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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HsPKtL9bsfKgNGkq8Zv6Vsq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2009000100014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(09)09200114</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2009000100014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o: diretriz e liberdade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>92</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e4</fpage>
      <lpage>e5</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Corpo cl&#237;nico hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>forma&#231;&#227;o de recursos humanos</kwd>
        <kwd>guia de pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>liberdade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o: diretriz e liberdade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Max Grinberg</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Palavras-chave</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Corpo cl&#237;nico hospitalar, forma&#231;&#227;o de recursos humanos, guia de pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, liberdade.</p>
    <p>"[...] por consci&#234;ncia e princ&#237;pios morais, somos livres e portanto respons&#225;veis, mas nos orientamos em conformidade com o princ&#237;pio da causalidade [...]"</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hanna Arendt</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o, o residente, por exemplo, orienta-se por uma biblioteca de validades da literatura m&#233;dica hierarquizadas por sociedades de especialidade, conhecidas como diretrizes. Elas representam maquetes da constru&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#224; beira do leito, disponibilizadas por meio da tecnologia da informa&#231;&#227;o qual franquias para serem reprodut&#237;veis em cada local. Diretrizes pretendem reduzir vieses enigm&#225;ticos e influenciam os costumes da gera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Rapidamente, a diretriz progrediu de documento tolerado para desejada conveni&#234;ncia de sistematiza&#231;&#227;o de previsibilidades em <italic>fa&#231;a, n&#227;o fa&#231;a, provavelmente &#233; para fazer, provavelmente n&#227;o &#233; para fazer</italic><sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sendo <italic>fa&#231;a, n&#227;o fa&#231;a</italic> um guia (<italic>guideline</italic>) de "verdades" e n&#227;o uma norma de "certezas", a aplica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode prescindir da lucidez cl&#237;nica exigente de liberdade e responsabilidade para evitar desfigura&#231;&#245;es &#224; forma humana das recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Ponderar sobre um dec&#225;logo afeito &#224; bio&#233;tica parece ser &#250;til para o cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o maximizar vantagens da diretriz na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica e no seu processo educacional, e minimizar defici&#234;ncias no trato do paciente-uno e da literatura-infinita.</p>
    <p><bold>1)</bold> Os bons princ&#237;pios e os reconhecidos benef&#237;cios de diretrizes justificam a expectativa crescente por disponibilidades, mas n&#227;o qualificam <italic>fa&#231;a, n&#227;o fa&#231;a,</italic> nem como d&#233;cimo primeiro mandamento de f&#233;, nem como chave mestra da beira do leito. Rigidez de pressupostos ou ind&#237;cios de predador do ju&#237;zo cl&#237;nico n&#227;o costumam ser bem-vindos &#224; ess&#234;ncia individualista do m&#233;dico, que valoriza o espa&#231;o da experi&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A consci&#234;ncia de que o proveito da mem&#243;ria da literatura adv&#233;m da conex&#227;o ao mundo real da beira do leito &#233; que torna a flexibilidade um atributo vital do <italic>fa&#231;a</italic>,<italic>n&#227;o fa&#231;a</italic>. Privilegia-se o processo de <italic>fazer</italic>,<italic>n&#227;o fazer</italic> acima do resultado a qualquer custo.</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> Como "agente translacional", a sociedade de especialidade gruda etiquetas de classes e n&#237;veis com cola cient&#237;fico-&#233;tico-legal num percentual ainda restrito de interesses da cardiologia, e com minoria do n&#237;vel A de precis&#227;o cient&#237;fica.</p>
    <p>O cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o, por isso, sente-se liberado do <italic>fa&#231;a</italic>,<italic>n&#227;o fa&#231;a</italic> da diretriz, em grande parte das tomadas de decis&#227;o. Isento do impacto sobre a liberdade interior que pode advir da dimens&#227;o pol&#237;tica da sociedade de especialidade atrelada ao paradigma da medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias, ele pode, paradoxalmente, at&#233; sentir certo desamparo pela aus&#234;ncia do <italic>fa&#231;a</italic> tal prescri&#231;&#227;o, porque prev&#234; melhor progn&#243;stico imediato e tardio, e do <italic>n&#227;o fa&#231;a</italic> porque &#233; in&#250;til e ineficaz. Diretriz desperta simpatia pelo imperativo.</p>
