticos s&#227;o reconhecidos como pacientes de risco elevado e pior progn&#243;stico a curto e longo prazo ap&#243;s IAM. No registro MONICA, a mortalidade para infartados diab&#233;ticos ou n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, aos 28 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o, foi, respectivamente, 12.6% e 7.3%<sup>16</sup>. Dessa maneira, justifica-se a inclus&#227;o do diabetes mellitus na estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de risco. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, a presen&#231;a de hiperglicemia foi identificada como fator de mau progn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m em infartados n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos<sup>17-19</sup>. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que a hiperglicemia continua sendo um fator de mau progn&#243;stico tamb&#233;m em pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, independentemente da presen&#231;a de diabetes<sup>20</sup>. Tamb&#233;m se verificou nesse e em outros estudos<sup>21,22</sup>, que h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiperglicemia, fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> e remodelamento ventricular, reconhecidos fatores de gravidade e pior progn&#243;stico na evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, outro estudo demonstrou que a hiperglicemia, mas n&#227;o o diabetes, foi fator de mau progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar<sup>24</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seguimento a longo prazo, estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que a hiperglicemia, independente da presen&#231;a de diabetes, tamb&#233;m foi um fator de risco para mortalidade em pacientes com IAM<sup>25-27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, encontramos dados semelhantes &#224;queles encontrados por outros autores em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia da glicemia na mortalidade. A glicemia na admiss&#227;o hospitalar foi significativamente maior nos pacientes que faleceram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Durante o seguimento de mais de seis anos, a hiperglicemia persistiu como fator de mau progn&#243;stico, apesar de haver, no modelo ajustado, apenas uma tend&#234;ncia a pior mortalidade. Entretanto, ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o dos &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares, as vari&#225;veis idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e hist&#243;ria de IC permaneceram correlacionadas significativamente com mortalidade, mas n&#227;o os n&#237;veis leucocit&#225;rios ou a glicemia. Este dado pode ser relacionado &#224; hip&#243;tese de que a hiperglicemia n&#227;o seja apenas um marcador progn&#243;stico, mas um agressor direto do sistema cardiovascular na fase aguda do IAM. </p>
    <p>Estudos experimentais demonstraram que a hiperglicemia &#233; capaz de promover trombose plaquet&#225;ria, incrementar a circula&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria e reduzir a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente de endot&#233;lio, a disponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e o fluxo de circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana colateral<sup>28-31</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e prostaciclina, ou mesmo a eleva&#231;&#227;o de vasoconstrictores como a endotelina, s&#227;o favorecidos pela hiperglicemia por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na quinase C, da eleva&#231;&#227;o de hexosamina e da ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator nuclear pro-inflamat&#243;rio Kappa B com forma&#231;&#227;o conseq&#252;ente de radicais super&#243;xidos<sup>32</sup>. Um estudo que induziu diabete em su&#237;nos demonstrou eleva&#231;&#227;o de IL-6, fator de necrose tumoral (TNF), prote&#237;nas quimiot&#225;ticas de macr&#243;fagos e de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o em fibroblastos da advent&#237;cia coronariana<sup>33</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; leucocitose, alguns estudos exploraram seu valor progn&#243;stico no IAM<sup>34</sup>. Um dos mais relevantes incluiu a leucocitose como parte de um escore de risco para pacientes com infarto<sup>34</sup>. Nesse estudo, homens com leuc&#243;citos acima 9.000/microL apresentaram risco relativo de morte de 1,66 (1,35 - 2,05) no seguimento de quatro anos. Recentemente, a leucocitose em pacientes com IAM foi associada diretamente com o tamanho da &#225;rea de infarto, presen&#231;a de choque e morte em seis meses<sup>34</sup>. Em outro estudo, pacientes com leuc&#243;citos acima de 10,000/microL durante IAM apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de fluxo TIMI 0-1, eventos cardiovasculares adversos intra-hospitalares e tamb&#233;m ao longo de cinco anos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com leuc&#243;citos abaixo dessa faixa<sup>35</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos tamb&#233;m foi associada tanto ao tratamento tardio, &#224; presen&#231;a de art&#233;ria oclu&#237;da, quanto &#224; reduzida reperfus&#227;o em pacientes com IAM<sup>36</sup>. Quando comparado com outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de leuc&#243;citos foi um preditor de eventos adversos semelhante &#224; prote&#237;na C reativa e melhor do que o amiloide s&#233;rico A, fibrinog&#234;nio e interleucina-6, ao longo de cinco anos ap&#243;s IAM<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo a leucocitose foi associada a pior progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar, mesmo em modelos ajustados. Por&#233;m, assim como ocorreu com a hiperglicemia, no seguimento a longo prazo quando exclu&#237;dos &#243;bitos intra-hospitalares, a leucocitose deixou de ser marcador de mau progn&#243;stico a longo prazo. O maior impacto desse marcador na fase aguda do IAM, pode ser justificado pela associa&#231;&#227;o da leucocitose com estados inflamat&#243;rios agudos mais acentuados, presen&#231;a de isquemia mais importante e dificuldade de reperfus&#227;o, como referido anteriormente<sup>36,37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, salienta-se que, apesar de haver evid&#234;ncias de que o controle adequado da glicemia na fase aguda do IAM &#233; ben&#233;fico<sup>11,38</sup>, em muitas institui&#231;&#245;es o controle cuidadoso da hiperglicemia &#233; negligenciado. Por outro lado, tentativas de controle do processo inflamat&#243;rio t&#234;m sido reportadas com resultados conflitantes na literatura<sup>39</sup>. Apesar de um pequeno estudo apontar inicialmente para um poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio do uso de anti-inflamat&#243;rios nas SIMI<sup>40</sup>, o excesso de eventos cardiovasculares associados ao uso de anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o hormonais em diversos estudos randomizados desfavoreceu a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa terap&#234;utica<sup>41</sup>. O controle da inflama&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi investigado a partir da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das estatinas nas SIMI. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos desses f&#225;rmacos foram extensamente investigados, com destaque para a a&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;ria. Neste sentido, um estudo recente demonstrou a efici&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na C reativa e LDL colesterol em pacientes com SIMI, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de altas doses de atorvastatina. Al&#233;m disso, houve um benef&#237;cio cardiovascular adicional no grupo de pacientes com maior redu&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria<sup>42-44</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, n&#237;veis de leuc&#243;citos e glicemia &#224; admiss&#227;o de pacientes com IAM s&#227;o excelentes preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e pobres preditores de &#243;bitos a longo prazo. Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IC foi preditor indepentente de mortalidade apenas a longo prazo. Por outro lado, idade e FE s&#227;o preditores independentes de mortalidade a curto e longo prazos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Antonio Eduardo Pereira Pesaro </p>
        <p> Rua Carlos Millan, 22 / 141, J Paulistano </p>
        <p> 01456-030 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eduardopesaro@hotmail.com">eduardopesaro@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 23/10/07; revisado recebido em 14/04/08; aceito em 09/06/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories/>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Influencia de leucocitos y glucemia en el pron&#243;stico de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio</article-title>
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      <abstract xml:lang="es">
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estudios previos demostraron que tanto la leucocitosis como la hiperglucemia verificadas cuando de la admisi&#243;n de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), est&#225;n correlacionadas con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca del impacto de esos marcadores a largo plazo. OBJETIVO: Evaluar, a corto y largo plazos, la influencia de los niveles de glucosa y leucocitos en el pron&#243;stico de pacientes con IAM. M&#201;TODOS: Se analizaron, retrospectivamente, a 809 pacientes (edad promedio 63,2 &#177; 12,87 a&#241;os) con IAM, incluidos de forma prospectiva y consecutiva en banco de datos espec&#237;fico. RESULTADOS: a) En la fase intrahospitalaria se compararon los valores promedio obtenidos entre pacientes que murieron o supervivieron: leucocitosis 12.156&#177;5.977 vs 10.337&#177;3.528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); glucosa 176&#177;105 mg/dl vs 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95% IC= 19.4 - 52.6), respectivamente. b) En el modo ajustado, se verific&#243; el mismo est&#225;ndar [valores de p: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectivamente]. c) Seguimiento a largo plazo: el an&#225;lisis univariado revel&#243; valores de P de 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), &lt;0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectivamente. Ya el an&#225;lisis multivariado: P=0.001 (t-ratio 3,35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1,75), respectivamente. d) Tras la exclusi&#243;n de las muertes intrahospitalarias, los niveles leucocitarios (P=0.989) y la glucemia (P=0.144) no permanecieron correlacionadas significativamente con la mortalidad. Igual resultado se verific&#243; en el an&#225;lisis multivariado. CONCLUSI&#211;N: Los niveles de leucocitos y glucemia al ingreso de pacientes con IAM resultan excelentes predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria, y pobres predictores de &#243;bitos a largo plazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Leucocitosis</kwd>
        <kwd>glucosa</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto de miocardio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO ORIGINAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="tx-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Influencia de leucocitos y glucemia en el pron&#243;stico de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Antonio Eduardo P. Pesaro; Jose Carlos Nicolau; Carlos V. Serrano Jr.; Rodrigo Truffa; Marcus Vinicius B. Gaz; Ralf Karbstein; Roberto R. Giraldez; Roberto Kalil Filho; Jos&#233; A. Ramires</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMEN</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Estudios previos demostraron que tanto la leucocitosis como la hiperglucemia verificadas cuando de la admisi&#243;n de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), est&#225;n correlacionadas con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca del impacto de esos marcadores a largo plazo.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Evaluar, a corto y largo plazos, la influencia de los niveles de glucosa y leucocitos en el pron&#243;stico de pacientes con IAM.</p>
