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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">myKvhvRJnVMKkWysSCpfDGG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2009000100011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(09)09200111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2009000100011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carleal Feij&#243; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>92</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>68</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>inibidores dos receptores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa da membrana de plaquetas</kwd>
        <kwd>interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO DE REVIS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Felipe Maia; Francisco Carleal Feij&#243; de S&#225;; Fausto Feres</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Palavras-chave</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, inibidores dos receptores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa da membrana de plaquetas, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa (IG IIb/IIIa) foram desenvolvidos no in&#237;cio dos anos 1990 com o objetivo de proporcionar bloqueio m&#225;ximo da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, inicialmente, ocorreu adjunta &#224; angioplastia coron&#225;ria com bal&#227;o para reduzir a oclus&#227;o aguda do vaso tratado e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, como o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) periprocedimento. A dissec&#231;&#227;o do vaso ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o pelo bal&#227;o nas interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas (ICP) ocorria em 20% a 25% dos casos, e como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia dessa, a oclus&#227;o aguda estabelecia-se em cerca de 5% desses pacientes<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o na agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria com os IG IIb/IIIa proporcionou redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos cardiovasculares maiores (morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia do vaso-alvo) ap&#243;s ICP<sup>2</sup>, mas foi o advento dos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, por restabelecerem a geometria do vaso e "selarem" as dissec&#231;&#245;es, que trouxeram maior contribui&#231;&#227;o na elimina&#231;&#227;o de tais complica&#231;&#245;es. Os IG IIb/IIIa, adjunto aos <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos, basicamente reduziram o IAM periprocedimento que ocorre em raz&#227;o de fen&#244;menos de fluxo lento conseq&#252;ente &#224; emboliza&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria ("<italic>slow reflow</italic>", "<italic>no reflow</italic>") ou oclus&#227;o de ramos secund&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Os bons resultados dos estudos iniciais como EPIC<sup>2</sup>, EPILOG<sup>3</sup> e EPISTENT<sup>4</sup> com a redu&#231;&#227;o combinada de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECM) impulsionaram o uso crescente dos IG IIb/IIIa. Desde ent&#227;o, os diversos f&#225;rmacos da classe (abciximab, tirofibam e eptifibatide) foram testados em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es como os procedimentos eletivos, as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, na redu&#231;&#227;o da reestenose coronariana e, mais recentemente, como f&#225;rmaco auxiliar na facilita&#231;&#227;o de angioplastias prim&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da terapia antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria, surgiram novas classes de f&#225;rmacos, dentre esses, os tienopirid&#237;nicos. Hoje, o pr&#233;-tratamento com esses medicamentos antes da ICP tornou-se obrigat&#243;rio<sup>5</sup>. Por&#233;m, a terapia antitromb&#243;tica tamb&#233;m progrediu e recentes estudos com a bivalirudina<sup>6</sup> e o fondaparinux<sup>7</sup> permitem que sejam v&#225;rias as op&#231;&#245;es de terap&#234;utica adjuvante nas ICP atuais.</p>
    <p>Nesta breve revis&#227;o estabeleceremos, de acordo com as publica&#231;&#245;es recentes e as atuais diretrizes, o papel dos IG IIb/IIIa como terapia adjuvante nas ICP nos mais diferentes cen&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea eletiva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os primeiros estudos a testarem o uso desses f&#225;rmacos em angioplastias eletivas foram EPISTENT<sup>4</sup> (abciximab), ESPRIT<sup>8</sup> (eptifibatide) e RESTORE<sup>9</sup> (tirofibam), mostrando de maneira n&#227;o-uniforme uma forte tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos combinados, especialmente &#224; custa de IAM sem Q (eleva&#231;&#227;o de ck-mb superior a tr&#234;s vezes o limite superior da normalidade). &#201; importante ressaltar que o uso de tirofibam no estudo RESTORE n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para redu&#231;&#227;o de ECM, provavelmente por ter utilizado subdose do f&#225;rmaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da terapia antiagregante plaquet&#225;ria apareceram os tienopirid&#237;nicos. Surgia, ent&#227;o, a quest&#227;o se o pr&#233;-tratamento com esses f&#225;rmacos poderia substituir os IG IIb/IIIa, sendo equivalente na redu&#231;&#227;o do IAM periprocedimento. Nesse sentido, foi publicado o estudo ISAR REACT I, onde mais de dois mil pacientes de baixo risco cardiovascular foram submetidos &#224; ICP, sendo todos previamente tratados com 600 mg de clopidogrel, pelo menos seis horas antes do procedimento, n&#227;o demonstrando benef&#237;cio da adi&#231;&#227;o de abciximab &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o de AAS e clopidogrel, terapia padr&#227;o da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual. O resultado final dessa an&#225;lise sugere fortemente n&#227;o haver mais papel para os IG IIb/IIIa em angioplastias eletivas de baixo risco<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, no Brasil, 5,5% das ICP (eletivas ou n&#227;o) s&#227;o realizadas sob efeito dos IG IIb/IIIa, segundo dados do CENIC (Centro Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares)<sup>11</sup>. Apesar do alto custo do f&#225;rmaco e das refer&#234;ncias apresentadas, os &#250;ltimos consensos norte-americano<sup>12</sup> e europeu<sup>13</sup> ainda preconizam o uso dos IG IIb/IIIa em ICP eletivas como indica&#231;&#227;o IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pode-se dizer que o uso desses f&#225;rmacos tenha realmente se difundido no &#226;mbito de pacientes de moderado a alto risco cardiovascular, nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas com e sem supradesnivelamento de ST, em que sabidamente a interven&#231;&#227;o precoce com farmacoterapia adjunta diminui a chance de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECM).</p>
    <p>O benef&#237;cio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de IG IIb/IIIa nas SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST foi comprovado h&#225; mais de uma d&#233;cada com a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo CAPTURE<sup>14</sup>. Os pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST de alto risco cardiovascular que receberam o f&#225;rmaco apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo de eventos maiores (morte, IAM, RLA) de 28,9% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo no final de 30 dias. Tal benef&#237;cio se deveu, especialmente, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de IAM periprocedimento e s&#243; foi observado nos pacientes com les&#245;es complexas (tipo <underline>&gt;</underline> B2). Os estudos seguintes PRISM-PLUS<sup>15</sup>, PARAGON-B<sup>16</sup> e PURSUIT<sup>17</sup> tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram pacientes com essa mesma apresenta&#231;&#227;o. Quando a ICP foi realizada sob efeito do IG IIb/IIIa, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de morte ou IAM em 30 dias, em 42%, 35% e 31%, respectivamente, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento conservador. Com a confirma&#231;&#227;o dessas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, os IG IIb/IIIa conquistaram lugar de destaque na prescri&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST e de alto risco.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma que nas interven&#231;&#245;es eletivas, o uso mandat&#243;rio pr&#233;-tratamento do clopidogrel mais uma vez questionou o real benef&#237;cio dos IG IIb/IIIa, agora nos pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST. A resposta para essa quest&#227;o tornou-se clara com a publica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do ISAR REACT II<sup>18</sup>. Numa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cardiovascular (eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina em 51,9% e doen&#231;a multiarterial em 74% da amostra), o &#250;nico grupo de pacientes a alcan&#231;ar diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do desfecho prim&#225;rio (morte, IAM ou RLA) ao final de seis meses e um ano foi o de pacientes com troponina positiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Numa era em que a redu&#231;&#227;o de custos hospitalares tornou-se elemento-chave para as novas pesquisas em andamento, o uso de &#250;nico <italic>bolus</italic> de IG IIb/IIIa foi avaliado em publica&#231;&#227;o recente<sup>19</sup>. A id&#233;ia de tal estrat&#233;gia baseia-se no fato de haver na literatura comprova&#231;&#227;o da potente antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria com <italic>bolus</italic> &#250;nico de epitifibatide, sem aumentar os riscos de sangramento<sup>20</sup>. Na era de libera&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> sob altas press&#245;es, com uso padr&#227;o de clopidogrel, existem poucas complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas agudas como fechamento abrupto do vaso. O tempo m&#233;dio de uma ICP atual &#233; menor que uma hora na maioria dos grandes centros e conhecendo a farmacocin&#233;tica do epitifibatide poderia esperar-se manuten&#231;&#227;o da antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria por pelo menos duas a tr&#234;s horas<sup>21</sup>. No caso do abciximab esse tempo chegaria a seis horas. Al&#233;m disso, a descontinua&#231;&#227;o precoce do IG IIb/IIIa poderia reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas como a presen&#231;a de hematomas em s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o. Mas, sem d&#250;vida, o maior benef&#237;cio seria na redu&#231;&#227;o do custo hospitalar. No estudo PURSUIT<sup>17</sup> o custo m&#233;dio de eptifibatide foi de 1.014 d&#243;lares, no ESPRIT<sup>8</sup> 502 d&#243;lares e nessa an&#225;lise 59 d&#243;lares<sup>19</sup>. Essa pode se tornar uma alternativa muito atraente, caso seja comprovada em grandes estudos randomizados.</p>
