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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yQsBF5QGFWbXQfbwL7GV5xp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001800007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001800007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito favor&#225;vel da terapia farmacol&#243;gica otimizada da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobre as arritmias ventriculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>God</surname>
            <given-names>Epotamenides Maria Good</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Vera Cruz</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>395</fpage>
      <lpage>401</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os eventos arr&#237;tmicos ventriculares t&#234;m forte impacto na mortalidade dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O benef&#237;cio do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na redu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia ventricular n&#227;o foi ainda muito bem documentado. OBJETIVO: An&#225;lise dos efeitos do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobre a arritmia ventricular. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo cl&#237;nico com desenho n&#227;o aleatorizado, envolvendo 85 pacientes consecutivos (coorte aberta), n&#227;o selecionados, idade m&#233;dia de 63,8&#177;12,2 anos, 42 homens, 43 mulheres, com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, classes funcionais II a IV (NYHA - New York Heart Association), FE (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o) &lt; 0,40, que ap&#243;s otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento foram acompanhados de janeiro de 2002 a maio de 2004, quanto ao comportamento da arritmia ventricular, &#224; admiss&#227;o e ao t&#233;rmino do estudo. RESULTADOS: No in&#237;cio do estudo 60% dos pacientes apresentaram mais de 1000 extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares/24h, 100% pares e 100% taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS). Num seguimento que variou de 8 a 27 meses (20,0 + 4,8 meses) observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero total de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares/24h, do n&#250;mero de pares e do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (p&lt;0,05). Observou-se tamb&#233;m melhora da classe funcional e do desempenho ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fase anterior &#224; inclus&#227;o no estudo observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares (4,8 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es/paciente/ano e ao t&#233;rmino do estudo 2,7 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es/paciente/ano) (p&lt;0,005). CONCLUS&#195;O: O tratamento otimizado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diminuiu a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares. A melhora da classe funcional, do desempenho f&#237;sico e do n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es podem ser atribu&#237;das ao tratamento otimizado.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body><p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p><p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p><p>Efeito favor&#225;vel da terapia farmacol&#243;gica otimizada da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobre as arritmias ventriculares</p><p><bold>Epotamenides Maria Good God<sup>I</sup>; Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o V. Moreira<sup>II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto<sup>III</sup></bold></p><p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Vera Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p><p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p><p><sup>III</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref></p><p><bold>RESUMO</bold></p><p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Os eventos arr&#237;tmicos ventriculares t&#234;m forte impacto na mortalidade dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O benef&#237;cio do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na redu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia ventricular n&#227;o foi ainda muito bem documentado. </p><p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> An&#225;lise dos efeitos do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sobre a arritmia ventricular. </p><p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo cl&#237;nico com desenho n&#227;o aleatorizado, envolvendo 85 pacientes consecutivos (coorte aberta), n&#227;o selecionados, idade m&#233;dia de 63,8&#177;12,2 anos, 42 homens, 43 mulheres, com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, classes funcionais II a IV (NYHA - New York Heart Association), FE (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o) <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,40, que ap&#243;s otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento foram acompanhados de janeiro de 2002 a maio de 2004, quanto ao comportamento da arritmia ventricular, &#224; admiss&#227;o e ao t&#233;rmino do estudo. </p><p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No in&#237;cio do estudo 60% dos pacientes apresentaram mais de 1000 extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares/24h, 100% pares e 100% taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS). Num seguimento que variou de 8 a 27 meses (20,0 + 4,8 meses) observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero total de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares/24h, do n&#250;mero de pares e do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (p&lt;0,05). Observou-se tamb&#233;m melhora da classe funcional e do desempenho ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fase anterior &#224; inclus&#227;o no estudo observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares (4,8 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es/paciente/ano e ao t&#233;rmino do estudo 2,7 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es/paciente/ano) (p&lt;0,005). </p><p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O tratamento otimizado da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diminuiu a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares. A melhora da classe funcional, do desempenho f&#237;sico e do n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es podem ser atribu&#237;das ao tratamento otimizado.