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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f59H8Mbm9nHFwZVvDkJz9Qh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001800013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100613</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001800013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anatomia de um caso de dextrocardia com Situs Solitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faig-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola Sawaguchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faig-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Hor&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e56</fpage>
      <lpage>e58</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Apresentamos um caso raro de dextrocardia em um cad&#225;ver feminino com idade aproximada de um ano, apresentando situs solitus. Normalmente, os casos de dextrocardia relatados na literatura descrevem m&#250;ltiplas malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas. No presente estudo, tem grande relev&#226;ncia o fato de n&#227;o ter sido encontrada uma completa imagem especular do cora&#231;&#227;o e dos vasos da base. N&#227;o foram encontradas discord&#226;ncia atrioventricular ou outras malforma&#231;&#245;es intra e extracard&#237;acas que s&#227;o comumente incidentes em casos de dextrocardia. No entanto, foram encontradas a presen&#231;a de um grande ducto arterioso, bem como uma posi&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala da parte direita do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>dextrocardia</kwd>
        <kwd>dissec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ducto tor&#225;cico</kwd>
        <kwd>defeitos dos septos card&#237;acos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Anatomia de um caso de dextrocardia com <italic><bold>Situs Solitus</bold></italic></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fab&#237;ola Sawaguchi Faig-Leite<sup>I</sup>; Hor&#225;cio Faig-Leite<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) Campus de S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentamos um caso raro de dextrocardia em um cad&#225;ver feminino com idade aproximada de um ano, apresentando situs solitus. Normalmente, os casos de dextrocardia relatados na literatura descrevem m&#250;ltiplas malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas associadas. No presente estudo, tem grande relev&#226;ncia o fato de n&#227;o ter sido encontrada uma completa imagem especular do cora&#231;&#227;o e dos vasos da base. N&#227;o foram encontradas discord&#226;ncia atrioventricular ou outras malforma&#231;&#245;es intra e extracard&#237;acas que s&#227;o comumente incidentes em casos de dextrocardia. No entanto, foram encontradas a presen&#231;a de um grande ducto arterioso, bem como uma posi&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala da parte direita do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> dextrocardia, dissec&#231;&#227;o, ducto tor&#225;cico, defeitos dos septos card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dextrocardia &#233; uma malforma&#231;&#227;o embriol&#243;gica que se caracteriza pelo deslocamento do eixo maior (base ao &#225;pice) do cora&#231;&#227;o para o lado direito do t&#243;rax com revers&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o apical. Essa malforma&#231;&#227;o decorre de uma rota&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala do tubo primitivo do cora&#231;&#227;o para a esquerda, na qual o la&#231;o bulboventricular se dobra &#224; esquerda, em uma imagem especular do normal o que ocorre por volta da oitava semana de vida embrion&#225;ria<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia da dextrocardia associada a <italic>situs inversus</italic> na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral &#233; de 1:10.000, enquanto a associada a <italic>situs solitus</italic> &#233; de 1:30.000 em nascidos vivos e de somente 1:900.000 na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta<sup>3,4</sup>. Essa grande diferen&#231;a de incid&#234;ncia encontrada em indiv&#237;duos com dextrocardia associada a <italic>situs solitus</italic> se deve a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e/ou extracard&#237;acas associadas, como f&#237;stula traqueoesof&#225;gica, hipoplasia pulmonar, &#226;nus imperfurado, espinha b&#237;fida e s&#237;ndrome de Kartagener<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existe uma grande diverg&#234;ncia entre os autores no que diz respeito &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o dos diversos tipos de dextrocardia<sup>1,6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre os v&#225;rios trabalhos encontrados, destaca-se o de Van Praagh e cols.<sup>6</sup> por descrever e classificar de forma mais detalhada os diferentes tipos de dextrocardia. A dextrocardia deve ser diferenciada da dextrovers&#227;o, uma vez que esta &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o cong&#234;nita, na qual o cora&#231;&#227;o pode mudar de lado, em decorr&#234;ncia de uma doen&#231;a que empurre ou puxe este &#243;rg&#227;o para o ant&#237;mero direito, todavia o &#225;pice card&#237;aco continua voltado para o lado esquerdo<sup>2,5,7,9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Descri&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dextrocardia foi encontrada em um cad&#225;ver de uma crian&#231;a do sexo feminino, com idade prov&#225;vel de um ano, pertencente ao Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia do Campus de S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos - UNESP.</p>