    <p>Cresce, outrossim, o referido impacto sobre a pessoalidade do ser m&#233;dico, j&#225; no primeiro est&#225;gio do <italic>trial-guideline-education process</italic><sup>2</sup>. &#201; efeito bumerangue: algu&#233;m soube fazer a pergunta a um protocolo de pesquisa multic&#234;ntrico; que o cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o reflita se deve <italic>fazer</italic> ou <italic>n&#227;o fazer</italic> a resposta-conhecimento novo em m&#227;os, certamente etiqueta n&#237;vel A e chance de classe I/IIA, se houver incorpora&#231;&#227;o &#224; diretriz.</p>
    <p><bold>3)</bold> Praticidade, agilidade, uniformidade no uso de diretriz e pouco tempo dispon&#237;vel desestimulam o detalhamento por si, artigo a artigo, livro a livro. Apaga-se a vontade da pr&#243;pria leitura cr&#237;tica sobre o comentado ou referido j&#225; iluminado pelo comit&#234; a quem foi dada uma procura&#231;&#227;o t&#225;cita.</p>
    <p>H&#225; risco do "fazer correto" ao paciente desprovido dos fundamentos, reduzir o ser m&#233;dico a um ato algor&#237;tmico de <italic>fazer ou n&#227;o fazer</italic>. Ademais, para n&#227;o demonstrar desconhecimento ou in&#233;rcia, h&#225; chance de se escorregar para a imprud&#234;ncia de um uso desajustado &#224;quele paciente-uno.</p>
    <p>Sentir-se livre de imposi&#231;&#245;es internas e externas &#233; salvaguarda endoss&#225;vel pela bio&#233;tica para tomar a melhor decis&#227;o descontaminada de eventuais componentes de decis&#227;o for&#231;ada, conveniente para o m&#233;dico, emocional ou lucrativa<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p><bold>4)</bold> Exclus&#245;es pela concep&#231;&#227;o pragm&#225;tica, matem&#225;tica e &#233;tica das pesquisas<sup>4,5</sup> explicam por que n&#227;o basta ligar o GPS-diretriz e seguir a sele&#231;&#227;o de classes e n&#237;veis. &#201; preciso liberdade para fazer seus pr&#243;prios c&#225;lculos ajustarem a diretriz-sat&#233;lite da sociedade de especialidade aos sinais captados do paciente-uno.</p>
    <p><bold>5)</bold> Diretriz &#233; documento vivo em que pode pairar um ar de regula&#231;&#227;o da autoridade profissional e nivela&#231;&#227;o de experientes e n&#227;o-experientes.</p>
    <p>A possibilidade de soar como "coer&#231;&#227;o por uma autoridade" provoca um efeito teflon<sup>6</sup> na ader&#234;ncia universal &#224;s diretrizes<sup>7,8</sup> e, inevitavelmente, traz &#224; mente <italic>1984</italic> de George Orwell (1903-1950)<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A verdade, no entanto, &#233; que o projeto da diretriz jamais relou representar teletela, novil&#237;ngua ou pol&#237;cia do pensamento, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do romanceado em 1984<sup>9</sup>. At&#233; mesmo os prop&#243;sitos de custo-efetividade e auditoria que poderiam servir a interesses outros que n&#227;o os do paciente est&#227;o anos-luz de um sentido de invas&#227;o de privacidade.</p>
    <p>O alerta &#233;, entretanto, sempre v&#225;lido, nada de Grande Irm&#227;o (<italic>Big Brother</italic>), Hip&#243;crates &#233; quem &#233; o vigilante!</p>
    <p><bold>6)</bold> Diretriz &#233; documento terceirizado &#224; autoridade da sociedade de especialidade e &#224; qualifica&#231;&#227;o de selecionados membros da nossa "adotiva fam&#237;lia" de especialistas. Cada opini&#227;o sobre dado e fato publicados pode aparentar un&#237;ssona, mas o consenso sobre <italic>melhor ou n&#227;o-melhor evid&#234;ncia</italic> pode ser apenas parcial numa decis&#227;o por vota&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A sociedade de especialidade n&#227;o &#233; o Minist&#233;rio da Verdade do livro <italic>1984</italic> que reescreve o passado; mesmo quando "[...] equ&#237;vocos e incoer&#234;ncias da publica&#231;&#227;o original s&#227;o corrigidos na medida do poss&#237;vel [...]", isso&#233; informado na introdu&#231;&#227;o de diretriz <italic>ACC/AHA</italic><sup>10</sup>. Mant&#233;m-se a informa&#231;&#227;o, recria-se o conhecimento, licen&#231;a da ci&#234;ncia, prima da metan&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o-melhores evid&#234;ncias, persistem, obviamente, boa publica&#231;&#227;o - e cita&#231;&#227;o -, pass&#237;veis de uma segunda opini&#227;o e de jamais serem rotuladas como inevid&#234;ncia ou ironizadas como vid&#234;ncia. Na ci&#234;ncia da incerteza e arte da probabilidade, um m&#233;todo inferiorizado pelo p &lt; 0,001 pode sobressair no mundo real da beira do leito perante n&#227;o-benefici&#225;rios da maior chance estat&#237;stica de sucesso.</p>