</p><p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca/terapia, arritmias card&#237;acas</p><p><bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold></p><p>A mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) tem-se reduzido nos &#250;ltimos anos, fato atribu&#237;do &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios f&#225;rmacos sem uma a&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica prim&#225;ria: betabloqueadores<sup>1-5</sup>, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA)<sup>6-9 </sup>bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (BRA)<sup>10</sup> e antagonistas da aldosterona<sup>11,12</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos confirmam que as arritmias ventriculares s&#227;o marcadores independentes de risco, mas s&#227;o dependentes do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada<sup>13</sup>. Tem sido demonstrado que os beta-bloqueadores n&#227;o s&#243; reduzem a mortalidade por progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, como tamb&#233;m por morte s&#250;bita. Esse efeito favor&#225;vel parece relacionado &#224; a&#231;&#227;o desses f&#225;rmacos na disfun&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal e sobre o remodelamento ventricular<sup>14,15</sup>.</p><p> Com o advento da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#150; com ou sem o implante concomitante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) &#150;, foi observada melhora da classe funcional, dos dados hemodin&#226;micos, da qualidade de vida e redu&#231;&#227;o das arritmias ventriculares<sup>16-20</sup>. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es oriundas da terap&#234;utica n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica da IC suscitam, novamente, a discuss&#227;o do significado das arritmias card&#237;acas no contexto da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p><p>O benef&#237;cio do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico das arritmias ventriculares na IC, mediante inclus&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos anti-arr&#237;tmicos, ainda &#233; controverso<sup>21</sup>.</p><p> Neste estudo procuramos verificar se o tratamento otimizado da IC ser&#225; suficiente, <italic>per se</italic>, para diminuir a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos ventriculares.</p><p><bold>M&#233;todos</bold></p><p>Esse protocolo de estudo foi previamente aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de sua inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p><p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral admitiu-se que algo entre 30 e 50% dos pacientes com IC evoluem para morte em cinco anos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico<sup>6,7</sup>. Cerca da metade deles tem morte s&#250;bita, sendo em um grande percentual atribu&#237;da &#224;s arritmias ventriculares<sup>13,22</sup>. Calculou-se o poder de detec&#231;&#227;o da amostra por meio de metodologia apropriada para dados pareados (antes e depois)<sup>23</sup>. Concluiu-se que a amostra utilizada tem um poder de detec&#231;&#227;o de 99,8%.</p><p>Trata-se de um estudo cl&#237;nico, com desenho n&#227;o aleatorizado, envolvendo 115 pacientes consecutivos e n&#227;o selecionados (coorte aberta) com diagn&#243;stico de IC devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, de qualquer etiologia, qualquer ra&#231;a e g&#234;nero, com idade superior a 18 anos, classes funcionais II a IV (NYHA), FE <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,40 (avaliada pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, modo M, m&#233;todo de Teicholz).</p><p> Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes: que n&#227;o consentiram em participar do estudo em qualquer fase do acompanhamento; pass&#237;veis de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, troca valvar, em fila de transplante card&#237;aco, candidatos definidos ao CDI); IAM (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio) ou angina com menos de trinta dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o; com doen&#231;a concomitante que comprometia o progn&#243;stico; com insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina igual ou maior que 3,0 mg/dl), pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico, maior que 5,5 mEq/l; insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, caracterizada por enzimas em valores superiores a tr&#234;s vezes o valor de refer&#234;ncia; impossibilidade de acompanhamento regular; contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ou intoler&#226;ncia aos IECA, BRA, carvedilol e espironolactona; com arritmia ventricular que justificasse a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#150; a crit&#233;rio do investigador ou que j&#225; o houvesse recebido em visita ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia; usu&#225;rios de f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos, cuja suspens&#227;o n&#227;o podia ser assumida pelo investigador ou n&#227;o admitida pelo paciente (baseada em uma orienta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via aceita por ele ou respons&#225;vel); estivessem em uso (atual ou nos &#250;ltimos seis meses) de amiodarona.