      <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Se analizaron, retrospectivamente, a 809 pacientes (edad promedio 63,2 &#177; 12,87 a&#241;os) con IAM, incluidos de forma prospectiva y consecutiva en banco de datos espec&#237;fico.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> a) En la fase intrahospitalaria se compararon los valores promedio obtenidos entre pacientes que murieron o supervivieron: leucocitosis 12.156&#177;5.977 <italic>vs</italic> 10.337&#177;3.528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); glucosa 176&#177;105 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95% IC= 19.4 &#150; 52.6), respectivamente. b) En el modo ajustado, se verific&#243; el mismo est&#225;ndar [valores de p: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectivamente]. c) Seguimiento a largo plazo: el an&#225;lisis univariado revel&#243; valores de P de 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), &lt;0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectivamente. Ya el an&#225;lisis multivariado: P=0.001 (t-ratio 3,35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1,75), respectivamente. d) Tras la exclusi&#243;n de las muertes intrahospitalarias, los niveles leucocitarios (P=0.989) y la glucemia (P=0.144) no permanecieron correlacionadas significativamente con la mortalidad. Igual resultado se verific&#243; en el an&#225;lisis multivariado.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSI&#211;N:</bold> Los niveles de leucocitos y glucemia al ingreso de pacientes con IAM resultan excelentes predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria, y pobres predictores de &#243;bitos a largo plazo.</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave:</bold> Leucocitosis, glucosa, infarto de miocardio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pacientes con s&#237;ndromes isqu&#233;micos inestables del miocardio (SIIM) deben ser sometidos rutinariamente a estratificaci&#243;n de riesgo as&#237; que llegan al hospital. La funci&#243;n de esa estratificaci&#243;n precoz consiste en determinarse el riesgo y el pron&#243;stico de dichos pacientes, lo que permite orientar m&#225;s adecuadamente su terap&#233;utica y seguimiento cl&#237;nico. En este sentido, han sido ampliamente utilizados para estratificaci&#243;n precoz la clasificaci&#243;n de Braunwald<sup>1</sup> y los scores de riesgo publicados por el grupo TIMI (<italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>)<sup>2,3</sup>, tanto para SIIM sin supradesnivel del segmento ST (en el ECG), como para infarto agudo de miocardio con supradesnivel de ST . No obstante, otros marcadores de riesgo han sido investigados en el intento de volver m&#225;s precisa esta evaluaci&#243;n a corto y largo plazos. Estudios previos demostraron que la leucocitosis y la hiperglucemia detectadas al ingreso de los pacientes con IAM est&#225;n correlacionadas con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria<sup>4-7</sup>. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca del impacto de esos marcadores a largo plazo.</p>
      <p>De este modo, el prop&#243;sito principal de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de los niveles de glucosa y leucocitos en el pron&#243;stico a corto y largo plazos de pacientes con IAM, as&#237; como comparar el impacto de esos "nuevos" marcadores en relaci&#243;n con los marcadores "tradicionales", tales como fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n ventricular izquierda y edad. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se trata de un estudio unic&#233;ntrico, cuyos pacientes se seleccionaron en una unidad coronaria de terapia intensiva. Se analizaron, retrospectivamente, a 809 pacientes (edad promedio 63,2 &#177; 12,87 a&#241;os) con IAM, incluidos de forma prospectiva y consecutiva en banco de datos espec&#237;fico entre febrero de 1998 y julio de 2005. Los criterios utilizados para el diagn&#243;stico de IAM fueron: curva de troponina o creatina quinasa MB (CK-MB); asociada a uno de los siguientes factores como m&#237;nimo: s&#237;ntomas isqu&#233;micos, desarrollo de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas en el electrocardiograma (ECG), alteraciones electrocardiogr&#225;ficas indicativas de isquemia (elevaci&#243;n o depresi&#243;n de ST) o postintervenci&#243;n coronaria. </p>
      <p>Se siguieron a los pacientes por hasta 6,4 a&#241;os (tiempo promedio de sobrevida 5,15 a&#241;os), con evaluaciones prospectivas anuales respecto a la mortalidad. El seguimiento de la poblaci&#243;n se realiz&#243; anualmente por tel&#233;fono o entrevista personal. A los pacientes (o familiares) se les buscaban por medio de llamadas telef&#243;nicas, visitas al consultorio, o por b&#250;squeda activa personal (el investigador buscaba a los pacientes en sus locales de trabajo, residencias, vecindad, etc.). </p>
      <p>Se analizaron los valores de las primeras dosificaciones de leucocitos y glucemia, con relaci&#243;n al pron&#243;stico intrahospitalario y al de largo plazo. Se realiz&#243; la colecta de sangre para dosificaci&#243;n de glucemia y leucocitosis en el momento de la llegada del paciente al hospital. </p>
      <p>En los modelos ajustados, se tomaron en consideraci&#243;n las siguientes variables: historia de angioplastia, cirug&#237;a de revascularizaci&#243;n de miocardio, infarto de miocardio, diabetes, tabaquismo, antecedente de insuficiencia card&#237;aca (IC), edad, sexo, frecuencia card&#237;aca, presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica, supradesnivel del segmento ST, glucemia, leucocitos, fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n (primer ecocardiograma; m&#233;todo de Simpson), presencia de fibrin&#243;lisis y angioplastia primaria. Para la fase intrahospitalaria, se aplicaron la prueba t de student o prueba de Kruskal-Wallis (an&#225;lisis univariados) y as&#237; como tambi&#233;n la regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica (an&#225;lisis multivariado). En los an&#225;lisis de largo plazo se aplic&#243; la regresi&#243;n de Cox ("Cox proportional hazards estimation"). Se utiliz&#243; el m&#233;todo step wise<sup>8</sup> (con 0,10 de entrada y 0,10 de salida) para evaluaci&#243;n de la regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Resultados</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A. Poblaci&#243;n del estudio</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los datos relativos a la poblaci&#243;n estudiada est&#225;n en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tabla 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt01-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>B. Fase intrahospitalaria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En la fase intrahospitalaria, 92 pacientes (11,37%) fallecieron. El tiempo promedio de &#243;bito fue de 94 horas (95% IC; 60,90-127,0). Se compararon los valores promedio calculados para las variables entre pacientes que fallecieron o supervivieron: leucocitosis 12156&#177;5977 vs. 10337&#177;3528 (p=0.004, 95% IC= 976-2663); glucosa 176&#177;105 mg/dl vs. 