    <p><bold>7)</bold> O cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o escuta dois tons de aprendizado do <italic>fa&#231;a</italic>,<italic>n&#227;o fa&#231;a</italic>, envolvendo diretriz: o tom-pater no anfiteatro e o tom-frater &#224; beira do leito.</p>
    <p>O tom-pater &#233; a voz educativo-&#233;tico-legal que figura "patriotismo" e "paternalismo-algo padrasto" em f&#243;runs cient&#237;ficos.</p>
    <p>O "patriotismo" faz analogia ao nosso d&#237;stico <italic>Ordem e Progresso</italic>, express&#227;o de cren&#231;a no desenvolvimento imposto de cima para baixo e no menor valor de uma ordena&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Cr&#237;ticas n&#227;o faltam ao positivismo. O "paternalismo-algo padrasto" reflete o poder pol&#237;tico da sociedade de especialidade para centralizar a elabora&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes. Demanda reflex&#245;es culturais, cient&#237;ficas e geogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>O tom-pater ecoa as fronteiras da excel&#234;ncia tecnocient&#237;fica com uma n&#227;o-liberdade te&#243;rica no trato da ci&#234;ncia-diretriz e da ci&#234;ncia-protocolo de pesquisa multic&#234;ntrico.</p>
    <p>O tom-pater de l&#237;deres de opini&#227;o com ou sem conflitos de interesses e um forte efeito de grupo podem criar atmosfera de pouca atra&#231;&#227;o para outros expressarem a experi&#234;ncia pessoal.</p>
    <p><bold>8)</bold> J&#225; o tom-frater da beira do leito ensina que a pr&#225;tica da cardiologia &#224; beira do leito n&#227;o &#233; exatamente uma "pol&#237;tica de governo".</p>
    <p>Aprender a inflex&#227;o adequada do tom-frater na "conversa" com cada necessidade do cotidiano beneficia-se da liberdade pr&#225;tica para ajustar os significados de estado da arte, diretriz e resultado de acr&#244;nimos multic&#234;ntricos ao paciente-uno.</p>
    <p><bold>9)</bold><italic>Manter ativo em si um di&#225;logo entre o tom-pater do anfiteatro e o tom-frater da beira do leito</italic> &#233; conselho &#250;til ao cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o, com inspira&#231;&#227;o na bio&#233;tica.</p>
    <p><bold>10)</bold> Fica claro que a beira do leito convive com a impossibilidade de uma perfeita liberdade para eleger o conhecimento cient&#237;fico &#224; beira do leito, independentemente dos anseios humanos do paciente-uno.</p>
    <p>Ci&#234;ncia com humaniza&#231;&#227;o destaca-se como fundamento para o cardiologista brasileiro em forma&#231;&#227;o comprometer-se a chegar &#224; beira do leito com as m&#227;os liberadas de uma diretriz-algema. Com elas livres, ele pode empunhar a diretriz-b&#250;ssola, ao mesmo tempo que pode apontar rumos por vis&#227;o direta. E assim ele segue em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; soberania da expertise cl&#237;nica, livre de press&#245;es para acomodar o paciente na diretriz, caminhando como ser m&#233;dico lado a lado com as tens&#245;es e os valores da sociedade compatriota.</p>
    <p>Esse percurso coloca a sua impress&#227;o digital no ben&#233;fico e n&#227;o-mal&#233;fico, afasta-o de qualquer possibilidade de novil&#237;ngua reducionista e contradiz a suposi&#231;&#227;o de crimid&#233;ia<sup>9</sup> em qualquer desobedi&#234;ncia a diretrizes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Max Grinberg </p>
        <p> Rua Manoel Antonio Pinto, 4 / 21A - Parais&#243;polis </p>
        <p> - 05663-020, S&#227;o Paulo SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="grinberg@incor.usp.br">grinberg@incor.usp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="max@cardiol.br">max@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 19/08/08; revisado recebido em 11/09/08; aceito em 11/09/08</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Factors impeding the implantation of cardiovascular prevention guidelines: findings from a survey conducted by the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hertog</surname>
              <given-names>MGL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Metha NB- The    doctors&#180;challenge: how can we follow guidelines better? Clev Clin J Med.    2004; 71: 81-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The doctors&#180;challenge: how can we follow guidelines better?</article-title>
          <source>Clev Clin J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Metha</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Orwell G. 1984    de George Orwell. London: Seckor and Warburg; 1949.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>1984 de George Orwell</source>
          <date>