</p><p>Todos os pacientes receberam o tratamento otimizado da IC, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>ACC/AHA (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association)</italic>, da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> e II Diretrizes (Revis&#227;o) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)<sup>24-27</sup> incluindo como terapia padr&#227;o: IECA ou BRA e betabloqueadores em doses m&#225;ximas toleradas, diur&#233;ticos e espironolactona, com ou sem digoxina. N&#227;o houve uso de nitrato e hidralazina. O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento m&#237;nimo era de oito meses.</p><p>Os pacientes eram agendados para serem vistos pelo investigador para avalia&#231;&#227;o e ajuste das doses dos medicamentos a cada duas semanas durante os primeiros tr&#234;s meses, a fim de se atingir a dose-alvo de IECA/BRA (20 a 40 mg/dia de Enalapril ou 50 a 100 mg/dia de Losartan), betabloqueador (Carvedilol 25 a 50 mg/dia) e Espironolactona (25 mg/dia). Posteriormente, os pacientes eram agendados para novas visitas a cada dois meses. Foi considerado tratamento otimizado quando o paciente tolerava, pelo menos, o limite inferior das doses preconizadas, conforme as diretrizes. Todos os pacientes foram orientados para procurar o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia do hospital-base do estudo, em caso de piora cl&#237;nica, onde tamb&#233;m eram internados, sempre que necess&#225;rio.</p><p>Foram solicitados, &#224; admiss&#227;o, e ao longo do acompanhamento (a cada dois meses): eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es; teleradiografia (RX) de t&#243;rax; ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico; eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica ambulatorial (Holter) de 24 horas; teste de caminhada de seis minutos.</p><p> Dados relativos &#224;s interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares foram anotados, quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia e quanto &#224; causa, sendo nesta &#250;ltima, classificadas como motivadas por piora da IC, por arritmia card&#237;aca ou outra causa. Os &#243;bitos foram classificados como sendo s&#250;bitos, dentro ou fora do hospital, por piora da IC ou por outra causa (cardiovascular ou n&#227;o).</p><p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica comparativa das arritmias ventriculares levou em conta a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o &#224; admiss&#227;o no estudo e, a &#250;ltima, ao final do estudo; ou a &#250;ltima visita antes da morte. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das arritmias ventriculares &#224; admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s o tratamento otimizado da IC foram utilizados o teste de McNemar para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas bin&#225;rias (bigeminismo, trigeminismo, pares) e o teste Homogeneidade Marginal para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas ordinais: extra-s&#237;stoles isoladas e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada (TVNS). Os tr&#234;s testes s&#227;o adequados para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados pareados, nesse caso, o mesmo paciente sendo avaliado em dois momentos diferentes. Ainda foram avaliadas as v&#225;rias combina&#231;&#245;es de tipos de arritmias ventriculares que os pacientes apresentaram e o percentual geral de melhora ou piora desses pacientes. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5% e foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS 12.0.</p><p><bold>Resultados</bold></p><p>Dos 115 pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de IC, 12 foram exclu&#237;dos na fase inicial do estudo. Os motivos principais foram: falta de ades&#227;o &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es e dificuldades de acompanhamento por mudan&#231;a de domic&#237;lio. Outros nove foram exclu&#237;dos na fase de otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. E ainda mais nove pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos durante o acompanhamento por n&#227;o tolerarem a manuten&#231;&#227;o ou progress&#227;o das doses dos f&#225;rmacos, ou por terem sido considerados para o uso de anti-arr&#237;tmico ou terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com ou sem o implante do CDI. Completaram todo o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, 85 pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, &#224; admiss&#227;o, est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Eram anotados &#224; admiss&#227;o no estudo: os dados relacionados &#224; etiologia da IC, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, a classe funcional, dados do Ecodopplercardiograma, da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica de 24 horas (Holter), o teste de caminhada de seis minutos, uso de f&#225;rmacos.</p><table-wrap id="tab01"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento destes 85 pacientes foi 20,0&#177;4,8 meses (m&#237;nimo de 8 e m&#225;ximo de 27 meses).</p><p>Como pode ser visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>, 100% dos pacientes, &#224; admiss&#227;o, tinham arritmia ventricular de complexidade vari&#225;vel. Ao analisarmos a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref> observa-se que houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre o n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (ESV) isoladas/hora &#224; admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s o tratamento otimizado (valor-p&lt;0,05). Houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva dentre os pacientes que apresentaram extra-s&#237;stoles em n&#250;mero maior que 1000 ESV/h &#224; admiss&#227;o.