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95% IC= 19.40 &#150; 52.60), respectivamente. Como se puede notar, ambas variables analizadas se correlacionaron de forma significativa con el peor pron&#243;stico. </p>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Tabla 2</xref> demuestra los resultados del modelo multivariado. Tras an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica de 16 variables, a trav&#233;s del modelo step wise (con 0,10 de entrada y 0,10 de salida), se observ&#243; que s&#243;lo 5 variables se correlacionaron de modo significativa e independiente con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria: glucemia, leucocitos, edad, fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n y presi&#243;n arterial sist&#243;lica. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt02-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>C. Seguimiento tard&#237;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>C.1. Poblaci&#243;n global</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En la fase extra hospitalaria hubo 94 muertes adicionales. La probabilidad de supervivencia global fue del 77% (kaplan-Mayer). En relaci&#243;n al seguimiento a largo plazo, tomando en cuenta la totalidad de los pacientes, se revelan correlaciones significativas entre glucemia y leucocitos con la mortalidad, como revela la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tabla 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt03-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Tabla 4</xref> demuestra que, en el modelo multivariado, seis variables evaluadas permanecieron como factores pron&#243;sticos en la evoluci&#243;n a largo plazo en la poblaci&#243;n global. Sin embargo, la glucemia present&#243; s&#243;lo una tendencia de correlaci&#243;n con la mortalidad.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt04-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>C.2. Pacientes supervivientes a la fase intrahospitalaria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Como se nota en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Tabla 5</xref>, al excluirse los &#243;bitos hospitalarios, leucocitos y glucemia dejan de correlacionarse con evoluci&#243;n a largo plazo. Dicho con otras palabras, el valor pron&#243;stico del nivel de leucocitos y glucemia se restringe a la fase intrahospitalaria, sin presentar cualquier impacto tras el alta hospitalaria. Ese comportamiento no cambia en los modelos ajustados, como evidencia la <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Tabla 6</xref>. S&#243;lo historia de IC, edad y fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n se correlacionaron con la mortalidad. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt05-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt06-es.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En las &#250;ltimas tres d&#233;cadas, el tratamiento del IAM ha avanzado significativamente, lo que result&#243; en la reducci&#243;n de la morbimortalidad relacionada a la enfermedad9. Ello ocurri&#243; principalmente en virtud de nuevas estrategias de reperfusi&#243;n primaria farmacol&#243;gica y mec&#225;nica, de antiagregaci&#243;n m&#250;ltiple, adem&#225;s de la amplia utilizaci&#243;n de la estratificaci&#243;n invasiva y de la posibilidad de revascularizaci&#243;n con angioplastia y stents<sup>10</sup>. Sin embargo, pacientes con ACV tienen caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, lo que determina que tanto su riesgo como su pron&#243;stico resulten variables. Algunos de esos pacientes se benefician de medidas terap&#233;uticas agresivas, como, por ejemplo, el abordaje invasivo percut&#225;neo y el control r&#237;gido de la glucemia<sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
      <p>En ese sentido, identificar a pacientes de mayor riesgo ha sido una preocupaci&#243;n constante en la literatura. Adem&#225;s de los estudios para validaci&#243;n de scores de riesgo y de variables tradicionalmente asociadas a mal pron&#243;stico &#150;edad y disfunci&#243;n ventricular izquierda&#150;, investigadores se han dedicado recientemente a la identificaci&#243;n de nuevas variables pron&#243;sticas, tales como marcadores inflamatorios, p&#233;ptido natriur&#233;tico, leucocitosis e hiperglucemia, entre otros<sup>12-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Se reconocen a los diab&#233;ticos como pacientes de riesgo elevado y peor pron&#243;stico a corto y largo plazos tras IAM. En el registro MONICA, la mortalidad para infartados diab&#233;ticos o no diab&#233;ticos, a los 28 d&#237;as de evoluci&#243;n, result&#243;, respectivamente, en el 12,6% y el 7,3%16. De esa manera, se justifica la inclusi&#243;n de la diabetes mellitus en la estratificaci&#243;n precoz de riesgo. </p>
      <p>Sin embargo, se identific&#243; la presencia de hiperglucemia como factor de mal pron&#243;stico tambi&#233;n en infartados no diab&#233;ticos<sup>17-19</sup>. Recientemente, se demostr&#243; que la hiperglucemia sigue siendo un factor de mal pron&#243;stico incluso en pacientes sometidos a intervenci&#243;n coronaria percut&#225;nea, independiente de la presencia de diabetes<sup>20</sup>. As&#237; como en otros estudios<sup>21,22</sup>, este tambi&#233;n verific&#243; que existe asociaci&#243;n entre hiperglucemia, fen&#243;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> y remodelaci&#243;n ventricular &#150;todos ellos factores reconocidos de gravedad y peor pron&#243;stico en la evoluci&#243;n de pacientes con IAM<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Del igual modo, otro estudio comprob&#243; que la hiperglucemia &#150;y no la diabetes&#150; se mostr&#243; factor de mal pron&#243;stico intrahospitalario<sup>24</sup>. Con relaci&#243;n al seguimiento a largo plazo, estudios previos demostraron que la hiperglucemia, independiente de la presencia de diabetes, tambi&#233;n result&#243; en un factor de riesgo para mortalidad en pacientes con IAM<sup>25-27</sup>. </p>