    <p>Na pe&#231;a em quest&#227;o, a regi&#227;o do t&#243;rax encontrava-se parcialmente dissecada, sem a presen&#231;a do peric&#225;rdio e dos pulm&#245;es. O osso esterno encontrava-se em sua posi&#231;&#227;o normal. A inspe&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o e dos vasos da base n&#227;o revelou poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es de posicionamento decorrente da retirada dos pulm&#245;es. Todo o cora&#231;&#227;o e os vasos da base estavam &#237;ntegros e n&#227;o haviam sido dissecados. O cora&#231;&#227;o e o seu &#225;pice estavam totalmente voltados para a direita.</p>
    <p>Removido o esterno e dissecados os vasos da base, observou-se que, devido &#224; rota&#231;&#227;o que o cora&#231;&#227;o apresentava, toda a por&#231;&#227;o direita do cora&#231;&#227;o estava deslocada mais para a parte posterior, sendo que tal fato era t&#227;o acentuado na aur&#237;cula direita, que estando o cora&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o encontrada, n&#227;o se conseguia visualiz&#225;-la (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Essa rota&#231;&#227;o anormal do cora&#231;&#227;o fez com que o tronco pulmonar emergisse do ventr&#237;culo direito de uma forma an&#244;mala, apresentando-se muito mais superficial e extenso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e56-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Durante a inspe&#231;&#227;o do tronco pulmonar foi encontrado um grande ducto arterial (ducto de Botallo) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). O &#225;pice card&#237;aco encontrava-se posicionado ao longo do eixo do cora&#231;&#227;o e voltado para o lado direito evidenciando, assim, a dextrocardia.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e56-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Com o aux&#237;lio de uma lupa esteriosc&#243;pica, todos os ramos aferentes e eferentes dos vasos da base foram dissecados para se verificarem anomalias. Com exce&#231;&#227;o do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, que apresentava uma angula&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada que o normal, nenhuma outra varia&#231;&#227;o de posi&#231;&#227;o ou trajeto foi encontrada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Foi removido o m&#250;sculo diafragma e, em seguida, dissecado o f&#237;gado, que apresentava aspecto e morfologia normal. A cavidade abdominal foi aberta, e todas as v&#237;sceras se encontravam normalmente localizadas, n&#227;o apresentando nenhum tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o, o que caracterizava <italic>situs solitus</italic>.</p>
    <p>Terminada essa fase, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi, ent&#227;o, cuidadosamente removido do seu local e novamente inspecionado pelo uso da lupa. As aur&#237;culas e os &#225;trios foram abertos e analisados e revelaram aspectos anat&#244;micos normais. A concord&#226;ncia &#225;trio-ventricular era anatomicamente normal. Foi feita uma incis&#227;o em cada ventr&#237;culo, com o objetivo de verificar sua morfologia interna e a emerg&#234;ncia dos seus vasos. Os dois ventr&#237;culos apresentavam a morfologia interna, as valvas &#225;trio-ventriculares e a emerg&#234;ncias dos vasos normais. A aorta e o tronco pulmonar apresentavam as valvas semilunares normais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A literatura apresenta uma grande diversidade de tipos e classifica&#231;&#245;es para os casos de dextrocardia. Essa diversidade parece decorrer do fato de ser dif&#237;cil estabelecer crit&#233;rios para uma perfeita classifica&#231;&#227;o<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pela pura observa&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pode-se constatar que n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a de localiza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o do cad&#225;ver.</p>
    <p>Este caso caracteriza-se como dextrocardia uma vez que o &#225;pice card&#237;aco estava completamente voltado para o ant&#237;mero direito<sup>2-5,7,9</sup>. N&#227;o pode ser classificado como uma dextrovers&#227;o pois nesta, o cora&#231;&#227;o localiza-se no hemit&#243;rax direito com o seu &#225;pice voltado para o ant&#237;mero esquerdo, diferente do que se observa no presente caso<sup>5,9</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>O trabalho de Van Praagh e cols.<sup>6</sup> &#233; o &#250;nico que descreve dois casos id&#234;nticos ao caso, em relato com maior riqueza de detalhes anat&#244;micos. Ambos, como neste caso, constitu&#237;am necropsias de crian&#231;as menores de 1 ano de idade e portadoras de um tipo de dextrocardia classificada pelos autores como dextrocardia com grandes vasos normalmente relacionados. Nesses casos, assim como no caso em apresenta&#231;&#227;o, foi encontrado <italic>situs solitus</italic>, os grandes vasos normalmente relacionados (com o la&#231;o bulboventricular para a direita) e a aus&#234;ncia de invers&#227;o ventricular. Os dois casos descritos por esses autores apresentavam graves altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares; no caso relatado, como os pulm&#245;es j&#225; haviam sido retirados, n&#227;o nos foi poss&#237;vel estud&#225;-los.</p>
    <p>Calcaterra e cols.<sup>7</sup>, estudando v&#225;rios casos de dextrocardia, descreveram um caso com as mesmas varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas por n&#243;s encontradas; os autores, contudo, n&#227;o pesquisaram altera&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas nas necropsias, n&#227;o permitindo, assim, uma compara&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada com o presente caso.</p>