</p><table-wrap id="tab02"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab03"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>Os resultados mostram que houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os pacientes que apresentaram pares de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares &#224; admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s o tratamento otimizado (valor-p&lt;0,05). Dentre os pacientes que apresentaram pares &#224; admiss&#227;o, 30% passaram a n&#227;o o apresentar na conclus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="tab04"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>De acordo com a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref>, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o n&#250;mero de TVNS/24h &#224; admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s o tratamento otimizado (valor-p&lt;0,05). Entre os pacientes que apresentaram TVNS entre 4 e 10/24h &#224; admiss&#227;o, 41% passaram a ter at&#233; 3/24h na conclus&#227;o. Daqueles com TVNS entre 11 e 50/24h, &#224; admiss&#227;o, 81% passaram a ter menores valores na conclus&#227;o. Houve ainda uma melhora de 83% entre os pacientes que apresentaram TVNS maiores que 50/24h, &#224; admiss&#227;o.</p><table-wrap id="tab05"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>De forma mais simplificada, foi comparada a presen&#231;a de TVNS no in&#237;cio e no fim do estudo, evidenciado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">Tabela 6</xref>. Os resultados demonstram que houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o percentual de pacientes que apresentaram TVNS &#224; admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s o tratamento otimizado (valor-p&lt;0,05). Percebe-se que dos pacientes que apresentaram TVNS &#224; admiss&#227;o, 31% passaram a n&#227;o o apresentar na conclus&#227;o. Embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, 24% dos pacientes aumentaram o n&#250;mero de TVNS/24h em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados da admiss&#227;o.</p><table-wrap id="tab06"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>Analisando todas as combina&#231;&#245;es dos tipos de arritmias ventriculares encontradas entre os 85 pacientes avaliados &#224; admiss&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>) e &#224; conclus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab03">Tabelas 3 a 6</xref>), observa-se que a maioria dos pacientes (55%) apresentava todos os tipos de arritmia (ESV, bigeminismo, trigeminismo, pares e TVNS). De uma forma geral, 53% dos pacientes melhoraram as arritmias, sendo que 33% dos pacientes permaneceram com a mesma caracter&#237;stica da admiss&#227;o e apenas 14% pioraram. &#201; importante enfatizar que essa taxa de piora n&#227;o teve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. De acordo com o teste estat&#237;stico, pode-se afirmar que a melhora dos pacientes ap&#243;s o tratamento otimizado foi significativa.</p><p><table-wrap id="a07tab03"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p><table-wrap id="a07tab04"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap></p>
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 <p>Houve melhora significativa da CF (classe funcional) da IC e do teste de caminhada de seis minutos, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">Tabela 7</xref>) quando comparamos os dados da admiss&#227;o com aqueles ao t&#233;rmino do estudo (p &lt; 0,001).</p> <table-wrap id="tab07"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt11.jpg"/></table-wrap>   <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa quanto aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ao t&#233;rmino do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">Tabela 7</xref>).</p> <p> Observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, quando comparados &#224; admiss&#227;o (4,8 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es/paciente/ano) e ao t&#233;rmino do estudo (2,7 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es/paciente/ano) (p&lt;0,005). Ocorreram 27 mortes (31,8%) ao longo do seguimento. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre a mortalidade e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, sendo que a maioria dos &#243;bitos deveu-se &#224; progress&#227;o da IC. Assim, 23 dos 27 pacientes que morreram por piora da IC n&#227;o tiveram, concomitantemente, piora das arritmias ventriculares.</p>   <p><bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold></p> <p>Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que, nos pacientes sob tratamento otimizado da IC, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa das arritmias ventriculares. Este achado tem relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e pr&#225;tica.</p> <p>Considerando que a literatura brasileira &#233; escassa no assunto, o presente estudo analisou prospectivamente uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC, sintom&#225;ticos, com arritmia ventricular documentada e com caracter&#237;sticas gerais muito similares &#224;quelas que vemos habitualmente em ambulat&#243;rios e consult&#243;rios. A amostra estudada foi constitu&#237;da de pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, isqu&#234;mica e chag&#225;sica em propor&#231;&#245;es similares (cerca de 1/3 dos pacientes para cada etiologia).