      <p>En nuestro estudio, encontramos datos semejantes a aquellos expuestos por otros autores con respecto a la influencia de la glucemia en la mortalidad. La glucemia en la admisi&#243;n hospitalaria se revel&#243; significativamente mayor en los pacientes que fallecieron durante la internaci&#243;n. A lo largo del seguimiento de m&#225;s de seis a&#241;os, la hiperglucemia persisti&#243; como factor de mal pron&#243;stico, a pesar de haber, en el modelo ajustado, s&#243;lo una tendencia a peor mortalidad. Con todo, tras la exclusi&#243;n de los &#243;bitos intrahospitalarios, las variables edad, fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n (FE) e historia de IC permanecieron correlacionadas significativamente con la mortalidad, en oposici&#243;n a lo que ocurri&#243; con los niveles leucocitarios o la glucemia. Se puede relacionar este dato a la hip&#243;tesis de que la hiperglucemia no sea s&#243;lo un marcador pron&#243;stico, sino un agresor directo del sistema cardiovascular en la fase aguda del IAM. </p>
      <p>Estudios experimentales demostraron que la hiperglucemia es capaz de promover trombosis plaquetaria, incrementar la circulaci&#243;n de mol&#233;culas de adhesi&#243;n leucocitaria, as&#237; como reducir no s&#243;lo la vasodilataci&#243;n dependiente de endotelio, sino tambi&#233;n la disponibilidad de &#243;xido n&#237;trico y el flujo de circulaci&#243;n coronaria colateral<sup>28-31</sup>. La reducci&#243;n de &#243;xido n&#237;trico y prostaciclina, o la elevaci&#243;n de vasoconstrictores como la endotelina son favorecidas por la hiperglucemia. Ello ocurre, por una parte, por medio de la activaci&#243;n de la prote&#237;na quinasa C o de la elevaci&#243;n de hexosamina; y por otra parte, mediante la activaci&#243;n del factor nuclear proinflamatorio Kappa B, con formaci&#243;n consecuente de radicales super&#243;xidos. Un estudio que indujo diabetes en cerdos revel&#243; elevaci&#243;n de IL-6, factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF), prote&#237;nas quimiot&#225;cticas de macr&#243;fagos y de mol&#233;culas de adhesi&#243;n en fibroblastos da adventicia coronaria<sup>33</sup>. </p>
      <p>En relaci&#243;n con la leucocitosis, algunos estudios exploraron su valor pron&#243;stico en el IAM<sup>34</sup>. Uno de los m&#225;s relevantes incluy&#243; la leucocitosis como parte de un score de riesgo para pacientes con infarto34. En ese estudio, varones con valor de leucocitos arriba de 9.000/microL presentaron riesgo relativo de muerte de 1,66 (1,35 &#150; 2,05) en el seguimiento de cuatro a&#241;os. Recientemente, se asoci&#243; directamente la leucocitosis en pacientes con IAM con la dimensi&#243;n del &#225;rea de infarto, presencia de choque y muerte en seis meses<sup>34</sup>. En otro estudio, a su vez, pacientes con leucocitos arriba de 10.000/microL durante IAM &#150;cuando comparados a pacientes con leucocitos abajo de esta franja&#150;, presentaron mayor incidencia de flujo TIMI 0-1, as&#237; como eventos cardiovasculares adversos intrahospitalarios y tambi&#233;n a lo largo de cinco a&#241;os<sup>35</sup>. Se asoci&#243; asimismo la elevaci&#243;n de neutr&#243;filos tanto al tratamiento tard&#237;o, como a la presencia de arteria ocluida, as&#237; como tambi&#233;n a la reducida reperfusi&#243;n en pacientes con IAM<sup>36</sup>. Cuando comparada a otros marcadores inflamatorios, la elevaci&#243;n de los niveles de leucocitos fue un predictor de eventos adversos semejante a la prote&#237;na C reactiva; por otra parte, se mostr&#243; mejor predictor que el amiloide s&#233;rico A, fibrin&#243;geno e interleuquina-6, a lo largo de cinco a&#241;os tras IAM<sup>37</sup>. </p>
      <p>En nuestro estudio se asoci&#243; la leucositosis a peor pron&#243;stico intrahospitalario, incluso en modelos ajustados. Por otro lado, as&#237; como ocurri&#243; con la hiperglucemia, en el seguimiento de largo plazo, cuando excluidos los &#243;bitos intrahospitalarios, la leucocitosis dej&#243; de ser marcador de mal pron&#243;stico a largo plazo. Tres indicadores justifican el mayor impacto de ese marcador en la fase aguda del IAM: primero, asociaci&#243;n de la leucocitosis con estados inflamatorios agudos m&#225;s acentuados; segundo, presencia de isquemia m&#225;s importante y, por &#250;ltimo, dificultad de reperfusi&#243;n, como ya referido anteriormente<sup>36,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Por fin, hay que resaltar que, pese a las evidencias de que el control adecuado de la glucemia en la fase aguda del IAM resulta ben&#233;fico<sup>11,38</sup>, muchas instituciones son negligentes en el control atento de la hiperglucemia. Por otra parte, tentativas de control del proceso inflamatorio han sido relatadas con resultados conflictivos en la literatura<sup>39</sup>. Aunque un peque&#241;o estudio apunta inicialmente para un posible beneficio del uso de antiinflamatorios en los SIIM<sup>40</sup>, el exceso de eventos cardiovasculares asociados al uso de antiinflamatorios no hormonales constantes en diversos estudios randomizados desvalor&#243; la utilizaci&#243;n de esta terap&#233;utica<sup>41</sup>. Tambi&#233;n se investig&#243; el control de la inflamaci&#243;n a trav&#233;s de la utilizaci&#243;n de las estatinas en los SIIM. En los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os, se han investigado extensamente los efectos pleiotr&#243;picos de esos f&#225;rmacos, espec&#237;ficamente su acci&#243;n antiinflamatoria. En este sentido, un estudio reciente se&#241;al&#243; la eficiencia de la reducci&#243;n de prote&#237;na C reactiva y LDL colesterol en pacientes con SIIM, por medio de la utilizaci&#243;n de altas dosificaciones de atorvastatina. Adem&#225;s de ello, ocurri&#243; un beneficio cardiovascular adicional en el grupo de pacientes con mayor reducci&#243;n inflamatoria<sup>42-44</sup>.</p>