    <p>Alguns fatores como os diferentes desenhos de estudos e a diversidade de f&#225;rmacos utilizados trazem d&#250;vidas que levam &#224; seguinte pergunta: qual dos IG IIb/IIIa utilizar? O n&#250;mero expressivamente maior de estudos em SCA com abciximab, a menor afinidade <italic>in vitro</italic> do eptifibatide pelo receptor de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, aliada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de grandes estudos randomizados que o comparem diretamente com os outros dois integrantes do grupo (abciximab e tirofibam) e os resultados de 30 dias do estudo TARGET<sup>22</sup> demonstrando maior incid&#234;ncia de ECM na popula&#231;&#227;o que usou <italic>bolus</italic> de 10 &#188;g/kg de tirofibam em compara&#231;&#227;o ao abciximab, criam uma imagem viciada de que esse deva ser sempre o IG IIb/IIIa de escolha em tais situa&#231;&#245;es, curiosamente, com maior custo. Entretanto, as publica&#231;&#245;es do estudo ADVANCE<sup>23</sup> e da metan&#225;lise TENACITY<sup>24</sup>, essa interrompida precocemente por raz&#245;es financeiras, ao utilizar um <italic>bolus</italic> maior de 25&#188;g/kg de tirofibam, demonstrou a n&#227;o-inferioridade do f&#225;rmaco em rela&#231;&#227;o ao abciximab nos desfechos maiores (morte, IAM e RLA) e perfil de seguran&#231;a similar em 30 dias. Importante ressaltar que quando uma SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST n&#227;o &#233; seguida de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva, o uso do abciximab n&#227;o demonstra benef&#237;cios, conforme claramente demonstrado pelo estudo GUSTO IV<sup>25</sup>. Quanto ao momento exato da administra&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco (sala de emerg&#234;ncia <italic>versus</italic> laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica), o estudo ACUITY Timing<sup>26</sup> mostrou discreta eleva&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, para o uso do IG IIb/IIIa na sala de hemodin&#226;mica quando comparado ao uso precoce. Por&#233;m, tal atraso na utiliza&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o marcante de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos (4,9 x 6,1%; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001).</p>
    <p>Com tantas comprova&#231;&#245;es na literatura, o uso dos IG IIb/IIIa nas SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o inequ&#237;voca classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A, na aus&#234;ncia do clopidogrel, pelo consenso norte-americano<sup>12</sup>. Quando esse &#233; utilizado, a indica&#231;&#227;o do IG IIb/IIIa passa a ser IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B. Em situa&#231;&#245;es complexas, como fechamento abrupto do vaso, presen&#231;a de trombo vis&#237;vel e fen&#244;meno de "<italic>no/slow reflow</italic>" &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C, pela diretriz europ&#233;ia vigente<sup>13,27</sup>. Os resultados dos estudos citados trazem uma mensagem clara: quanto maiores os riscos, maiores os benef&#237;cios do f&#225;rmaco. Em geral, qualquer um dos IG IIb/IIIa poder&#225; ser utilizado em pacientes de alto risco em vig&#234;ncia de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST submetidos &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva precoce.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento de ST</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST tamb&#233;m passaram a ter indica&#231;&#227;o IIa (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B) pelos &#250;ltimos consensos europeu e norte-americano, para uso de abciximab, baseado em metan&#225;lises como a de Kandzari e cols.<sup>28</sup>, abordando os estudos pioneiros ADMIRAL, RAPPORT, ISAR II e CADILLAC, em que a vari&#225;vel mais marcante foi a diminui&#231;&#227;o expressiva de RLA em 30 dias e mantida aos seis meses no grupo de pacientes que usou abciximab. Essa sinaliza&#231;&#227;o tardia, pelos consensos, talvez se deva &#224; dificuldade em analisar conjuntamente os diferentes modelos de estudos e seus resultados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cios sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos maiores no estudo CADILLAC, onde o abciximab era sempre administrado concomitante &#224; ICP, contrasta com os resultados dos estudos RAPPORT e ADMIRAL. Nestes &#250;ltimos, o uso precoce do abciximab ocorreu em aproximadamente de 25% dos pacientes, antes da chegada ao laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, resultando em maior chance de fluxo distal TIMI III, o que talvez explique a discrep&#226;ncia nos resultados<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Montalescot e cols.<sup>29</sup> observaram em metan&#225;lise de seis estudos em SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST (tr&#234;s estudos com abciximab e tr&#234;s estudos com tirofibam) o papel do uso precoce do IG IIb/IIIa (ambul&#226;ncia ou departamento de emerg&#234;ncia). Quando comparado ao uso no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, a administra&#231;&#227;o precoce resultava em maior chance de fluxo distal TIMI III (20,3% x 12,2% - raz&#227;o de chance 1.85; IC 95%, 1.26-2.71; p&lt;.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>). O uso precoce do f&#225;rmaco, nesta an&#225;lise, resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o de 28% no risco relativo de morte em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso na sala de hemodin&#226;mica (4,7% x 3,4%), ainda que sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Tais achados tamb&#233;m foram confirmados pelo recente estudo RELax AMI<sup>30</sup>. Nesta an&#225;lise foram randomizados 210 pacientes em vig&#234;ncia de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST submetidos &#224; ATC prim&#225;ria com uso precoce de abciximab (sala de emerg&#234;ncia - m&#233;dia de 55 minutos pr&#233;vio &#224; ATC) ou tardio (laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica - m&#233;dia de 14 minutos antes da ATC - p&lt;0,001). Os desfechos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;am chance de fluxo epic&#225;rdico TIMI III, "<italic>blush</italic>" mioc&#225;rdico grau 2-3 na angiografia inicial e recupera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com 30 dias do evento. Todos os benef&#237;cios angiogr&#225;ficos ocorreram com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia no grupo precoce (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">fig. 5</xref>), assim como um maior ganho na fra&#231;&#227;o eje&#231;&#227;o (8 &#177;7% <italic>vs</italic> 6 &#177;7% ; p = 0,02) com valores absolutos de (51 &#177; 9% precoce <italic>versus</italic> 47 &#177; 10% tardio; p = 0,01) ao final de 30 dias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Srinivas e cols.<sup>31</sup> publicaram recentemente an&#225;lise observacional utilizando dados do registro de angioplastias prim&#225;rias do estado de Nova York. Com mais de sete mil pacientes tratados entre os anos de 2000 e 2003, com 78,5% de uso de IG IIb/IIIa, a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar caiu de 6,2% para 3%. Na amostra avaliada, cerca de 30% dos pacientes usaram abciximab e 46% receberam tirofibam ou eptifibatide; uma surpresa, j&#225; que esses t&#234;m indica&#231;&#227;o apenas IIb pelo consenso da AHA/ACC<sup>12</sup>. Mais uma vez, a dificuldade em interpretar os diferentes estudos parece ser respons&#225;vel por essas particularidades de indica&#231;&#227;o do IIb/IIIa adjunto &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria. Na experi&#234;ncia do nosso servi&#231;o, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, no per&#237;odo de 2002 a 2007, os IG IIb/IIIa foram utilizados em cerca de 5% de todas as angioplastias. No IAM com supradesnivelamento de ST sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o foi feita em 30% das angioplastias prim&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angioplastias prim&#225;rias facilitadas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia de tratamento nas SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST &#233; a reperfus&#227;o r&#225;pida e eficaz do vaso alvo, tendo diversos estudos na literatura demonstrado a superioridade da angioplastia prim&#225;ria quando comparada ao fibrinol&#237;tico, desde que realizada em tempo h&#225;bil. Por&#233;m, em raz&#227;o de uma s&#233;rie de fatores, essa meta (&lt; 90 minutos) dificilmente &#233; atingida. Assim surgiu a id&#233;ia do uso do fibrinol&#237;tico com ou sem IG IIb/IIIa na ambul&#226;ncia ou sala de emerg&#234;ncia, seguida de angioplastia para garantir uma reperfus&#227;o completa. Inicialmente, uma s&#233;rie de estudos-piloto como TIGER-PA, ON TIME, Sk-EPTIFIBATIDE e SPEED (piloto do GUSTO-IV) mostraram, na sua maioria, um aumento na taxa de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, com diminui&#231;&#227;o na carga de trombo plaquet&#225;rio, por&#233;m com aumento de sangramento, especialmente quando combinado ao uso de fibrinol&#237;tico<sup>32,33</sup>. O estudo GUSTO V, com mais de 15 mil pacientes alocados, avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o de abciximab e subdose de reteplase contra dose plena deste &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o observando diferen&#231;a significativa para a taxa de mortalidade aos 30 dias (5,6 x 5,9%) e um ano (8,4% para ambos os grupos), e ainda com quase o dobro da incid&#234;ncia de hemorragia intracraniana na popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 75 anos (2,1 x 1,1)<sup>34</sup>. Apesar de haver mais de 17 estudos na literatura sobre tal estrat&#233;gia, essa ainda n&#227;o comprovou seus benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e os maus resultados de trabalhos recentes, assim como as taxas de hemorragia podem estar selando o fim de tal proposta terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>O aguardado estudo FINESSE com 2.452 pacientes, maior an&#225;lise j&#225; realizada comparando ATC prim&#225;ria com angioplastia facilitada, foi recentemente publicado. O desfecho prim&#225;rio de mortalidade, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aos 90 dias n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente entre as compara&#231;&#245;es (ATC prim&#225;ria com IG IIb/IIIa no laborat&#243;rio x IG IIb/IIIa e meia-dose de reteplase pr&#233;-laborat&#243;rio) e (IG IIb/IIIa pr&#233;-laborat&#243;rio x IG IIb/IIIa e meia-dose de reteplase pr&#233;- laborat&#243;rio), por&#233;m com maior incid&#234;ncia (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0,005)de hemorragias maiores e menores pelo crit&#233;rio TIMI para os dois grupos de angioplastia facilitada (IG IIb/IIIa pr&#233;-ATC e meia-dose de reteplase com IG IIb/IIIa pr&#233;-ATC) quando comparados com ATC prim&#225;ria. Tais resultados n&#227;o trazem muito otimismo para esse tipo de estrat&#233;gia<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea em diab&#233;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Outra popula&#231;&#227;o a despertar interesse dos pesquisadores &#233; a de diab&#233;ticos, que sabidamente apresenta maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial culminando num ambiente prop&#237;cio para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. As plaquetas desses pacientes se apresentam mais r&#237;gidas, suas membranas apresentam menor viscosidade e expressam maior quantidade de receptores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa. Esse grupo de pacientes tende a experimentar uma maior taxa de mortalidade e de RLA no primeiro ano ap&#243;s ICP em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos<sup>36</sup>. Uma suban&#225;lise retrospectiva do EPISTENT, apenas abordando a popula&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos, mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o tardia da RLA no grupo que usou abciximab<sup>37</sup>, por&#233;m tal hip&#243;tese n&#227;o foi confirmada nos desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo ISAR-SWEET<sup>38</sup> que randomizou 701 pacientes diab&#233;ticos submetidos a ICP eletiva para receberem abciximab ou placebo. Nesse estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de morte ou IAM foi de 8,3% no grupo abciximab, e de 8,6% no grupo placebo, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Quase simultaneamente, o estudo DANTE<sup>39</sup>, ao reestudar com ultra-som intracoronariano um grupo exclusivo de pacientes diab&#233;ticos, seis meses ap&#243;s angioplastia eletiva, n&#227;o observou efeito algum sobre a diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de reestenose no grupo que utilizou abciximab (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Numa popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica de mais alto risco, entretanto, o uso de abciximab j&#225; demonstrou impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos. Montalescot e cols.