    <p>Normalmente, a dextrocardia &#233; mais freq&#252;ente quando associada a <italic>situs inversus</italic>, apresentando ou n&#227;o malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e/ou extracard&#237;acas associadas<sup>4,9</sup>. O caso apresentado &#233; mais incomum por estar associado a <italic>situs solitus</italic> e por n&#227;o apresentar esses tipos de malforma&#231;&#245;es, o que nos permite afirmar que esta variedade de posi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o est&#225; necessariamente associada a anomalias nas comunica&#231;&#245;es &#225;trio-ventriculares, nas rela&#231;&#245;es entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e seus vasos aferentes e eferentes ou mesmo na fun&#231;&#227;o desse &#243;rg&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de dextrocardia pode ser feito durante o exame f&#237;sico, por meio de um eletrocardiograma ou de um exame por imagem<sup>4</sup>. Portanto, o conhecimento dessa anomalia e de suas vari&#225;veis &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia aos m&#233;dicos em virtude do risco de apresenta&#231;&#245;es at&#237;picas de angina, de sua associa&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente com outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e/ou extracard&#237;acas e, tamb&#233;m, por constituir uma malforma&#231;&#227;o cujas anormalidades, a despeito de sua complexidade, atualmente s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fab&#237;ola Sawaguchi Faig Leite </p>
        <p> Rua Engenheiro Jo&#227;o Fonseca dos Santos, 123 / 194, Vila Adyanna </p>
        <p> 12.243-620, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fasawaguchi@yahoo.com.br">fasawaguchi@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/01/08; revisado recebido em 24/02/08; aceito em 10/03/08.; </p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Anatomy of a dextrocardia case with situs solitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We present a rare case of dextrocardia in the corpse of a female child, aged approximately one year old, presenting situs solitus. The cases of dextrocardia reported in the literature normally describe multiple associated cardiac malformations. In the present study, it is noteworthy the fact that a complete specular image of the heart and the vessels of the base of the heart was not found. There was no atrioventricular discordance or other intra and extracardiac malformations, which are commonly seen in cases of dextrocardia. A large ductus arteriosus was found, as well as the anomalous position of the right portion of the heart.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>dextrocardia</kwd>
        <kwd>dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic duct</kwd>
        <kwd>heart septal defects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Anatomy of a dextrocardia case with <italic><bold>situs solitus</bold></italic></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fab&#237;ola Sawaguchi Faig-Leite<sup>I</sup>; Hor&#225;cio Faig-Leite<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) Campus de Botucatu, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Botucatu, SP; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP) Campus de S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We present a rare case of dextrocardia in the corpse of a female child, aged approximately one year old, presenting situs solitus. The cases of dextrocardia reported in the literature normally describe multiple associated cardiac malformations. In the present study, it is noteworthy the fact that a complete specular image of the heart and the vessels of the base of the heart was not found. There was no atrioventricular discordance or other intra and extracardiac malformations, which are commonly seen in cases of dextrocardia. A large ductus arteriosus was found, as well as the anomalous position of the right portion of the heart.</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> dextrocardia; dissection; thoracic duct; heart septal defects.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dextrocardia is an embryologic malformation characterized by the displacement of the largest axis (base to apex) of the heart to the right side of the chest, with reversion of the apical inclination. This malformation is caused by an anomalous rotation of the primitive heart tube to the left, in which the bulboventricular loop bends to the left, in a specular image of the normal condition, which occurs around the 8<sup>th</sup> week of embryonic life<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The incidence of dextrocardia associated to <italic>situs inversus</italic> in the general population is usually 1:10,000, whereas the one associated with <italic>situs solitus</italic> is 1:30,000 live births and only 1:900,000 in the adult population<sup>3,4</sup>. This high incidence difference found in individuals with dextrocardia associated with <italic>situs solitus</italic> is due to the higher occurrence of associated cardiac and/or extracardiac diseases, such as tracheoesophageal fistula, pulmonary hypoplasia, imperforate anus, spina bifida and Kartagener syndrome<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is great discordance among authors regarding the classification of the several types of dextrocardia<sup>1,6-8</sup>. Among the several studies, the one by Van Praagh et al<sup>6</sup> is worth mentioning, as it describes and classifies in details the different types of dextrocardia. Dextrocardia must be differentiated from the dextroversion, as the latter is not a congenital condition, in which the heart can change sides due to a disease that pushes or pulls the organ into the right antimere, although the heart apex remains toward the left side<sup>2,5,7,9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anatomical description</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dextrocardia was identified in the corpse of a female child, probably one year of age, which belonged to the Laboratory of Anatomy of the Campus of S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos - UNESP.</p>