</p> <p>O reconhecimento da IC como uma disfun&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal fez com que os betabloqueadores e os IECA passassem a constituir a base do que chamamos de tratamento otimizado<sup>24-26</sup>. Desde os primeiros estudos com os IECA e, posteriormente, com os betabloqueadores, come&#231;aram a surgir evid&#234;ncias de uma melhora da qualidade de vida, diminui&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e o aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes que utilizaram essa estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica<sup>1-10</sup>. Paralelamente, surgiram evid&#234;ncias da redu&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos com efeito antiarr&#237;tmico prim&#225;rio<sup>5,11-12</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica otimizada da IC, n&#227;o apenas no Brasil, tem sido freq&#252;entemente subutilizada, sob o argumento de que os pacientes, notadamente aqueles em CF III e IV da NYHA, n&#227;o tolerariam as doses preconizadas dos medicamentos com efeitos na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade<sup>28-30</sup>. Os pacientes mais graves s&#227;o, exatamente, aqueles que n&#227;o recebem os medicamentos nas doses preconizadas pelas diretrizes para o tratamento da IC.</p> <p>No presente estudo, para se ter a certeza de que a condu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento estaria de acordo com o protocolo do estudo, todos os pacientes, nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, foram acompanhados, regularmente, pelo mesmo observador, j&#225; que em uma situa&#231;&#227;o grave como a IC, em que a arritmia ventricular est&#225; presente na imensa maioria dos casos, muitos deles poderiam ter a terap&#234;utica alterada ou descontinuada. Essa atitude tem um aspecto essencial (embora, reconhe&#231;a-se, possa ser um vi&#233;s) em um estudo que procura analisar o comportamento da arritmia ventricular em pacientes com IC.</p> <p>A partir de observa&#231;&#245;es com pacientes monitorados pelo Holter, j&#225; se demonstrou que a retirada abrupta do betabloqueador exp&#245;e o paciente a uma situa&#231;&#227;o de risco adicional. A suspens&#227;o abrupta do bloqueio beta-adren&#233;rgico e o aumento do t&#244;nus vagal<sup>31</sup> influenciam a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e predisp&#245;em ao aumento de arritmias ventriculares<sup>32</sup>. Utilizou-se neste estudo, o betabloqueador carvedilol, uma vez que a literatura pertinente assinala um perfil mais adequado desta subst&#226;ncia, mesmo para o paciente com acentuada disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>33</sup>.</p> <p>O estudo RALES<sup>11</sup>&#150; que utilizou a espironolactona, um antagonista da aldosterona &#150; demonstrou diminui&#231;&#227;o das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e da mortalidade (total e s&#250;bita) na IC, embora sem evid&#234;ncias definitivas para o seu uso em pacientes em CF II<sup>11</sup>. O estudo EPHESUS<sup>12</sup> utilizou um antagonista seletivo da aldosterona (eplerenona)<sup>12 </sup>e mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade (total e s&#250;bita) em pacientes p&#243;s-infarto com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 0,40. Considerando que n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de um efeito desfavor&#225;vel, optamos por prescrever a espironolactona, na dose de 25 mg/dia, para todos os pacientes.</p> <p>Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos envolvendo a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca t&#234;m mostrado que, paralelamente com a melhora dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tem sido observada a redu&#231;&#227;o importante de todas as formas de arritmia ventricular<sup>16-20</sup>. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o aponta para um fato j&#225; documentado, mas n&#227;o completamente elucidado, de que a arritmia ventricular talvez seja muito mais a express&#227;o da gravidade da IC e da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subjacente e que a melhora desta conduz &#224; melhora da arritmia<sup>21,22</sup>. Por considerar que pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca poderiam ter o comportamento da arritmia ventricular modificado em fun&#231;&#227;o desta modalidade terap&#234;utica, optamos por n&#227;o incluir, nesta amostra, pacientes portadores desse dispositivo.</p> <p>Uma s&#233;rie de publica&#231;&#245;es, em nosso meio, como a de Mady<sup>34</sup>, j&#225; documentava que pacientes (no caso, chag&#225;sicos) em classes funcionais III e IV (<italic>NYHA</italic>), e com FE &lt; 30% t&#234;m uma sobrevida muito baixa. Os trabalhos de Rassi Jr. e cols.<sup>22</sup>, Laranja e cols.<sup>35</sup>, De Paola e cols.<sup>36</sup>, estudando popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes chag&#225;sicos, apontavam para o mau progn&#243;stico relacionado com a presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular, bloqueio &#225;trio ventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nesses pacientes, embora n&#227;o analisassem, especificamente, pacientes com IC e, muito menos, sob tratamento otimizado. Rassi Jr. e cols.<sup>22</sup> demonstrou que a associa&#231;&#227;o de TVNS e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular est&#227;o relacionadas a um progn&#243;stico reservado, quando comparadas com os pacientes com somente um dos achados. Esse mesmo autor tamb&#233;m demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de TVNS ao Holter, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 424 pacientes chag&#225;sicos, acompanhados ambulatorialmente por um longo per&#237;odo, mostrou-se uma vari&#225;vel independente associada com maior risco de morte<sup>22</sup>. Esse mesmo achado j&#225; foi documentado, tanto no Brasil, quanto em publica&#231;&#245;es estrangeiras, para pacientes com outras formas de cardiomiopatia (dilatada e isqu&#234;mica)<sup>13,21</sup>.