<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">49XRXwsccGMTtBnX5b3BPxz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001800012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100612</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001800012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aneurisma de aorta com ruptura para es&#244;fago</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano da Silveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azambuja</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ceratti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Momolli</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Kunh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rigoni</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#243;vis Manfredini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biavatti</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Wagnes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortes</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Frederico Westphalen</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Divina Provid&#234;ncia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Passo Fundo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Passo Fundo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e53</fpage>
      <lpage>e55</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente portadora de aneurisma de aorta descendente com ruptura para o es&#244;fago que, ap&#243;s aortoplastia com interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo de dacron e rafia da lacera&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica, evoluiu com f&#237;stula es&#244;fago pleural no terceiro dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A paciente necessitou de reinterven&#231;&#227;o e cuidados intensivos, reabilitando-se adequadamente. A prop&#243;sito deste caso incomum e do aprendizado adquirido no seu manejo, revisamos a literatura a fim de discutir a melhor alternativa de corre&#231;&#227;o desta rara e, freq&#252;entemente, fatal forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as da aorta.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Aneurisma a&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>ruptura a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>f&#237;stula esof&#225;gica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aneurisma de aorta com ruptura para es&#244;fago</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Christiano da Silveira de Barcellos<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Ceratti de Azambuja<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Kunh Momolli<sup>I</sup>; Cl&#243;vis Manfredini Rigoni<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Lopes<sup>I</sup>; Henrique Biavatti<sup>I</sup>; Wagnes Franceschi<sup>I</sup>; Claudio Borges Fortes<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo - Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Divina Provid&#234;ncia - Frederico Westphalen, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente portadora de aneurisma de aorta descendente com ruptura para o es&#244;fago que, ap&#243;s aortoplastia com interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo de dacron e rafia da lacera&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica, evoluiu com f&#237;stula es&#244;fago pleural no terceiro dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A paciente necessitou de reinterven&#231;&#227;o e cuidados intensivos, reabilitando-se adequadamente. A prop&#243;sito deste caso incomum e do aprendizado adquirido no seu manejo, revisamos a literatura a fim de discutir a melhor alternativa de corre&#231;&#227;o desta rara e, freq&#252;entemente, fatal forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as da aorta.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Aneurisma a&#243;rtico, ruptura a&#243;rtica, f&#237;stula esof&#225;gica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As f&#237;stulas aorto-esof&#225;gicas (FAE) s&#227;o raras e representam desafio terap&#234;utico devido &#224; elevada morbimortalidade do tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Entretanto, a conduta conservadora leva inexoravelmente &#224; morte do paciente&#170;. Seu tratamento visa o controle da hemorragia, a reconstru&#231;&#227;o arterial em territ&#243;rio infectado, o manejo da sepse e a reconstru&#231;&#227;o do trato alimentar<sup>b</sup>. As principais causas das f&#237;stulas aorto-esof&#225;gicas s&#227;o os aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica &#150; respons&#225;veis por 2/3 dos casos &#150;, a ingest&#227;o de corpos estranhos, tumores e cirurgias do es&#244;fago, bem como interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas na aorta tor&#225;cica <sup>1,2</sup><bold>.