      <p>The thorax of the anatomical piece was partially dissected, without the presence of the pericardium and the lungs. The sternum was in its normal position. The inspection of the heart and the vessels of the base of the heart did not disclose possible position alterations caused by the removal of the lungs. The entire heart and vessels of the base were intact and had not been dissected. The heart and its apex were completely turned to the right.</p>
      <p>After the removal of the sternum and the dissection of the vessels of the base, it was observed that due to the rotation of the heart, its entire right portion was further displaced to the posterior part and this fact was so accentuated in the right auricle that, with the heart in the observed position, it was not possible to visualize it (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). This anomalous rotation of the heart made the pulmonary trunk emerge from the right ventricle abnormally, appearing much more superficial and extensive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e56-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During the inspection of the pulmonary trunk, a large ductus arteriosus (Botallo's ductus) was found (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The heart apex was positioned along the heart axis and was turned to the right side, thus demonstrating the dextrocardia.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e56-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>With the help of a stereoscopic magnifying glass, all afferent and efferent branches of the vessels of the base of the heart were dissected in order to look for anomalies. With the exception of the brachiocephalic trunk, which presented a more accentuated angulation than the normal one, no other variations regarding position or trajectory were observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The diaphragm muscle was removed and subsequently, the liver was dissected, which presented normal aspect and morphology. The abdominal cavity was open and the position of the viscera was normal, without any type of alteration, which characterized <italic>situs solitus</italic>.</p>
      <p>After this phase, the heart was then carefully removed from its place and again inspected with a magnifying glass. The auricles and atriums were opened and analyzed and disclosed normal anatomical aspects. The atrioventricular concordance was anatomically normal. An incision was made in each ventricle with the objective of verifying its internal morphology and the emergence of its vessels. The two ventricles presented normal internal morphology, atrioventricular valves and vessel emergence. The aorta and the pulmonary trunk presented normal semilunar valves.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The literature presents a great diversity of types and classifications for dextrocardia cases. This diversity seems to be caused by the difficulty to establish criteria for a perfect classification<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Through simple anatomical observation, it can be determined that there was no change in the heart position after the corpse underwent fixation.</p>
      <p>This case is characterized as a dextrocardia case, as the heart apex was completely turned to the right antimere<sup>2-5,7,9</sup>. It cannot be classified as a dextroversion case, as in the latter, the heart is located in the right hemithorax with the apex turned to the left antimere, different from what was observed in the present case<sup>5,9</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The study by Van Praagh et al<sup>6</sup> is the only one that describes two cases that were identical to the case reported here, with more anatomic details. Both cases, as in the present one, constituted necropsies of children younger than one year with a type of dextrocardia classified by the authors as dextrocardia with normally related great vessels. In these cases, as well as in the present case, <italic>situs solitus</italic> was found, the great vessels were normally related (with the bulboventricular loop to the right) and the absence of ventricular inversion was observed. The two cases described by these authors presented severe pulmonary alterations; as the lungs had been previously removed in the present case, it was not possible to study them.</p>
      <p>Calcaterra et al<sup>7</sup>, studying several cases of dextrocardia, described one case with the same anatomical variations found in the present case; the authors, however, did not search for extracardiac alterations in the necropsies, thus not allowing a more detailed comparison with the present case.</p>
      <p> Normally, dextrocardia is more frequent when associated to situs inversus, with the presence or absence of associated cardiac and/or extracardiac malformations<sup>4,9</sup>. The case presented here is more uncommon as it was associated to situs solitus and for the fact that it did not present these types of malformation, which allows us to state that this variant of heart position is not necessarily associated to anomalies in atrioventricular communications, in the relations between the heart and its afferent and efferent vessels or even in the heart function.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of dextrocardia can be attained during the physical examination, through an electrocardiogram or imaging examination<sup>4</sup>. Thus, the knowledge of this anomaly and its variants is of crucial importance for physicians due to the risk of atypical angina presentations, its frequent association with other cardiac and/or extracardiac diseases and also, for constituting a malformation of which the abnormalities, despite their complexity, are currently possible of undergoing surgical correction<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