<sup>40</sup>, em recente metan&#225;lise de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST, observaram incid&#234;ncia quatro vezes maior de morte e IAM em diab&#233;ticos comparando com n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos ao final de tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do abciximab, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica, apresentou benef&#237;cio marcante sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Outra metan&#225;lise de seis estudos<sup>41</sup>, agora na vig&#234;ncia de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST, demonstrou que pacientes diab&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m apresentam benef&#237;cio com utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos IG IIb/IIIa. Entre mais de seis mil pacientes inclu&#237;dos, a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria com IG IIb/IIIa demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade aos 30 dias de 6,2% para 4,6% (redu&#231;&#227;o relativa, 0,74; [IC95% 0,59-0,92]; p=0,007). Apesar de os estudos terem observado a&#231;&#227;o protetora para tais pacientes, n&#227;o existe at&#233; o momento nenhuma indica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica pelos consensos norte-americano e europeu para uso dos IG IIb/IIIa especificamente na popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Novas op&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na busca pelo antitromb&#237;nico ideal para o tratamento das SCA, foram testados novos f&#225;rmacos como o fondaparinux e a bivalirudina (inibidores diretos da trombina), com maior perfil de seguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, quando comparados &#224; terapia-padr&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o de heparina e IG IIb/IIIa adjunto &#224; ICP.</p>
    <p>A bivalirudina, previamente utilizada apenas como alternativa aos pacientes que desenvolvessem trombocitopenia imune induzida pela heparina, foi testada inicialmente no estudo REPLACE 2<sup>42</sup>. A bivalirudina, associada ao uso criterioso de IG IIb/IIIa, comprovou a sua n&#227;o-inferioridade ante a associa&#231;&#227;o de heparina n&#227;o-fracionada (HNF) - IG IIb/IIIa em ICP eletivas e de urg&#234;ncia, com equival&#234;ncia dos resultados ao final de um ano, em todos os subgrupos avaliados, al&#233;m de menor incid&#234;ncia de hemorragias maiores na fase intra-hospitalar (2,4% x 4,1%; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001). Importante ressaltar a tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade no grupo com bivalirudina, ainda que sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">fig. 7</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os resultados do recente estudo ACUITY<sup>6</sup> demonstraram a n&#227;o-inferioridade, do uso isolado da bivalirudina, quando comparada &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es de HNF - IG IIb/IIIa e bivalirudina - IG IIb/IIIa em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos isqu&#234;micos e com redu&#231;&#227;o marcante de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos importantes em pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST, independentemente do uso de tienopirid&#237;nicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">fig. 8</xref>). A confirma&#231;&#227;o dos dados na suban&#225;lise ACUITY-PCI<sup>43</sup>, ainda que com questionamentos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de pacientes que n&#227;o utilizaram tienopirid&#237;nico pr&#233;-ICP e aqueles com troponina positiva, em que o uso isolado da bivalirudina demonstrou tend&#234;ncia a aumento de eventos isqu&#234;micos (sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica) traz uma nova op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento das SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST de alto risco (indica&#231;&#227;o IIA - n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>44</sup>, especialmente quando o risco de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos &#233; significante (idosos, sexo feminino e baixo peso).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f8">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O fondaparinux, outro f&#225;rmaco com a&#231;&#227;o direta sobre a trombina, tamb&#233;m demonstrou superioridade quando comparado a heparinas n&#227;o-fracionada e de baixo peso molecular nos estudos OASIS-5<sup>7</sup>(SCA sem supra desn&#237;vel de ST) e OASIS-6<sup>45</sup> (SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cardiovasculares maiores (morte, IAM e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico) e, especialmente, redu&#231;&#227;o marcante sobre a incid&#234;ncia de hemorragias maiores e menores. Os dois estudos, juntos, inclu&#237;ram mais de 20.000 pacientes, por&#233;m tais resultados sobre a incid&#234;ncia de ECM n&#227;o foram transpon&#237;veis para o grupo submetido a ICP. A incid&#234;ncia de trombose de cateter no estudo OASIS-5 para o grupo com fondaparinux isolado foi bem superior ao grupo com heparina de baixo peso molecular (1,3% x 0,6%). Entretanto, tal problema parece ser resolvido se outro f&#225;rmaco com atividade anti-IIa (HNF ou bivalirudina)<sup>44</sup> &#233; acrescentada durante a ICP, sem elevar o risco de sangramento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Perante as evid&#234;ncias apresentadas, o uso dos IG IIb/IIIa tornou-se extremamente racional nos &#250;ltimos anos. Seu uso, atualmente, restringe-se &#224;s SCA com e sem supradesnivelamento de ST (com marcadores de alto risco como troponina positiva), com os consensos ainda preconizando o uso do tirofibam e do eptifibatide para as estrat&#233;gias inicialmente conservadoras. As quest&#245;es de custo e a incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, diretamente relacionados ao aumento da taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, abriram caminho para estudos com novos f&#225;rmacos que mostraram resultados promissores.</p>
    <p>Algumas novas op&#231;&#245;es de uso para os IG IIb/IIIa como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce do abciximab antes de chegar ao laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica nas SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST e o <italic>bolus</italic> &#250;nico de eptifibatide em ICP eletiva podem justificar futuras modifica&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes. O uso dos f&#225;rmacos do grupo deve ser acompanhado de uma dose ajustada de HNF para ICP (m&#233;dia de 70UI/kg) a fim de diminuir a chance eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. Casos sob alto risco de complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas, como em anatomias complexas (les&#245;es contendo trombo), tamb&#233;m s&#227;o uma alternativa ao uso desses f&#225;rmacos. Devendo-se ainda corrigir sempre que necess&#225;rio as doses de eptifibatide (Cl Cr &lt; 50 ml/min) e tirofibam (Cl Cr &lt; 30 ml/min) para insufici&#234;ncia renal. Quando a bivalirudina for o anticoagulante da escolha para a ICP, n&#227;o deve ser feito uso do IG IIb/IIIa, j&#225; com o fondaparinux o IG IIb/IIIa pode ser uma das alternativas de associa&#231;&#227;o caso a ICP precoce seja realizada. Apesar das recentes atualiza&#231;&#245;es dos consensos, esses novos f&#225;rmacos ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para uso no Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fausto Feres </p>
        <p> Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500 - 04012-909, </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="faustoferes@hotmail.com">faustoferes@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 06/12/07; revisado recebido em 07/01/08; aceito em 25/01/08.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>45. Yussuf S, Mheta    SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, et al. Effects of fondaparinux    on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial    infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA. 2006; 295 (13): 1519-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1519</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <volume>295</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yussuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mheta</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chrolavicius</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afzal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pogue</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in clinical practice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Platelet aggregation</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous coronary intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Agregaci&#243;n plaquetaria</kwd>
        <kwd>inhibidores de los receptores de la glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa de la membrana plaquetaria</kwd>
        <kwd>intervenci&#243;n coronaria percut&#225;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>REVIEW ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in clinical practice</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Felipe Maia; Francisco Carleal Feij&#243; de S&#225;; Fausto Feres</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo - SP- Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Key Words</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Platelet aggregation, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) inhibitors were developed in the early 1990's with the purpose of providing maximum platelet aggregation blockade. At first they were used adjunctly with balloon coronary angioplasty to reduce acute occlusion of the vessel treated and its complications such as periprocedural acute myocardial infarction (MI). The dissection of the vessel after balloon dilation in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCIs) occurred in 20 to 25% of the cases, and, as a consequence, acute occlusion developed in 5% of these patients<sup>1</sup>. Reduction in platelet aggregation with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors caused a reduction in major cardiovascular events (death, MI and urgent target vessel revascularization/TVR) after PCI<sup>2</sup>. However, it was the advent of coronary stents, because they reestablish the vessel geometry and "seal" the dissections, which contributed the most to eliminate such complications. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, as adjuncts to coronary stents, basically reduced periprocedural MI which occurs due to slow flow phenomena subsequent to platelet embolization ("slow reflow", "no reflow") or secondary branch occlusion.</p>