</bold></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 64 anos, feminino, branca, relatou que h&#225; aproximadamente 24 horas havia sido acordada por intensa dor abdominal seguida de hemat&#234;mese volumosa. Foi admitida p&#225;lida e hipotensa no hospital de sua cidade, sendo prontamente reanimada por infus&#227;o de cristal&#243;ides e concentrado de hem&#225;cias. A endoscopia digestiva alta revelou abaulamento da parede posterior do es&#244;fago a 30cm da arcada dent&#225;ria superior, puls&#225;til, com &#250;lcera mucosa de colora&#231;&#227;o viol&#225;cea, medindo cerca de 1cm de di&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A paciente foi ent&#227;o referenciada ao Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo de Passo Fundo/RS. Estava em regular estado geral, mucosas hipocoradas 2+/4+, afebril e com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2 (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica 160 mmHg). A tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax evidenciou um aneurisma sacular de aorta descendente protuindo anteriormente, ao n&#237;vel da 6&#186; v&#233;rtebra tor&#225;cica, medindo 4cm no seu maior di&#226;metro em &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o com o es&#244;fago, mas sem sinais de ruptura para o mediastino ou cavidade pleural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e53-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e53-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>&#192; explora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o se evidenciou ruptura do aneurisma para o mediastino ou pleura. A paciente foi submetida &#224; aortoplastia descendente com suporte circulat&#243;rio f&#234;moro-femoral, interpondo-se um tubo de dacron no segmento de aorta relacionado ao aneurisma sacular. O es&#244;fago foi debridado, rafiado e recoberto pela parede do aneurisma, em conduta conservadora. Houve boa evolu&#231;&#227;o imediata, com extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce e m&#237;nimo sangramento pelos drenos. No terceiro dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apresentou pico febril. O radiograma de t&#243;rax revelou derrame pleural &#224; esquerda francamente purulento e multi-septado &#224; drenagem. O estudo contrastado do es&#244;fago revelou f&#237;stula es&#244;fago pleural. Iniciou-se antibioticoterapia e a paciente foi ent&#227;o submetida &#224; reinterven&#231;&#227;o, realizando-se esofagectomia com esofagostomia cervical, jejunostomia para nutri&#231;&#227;o, decortica&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e nova aortoplastia, uma vez que a aorta apresentava extenso segmento necr&#243;tico e sinais de ruptura iminente junto &#224;s anastomoses com o tubo dacron. O novo tubo foi interposto ap&#243;s debridamento e lavagem da cavidade, sem uso de suporte circulat&#243;rio. No quarto dia ap&#243;s a reinterven&#231;&#227;o, desenvolveu f&#237;stula de ducto tor&#225;cico, sendo tratada com restri&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides e drenagem prolongada, com resolu&#231;&#227;o em 15 dias.</p>
    <p>Houve boa resposta &#224;s medidas cir&#250;rgicas tomadas e &#224; antibioticoterapia, tendo a paciente recebido alta hospitalar 45 dias depois do primeiro procedimento, retornando quatro meses depois para a reconstru&#231;&#227;o do trato digestivo por gastroplastia e anastomose es&#244;fago g&#225;strica cervical. A paciente est&#225; em seguimento h&#225; tr&#234;s anos e encontra-se reabilitada social e profissionalmente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A primeira publica&#231;&#227;o descrevendo uma FAE por ingest&#227;o de corpo estranho data de 1818. Quase um s&#233;culo depois, em 1914, Chiari descreveu a cl&#225;ssica tr&#237;ade de dor tor&#225;cica, hemorragia sentinela e hemorragia fatal<sup>c</sup> .</p>
    <p> As causas de FAE descritas at&#233; o momento s&#227;o os aneurismas e &#250;lceras penetrantes da aorta tor&#225;cica, perfura&#231;&#245;es esof&#225;gicas por corpo estranho, cirurgia do es&#244;fago, mediastinite por tuberculose, radioterapia e implantes de stents na aorta tor&#225;cica <sup>2,d</sup>. O progn&#243;stico &#233; ruim e a evolu&#231;&#227;o sem tratatamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; invariavelmente fatal<sup>e</sup>. A ruptura para o es&#244;fago implica em contamina&#231;&#227;o do mediastino determinando o pior desfecho destes pacientes<sup>f</sup>. As condutas preconizadas n&#227;o s&#227;o uniformes e a experi&#234;ncia no tratamento das FAE n&#227;o &#233; consistente. Na corre&#231;&#227;o da aorta, o tratamento mais utilizado tem sido o reparo <italic>in situ</italic>, sendo o reparo extra-anat&#244;mico uma alternativa de exce&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. Embora freq&#252;entemente se use suporte circulat&#243;rio &#225;trio esquerdo femoral ou f&#234;moro-femoral associado &#224; drenagem de l&#237;quor, a emerg&#234;ncia da situa&#231;&#227;o muitas vezes n&#227;o permite que tais medidas sejam tomadas optando-se pelo clampeamento isqu&#234;mico<sup>g</sup>. Na segunda interven&#231;&#227;o que realizamos, as condi&#231;&#245;es s&#233;pticas do campo cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o permitiram estabelecimento de suporte circulat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>O manejo da lacera&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica deve ser individualizado avaliando-se a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o, o tempo da ruptura, as condi&#231;&#245;es da cavidade e do paciente<sup>7</sup>. A conduta conservadora consiste em rafia do es&#244;fago ap&#243;s debridamento da lacera&#231;&#227;o e refor&#231;o com a parede do aneurisma, com retalho de m&#250;sculo diafragma, de omento ou de pleura associada a esofagostomia cervical e gastrostomia para alimenta&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a esofagectomia prim&#225;ria com esofagostomia cervical e reconstru&#231;&#227;o concomitante ou em um segundo tempo