      <p>En conclusi&#243;n, los niveles de leucocitos y glucemia al ingreso de los pacientes con IAM son excelentes predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria, a proporci&#243;n que resultan pobres predictores de &#243;bitos a largo plazo. Historia previa de IC se mostr&#243; predictor independiente de mortalidad s&#243;lo a largo plazo. Por otra parte, edad y FE se revelan como predictores independientes de mortalidad a corto y largo plazos. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiaci&#243;n externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No hay vinculaci&#243;n de este estudio a programas de postgrado.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Influence of leukocytes and glycemia on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that leukocytosis and hyperglycemia verified at the admission of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are associated with intrahospital mortality. However, little is known on the long-term impact of these markers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-and long-term influence of the levels of glucose and leukocytes on the prognosis of patients with AMI. METHODS: A total of 809 patients with AMI were retrospectively assessed (mean age: 63.2 &#177; 12.87 yrs) and prospectively and consecutively included in a specific database. RESULTS: a) At the intrahospital phase, the mean values were compared between patients that died and those who survived: Leukocytosis: 12156&#177;5977 vs 10337&#177;3528 (p=0.004, 95%CI = 976-2663); Glucose 176&#177;105 mg/dl vs 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95%CI = 19.4 - 52.6), respectively. b) With the adjusted mode, the same pattern was observed [p values: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectively]. c) Long-term follow-up: the univariate analysis showed P values of 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), &lt;0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed P=0.001 (t-ratio 3.35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1.75), respectively. (d) After the exclusion of the intrahospital deaths, the leukocyte (P=0.989) and glucose levels (P=0.144) did not remain significantly correlated with mortality. The same result was observed at the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The levels of glucose and leukocytes at the hospital admission of patients with AMI are excellent predictors of intrahospital mortality and poor predictors of long-term death.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Leukocytosis</kwd>
        <kwd>glucose</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="tx-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Influence of leukocytes and glycemia on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Antonio Eduardo P. Pesaro; Jose Carlos Nicolau; Carlos V. Serrano Jr.; Rodrigo Truffa; Marcus Vinicius B. Gaz; Ralf Karbstein; Roberto R. Giraldez; Roberto Kalil Filho; Jos&#233; A. Ramires</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Previous studies have demonstrated that leukocytosis and hyperglycemia verified at the admission of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are associated with intrahospital mortality. However, little is known on the long-term impact of these markers.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the short-and long-term influence of the levels of glucose and leukocytes on the prognosis of patients with AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A total of 809 patients with AMI were retrospectively assessed (mean age: 63.2 &#177; 12.87 yrs) and prospectively and consecutively included in a specific database.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>a) At the intrahospital phase, the mean values were compared between patients that died and those who survived: Leukocytosis: 12156&#177;5977 <italic>vs</italic> 10337&#177;3528 (p=0.004, 95%CI = 976-2663); Glucose 176&#177;105 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95%CI = 19.4 &#150; 52.6), respectively. b) With the adjusted mode, the same pattern was observed [p values: 0.002 (t-ratio 3.05), 0.04 (t-ratio 2.06), respectively]. c) Long-term follow-up: the univariate analysis showed P values of 0.001 (t-ratio 3.3), &lt;0.001 (t-ratio 4.16), respectively. The multivariate analysis showed P=0.001 (t-ratio 3.35), 0.08 (t-ratio 1.75), respectively. (d) After the exclusion of the intrahospital deaths, the leukocyte (P=0.989) and glucose levels (P=0.144) did not remain significantly correlated with mortality. The same result was observed at the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The levels of glucose and leukocytes at the hospital admission of patients with AMI are excellent predictors of intrahospital mortality and poor predictors of long-term death. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Leukocytosis; glucose; myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with unstable myocardial ischemic syndromes (UMIS) must be routinely submitted to risk stratification when admitted at the hospital. The objective of this early stratification is to determine the risk and prognosis of these patients, which allows establishing a more adequate therapeutic management and clinical follow-up of the patients. In this sense, the classification by Braunwald&#170; and the risk scores published by the TIMI group (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction)<sup>b,c</sup>, for UMIS without ST-elevation as well as for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with ST-elevation, have been largely used for early stratification. However, other risk markers have been investigated in an attempt to make the short- and long-term prognostic assessments more accurate. Previous studies demonstrated that leukocytosis and hyperglycemia verified at the hospital admission of patients with AMI are correlated with intrahospital mortality<sup>d-7</sup>. However, little is known about the long-term impact of these markers. </p>
      <p>Thus, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term influence of the levels of glucose and leukocytes on the prognosis of patients with AMI and compare the impact of these "new" markers with that of the "traditional" ones, such as left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and age. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a unicentric study, in which all patients were selected from an Intensive Care Coronary Unit. A total of 809 patients with AMI were retrospectively assessed (mean age: 63.2 &#177; 12.87 yrs) and prospectively and consecutively included in a specific database, between February 1998 and July 2005. The criteria used for the AMI diagnosis were: troponin curve or fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB) associated to at least of the following: ischemic symptoms, development of pathological Q waves at the electrocardiogram (ECG), electrocardiographic alterations indicative of ischemia (ST elevation or depression) or post-coronary intervention.</p>