      <p>The good results of initial studies such as EPIC<sup>2</sup>, EPILOG<sup>3</sup> and EPISTENT<sup>4</sup> with the combined reduction of major cardiovascular events (MACEs) determined a growing use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Since then, different drugs of this class (abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide) have been tested in different situations such as elective procedures; acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) with or without ST segment elevation; reduction of coronary restenosis and more recently as a complementary medication to facilitate primary angioplasty.</p>
      <p>With the evolution of platelet antiaggregation therapy, new classes of drugs emerged, including thienopyridines. Pre-treatment with these drugs before PCI is today mandatory<sup>5</sup>. However, antithrombotic therapy has also evolved and recent studies with bivalirudine<sup>6</sup> and fondaparinux<sup>7</sup> currently provide other adjunct therapy options for PCIs.</p>
      <p>In this brief review, and according to recent publications and current guidelines, we will establish the role of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors as an adjunct therapy in PCIs in different scenarios.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Elective percutaneous coronary intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The first studies to test the administration of these drugs in elective angioplasties were EPISTENT<sup>4</sup> (abciximab), ESPRIT<sup>8</sup> (eptifibatide) and RESTORE<sup>9</sup> (tirofiban), which showed, however inconsistently, a strong trend towards the reduction of combined events, especially at the expense of non-Q MI (ck-mb elevation more than three times above the upper normality threshold). It is important to note that the use of tirofiban in the RESTORE study did not reach statistical significance levels as to the reduction of MACEs, probably because a sub-dose of the drug was used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig.1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Thienopyridines emerged with the evolution of platelet antiaggregant therapy. The issue then was whether pre-treatment with these drugs could replace GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and whether they would be equivalent in the reduction of periprocedural MI. In this sense, the ISAR REACT I study was published where more than 2,000 low cardiovascular risk patients underwent PCI, and were all treated with 600mg of clopidogrel at least six hours before the procedure. They did not benefit from the addition of abciximab to the association of ASA and clopidogrel, which is the standard therapy in current clinical practice. The final result of this analysis strongly suggest that there is no longer a role for GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in low risk elective angioplasties<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Today in Brazil 5.5% of the PCIs (whether elective or not) are performed under the effect of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, according to data provided by CENIC (National Center of Cardiovascular Interventions)<sup>11</sup>. Despite the high cost of these drugs and the references presented, the latest North American<sup>12</sup> and European<sup>13</sup> consensuses advocate the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in elective PCIs under indication IIa, level of evidence B.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Non-st elevation acute coronary syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It can be said that the use of these drugs has become mainstream for patients with moderate to high cardiovascular risk, in acute coronary syndromes with and without ST elevation, where it is known that early intervention with adjunct medication reduces the chances of major cardiovascular events (MACEs).</p>
      <p>The benefit of using GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in non-ST elevation ACSs was proven more than a decade ago with the publication of the CAPTURE<sup>14</sup> study. Patients with non-ST elevation ACS with high cardiovascular risk who were given the drug presented a reduction of the relative risk of major events (death, MI, TLR) of 28.9% as compared with the placebo group at the end of the 30-day period. Such benefit was due primarily to the reduction of periprocedural MI and was only observed in patients with complex lesions (type e" B2). The following studies: PRISM-PLUS<sup>15</sup>, PARAGON-B<sup>16</sup> and PURSUIT<sup>17</sup> have also included patients with the same presentation. When PCI was performed under the effect of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, a reduction of relative risk of death or MI by 42%, 35% and 31%, respectively was observed within 30 days as compared with the conservative treatment. With the confirmation of this scientific evidence, the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors have become major prescription drugs for high risk patients with non-ST elevation ACS.</p>
      <p>Just as in elective interventions, the mandatory pre-treatment with clopidogrel once again questioned the actual benefit of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, now for patients with non-ST elevation ACS. The answer to this question became clear with the publication of the results of the ISAR REACT II<sup>18</sup> study. In a population with high cardiovascular risk (elevation of troponin in 51.9% of the sample and multiarterial disease in 74% of the sample), the sole group of patients to experience a significant decrease in primary outcome (death, MI or TLR) at the end of the six-month period and one-year period was the group with positive troponin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f2-body2">fig.2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In an era when the reduction of hospital costs has become a key element of new research in progress, the use of a single bolus of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor was assessed in a recent publication<sup>19</sup>. The rationale of such strategy is based on the fact that the literature presents proof that single bolus epitifibatide has a powerful platelet antiaggregation effect without increasing the risks of bleeding<sup>20</sup>. In an era of ample use of stents under high pressures, with clopidogrel as the standard use, there are few acute thrombus complications such as the abrupt closure of vessel. Currently the average time of a PCI is shorter than one hour in most large centers and, considering the pharmacokinetics of epitifibatide, the platelet antiaggregation should hopefully last at least two to three hours<sup>21</sup>. In the case of abciximab this time could reach six hours. Additionally, early discontinuation of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor could reduce hemorrhagic complications such as the presence of hematomas in the puncture site. But surely the greater benefit would be the reduction of hospital costs. In the PURSUIT<sup>17</sup> study, the average cost of eptifibatide was 1014 dollars; in ESPRIT<sup>8</sup>, it was 502 dollars and in this analysis it was 59 dollars<sup>19</sup>. It could become an attractive alternative if corroborated in large randomized studies.</p>
      <p>Some factors such as different designs of studies and the diversity of drugs used pose doubts that prompt the following question: which of the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors should be used? A significantly larger number of studies with abciximab in ACS, the lesser <italic>in vitro</italic> affinity of eptifibatide for the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, and the lack of large randomized studies that compare it directly with the other two drugs of the study (abciximab and tirofiban) and the results at the end of the 30 days of the TARGET<sup>22</sup> study, which demonstrated a greater incidence of MACEs in the population that used a 10 &#188;g/kg bolus of tirofiban as compared with abciximab,all these create a distorted image that abciximab should be the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor of choice in such situations, and strangely, it has a higher cost. However, the publication of the ADVANCE<sup>23</sup> study and of the TENACITY<sup>24</sup> metanalysis, which was interrupted earlier due to financial reasons, when a bolus of 25&#188;g/kg of tirofiban was used, demonstrated the non-inferiority of this drug relative to abciximab for major outcomes (death, MI and TLR) with a similar profile of safety for 30 days. It is important to note that when non-ST elevation ACS is not followed by invasive stratification, the use of abciximab shows no benefit, as was clearly demonstrated by the GUSTO IV study<sup>25</sup>. As regards the precise moment to administer the drug (emergency room x hemodynamics laboratory), the ACUITY Timing study<sup>26</sup> showed a discrete elevation in ischemic events, with no statistical significance, when a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor was used in the hemodynamics room as compared with early administration. However, such delay in the administration of the drug resulted in a marked decrease in hemorrhagic events (4.9 x 6.1%; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>With so much proof in the literature, the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in non-ST elevation ACS is unequivocally a class I indication, level of evidence A, in the absence of clopidogrel, according to the North American consensus<sup>12</sup>. When clopidogrel is used, indication of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors becomes a class IIa indication, level of evidence B. In complex situations, such as the abrupt closure of a vessel; presence of a visible thrombus; and the "no/slow reflow" phenomenon, it is a class IIa indication, level of evidence C, according to the current European guideline<sup>13,27</sup>. The results of the studies mentioned send out a clear message: the greater the risks, the greater the benefits of the drug. In general, any of the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors can be used in high-risk patients with non-ST elevation ACS submitted to early invasive stratification.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acute coronary syndrome with st elevation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ACSs with ST elevation are now an indication IIa (level of evidence B) according to the latest European and North American consensuses for abciximab administration based on metanalyses such as the one conducted by Kandzari et al<sup>28</sup> which included the ADMIRAL, RAPPORT, ISAR II and CADILLAC pioneer studies where the most significant variable was a considerable drop in target lesion revascularization within 30 days which was maintained within six months for the group of patients on abciximab. This late warning given by the consensuses might be due to the difficulty in conducting a joint analysis of the different models of studies and their results (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f3-body2">fig.3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The absence of benefits regarding event reduction in the CADILLAC study, where abciximab was always administered concurrently with PCI, is in contrast with the results of the RAPPORT and ADMIRAL studies. In these studies, the early administration of abciximab occurred in approximately 25% of the patients before they arrived at the hemodynamics laboratory, and, as a result, there was a greater chance of having TIMI III distal flow, which might account for the discrepancy in results<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Montalescot<sup>29</sup> observed in his metanalysis of six studies of ACS with ST elevation (three studies with abciximab and three studies with tirofiban) the role of early administration of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors (ambulance or emergency department). When compared with the administration in the hemodynamics laboratory, early administration resulted in a higher chance of TIMI III distal flow (20.3% x 12.2% - odds ratio of 1.85; CI 95%, 1.26-2.71; p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f4-body2">fig.4</xref>). Early administration of the drug in this analysis resulted in a 28% reduction in the relative risk of death as compared with the administration of the drug in the hemodynamics room (4.7% x 3.4%), although this was not statistically significant.