cir&#250;rgico tem sido associada a melhores resultados<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente algumas publica&#231;&#245;es sugerem o tratamento endovascular das FAE naqueles pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#245;es ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico convencional. Os resultados apresentados n&#227;o permitem aceitar esta modalidade de tratamento a n&#227;o ser em situa&#231;&#245;es de impossibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de alguma das modalidades de tratamento cir&#250;rgico j&#225; apresentadas<sup>1</sup>. A antibioticoterapia de largo espectro deve ser utilizada desde o momento do diagn&#243;stico e prolongada por v&#225;rias semanas com o intuito de evitar a infec&#231;&#227;o do enxerto<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A partir da experi&#234;ncia com o caso relatado, conclu&#237;mos que se no momento do diagn&#243;stico os pacientes que estiverem em bom estado geral, sem evidencias de contamina&#231;&#227;o mediastinal e da cavidade pleural a op&#231;&#227;o mais segura &#233; a esofagectomia associada &#224; esofagostomia cervical com posterior reconstru&#231;&#227;o do trato digest&#243;rio passado o risco de sepse. Ressaltamos a necessidade do manejo cir&#250;rgico da les&#227;o esof&#225;gica no momento da aortoplastia, tendo em vistas poss&#237;veis e tr&#225;gicas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias das f&#237;stulas es&#244;fago pleurais resultantes. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; mandat&#243;rio mesmo em casos com evid&#234;ncias de sepse em evolu&#231;&#227;o. O tratamento endovascular permanece como uma op&#231;&#227;o de exce&#231;&#227;o em pacientes sem condi&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Christiano da Silveira de Barcellos </p>
        <p> Rua Teixeira Soares, 885 sala 204 &#150; Centro </p>
        <p> 990081-010 - Passo Fundo, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="christiano@cardiol.br">christiano@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/12/07; revisado recebido em 08/04/08; aceito em 18/04/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Flores J, Shiiya N, Kunihara T, Yoshimoto    K, Yasuda K. Aortoesophageal fistula: alternatives of treatment: case report    and literature review. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 10: 242-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aortoesophageal fistula: alternatives of treatment</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>242</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flores</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiiya</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kunihara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshimoto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yasuda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Silva ES, Tozzi FL, Otochi JP, Tolosa EM,    Neves CRB, Fortes F. Aortoesophageal fistula caused by aneurysm of the thoracic    aorta: successful surgical treatment, case report, and literature review. J    Vasc Surg. 1999; 30: 1150-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aortoesophageal fistula caused by aneurysm of the thoracic aorta: successful surgical treatment</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1150</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tozzi</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otochi</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tolosa</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>CRB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortes</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Chiari H. Ueber fremdkorpeverletzung des oesophagus    mit aortenperforation. Berlin Klin Wschr. 1914; 51: 7-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ueber fremdkorpeverletzung des oesophagus mit aortenperforation</article-title>
          <source>Berlin Klin Wschr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1914</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chiari</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Hance KA, Hsu J, Eskew T, Hermreck AS. Secondary    aortoesophageal fistula afterendoluminal exclusion because of thoracic aortic    transaction. J Vasc Surg. 2002; 37: 886-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Secondary aortoesophageal fistula afterendoluminal exclusion because of thoracic aortic transaction</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>886</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hance</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eskew</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hermreck</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Sloop RD, Thompson JC. Aorto-esophageal fistula:    report of a case and review of the literature. Gastroenterology. 1967; 53: 768-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aorto-esophageal fistula: report of a case and review of the literature</article-title>