            <year>1949</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Orwell</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Bonow RO, Carabello    BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon Jr A, Faxon D, Freed M, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines    for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol.    2006; 48: e1-148.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatterjee</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Leon Jr</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faxon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freed</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The Brazilian cardiology trainee: guidelines and freedom</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Medical staff</kwd>
        <kwd>human resources formation</kwd>
        <kwd>practice guideline</kwd>
        <kwd>freedom</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>The Brazilian cardiology trainee: guidelines and freedom</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Max Grinberg</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Key Words</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Medical staff, hospital; human resources formation; practice guideline; freedom.</p>
      <p>"[...] for conscience and moral principles, we are free and therefore responsible, but we are guided by the principle of causality [...]"</p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Hanna Arendt)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Brazilian cardiology trainee, a resident for instance, is guided by a library of validities of the medical literature, hierarchically arranged according to specialty associations, known as guidelines. They represent models of the bedside clinical construction, and are made available through information technologies, such as franchising to be locally reproduced. Guidelines intend to reduce enigmatic biases, and influence patterns in each generation.</p>
      <p>Guidelines progressed steadily from poorly accepted recommendation to wished-for convenience of predictability systematization, into <italic>do</italic>, <italic>do not do</italic>, <italic>probably should be done</italic>, <italic>probably should not be done</italic><sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>As <italic>do</italic>, <italic>do not do</italic> is actually a guideline of "truths", and not a regulation of "convictions", its application cannot ignore the clinical acuity which demands freedom and responsibility, in order to avoid deformation of the human shape of recommendations.</p>
      <p>To ponder on a decalogue which is customary to Bioethics seems to help the Brazilian cardiology trainee to maximize advantages of the guidelines when making clinical decisions and in the educational process as a whole, and to minimize deficiencies in patient care and in infinite-literature.</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> The good principles and well-known benefits of guidelines justify the increasing expectation for availabilities, but do not qualify <italic>do</italic>, <italic>do not do</italic> as the eleventh commandment, or as the master key at the bedside. Rigid assumptions or hints of predators of clinical judgement are not usually welcome by the individualist core of physicians, who value the room of experience.</p>
      <p>Flexibility becomes a vital characteristic of the <italic>do</italic>, <italic>do not do</italic> when it is recognized that the adequate use of literature data is only possible by connecting them to the real bedside world. The <italic>do</italic>, <italic>do not do</italic> process is favored over results, at any cost.</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> As a "translational agent", the specialists associations use a scientific-ethic-legal glue to stick class and level labels to a still restrict percentage of topics in Cardiology, and with a minority of scientific accuracy A level.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian cardiology trainee feels, therefore, released from the <italic>do</italic>, <italic>do not do</italic> of guidelines in most of the decisions to be made, and immune to the possible impact that the political dimension of the specialists association, linked to the paradigm of an evidence-based Medicine, may have on his/her internal freedom. This situation may even result, paradoxically, in a feeling of abandonment due to the absence of a <italic>do</italic> such prescription, which predicts a better immediate and late prognostics, and of a <italic>do not</italic> justified by uselessness and inefficiency. Guidelines raise feelings of sympathy for the imperative.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, as early as on the first stage of the <italic>trial-guideline-education process</italic> there is an increase of the above-mentioned impact over the individuality of the physician<sup>2</sup>. It is a boomerang effect: someone knew the right question to ask to a multicentric research protocol; that the Brazilian cardiologist trainee wonders if he/she should <italic>do</italic> or <italic>not do</italic> the new answer-knowledge in his/her hands, certainly level A label and possibly I/IIA class, if integrated to the guideline.</p>