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>These findings have also been confirmed by a recent study called RELax MI<sup>30</sup>. It randomized 210 patients with ACS with ST elevation who underwent primary PTCA with early administration of abciximab (emergency room - mean of 55 minutes prior to PTCA) or late administration (hemodynamics laboratory - mean of 14 minutes prior to PTCA - p &lt; 0.001). Primary outcomes included chance of TIMI III epicardial flow, myocardial blush level 2-3 on initial angiography and recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction within 30 days of the event. All the angiographic benefits occurred with greater frequency in the early group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f5-body2">fig.5</xref>), and there was also a greater increase in the ejection fraction (8 &#177;7% vs. 6 &#177;7%; p = 0.02) with absolute values of 51 &#177; 9% early vs. 47 &#177; 10% late (p = 0.01) at the end of the 30-day period.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Srinivas et al<sup>31</sup> recently published an observational analysis using data from the record of primary angioplasties of New York State. With more than 7,000 patients treated between the years 2000 and 2003, with 78.5% using GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, the hospital mortality rate dropped from 6.2% to 3%. In the sample assessed, approximately 30% of the patients used abciximab and 46% were given tirofiban or eptifibatide, which is surprising since the latter two only had indication IIb according to the AHA/ACC<sup>12</sup> consensus. Once again, the difficulty in interpreting different studies seems to account for these specific aspects regarding the indication of IIb/IIIa inhibitor as an adjunct to primary PTCA. In our department's experience, at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, in the period between 2002 and 2007, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in approximately 5% of all angioplasties. In MI with ST elevation, 30% of the patients who underwent primary angioplasty were given these drugs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Facilitated primary angioplasties</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The gold standard for the treatment of ACSs with ST elevation is the fast and effective reperfusion of the target vessel, and several studies in the literature have shown the superiority of primary angioplasty as compared with fibrinolytic medication, as long as it is performed in due time. However, due to a series of factors, this target (&lt; 90 minutes) is hardly ever achieved. The idea then developed that fibrinolytic medication with or without GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors should be administered in the ambulance or emergency rooms, and followed by angioplasty to ensure complete reperfusion. Initially, a series of pilot studies such as TIGER-PA, ON TIME, Sk-EPTIFIBATIDE and SPEED (pilot of GUSTO-IV) showed an increase in the myocardial reperfusion rate with reduction of the platelet thrombus load; but with increased bleeding, especially when GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were combined with the administration of fibrinolytic drugs<sup>32,33</sup>. The GUSTO V study, with more than 15,000 patients allocated, assessed the association of abciximab and a sub-dose of reteplase and compared it with a full dose of the latter, and observed that there was no significant difference for the mortality rate within 30 days (5.6 x 5.9%) and one year (8.4% for both groups) and with twice the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in the population above 75 years (2.1 x 1.1)<sup>34</sup>. Although there are more than 17 studies in the literature about such strategy, its clinical benefits have not yet proven and the poor results of recent papers, just as the rates of hemorrhage, may be signaling the end of this therapeutic proposal.</p>
      <p>The long awaited FINESSE study with 2,452 patients, the largest analysis ever carried out comparing primary PTCA with facilitated angioplasty, was recently published. The primary outcome comprising mortality, ventricular fibrillation and/or heart failure at 90 days has not been statistically different when the following comparisons were made: primary PTCA with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in the laboratory vs GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and a half dose of reteplase pre-laboratory and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors pre-laboratory vs GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor and a half dose of reteplase pre-laboratory; however, there was a higher incidence (<italic>p</italic>&lt; 0.005) of major and minor hemorrhage according to the TIMI criterion for the two groups of facilitated angioplasty (GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor pre PTCA and half dose of reteplase with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor pre-PTCA) as compared with primary PTCA. These results are not very favorable to this type of strategy<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diabetics make up another population to capture the interest of researchers as it is known that they present a greater degree of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction thus creating a favorable environment for the development of coronary artery disease. The platelets of these patients are harder; their membranes have lower viscosity and express a greater amount of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors. This group of patients tends to present a higher rate of mortality and target lesion revascularization within the first year after PCI as compared with the non-diabetic population<sup>36</sup>. A retrospective sub-analysis of EPISTENT, dealing only with the diabetic population, showed a late reduction in target lesion revascularization in the group that used abciximab<sup>37</sup>. This hypothesis, however, was not confirmed in the primary outcomes of the ISAR-SWEET study<sup>38</sup> which randomized 701 diabetic patients submitted to elective PTCA to receive either abciximab or placebo. In this study, the incidence of death or MI was 8.3% in the abciximab group and 8.6% in the placebo group, with no significant statistical difference between the groups. Almost concurrently, in the DANTE study<sup>39</sup> , when a group exclusively made up of diabetic patients was reexamined with intracoronary ultrasound six months after the elective angioplasty, no effect on the decrease of the restenosis rate was observed in the group that used abciximab (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f6-body2">fig.6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>However, in a population of higher risk diabetics, the administration of abciximab has demonstrated an impact on the reduction of events. Montalescot et al. in a recent metanalysis of ACS with ST elevation<sup>40</sup>, observed, at the end of a three-year follow-up, a fourfold incidence of death and MI in diabetics as compared with non-diabetics. The administration of abciximab to this population of diabetics provided marked benefits on the reduction of cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
      <p>Another metanalysis of six studies<sup>41</sup>, in patients with non-ST elevation ACS, demonstrated that diabetic patients also present benefits from the administration of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Among more than 6,000 patients included, platelet antiaggregation therapy with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors demonstrated a reduction in mortality at 30 days from 6.2% to 4.6% (relative reduction of 0.74; [confidence interval of 95% 0.59-0.92]; p= 0.007). Although the studies have observed a protective action for these patients, there is no specific indication so far from the North American and European consensuses regarding the administration of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors specifically to the diabetic population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>New Alternatives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the pursuit of the ideal antithrombin medication to treat ACSs, new drugs were tested such as fondaparinux and bivalirudine (direct inhibitors of thrombin), with a profile of higher safety relative to the incidence of hemorrhagic events when compared with the standard therapy, i.e., the association of heparin and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors as adjuncts to PTCA.</p>
      <p>Bivalirudine, previously administered only as an alternative to patients who developed heparin-induced immune thrombocytopenia was tested initially in the REPLACE 2 study<sup>42</sup>. Bivalirudine, associated with the judicious use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, has proven its non-inferiority relative to the association of unfractioned heparin (UFH) - GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in elective and urgent PCIs with equivalent results within one year for all subgroups assessed, and a lower incidence of major hemorrhage during hospital stay (2.4% x 4.1%; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). It is important to highlight that there was a trend towards mortality reduction in the group using bivalirudine, although with no statistical significance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f7-body2">fig.7</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f7-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The results of ACUITY<sup>6</sup>, a recent study, demonstrated non-inferiority of the isolated administration of bivalirudine as compared with associations of UFH - GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and bivalirudine - GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors relative to ischemic events with a marked reduction of major hemorrhagic events in patients with non-ST elevation ACSs, regardless of the administration of thienopyridines (fig.8). The results of its sub-analysis, ACUITY-PCI<sup>43</sup>, although still posing questions relative to the groups of patients who did not use thienopyridines prior to PCTA and those with positive troponin, where the isolated use of bivalirudine demonstrated a trend towards higher ischemic events (with no statistical significance) provides a new option to treat high risk non-ST elevation ACSs (indication IIA - level of evidence B)<sup>44</sup>, especially when the risk of hemorrhagic events is significant (elderly patients, females and low weight patients).</p>