      <p>The patients were followed for up to 6.4 years (mean survival time of 5.15 years), with annual prospective assessments in relation to mortality. The follow-up of the study population was carried out annually by phone or personal interview. The patients (or their family members) were contacted by phone, visits to the office or active personal search (personal search at the workplace, residence, neighbors' houses, etc). </p>
      <p>The values of the first leukocyte and glycemia measurements were analyzed in relation to the intrahospital and long-term prognosis. The blood collection for glycemia and leukocytosis measurement was carried out at the moment of the hospital admission.</p>
      <p>In the adjusted models, the following variables were considered: history of angioplasty, myocardial revascularization surgery, myocardial infarction, diabetes, smoking, history of heart failure (HF), age, sex, heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), ST-segment elevation, glycemia, leukocytes, EF (first echocardiogram; Simpson's method), presence of fibrinolysis and primary angioplasty.</p>
      <p>For the intrahospital phase, the Student's t test or Kruskal-Wallis test (univariate analysis) and logistic regression (multivariate analysis) were used. For the long-term analysis, Cox proportional hazards estimation was used. The stepwise method<sup>8</sup> (with an entry of 0.10 and removal of 0.10), was used for the logistic regression analysis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A. Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data regarding the studied population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>B. Intra-hospital phase</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the intrahospital phase, 92 patients (11.37%) died. The mean time until death was 94 hours (95%CI; 60.90-127.0). The mean values measured for the variables were compared between patients that died and those who survived: Leukocytosis 12156&#177;5977 <italic>vs</italic> 10337&#177;3528 (p=0.004, 95% CI = 976-2663); Glucose 176&#177;105 mg/dl <italic>vs</italic> 140&#177;72 mg/dl (p&lt;0.001, 95% CI = 19.40-52.60), respectively. As it can be observed, the two analyzed variables significantly correlated with the worst prognosis. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body3">Table 2</xref> demonstrates the results of the multivariate model. After the logistic regression analysis of 16 variables, through the stepwise model (with an entry of 0.10 and removal of 0.10), it was observed that only 5 variables significantly and independently correlated with the intrahospital mortality: glycemia, leukocytes, age, EF and SAP. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>C. Late follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>C.1. General population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the extra-hospital phase, there were 94 additional deaths. The probability of global survival was 77% (Kaplan-Mayer). Regarding the long-term follow-up, considering the totality of patients, significant correlations were observed between glycemia/leukocytes and mortality, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body3">Table 3</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body3">Table 4</xref> shows that, in the multivariate model, six analyzed variables remained as prognostic factors for the long-term evolution in the global population. However, glycemia showed only a tendency to correlate with mortality.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>C.2. Patients that survived the intrahospital phase</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body3">Table 5</xref>, when the intrahospital deaths were excluded, leukocytes and glycemia levels no longer correlated with the long-term evolution. In other words, the prognostic value of leukocytes and glycemia levels is restricted to the intrahospital phase, presenting no impact after hospital discharge. This behavior does not present alterations in the adjusted models, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body3">Table 6</xref>, where only the history of HF, age and EF correlate with mortality.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-02-0088-00003-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the last three decades, the treatment of AMI showed significant advancement, which resulted in the decrease of the morbimortality related to the disease<sup>9</sup>. That occurred mainly due to new pharmacological and mechanical primary reperfusion strategies, multiple anti-aggregation, in addition to the broad use of invasive stratification and the possibility of revascularization with angioplasty and stents<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, patients with UMIS have different characteristics, which determine their risk and prognosis variability. Some of these patients benefit from aggressive therapeutic measures, such as percutaneous invasive approach and strict glycemia control<sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this sense, to identify patients at higher risk has been a constant concern in literature. In addition to the studies to validate risk scores and the variables that are traditionally associated with a poor prognosis, such as age and left ventricular dysfunction, investigators have recently worked on the identification of new prognostic variables, such as inflammatory markers, natriuretic peptide, leukocytosis and hyperglycemia, among others<sup>12-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diabetic patients are recognized as being high-risk patients and having worse short- and long-term prognosis after AMI. The MONICA report showed that the mortality for diabetic and non-diabetic infarcted patients, after 28 days of evolution, was 12.6% and 7.3%, respectively<sup>16</sup>. Therefore, the inclusion of diabetes mellitus in the early risk stratification is justified. </p>