      <p><bold>3)</bold> Practicability, agility, uniformity in the use of the guideline and little time available discourage the detailed analysis by itself, paper by paper, book by book. The wish for a critical reading of the issue commented on or referred to, already explained by the committee to which an implicit procuration was given, is itself erased.</p>
      <p>There is a risk that, if the "do right" to the patient is not well founded, the physician is reduced to an algorithmic procedure of <italic>do or do not do</italic>. Furthermore, in trying to avoid showing lack of knowledge or of will, there is the possibility of slipping into the negligence of an application unfit for a particular one-patient.</p>
      <p>To feel free from internal and external obligations is a safeguard guaranteed by Bioethics, allowing better decision-making, unstained by possible components of a forced decision, emotionally or financially convenient to the physician<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p><bold>4)</bold> Exclusions due to pragmatic, mathematical and ethical notions of research projects<sup>4,5</sup> explain why it is not enough to turn on the guideline-GPS and follow the selection of classes and levels. The professional must be free to use his/her own calculations to adjust the satellite-guideline of the specialists association to the signals received from the one-patient.</p>
      <p><bold>5)</bold> The guideline is a live document which may be permeated by feelings of regulation from the professional authority and leveling off of experienced and inexperienced professionals.</p>
      <p>The possibility of looking like "coercion by an authority" induces a teflon effect<sup>6</sup> in the universal adhesion to guidelines<sup>7,8</sup> and compellingly reminds of George Orwell's (1903-1950)<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The truth, however, is that the guideline project has never intended to mean to represent a telescreen, newspeak or thought police similar to what was presented in 1984<sup>9</sup>. Even cost-benefit and auditing intentions, that could represent interests other than the patient's, are light years away from the intention of privacy invasion.</p>
      <p>It is always interesting, however, to raise the alert, so no Big Brother, Hippocrates is the watcher!</p>
      <p><bold>6)</bold> The authority of the specialists association and the qualification of selected members of our "adoptive family" of specialists are contracted to establish the guideline document. Although every opinion on this and that published issue may seem unanimous, the consensual <italic>better</italic> or <italic>not-better evidence</italic> may be only partial, in a voted decision.</p>
      <p>The specialists association is not the Ministry of Truth of the <italic>1984</italic> novel, rewriting the past; even when "[...] errors and inconsistencies of the original publication are corrected as possible [...]", this is informed in the introduction of the <italic>ACC/AHA</italic> guideline<sup>10</sup>. The information is preserved, and the knowledge, science permit, cousin to meta-analysis, is recreated.</p>
      <p><italic>Not-better evidences</italic> persevere, obviously, good publications - and citations. They are susceptible to a second opinion and must never be labeled as lack of evidence and ironically mentioned as clairvoyance. In the science of uncertainty and the art of probability, a method abashed by p &lt; 0.001 may excel in the bedside real world, before the non-beneficiary of statistically higher probabilities of success.</p>
      <p><bold>7)</bold> The Brazilian cardiology trainee listens to two different tunes of the <italic>do</italic>, <italic>do not do</italic> learning involving guidelines: the pater-tune in the classroom and the frater-tune at the bedside.</p>
      <p>The pater-tune is the educational-ethical-legal voice that impersonates "patriotism" and "somewhat-stepfather fatherhood" in scientific forums.</p>
      <p>The "patriotism" makes an analogy with our <italic>Order and Progress</italic> inscription, expressing the belief in a development imposed from above and in the lesser value of a spontaneous ordering. The positivism is always criticized.</p>
      <p>The "somewhat-stepfather fatherhood" reflects the political power of the specialists association to concentrate the writing of guidelines. It demands cultural, scientific and geographical considerations.</p>
      <p>The pater-tune echoes the frontiers of techno-scientific excellence with a theoretical no-freedom in dealing with the guideline-science and the protocol-science of multicentric research projects.</p>
      <p>The pater-tune of opinion leaders with or without conflicts of interest and a strong group effect may result in a poor environment for the expression of personal experiences by others.</p>