      <p>Fondaparinux, another drug with direct action on thrombin, also demonstrated superiority when compared with low molecular weight heparins in the OASIS-5<sup>7</sup> study (ACS without ST elevation) and OASIS-6<sup>45</sup> (ACS with ST elevation), relative to major cardiovascular outcomes (death, MI and TLR) and, especially, a marked reduction in the incidence of major and minor hemorrhage. The two studies together included more than 20.000 patients, but the results about the incidence of MACEs could not be extrapolated to the group submitted to PCI. The incidence of catheter thrombosis in the OASIS-5 study for the group on isolated fondaparinux was well above that of the group on low molecular weight heparin (1.3% x 0.6%). However, such problem seems to be solved if another drug with anti-IIa activity (UFH or bivalirudine)<sup>44</sup> is added during PCI, without increasing the risk of bleeding.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In view of the evidence presented, the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors has become extremely rational in recent years. They are currently administered only in cases of ACSs with and without ST elevation (with markers of high risk such as positive troponin), with the consensuses still advocating the administration of tirofiban and eptifibatide in strategies that are initially conservative. Issues relating to cost and incidence of hemorrhagic events which are directly related to an increase in mortality rate during hospital stay have opened the way for studies with new drugs which show promising results.</p>
      <p>Some new options for GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, such as the early administration of abciximab before arrival to the hemodynamics laboratory in ACSs with ST elevation and a single bolus of eptifibatide in elective PCIs can justify future changes in guidelines. The administration of drugs of this group should be accompanied by an adjusted dose of UFH for PCI (mean of 70UI/kg) in order to reduce the chance of hemorrhagic events. Cases with high risk of thrombotic complications such as complex anatomies are also an alternative for these drugs. The doses of eptifibatide (Cr Cl &lt; 50ml/min) and tirofiban (Cr Cl &lt; 30 ml/min) should be adjusted whenever necessary for renal failure. When bivalirudine is the anticoagulant of choice for PCI, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors should not be administered, whereas with fondaparinux GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors can be one of the alternatives of association in case early PCI is performed. Despite recent updates in consensuses, these drugs are not yet available in Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRes" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Art&#237;culo de Revisi&#243;n</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="es">Inhibidores de la glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ART&#205;CULO DE REVISI&#211;N</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body3">
          <label>
            <bold>Inhibidores de la glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Felipe Maia; Francisco Carleal Feij&#243; de S&#225;; Fausto Feres</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Correspondencia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Palabras clave</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Agregaci&#243;n plaquetaria, inhibidores de los receptores de la glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa de la membrana plaquetaria, intervenci&#243;n coronaria percut&#225;nea.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introducci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los inhibidores de la glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa (IG IIb/IIIa) se desarrollaron en el inicio de los a&#241;os 1990 con el objetivo de proporcionar bloqueo m&#225;ximo de la agregaci&#243;n plaquetaria. Su utilizaci&#243;n, inicialmente, ocurri&#243; junto a la angioplastia coronaria con bal&#243;n a fin de reducir la oclusi&#243;n aguda del vaso tratado y sus complicaciones, como el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) periprocedimiento. La disecci&#243;n del vaso tras la dilataci&#243;n ocasionada por el bal&#243;n en las intervenciones coronarias percut&#225;neas (ICP) ocurr&#237;a en el 20% al 25% de los casos, y, como consecuencia de ello, la oclusi&#243;n aguda se establec&#237;a en cerca del 5% de esos pacientes<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>La reducci&#243;n en la agregaci&#243;n plaquetaria con los IG IIb/IIIa proporcion&#243; una reducci&#243;n de los eventos cardiovasculares mayores (muerte, infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y revascularizaci&#243;n de urgencia del vaso blanco) tras ICP<sup>2</sup>. Sin embargo, fue el advenimiento de los <italic>stents</italic> coronarios -una vez que &#233;stos no s&#243;lo restablecen la geometr&#237;a del vaso, sino que tambi&#233;n "sellan" las disecciones- lo que m&#225;s contribuy&#243; para la eliminaci&#243;n de dichas complicaciones. Los IG IIb/IIIa, junto a los <italic>stents</italic> coronarios, b&#225;sicamente redujeron el IAM periprocedimiento, que ocurre en virtud de fen&#243;menos de flujo lento como consecuencia de la embolizaci&#243;n plaquetaria ("<italic>slow reflow</italic>", "<italic>no reflow</italic>") u oclusi&#243;n de ramas secundarias.</p>
      <p>Los buenos resultados de los estudios iniciales como EPIC<sup>2</sup>, EPILOG<sup>3</sup> y EPISTENT<sup>4</sup> con la reducci&#243;n combinada de eventos cardiovasculares mayores (ECM) impulsaron el uso creciente de los IG IIb/IIIa. Desde entonces, se probaron los diversos f&#225;rmacos de la clase (abciximab, tirofiban y eptifibatide), en diferentes situaciones -tales como los procedimientos electivos, los s&#237;ndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) con y sin supradesnivelamiento del segmento ST-, para la reducci&#243;n de la reestenosis coronaria y, m&#225;s recientemente, como f&#225;rmaco auxiliar en la facilitaci&#243;n de angioplastias primarias.</p>
      <p>Con la evoluci&#243;n de la terapia antiagregante plaquetaria, surgieron nuevas clases de f&#225;rmacos, entre ellos los tienopirid&#237;nicos. Hoy d&#237;a, se volvi&#243; obligatorio el pretratamiento con esos medicamentos antes de la ICP<sup>5</sup>. Sin embargo, la terapia antitromb&#243;tica tambi&#233;n avanz&#243; de modo que recientes estudios con la bivalirudina<sup>6</sup> y el fondaparinux<sup>7</sup> permiten que sean diversas las opciones de terap&#233;utica adyuvante en las ICP actuales.</p>
      <p>En esta breve revisi&#243;n estableceremos, de acuerdo con las publicaciones recientes y las directrices actuales, el rol de los IG IIb/IIIa como terapia adyuvante en las ICP, insertos en los m&#225;s distintos escenarios.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intervenci&#243;n coronaria percut&#225;nea electiva</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Los primeros estudios que probaron el uso de esos f&#225;rmacos en angioplastias electivas fueron EPISTENT<sup>4</sup> (abciximab), ESPRIT<sup>8</sup> (eptifibatide) y RESTORE<sup>9</sup> (tirofiban). Ellos demostraron de manera no uniforme una fuerte tendencia a la reducci&#243;n de eventos combinados, sobre todo en perjuicio del IAM sin onda Q (elevaci&#243;n de la enzima CK-MB mayor que tres veces el l&#237;mite superior de la normalidad). Es importante resaltar que el uso de tirofiban en el estudio RESTORE no alcanz&#243; significancia estad&#237;stica para reducci&#243;n de ECM, probablemente por haber utilizado subdosis del f&#225;rmaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body3">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf01-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Con la evoluci&#243;n de la terapia antiagregante plaquetaria aparecieron los tienopirid&#237;nicos. Surg&#237;a, entonces, la necesidad de cuestionar si el pretratamiento con esos f&#225;rmacos podr&#237;a reemplazar el uso de los IG IIb/IIIa, con resultados equivalentes en la reducci&#243;n del IAM periprocedimiento. En este sentido, se public&#243; el estudio ISAR REACT I, en el que se sometieron a ICP a m&#225;s de dos mil pacientes de bajo riesgo cardiovascular -todos previamente tratados con 600mg de clopidogrel, al menos seis horas antes del procedimiento-, sin demostrarse beneficio de la adici&#243;n de abciximab a la asociaci&#243;n de AAS y clopidogrel, terapia est&#225;ndar de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica actual. El resultado final de ese an&#225;lisis sugiere fuertemente no haber un rol que puede ser desempe&#241;ado por los IG IIb/IIIa en angioplastias electivas de bajo riesgo<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>En los d&#237;as actuales, en Brasil, el 5,5% de las ICP (electivas o no) se realizan bajo efecto de los IG IIb/IIIa, seg&#250;n los datos del CENIC (Centro Nacional de Intervenciones Cardiovasculares)<sup>11</sup>. A pesar del alto costo del f&#225;rmaco y de las referencias presentadas, los &#250;ltimos consensos estadounidense<sup>12</sup> y europeo<sup>13</sup> preconizan todav&#237;a el uso de los IG IIb/IIIa en ICP electivas como indicaci&#243;n IIa, nivel de evidencia B.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronario agudo sin supradesnivelamiento de ST</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Se puede decir que el uso de esos f&#225;rmacos se haya difundido en el &#225;mbito de pacientes de moderado a alto riesgo cardiovascular, en los s&#237;ndromes coronarios agudos con y sin supradesnivelamiento de ST, evento en que se sabe que la intervenci&#243;n precoz junto a la farmacoterapia reduce la posibilidad de eventos cardiovasculares mayores (ECM).</p>
      <p>El beneficio de la utilizaci&#243;n de IG IIb/IIIa en las SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST se comprob&#243;, hace m&#225;s de una d&#233;cada, con la publicaci&#243;n del estudio CAPTURE<sup>14</sup>. Los pacientes con SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST de alto riesgo cardiovascular que recibieron el f&#225;rmaco presentaron reducci&#243;n de riesgo relativo de eventos mayores (muerte, IAM, RLB) del 28,9% en relaci&#243;n al grupo placebo, al final de 30 d&#237;as. Ese beneficio, que se observ&#243; s&#243;lo en los pacientes con lesiones complejas (tipo e" B2), se debi&#243;, espec&#237;ficamente, a la reducci&#243;n de IAM periprocedimiento. Los estudios siguientes -PRISM-PLUS<sup>15</sup>, PARAGON-B<sup>16</sup> y PURSUIT<sup>17</sup>- tambi&#233;n incluyeron a pacientes con igual presentaci&#243;n. Cuando se realiz&#243; la ICP bajo efecto del IG IIb/IIIa, se observ&#243; una reducci&#243;n del riesgo relativo de muerte o IAM, en el per&#237;odo 30 d&#237;as, en el 42%, el 35% y el 31%, respectivamente, en comparaci&#243;n con el tratamiento conservador. Al confirmarse dichas evidencias cient&#237;ficas, los IG IIb/IIIa conquistaron lugar de destaque en la prescripci&#243;n de pacientes con SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST y de alto riesgo.</p>