          <source>Gastroenterology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1967</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>768</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sloop</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Segesser LK, Tkebuchava T, Niederhauser U,    Kunzli A, Lachat M, Genoni M, et al. Aortobronchial and aortoesophageal fistulae    as risk factors in surgery of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Eur J Cardiothorac    Surg. 1997; 12: 195-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aortobronchial and aortoesophageal fistulae as risk factors in surgery of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>195</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Segesser</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tkebuchava</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niederhauser</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kunzli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lachat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genoni</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Reardon MJ, Brewer RJ, LeMaire SA, Baldwin    JC, Safi HJ. Surgical management of primary aortoesophageal fistula secondary    to thoracic aneurysm. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000; 69: 967-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgical management of primary aortoesophageal fistula secondary to thoracic aneurysm</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>967</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reardon</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brewer</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LeMaire</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldwin</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safi</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Aortic aneurysm rupture into the esophagus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We present the case of a patient with a descending aorta aneurysm rupture into the esophagus, which, after aortoplasty with Dacron tube interposition and suture of esophageal laceration, developed a pleural-esophagus fistula on the 3rd postoperative day. She needed re-intervention and intensive care, followed by adequate recovery. Considering this unusual case and the knowledge acquired through its management, we reviewed the literature in order to discuss the best alternative for the correction of this rare and often fatal form of presentation of aortic diseases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic ruptura</kwd>
        <kwd>esophageal fistula</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Aortic aneurysm rupture into the esophagus</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Christiano da Silveira de Barcellos<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Ceratti de Azambuja<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Kunh Momolli<sup>I</sup>; Cl&#243;vis Manfredini Rigoni<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Lopes<sup>I</sup>; Henrique Biavatti<sup>I</sup>; Wagnes Franceschi<sup>I</sup>; Claudio Borges Fortes<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo - Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Divina Provid&#234;ncia - Frederico Westphalen, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We present the case of a patient with a descending aorta aneurysm rupture into the esophagus, which, after aortoplasty with Dacron tube interposition and suture of esophageal laceration, developed a pleural-esophagus fistula on the 3<sup>rd </sup>postoperative day. She needed re-intervention and intensive care, followed by adequate recovery. Considering this unusual case and the knowledge acquired through its management, we reviewed the literature in order to discuss the best alternative for the correction of this rare and often fatal form of presentation of aortic diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> Aortic aneurysm; aortic ruptura; esophageal fistula.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortoesophageal fistulae (AEF) are rare and represent a therapeutic challenge due to the high morbimortality of the surgical treatment. However, the conservative approach inevitably leads to the patient's death<sup>1</sup>. Its treatment aims at the control of the hemorrhage, the sepsis management and the food tract reconstruction<sup>2</sup>. The main causes of aortoesophageal fistulas are the thoracic aorta aneurysms, responsible for 2/3 of the cases, the ingestion of foreign bodies, tumors and esophageal surgeries, as well as surgical interventions in the thoracic aorta<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 64-year-old Caucasian woman that reported being awakened by intense abdominal pain followed by severe hematemesis. When she was admitted at the hospital, she was pale and hypotensive and was promptly reanimated by an infusion of crystalloids and red blood cell concentrate. The high digestive endoscopy showed concaving of the posterior esophageal wall at 30 cm from the upper dental arch, pulsatile, with a mucous ulcer of a purplish color, measuring around 1 cm of diameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).The patient was then referred to Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo de Passo Fundo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Her general status was regular; her mucosae were pale 2+/4+, she was afebrile and presented stage II hypertension (systolic arterial pressure = 160 mmHg). A chest computed tomography (CT) showed a saccular aneurysm of the descending aorta protruding anteriorly at the level of the 6<sup>th</sup> thoracic vertebra, measuring 4 cm in its largest diameter, very close to the esophagus, but with no signs of rupture into the mediastinum or pleural cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e53-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0e53-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The surgical exploration did not demonstrate rupture of the aneurysm into the mediastinum or pleura. The patient was submitted to descending aortoplasty with femorofemoral circulatory support, interposing a Dacron tube was interposed in the aortic segment related to the saccular aneurysm. The esophagus was debrided, sutured and recovered by the aneurysm wall, in a conservative approach. The patient presented good immediate evolution, with early extubation and minimal hemorrhage through the drains. On the third postoperative day, the patient presented a febrile peak. The chest X-ray showed clearly purulent pleural effusion to the left and multi-septated at the draining. The contrasted study of the esophagus showed a pleural-esophageal fistula. Antibiotic therapy was initiated and the patient was submitted to the reintervention; an esophagectomy with cervical esophagostomy was performed, together with a jejunostomy for nutritional support, pulmonary decortication and a new aortoplasty, as the aorta presented an extensive necrotic segment and signs of imminent rupture close to the anastomoses with the Dacron tube. The new tube was interposed after cavity debridement and washing, without circulatory support. On the 4<sup>th</sup> day after the reintervention, she developed a thoracic duct fistula and was treated with lipid restriction and prolonged draining; resolution was achieved after 15 days.</p>
      <p>There was good response to the performed surgical measures and antibiotic therapy and the patient was discharged 45 days after the first procedure, returning 4 months later for the reconstruction of the digestive tract through gastroplasty and gastric cervical-esophageal anastomosis. The patient has been followed for 3 years and is socially and professionally rehabilitated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The first report describing an AEF due to the ingestion of foreign bodies was published in 1818. Almost a century later, in 1914, Chiari described the classic triad of thoracic pain, sentinel hemorrhage and fatal hemorrhage<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The causes of AEF described to date are aneurysms and perforating ulcers of the thoracic aorta, esophageal perforation by foreign body, esophageal surgery, mediastinitis due to tuberculosis, radiotherapy and stent implant in the thoracic aorta<sup>2,4</sup>. The prognosis is poor and the evolution without surgical treatment is invariably fatal<sup>5</sup>. The rupture into the esophagus implicates in the contamination of the mediastinum, determining the worst outcome of these patients<sup>6</sup>. The recommended conducts are not uniform and the experience in the treatment of the AEF is not consistent. For the aortic correction, the most often used technique is the <italic>in situ</italic> repair, with the extra-anatomic repair being an uncommon alternative<sup>2</sup>. Although the left atrial-to-femoral or femoro-femoral circulatory support is frequently used associated to the CSF drainage, the urgency of the situation many times does not allow such measures to be taken and the ischemic clamping is chosen<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>At the second intervention, the septic conditions of the surgical field did not allow the use of circulatory support.</p>
      <p>The management of the esophageal laceration must be individualized, by evaluating the lesion extension, time of rupture, the status of the cavity and of the patient<sup>7</sup>. The conservative approach consists in esophageal suture after laceration debridement and aneurysm wall reinforcement with a diaphragm muscle, omental or pleural flap, associated to cervical esophagostomy and gastrostomy for nutritional support.</p>
      <p>However, the primary esophagectomy with cervical esophagostomy and concomitant repair, or at a second surgical time, has been associated with better outcomes<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, some publications have suggested the endovascular treatment of AEF in patients with contraindications to the conventional surgical treatment. The presented results do not allow the endorsement of this treatment modality, except in situations where the aforementioned surgical treatment modalities are impossible to be carried out<sup>1</sup>. Large-spectrum antibiotic therapy must be used from the moment of the diagnosis and prolonged for several weeks aiming at preventing graft infection<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the experience acquired with the reported case, we conclude that, for patients with good general status at the moment of the diagnosis, with no evidence of mediastinal or pleural cavity contamination, the safest option is the esophagectomy associated to cervical esophagostomy with posterior reconstruction of the digestive tract, when sepsis is no longer a risk. We emphasize the need for the surgical management of the esophageal lesion at the moment of the aortoplasty, considering the possible and fatal consequences of the resulting esophageal-pleural fistulas. The surgical treatment is mandatory even in cases with evidence of developing sepsis. The endovascular treatment remains an exception for patients that cannot undergo surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