      <p><bold>8)</bold> The bedside frater-tune, on the other hand, shows that the practice of Cardiology by the bedside is not exactly a "Government policy".</p>
      <p>The learning of the appropriate modulation of the frater-tune to be used in the different daily needs is benefited by practical freedom, to adjust the meaning of the state of the art, guideline and result of acronymous multicentric projects to the one-patient.</p>
      <p><bold>9)</bold><italic>To keep an active interaction between the classroom pater-tune and the bedside frater-room</italic> represents a useful advice for the Brazilian cardiology trainee, with a connection with Bioethics.</p>
      <p><bold>10)</bold> It is clear that the bedside coexists with the impossibility to have complete freedom to choose the scientific knowledge at the bedside, independently of the human wishes of the one-patient.</p>
      <p>A humanized science is projected as a basis for the Brazilian cardiology trainee to commit with approaching the bedside with his/her hands unchained to handcuff-guidelines. With free hands, the trainee may take hold of compass-guidelines, and simultaneously show the way by direct visual assessment. The trainee will therefore proceed in direction to the dominion of clinical expertise, free from pressures to fit the patient into guidelines, moving as an individual physician side by side with pressures and values of a compatriot society.</p>
      <p>This pathway leaves her fingerprints in the beneficial and non-detrimental, separates him/her from any possible reductionist newspeak and contradicts the thought crime assumption<sup>9</sup> in any disobedience to the guidelines.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Punto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">El cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n: directriz y libertad</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <kwd>Cuerpo cl&#237;nico hospitalario</kwd>
        <kwd>formaci&#243;n de recursos humanos</kwd>
        <kwd>gu&#237;a de pr&#225;ctica m&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>libertad</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>PUNTO DE VISTA</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>El cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n: directriz y libertad </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Max Grinberg</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) del Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p><bold>Palabras clave: </bold> Cuerpo cl&#237;nico hospitalario, formaci&#243;n de recursos humanos, gu&#237;a de pr&#225;ctica m&#233;dica, libertad.</p>
      <p>"[...] por conciencia y principios morales, somos libres y por tanto responsables, pero nos orientamos en conformidad al principio de la causalidad [...]"</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hanna Arendt</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n, el residente, por ejemplo, se orienta con la literatura m&#233;dica por medio de una biblioteca de legitimidades, jerarquizadas por sociedades de especialidad, conocidas como directrices. Ellas representan maquetas de la construcci&#243;n cl&#237;nica a la cabecera del paciente, que la tecnolog&#237;a de la informaci&#243;n dispone como se fueran franqu&#237;as que, a su vez, se pueden reproducir en cada local. Dichas directrices pretenden disminuir los sesgos enigm&#225;ticos e influencian las costumbres de una generaci&#243;n.</p>
      <p>R&#225;pidamente, la directriz avanz&#243; desde la condici&#243;n de documento tolerado hacia el estado de una conveniencia de sistematizaci&#243;n de factores previsibles: <italic>haga, no haga, se debe hacer probablemente, no se debe hacer probablemente</italic><sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Al ser lo <italic>haga, no haga</italic> una gu&#237;a de "verdades" y no una normativa de "certidumbres", su aplicaci&#243;n no puede prescindir de la lucidez cl&#237;nica cuyas libertad y responsabilidad sirven para evitar las desfiguraciones del car&#225;cter humano de dichas recomendaciones.</p>
      <p>Ponderar sobre un dec&#225;logo en los moldes de la bio&#233;tica parece ser &#250;til al cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n, tanto para maximizar ventajas de la directriz en la toma de decisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica y en su proceso educacional, como para minimizar las deficiencias en el trato del paciente-&#250;nico y de la literatura-infinita.</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> Los buenos principios y los reconocidos beneficios de directrices justifican la creciente expectativa por disponibilidades, pero no califican lo <italic>haga, no haga,</italic> ni como el d&#233;cimo primer mandamiento de fe, ni como la llave maestra de la cabecera del paciente. La rigidez de presuposiciones o se&#241;ales que apuntan a un predador del juicio cl&#237;nico no suelen ser bienvenidos a la esencia individualista del m&#233;dico, que valora el espacio de la experiencia.</p>