      <p>De modo semejante a las intervenciones electivas, el uso mandatorio pretratamiento del clopidogrel cuestion&#243; una vez m&#225;s el real beneficio de los IG IIb/IIIa, ahora en pacientes con SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST. La respuesta para esa cuesti&#243;n se volvi&#243; clara a partir de la publicaci&#243;n de los resultados del ISAR REACT II<sup>18</sup>. En una poblaci&#243;n de alto riesgo cardiovascular (elevaci&#243;n de troponina en el 51,9% y enfermedad multiarterial en el 74% de la muestra), el grupo de pacientes con troponina positiva fue el &#250;nico a alcanzar disminuci&#243;n significativa del desenlace primario (muerte, IAM o RLB) al final de seis meses y un a&#241;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_11f2-body3">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_11f2-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf02-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>En una &#233;poca en que la reducci&#243;n de costos hospitalarios se convirti&#243; en elemento-clave para las nuevas investigaciones en desarrollo, se evalu&#243; el uso de &#250;nico <italic>bolus</italic> de IG IIb/IIIa en publicaci&#243;n reciente<sup>19</sup>. La idea de esta estrategia se basa en el hecho de constar de la literatura una comprobaci&#243;n de la potente antiagregaci&#243;n plaquetaria con <italic>bolus</italic> &#250;nico de epitifibatide, sin que se aumente los riesgos de sangramiento<sup>20</sup>. En la era de la liberaci&#243;n de los <italic>stents</italic> bajo altas presiones, con uso est&#225;ndar de clopidogrel, existen pocas complicaciones tromb&#243;ticas agudas como cierre abrupto del vaso. El tiempo promedio de una ICP actual es menor que una hora en la mayor&#237;a de los grandes centros; as&#237; que si se conoce la farmacocin&#233;tica del epitifibatide, se podr&#237;a esperar mantenimiento de la antiagregaci&#243;n plaquetaria durante al menos dos a tres horas<sup>21</sup>. En el caso del abciximab, ese tiempo llegar&#237;a a seis horas. Adem&#225;s de ello, la descontinuaci&#243;n precoz del IG IIb/IIIa podr&#237;a reducir complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas como, por ejemplo, la presencia de hematomas en zona de punci&#243;n. Pero, sin duda, el mayor beneficio residir&#237;a en la reducci&#243;n del costo hospitalario. En el estudio PURSUIT<sup>17</sup> el costo promedio de eptifibatide fue de U$S 1.014; en el ESPRIT<sup>8</sup>, U$S 502; y en este an&#225;lisis, U$S 59<sup>19</sup>. Esta puede convertirse en una alternativa muy atractiva, si se la compruebe en grandes estudios randomizados.</p>
      <p>Algunos factores, tales como los diferentes dise&#241;os de estudios y la diversidad de f&#225;rmacos utilizados, traen dudas que conducen a la siguiente pregunta: &#191;Cu&#225;l de los IG IIb/IIIa utilizarse? Tomando en consideraci&#243;n el n&#250;mero expresivamente mayor de estudios en SCA con abciximab; la menor afinidad <italic>in vitro</italic> del eptifibatide por el receptor de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa; ambos sumados, en primer lugar, a la ausencia de grandes estudios randomizados que lo comparen directamente con los dem&#225;s integrantes del grupo (abciximab y tirofiban); y en segundo, a los resultados de 30 d&#237;as del estudio TARGET<sup>22</sup> -que demostraron mayor incidencia de ECM en la poblaci&#243;n que us&#243; <italic>bolus</italic> de 10 &#188;g/kg de tirofiban en comparaci&#243;n al abciximab-. Todo ello crea una imagen viciada de que el abciximab debe ser siempre el IG IIb/IIIa de elecci&#243;n en dichas situaciones, curiosamente, con mayor costo. Sin embargo, las publicaciones del estudio ADVANCE<sup>23</sup> y del metaan&#225;lisis TENACITY<sup>24</sup> -&#233;ste interrumpido precozmente por razones financieras, al utilizarse un <italic>bolus</italic> mayor de 25&#188;g/kg de tirofiban-, demostraron la no inferioridad de f&#225;rmaco en relaci&#243;n al abciximab en los desenlaces mayores (muerte, IAM y RLB), adem&#225;s de un perfil de seguridad similar en 30 d&#237;as. Es importante resaltar que, cuando una SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST no es seguida de estratificaci&#243;n invasiva, el uso del abciximab no resulta en beneficios, en conformidad a lo evidenciado claramente por el estudio GUSTO IV<sup>25</sup>. En cuanto al momento exacto de la administraci&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco (sala de emergencia <italic>versus</italic> laboratorio de hemodin&#225;mica), el estudio ACUITY Timing<sup>26</sup> mostr&#243; discreta elevaci&#243;n de eventos isqu&#233;micos, sin significancia estad&#237;stica, para el uso del IG IIb/IIIa en la sala de hemodin&#225;mica cuando comparado al uso precoz. Por otro lado, dicho retraso en la utilizaci&#243;n del f&#225;rmaco result&#243; en una reducci&#243;n relevante de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos (4,9 x 6,1%; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>Con tantas comprobaciones constantes de la literatura, el uso de los IG IIb/IIIa en las SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST se muestra una indicaci&#243;n inequ&#237;voca clase I, nivel de evidencia A, en la ausencia del clopidogrel, seg&#250;n el consenso estadounidense<sup>12</sup>. Cuando se utiliza el clopidogrel, la indicaci&#243;n del IG IIb/IIIa se convierte en IIa, nivel de evidencia B. En situaciones complejas, como cierre abrupto del vaso, presencia de trombo visible y fen&#243;meno de "<italic>no/slow reflow</italic>",se configura una indicaci&#243;n IIa, nivel de evidencia C, seg&#250;n la directriz europea vigente<sup>13,27</sup>. Los resultados de los estudios citados traen un mensaje claro: cuanto sean mayores los riesgos, mayores ser&#225;n los beneficios del f&#225;rmaco. En general, se podr&#225; utilizar cualquiera de los IG IIb/IIIa en pacientes de alto riesgo en vigencia de SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST sometidos a la estratificaci&#243;n invasiva precoz.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronario agudo con supradesnivelamiento de ST</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Las SCA con supradesnivelamiento de ST tambi&#233;n cambiaron la indicaci&#243;n para IIa (nivel de evidencia B) desde los &#250;ltimos consensos europeo y estadounidense, para uso de abciximab, basado en metaan&#225;lisis como &#233;l de Kandzari et al.<sup>28</sup>. Al abordar los estudios de vanguardia ADMIRAL, RAPPORT, ISAR II y CADILLAC, dicho metaan&#225;lisis demostr&#243; que la variable m&#225;s relevante fue la reducci&#243;n expresiva de RLB en 30 d&#237;as, adem&#225;s de su mantenimiento por seis meses en el grupo de pacientes que utiliz&#243; abciximab. Esta se&#241;alizaci&#243;n tard&#237;a, por parte de los consensos, se debe tal vez a la dificultad de analizarse en conjunto los diferentes modelos de estudios y sus resultados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_11f3-body3">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_11f3-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf03-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>La ausencia de beneficios sobre la reducci&#243;n de eventos mayores en el estudio CADILLAC, cuya administraci&#243;n de abciximab era concomitante a la ICP, contrasta con los resultados de los estudios RAPPORT y ADMIRAL. En estos &#250;ltimos, el uso precoz del abciximab ocurri&#243; en cerca del 25% de los pacientes, antes su llegada al laboratorio de hemodin&#225;mica, hecho que result&#243; mayor posibilidad de flujo distal TIMI III, lo que tal vez explique la discrepancia en los resultados<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Montalescot et al.<sup>29</sup> observaron en metaan&#225;lisis de seis estudios en SCA con supradesnivelamiento de ST (tres estudios con abciximab y tres estudios con tirofiban) el rol del uso precoz del IG IIb/IIIa (ambulancia o departamento de emergencia). Cuando comparado al uso en el laboratorio de hemodin&#225;mica, la administraci&#243;n precoz resultaba en mayor posibilidad de flujo distal TIMI III (20,3% vs 12,2% - raz&#243;n de posibilidades 1.85, IC 95%, 1.26-2.71; p&lt;.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_11f4-body3">Fig. 4</xref>). El uso precoz del f&#225;rmaco, en ese an&#225;lisis, result&#243; en una reducci&#243;n del 28% en el riesgo relativo de muerte en relaci&#243;n al uso en sala de hemodin&#225;mica (4,7% vs 3,4%), aunque sin significancia estad&#237;stica.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_11f4-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf04-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Dichos hallazgos tambi&#233;n se confirmaron en el reciente estudio RELax AMI<sup>30</sup>. En este an&#225;lisis 210 pacientes fueron randomizados en vigencia de SCA con supradesnivelamiento de ST sometidos a la ATC primaria con uso precoz de abciximab (sala de emergencia - promedio de 55 minutos previo a la ATC) o tard&#237;o (laboratorio de hemodin&#225;mica - promedio de 14 minutos antes de la ATC - p&lt;0,001). Los desenlaces primarios inclu&#237;an posibilidad de flujo epic&#225;rdico TIMI III, "<italic>blush</italic>" mioc&#225;rdico grado 2-3 en la angiograf&#237;a inicial y recuperaci&#243;n de la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n del ventr&#237;culo izquierdo con 30 d&#237;as tras el evento. Todos los beneficios angiogr&#225;ficos ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia en el grupo precoz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_11f5-body3">Fig. 5</xref>), as&#237; como una mayor ganancia en la fracci&#243;n de eyecci&#243;n (8 &#177;7% vs. 6 &#177;7% ; p = 0,02) con valores absolutos de 51 &#177; 9% precoz <italic>versus</italic>. 47 &#177; 10% tard&#237;o; p = 0,01, al final de 30 d&#237;as.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_11f5-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf05-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Srinivas et al.<sup>31</sup> publicaron recientemente un an&#225;lisis observacional, utiliz&#225;ndose de datos del registro de angioplastias primarias del estado de Nueva York. Con m&#225;s de siete mil pacientes tratados entre los a&#241;os 2000 y 2003, con el 78,5% de uso de IG IIb/IIIa, la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria cay&#243; del 6,2% para el 3%. En la muestra evaluada, cerca del 30% de los pacientes utilizaron abciximab y el 46% recibieron tirofiban o eptifibatide. Lo que se trata de una sorpresa, ya que &#233;stos tienen solamente la indicaci&#243;n IIb seg&#250;n el consenso de la AHA/ACC<sup>12</sup>. M&#225;s una vez, la dificultad de interpretar los distintos estudios parece ser responsable de esas particularidades respecto a la indicaci&#243;n del IIb/IIIa junto a la ICP primaria. En la experiencia de nuestro servicio, en Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiolog&#237;a, en el per&#237;odo de 2002 a 2007, se utilizaron los IG IIb/IIIa en cerca del 5% de todas las angioplastias. En el IAM con supradesnivelamiento de ST, a su vez, se los utilizaron en el 30% de las angioplastias primarias.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Angioplastias primarias facilitadas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El est&#225;ndar de referencia de tratamiento en las SCA con supradesnivelamiento de ST es la reperfusi&#243;n r&#225;pida y eficaz del vaso blanco. Diversos estudios en la literatura han evidenciado la superioridad de la angioplastia primaria cuando comparada al fibrinol&#237;tico, si se la realiza en tiempo h&#225;bil. Sin embargo, en virtud de una serie de factores, dif&#237;cilmente se alcanza esa meta (&lt; 90 minutos). As&#237; que surgi&#243; la idea del uso del fibrinol&#237;tico con o sin IG IIb/IIIa en la ambulancia o sala de emergencia, seguido de angioplastia para garantizar una reperfusi&#243;n completa. Inicialmente, una serie de estudios piloto como TIGER-PA, ON TIME, Sk-EPTIFIBATIDE y SPEED (piloto do GUSTO-IV) mostraron, en su mayor&#237;a, un aumento de la tasa de reperfusi&#243;n mioc&#225;rdica, con reducci&#243;n en la carga de trombo plaquetario, pero con aumento de sangramiento, sobre todo cuando combinado al uso de fibrinol&#237;tico<sup>32,33</sup>. El estudio GUSTO V, incluyendo a m&#225;s de 15 mil pacientes, evalu&#243; la asociaci&#243;n de abciximab y subdosis de reteplase contra dosis plena de este &#250;ltimo, sin observar diferencia significativa para la tasa de mortalidad tras 30 d&#237;as (5,6 x 5,9%) y un a&#241;o (el 8,4% para ambos grupos); y a&#250;n con casi el doble de la incidencia de hemorragia intracraneal en la poblaci&#243;n con m&#225;s de 75 a&#241;os (2,1 vs 1,1)<sup>34</sup>. A pesar de haber m&#225;s de 17 estudios en la literatura sobre este tema, dicha estrategia no comprob&#243; sus beneficios cl&#237;nicos todav&#237;a; por otra parte, los malos resultados de trabajos recientes, as&#237; como las tasas de hemorragia pueden decretar el fin de esta propuesta terap&#233;utica.</p>