      <p>However, the presence of hyperglycemia was also identified as a poor prognosis factor in non-diabetic infarcted patients<sup>17-19</sup>. It was recently demonstrated that hyperglycemia is still a poor prognosis factor also in patients submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention, regardless of the presence of diabetes<sup>20</sup>. It was also verified in this and in other studies<sup>21,22</sup> that there is an association between hyperglycemia, no-reflow phenomena and ventricular remodeling, which are known factors of severity and worse prognosis in the evolution of patients with AMI<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Similarly, another study demonstrated that hyperglycemia, but not diabetes, was a poor intrahospital prognostic factor<sup>24</sup>. Regarding the long-term follow-up, previous studies demonstrated that hyperglycemia, regardless of the presence of diabetes, was also a risk factor for mortality in patients with AMI<sup>25-27</sup>. </p>
      <p>The data obtained in our study were similar to those found by other authors regarding the influence of glycemia on mortality. Glycemia levels at the hospital admission were significantly higher in patients that died during the hospital stay. During the follow-up of more than 6 years, hyperglycemia remained as a bad prognosis factor, although the adjusted model showed only a tendency to worse mortality. However, after the exclusion of the intrahospital deaths, the variables age, ejection fraction (EF) and history of HF remained significantly correlated with mortality, but not the levels of leukocytes or glycemia. This fact might be related to the hypotheses that hyperglycemia is not only a prognostic marker, but a direct cardiovascular system aggressor in the acute phase of AMI. </p>
      <p>Experimental studies demonstrated that hyperglycemia is capable of causing platelet thrombosis, increasing the circulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules and decreasing the endothelium-dependent vasodilation, nitric oxide availability and the collateral coronary circulation<sup>28-31</sup>. The decrease in nitric oxide and prostacyclin levels, or even the increase in vasoconstrictors such as endothelin, are enhanced by hyperglycemia through protein kinase C activation, hexosamine increase and the activation of the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor Kappa B, with the consequent formation of superoxide radicals<sup>32</sup>. A study that induced diabetes in swine demonstrated an increase in IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), macrophage chemotactic proteins and adhesion molecules in fibroblasts of the coronary adventitia<sup>33</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding the leukocytosis, some studies explored its prognostic value in AMI<sup>34</sup>. One of the most relevant ones included leukocytosis as part of a risk score for infarcted patients<sup>34</sup>. In this study, men with leukocyte levels &gt; 9,000/microL presented a relative risk of death of 1.66 (1.35-2.05) during the 4-year follow-up. Recently, the leukocytosis in patients with AMI was directly associated with the infarction area size, presence of shock and death in six months<sup>34</sup>. In another study, patients with leukocyte levels &gt; 10,000 microL during AMI presented a higher incidence of TIMI 0/1 flow, adverse cardiovascular events, both intrahospital and throughout five years, in comparison with patients with leukocyte levels below this range<sup>35</sup>. The increase in neutrophil levels was also associated not only to the late treatment and the presence of occluded artery, but also to the decreased reperfusion in patients with AMI<sup>36</sup>. When compared to other inflammatory markers, the increase in leukocyte levels was a predictor of adverse events similar to C-reactive protein and a better predictor than the serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and interleukin-6, throughout five years after the AMI<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, leukocytosis was associated to a worse intrahospital prognosis, even in adjusted models. However, as it occurred with hyperglycemia, during the long-term follow-up, when the intrahospital deaths are excluded, leukocytosis was no longer a long-term poor prognostic marker. The higher impact of this marker during the acute phase of AMI can be justified by the association of leukocytosis with increased acute inflammatory states, presence of more significant ischemia and difficulty in reperfusion, as mentioned before<sup>36,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is worth mentioning that, despite the evidence that the adequate control of glycemia in the acute phase of AMI is beneficial<sup>11,38</sup>, the careful control of hyperglycemia is neglected in many institutions. On the other hand, attempts to control the inflammatory process have been reported with conflicting results in the literature<sup>39</sup>. Although a small study had initially pointed out a possible benefit with the use of anti-inflammatory agents in UMIS<sup>40</sup>, the excess of cardiovascular events associated to the use of non-hormonal anti-inflammatory agents in several randomized studies discouraged the use of this treatment<sup>41</sup>. The control of inflammation was also investigated considering the use of statins in UMIS. In the last years, the pleiotropic effects of these drugs have been extensively investigated, especially the anti-inflammatory action. In this sense, a recent study demonstrated the efficiency of the decrease in C-reactive protein and LDL-cholesterol in patients with UMIS, without using high doses of atorvastatin. Moreover, there was an additional cardiovascular benefit in the group of patients with higher inflammatory reduction<sup>42-44</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, leukocyte and glycemia levels at the hospital admission of patients with AMI are excellent predictors of intrahospital mortality and poor predictors of long-term death. A previous history of HF was an independent predictor of mortality only at long-term. On the other hand, age and EF are short- and long-term independent predictors of mortality. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