      <p>La conciencia de que el provecho de la memoria de la literatura adviene de la conexi&#243;n con el mundo real de la cabecera del paciente es lo que convierte la flexibilidad en un atributo vital de lo <italic>haga</italic>,<italic>no haga</italic>. Se privilegia el proceso de lo <italic>haga, no haga</italic> en detrimento del resultado a cualquier precio.</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> Como se fuera un "agente de traslaci&#243;n", la sociedad de especialidad pega etiquetas de clases y niveles con cola cient&#237;fico-&#233;tico-legal en un porcentaje a&#250;n restricto de intereses de la cardiolog&#237;a, y con minor&#237;a del nivel A de precisi&#243;n cient&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>Por ello, cuando de la mayor&#237;a de los momentos de toma de decisiones, el cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n se siente liberado de lo <italic>haga</italic>,<italic>no haga</italic> de la directriz. Exento del impacto sobre la libertad interior -condici&#243;n &#233;sta que puede advenir de la dimensi&#243;n pol&#237;tica de la sociedad de especialidad que, a su vez, est&#225; apegada al paradigma de la medicina basada en evidencias-, el cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n hasta puede, aun de manera paradojal, sentirse un poco desamparado a causa de la ausencia de lo <italic>haga dicha prescripci&#243;n</italic> -ello porque prev&#233; mejor pron&#243;stico inmediato y tard&#237;o-, y de lo <italic>no haga,</italic> aunque&#233;stees in&#250;til e ineficaz. La directriz despierta simpat&#237;a por el imperativo.</p>
      <p>Crece, de igual manera, el referido impacto sobre la calidad personal del acto de ser m&#233;dico, ya en el primer nivel del <italic>trial-guideline-education process</italic><sup>2</sup>. Es el efecto bumer&#225;n: alguien supo plantear la pregunta a un protocolo de investigaci&#243;n multic&#233;ntrico; y el cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n debe reflexionar si se debe <italic>hacer</italic> o <italic>no hacer</italic> la "respuesta-conocimiento nuevo", ciertamente etiqueta nivel A y oportunidad de clase I/IIA, si hay incorporaci&#243;n a la directriz.</p>
      <p><bold>3)</bold> Practicidad, agilidad, uniformidad en el uso de la directriz adem&#225;s del poco tiempo disponible desincentivan el detalle mismo, en cada art&#237;culo, en cada libro. Se borran las ganas por una lectura cr&#237;tica acerca de lo comentado o lo referido, lo que ya fue aclarado anteriormente por el comit&#233; al que se otorg&#243; un poder t&#225;cito.</p>
      <p>Al paciente desprovisto de los fundamentos, hay un riesgo en el "hacer correcto": reducir el acto de ser m&#233;dico a un acto algor&#237;tmico de <italic>hacer o no hacer</italic>. Adem&#225;s, para que no se demuestre desconocimiento o inercia, existe la posibilidad de resbalarse hacia la imprudencia de un uso desajustado a aquel paciente-&#250;nico.</p>
      <p>Sentirse libre de imposiciones internas y externas es salvaguardia endosada por la bio&#233;tica para que se tome la mejor decisi&#243;n descontaminada de eventuales componentes de decisi&#243;n forzada, conveniente para el m&#233;dico, emocional o lucrativa<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p><bold>4)</bold> Exclusiones por la concepci&#243;n pragm&#225;tica, matem&#225;tica y &#233;tica de las investigaciones<sup>4,5</sup> explican por qu&#233; no basta s&#243;lo conectar el GPS-directriz y seguir la selecci&#243;n de clases y niveles. Es necesario libertad para que sus propios c&#225;lculos se ajusten a la directriz-sat&#233;lite de la sociedad de especialidad, a las se&#241;ales captadas del paciente-&#250;nico.</p>
      <p><bold>5)</bold> La directriz es un documento vivo en que se puede tener una amplia regulaci&#243;n de la autoridad profesional y nivelaci&#243;n de quien tiene experiencia o no.</p>
      <p>La posibilidad de parecer una "coerci&#243;n por una autoridad" provoca un efecto teflon<sup>6</sup> en la adherencia universal a las directrices<sup>7,8</sup> e, inevitablemente, nos hace recordar el libro <bold><italic>1984</italic></bold> de George Orwell (1903-1950)<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>La verdad, sin embargo, es que el proyecto de la directriz jam&#225;s consigui&#243; llegar pr&#243;ximo de representar la <italic>telepantalla</italic>, neolengua o polic&#237;a del pensamiento, a la semejanza de lo narrado en <italic>1984</italic><sup>9</sup>. Hasta los prop&#243;sitos de costo-efectividad y auditor&#237;a que podr&#237;an servir a otros intereses que no los intereses de los pacientes, est&#225;n hacia a&#241;os-luz de un sentido de invasi&#243;n de privacidad.</p>