      <p>Se public&#243; recientemente el aguardado estudio FINESSE, con 2.452 pacientes, mayor an&#225;lisis ya realizado para comparar ATC primaria con angioplastia facilitada. El desenlace primario de mortalidad, fibrilaci&#243;n ventricular y/o insuficiencia cardiaca tras 90 d&#237;as no result&#243; estad&#237;sticamente distinta entre las comparaciones -ATC primaria con IG IIb/IIIa en el laboratorio vs IG IIb/IIIa y media dosis de reteplase prelaboratorio; y IG IIb/IIIa prelaboratorio x IG IIb/IIIa y media dosis de reteplase prelaboratorio. Hubo mayor incidencia (<bold><italic>p</italic></bold>&lt;0,005) de hemorragias mayores y menores, seg&#250;n el criterio TIMI, para los dos grupos de angioplastia facilitada -IG IIb/IIIa pre-ATC y media dosis de reteplase com. IG IIb/IIIa pre-ATC-, si comparados con ATC primaria. Esos resultados no traen demasiado optimismo para ese tipo de estrategia<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intervenci&#243;n coronaria percut&#225;nea en diab&#233;ticos</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Otra poblaci&#243;n que puede despertar el inter&#233;s de los investigadores es la de diab&#233;ticos, que, como se sabe, presenta el mayor grado de inflamaci&#243;n y disfunci&#243;n endotelial. Cuadro &#233;ste que culmina en un ambiente propicio para el desarrollo de enfermedad arterial coronaria. Las plaquetas de esos pacientes se presentan m&#225;s r&#237;gidas, sus membranas muestran menor viscosidad y presentan una mayor cantidad de receptores de la glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa. Ese grupo de pacientes tiende a experimentar mayor tasa de mortalidad y de RLB en el primer a&#241;o tras ICP si comparado a la poblaci&#243;n de no diab&#233;ticos<sup>36</sup>. Un suban&#225;lisis retrospectivo del EPISTENT, al abordar solamente la poblaci&#243;n de diab&#233;ticos, mostr&#243; reducci&#243;n tard&#237;a de la RLB en el grupo que us&#243; abciximab<sup>37</sup>; dicha hip&#243;tesis, sin embargo, no se confirm&#243; en los desenlaces primarios del estudio ISAR-SWEET<sup>38</sup>, en lo que fueron randomizados 701 pacientes diab&#233;ticos y se los sometieron a ICP electiva para que recibieran abciximab o placebo. En ese estudio, la incidencia de muerte o IAM fue del 8,3% en el grupo abciximab, y del 8,6% en el grupo placebo, sin distinci&#243;n estad&#237;sticamente significativa entre los grupos. Casi en simult&#225;neo, el estudio DANTE<sup>39</sup>, al reestudiar con ultrasonido intracoronario a un grupo exclusivo de pacientes diab&#233;ticos, seis meses tras angioplastia electiva, no observ&#243; ning&#250;n efecto sobre la disminuci&#243;n de la tasa de reestenosis en el grupo que utiliz&#243; abciximab (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="es_11f6-body3">Fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="es_11f6-body3">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf06-es.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Sin embargo, en una poblaci&#243;n de diab&#233;ticos de m&#225;s alto riesgo, el uso de abciximab ya demostr&#243; impacto en la reducci&#243;n de eventos. Montalescot et al.<sup>40</sup>, en reciente metaan&#225;lisis de SCA con supradesnivelamiento de ST, observaron incidencia cuatro veces mayor de muerte e IAM en diab&#233;ticos en relaci&#243;n a no diab&#233;ticos al final de tres a&#241;os de seguimiento. La utilizaci&#243;n del abciximab, en esta poblaci&#243;n diab&#233;tica, present&#243; beneficio relevante sobre la reducci&#243;n de desenlaces cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Otro metaan&#225;lisis de seis estudios<sup>41</sup>, de esta vez en vigencia de SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST, demostr&#243; que pacientes diab&#233;ticos tambi&#233;n presentan beneficio a trav&#233;s de la utilizaci&#243;n de los IG IIb/IIIa. Entre m&#225;s de seis mil pacientes incluidos, la terapia antiplaquetaria con IG IIb/IIIa apunt&#243; reducci&#243;n de mortalidad, tras 30 d&#237;as, del 6,2% para el 4,6% (reducci&#243;n relativa, 0,74; [IC95% 0,59-0,92]; p=0,007). A pesar de que estos estudios hayan observado una acci&#243;n protectora para dichos pacientes, no existe hasta el momento ninguna indicaci&#243;n espec&#237;fica, seg&#250;n los consensos estadounidense y europeo para el uso de los IG IIb/IIIa precisamente en la poblaci&#243;n diab&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nuevas opciones</bold>
      </p>
      <p>En b&#250;squeda por el antitromb&#237;nico ideal para el tratamiento de las SCA, se probaron nuevos f&#225;rmacos como, por ejemplo, el fondaparinux y la bivalirudina (inhibidores directos de la trombina), con mayor perfil de seguridad en relaci&#243;n con la incidencia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, cuando comparados a la terapia est&#225;ndar que consiste en la asociaci&#243;n de heparina e IG IIb/IIIa junto a la ICP.</p>
      <p>Se prob&#243; la bivalirudina, previamente utilizada s&#243;lo como alternativa a los pacientes que desarrollaran trombocitopenia inmune inducida por heparina, inicialmente en el estudio REPLACE 2<sup>42</sup>. La bivalirudina, asociada al uso criterioso de IG IIb/IIIa, comprob&#243; su no inferioridad ante la asociaci&#243;n de heparina no fraccionada (HNF) - IG IIb/IIIa en ICP electivas y de urgencia, con resultados equivalentes al final de un a&#241;o, en todos los subgrupos evaluados, adem&#225;s de menor incidencia de hemorragias mayores en la fase intrahospitalaria (2,4% x 4,1%; <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001). Es importante resaltar la tendencia a la disminuci&#243;n de mortalidad en el grupo con bivalirudina, aunque sin significancia estad&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7-body3">Fig. 7</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f7-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf07-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Los resultados del reciente estudio ACUITY<sup>6</sup> demostraron la no inferioridad del uso aislado de la bivalirudina, cuando comparada a las asociaciones de HNF - IG IIb/IIIa y bivalirudina - IG IIb/IIIa en relaci&#243;n a eventos isqu&#233;micos y con reducci&#243;n relevante de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos importantes en pacientes con SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST, independiente del uso de tienopirid&#237;nicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8-body3">Fig. 8</xref>). La confirmaci&#243;n de los datos en el suban&#225;lisis ACUITY-PCI<sup>43</sup>, aunque con cuestionamientos respecto a los grupos de pacientes que no utilizaron tienopirid&#237;nico pre-ICP y aquellos con troponina positiva, en que el uso aislado de la bivalirudina demostr&#243; tendencia a elevaci&#243;n del n&#250;mero de eventos isqu&#233;micos (sin significancia estad&#237;stica) trae una nueva opci&#243;n para el tratamiento de las SCA sin supradesnivelamiento de ST de alto riesgo (indicaci&#243;n IIA - nivel de evidencia B)<sup>44</sup>, espec&#237;ficamente cuando el riesgo de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos es significante (adultos ancianos, sexo femenino y bajo peso).</p>
      <fig id="f8-body3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-92-01-0068-00011-gf08-es.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>El fondaparinux, otro f&#225;rmaco con acci&#243;n directa sobre la trombina, tambi&#233;n demostr&#243; superioridad cuando comparado a heparinas no fraccionada y de bajo peso molecular en los estudios OASIS-5<sup>7</sup> (SCA sin supradesnivel de ST) y OASIS-6<sup>45</sup> (SCA con supradesnivelamiento de ST), en relaci&#243;n con los desenlaces cardiovasculares mayores (muerte, IAM y accidente vascular encef&#225;lico) y, sobre todo, reducci&#243;n relevante sobre la incidencia de hemorragias mayores y menores. Ambos estudios, juntos, incluyeron m&#225;s de 20 mil pacientes, pero los resultados sobre la incidencia de ECM no resultaron transponibles para el grupo sometido a ICP. La incidencia de trombosis de cat&#233;ter en el estudio OASIS-5 para el grupo con fondaparinux aislado se configur&#243; muy superior al grupo con heparina de bajo peso molecular (1,3% vs 0,6%). Sin embargo, este problema parece resolverse si se a&#241;ade otro f&#225;rmaco con actividad anti-IIa (HNF o bivalirudina)<sup>44</sup> durante la ICP, sin elevar el riesgo de sangramiento.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusi&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ante las evidencias presentadas, el uso de los IG IIb/IIIa se volvi&#243; extremamente racional en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os. Su utilizaci&#243;n, en los d&#237;as actuales, se restringe a las SCA con y sin supradesnivelamiento de ST (con marcadores de alto riesgo como troponina positiva), tomando en cuenta que los consensos todav&#237;a preconizan el uso del tirofiban y del eptifibatide para las estrategias inicialmente conservadoras. Las cuestiones de costo y la incidencia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, directamente relacionados al aumento de la tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria, abrieron paso para estudios con nuevos f&#225;rmacos que mostraron resultados prometedores.</p>
      <p>Algunas nuevas opciones de uso para los IG IIb/IIIa, como, por ejemplo, la utilizaci&#243;n precoz del abciximab antes de la llegada al laboratorio de hemodin&#225;mica en las SCA con supradesnivelamiento de ST y el <italic>bolus</italic> &#250;nico de eptifibatide en ICP electiva pueden justificar futuros cambios de las directrices. Al uso de los f&#225;rmacos del grupo se debe a&#241;adir una dosis ajustada de HNF para ICP (promedio de 70UI/kg) a fin de disminuirse la posibilidad de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. Casos bajo alto riesgo de complicaciones tromb&#243;ticas, como en anatom&#237;as complexas (lesiones que contienen trombo), tambi&#233;n se configuran como una alternativa al uso de esos f&#225;rmacos. Se debe, todav&#237;a, corregir siempre que necesario las dosis de eptifibatide (Cl Cr &lt; 50 ml/min) y tirofiban (Cl Cr &lt; 30 ml/min) para insuficiencia renal. Si es la bivalirudina el anticoagulante de elecci&#243;n para a ICP, no se debe utilizar IG IIb/IIIa; a su vez, combinado al fondaparinux, el IG IIb/IIIa puede convertirse en una de las alternativas de asociaci&#243;n, si se realice la ICP precoz. A pesar de las recientes actualizaciones de los consensos, esos nuevos f&#225;rmacos todav&#237;a no est&#225;n disponibles para uso en Brasil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflicto de Intereses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Declaro no haber conflicto de intereses pertinentes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fuentes de Financiaci&#243;n</bold>
      </p>
      <p>El presente estudio no tuvo fuentes de financiaci&#243;n externas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vinculaci&#243;n Acad&#233;mica</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No hay vinculaci&#243;n de este estudio a programas de postgrado.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Referencias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