      <p>El alerta es, sin embargo, siempre v&#225;lido: nada de Gran Hermano (<italic>Big Brother</italic>), &#161;Es Hip&#243;crates el vigilante!</p>
      <p><bold>6)</bold> La directriz es un documento otorgado a la autoridad de la sociedad de especialidad y a la calificaci&#243;n de personas seleccionadas de nuestra "familia adoptiva" de especialistas. Cada opini&#243;n sobre los datos y hechos publicados puede parecer un&#237;sona, pero el consenso sobre <italic>mejor o no-mejor evidencia</italic> puede ser s&#243;lo parcial en una decisi&#243;n por votaci&#243;n.</p>
      <p>La sociedad de especialidad no es el Ministerio de la Verdad del libro <italic>1984</italic> que reescribe el pasado; aunque, como dice la directriz <italic>ACC/AHA</italic><sup>10</sup> en su introducci&#243;n, "[...] equ&#237;vocos e incoherencias de la publicaci&#243;n original se corrijan en la medida del posible [...]". Se mantiene la informaci&#243;n, se recrea el conocimiento, licencia de la ciencia, obra de la metaan&#225;lisis.</p>
      <p>No mejores evidencias, persisten, obviamente, buena publicaci&#243;n -y cita-, pasibles de una segunda opini&#243;n y de jam&#225;s se rotularen como no-evidencia o ironizadas como videncia. En la ciencia de la incertidumbre y arte de la probabilidad, un m&#233;todo disminuido por el p &lt; 0,001 puede sobresalir en el mundo real de la cabecera del paciente ante no-beneficiarios de la mayor oportunidad estad&#237;stica de &#233;xito.</p>
      <p><bold>7)</bold> El cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n escucha dos tonos de aprendizaje de lo <italic>haga</italic>,<italic>no haga</italic>, implicando la directriz: el tono pater en el anfiteatro y el tono frater a la cabecera del paciente.</p>
      <p>El tono pater es la voz educativo-&#233;tico-legal que opera "patriotismo" y "paternalismo-algo padrastro" en foros cient&#237;ficos.</p>
      <p>El "patriotismo" hace analog&#237;a al nuestro d&#237;stico <italic>Orden y Progreso</italic>, expresi&#243;n de creencia en el desarrollo impuesto desde arriba hacia abajo y en el menor valor de una ordenaci&#243;n espont&#225;nea. Cr&#237;ticas no faltan al positivismo. El "paternalismo-algo padrastro" revela el poder pol&#237;tico de la sociedad de especialidad para centralizar la elaboraci&#243;n de directrices. Requiere reflexiones culturales, cient&#237;ficas y geogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>El tono-pater resuena a las fronteras de la excelencia tecnocient&#237;fica con una no-libertad te&#243;rica en el trato de la ciencia-directriz y de la ciencia-protocolo de investigaci&#243;n multic&#233;ntrica.</p>
      <p>El tono-pater de l&#237;deres de opini&#243;n con o sin conflictos de intereses y un fuerte efecto de grupo pueden crear un espacio de poca atracci&#243;n para que otros expresen su experiencia personal.</p>
      <p><bold>8)</bold> Ya el tono-frater de la cabecera del paciente ense&#241;a que la pr&#225;ctica de la cardiolog&#237;a a la cabecera del paciente no es exactamente una "pol&#237;tica de gobierno".</p>
      <p>Aprender la inflexi&#243;n adecuada del tono-frater en la "conversaci&#243;n" con cada necesidad del cotidiano se beneficia de la libertad pr&#225;ctica para ajustar los significados de estado del arte, directriz y resultado de acr&#243;nimos multic&#233;ntricos al paciente-&#250;nico.</p>
      <p><bold>9)</bold><italic>Mantener activo en si un di&#225;logo entre el tono-pater del anfiteatro y el tono-frater de la cabecera del paciente</italic> es consejo &#250;til al cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n, con inspiraci&#243;n en la bio&#233;tica.</p>
      <p><bold>10)</bold> Est&#225; claro que la cabecera del paciente convive con la imposibilidad de una perfecta libertad para elegir el conocimiento cient&#237;fico a la cabecera del paciente, independiente de los anhelos humanos del paciente-&#250;nico.</p>
      <p>Ciencia con humanizaci&#243;n se destaca como fundamento para que el cardi&#243;logo brasile&#241;o en formaci&#243;n se comprometa y llegue a a la cabecera del paciente con las manos libres de una directriz-esposa. Con ellas libres, el profesional puede empu&#241;ar la directriz-br&#250;jula, a la vez que puede apuntar rumbos por visi&#243;n directa. De este modo el cardi&#243;logo sigue hacia la soberan&#237;a de la especialidad cl&#237;nica, libre de presiones para acomodar al paciente en la directriz, caminando como ser m&#233;dico, lado a lado con las tensiones y los valores de la sociedad compatriota.</p>
      <p>Ese recorrido imprime su impresi&#243;n digital en el ben&#233;fico y no-mal&#233;fico, apart&#225;ndolo de cualquier posibilidad de neolengua reduccionista, y contradice la suposici&#243;n de crimental<sup>9</sup> en cualquier desobediencia a las directrices.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