</p> <p>Quando no presente estudo se analisou a arritmia ventricular observou-se que, em grau vari&#225;vel, todos os pacientes apresentavam-na, &#224; admiss&#227;o. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o levou-nos a refletir se os nossos pacientes j&#225; n&#227;o seriam mais graves, &#224; admiss&#227;o, e isso poderia ter influ&#234;ncia quanto aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Quando analisamos a arritmia ventricular, ao t&#233;rmino do estudo, notamos que houve diferen&#231;a significativa na sua ocorr&#234;ncia. Adicionalmente, observamos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de TVNS ao t&#233;rmino da observa&#231;&#227;o, e &#233; reconhecido na literatura que o comportamento das TVNS &#233; o marcador independente relacionado com um desfecho cl&#237;nico desfavor&#225;vel (ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular sustentada e morte s&#250;bita)<sup>22</sup>.</p> <p>Com base nos nossos dados e, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o comportamento do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de TVNS/24h, pode-se postular que provavelmente &#233; o tratamento otimizado da IC que tem um efeito favor&#225;vel na redu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia ventricular.</p> <p>Quanto ao comportamento da CF da IC, esse estudo mostrou uma melhora significativa ao t&#233;rmino do estudo e esse achado pode ser atribu&#237;do ao efeito do tratamento otimizado da IC. Ao lado da redu&#231;&#227;o das arritmias constatamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es indicando melhora cl&#237;nica com a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. A mesma melhora, ao final do estudo, foi observada na performance f&#237;sica, avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos.</p> <p>Quanto ao acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico, os dados &#150; &#224; admiss&#227;o e ao t&#233;rmino do estudo &#150; n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224; FE e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE. Esse resultado concorda com os dados da literatura, em que avalia&#231;&#245;es seriadas da FE podem ser empregadas no seguimento dos pacientes, mas a correspond&#234;ncia dessas medidas com a estimativa da sobrevida &#233; limitada<sup>37</sup>.</p> <p>Na presente casu&#237;stica, ocorreram 27 mortes (31,78% da amostra) entre os 85 pacientes que tiveram acompanhamento completo, o que confirma o fato de que a IC, independente da cardiopatia subjacente e a despeito dos avan&#231;os obtidos com o tratamento otimizado, continua sendo doen&#231;a muito grave, com alta mortalidade. A principal causa de morte foi a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e n&#227;o a morte s&#250;bita. Al&#233;m disso, 23 dos 27 pacientes que morreram por piora da IC n&#227;o tiveram, concomitantemente, piora das arritmias ventriculares. Esse fato merece uma reflex&#227;o, j&#225; que a literatura reporta que cerca de 40% dos pacientes com IC morrem subitamente, sendo um grande percentual em decorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares. Na nossa casu&#237;stica as mortes predominaram por progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e menos por morte s&#250;bita. O presente estudo n&#227;o teve como objetivo avaliar desfechos de mortalidade, devido ao tamanho da amostra. Entretanto, poder&#237;amos interrogar, se o fato desses pacientes estarem com o tratamento otimizado, incluindo o uso de betabloqueadores e espironolatona (f&#225;rmacos com efeito na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade total e s&#250;bita) teria reduzido a morte s&#250;bita pela redu&#231;&#227;o das arritmias ventriculares.</p> <p>Os nove pacientes que foram retirados da an&#225;lise comparativa &#150; depois da fase de otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, por algum tipo de intoler&#226;ncia medicamentosa, e que tamb&#233;m foram acompanhados &#150; evolu&#237;ram para a morte num prazo m&#233;dio de 12 meses. Esses pacientes tiveram maior n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, com perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, em m&#233;dia mais prolongada, quando comparados com os pacientes que completaram o seguimento. Sete deles faleceram por piora da IC, dois por morte s&#250;bita, uma hospitalar e outra no domic&#237;lio. A m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o desses nove pacientes era fato cl&#237;nico esperado, j&#225; que a pr&#243;pria condi&#231;&#227;o de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; terap&#234;utica otimizada, cujos resultados ben&#233;ficos j&#225; est&#227;o comprovados, os colocava num subgrupo de progn&#243;stico pior<sup>28-30, 33</sup>.</p> <p>Os resultados do presente estudo v&#234;m destacar e confirmar a import&#226;ncia do tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado na melhora das arritmias ventriculares com reflexos na morbidade dos pacientes com IC. Tamb&#233;m, em acordo com a literatura atual, aponta para o fato de que as arritmias ventriculares, provavelmente, sejam a tradu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subjacente e que, embora o dist&#250;rbio do ritmo possa ser mais ou menos expressivo num paciente individual, n&#227;o temos, at&#233; o momento, dados para recomendar a inclus&#227;o de antiarr&#237;tmico, rotineiramente, ao tratamento otimizado.</p>   <p><bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold></p> <p>O tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado da IC influenciou favoravelmente a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, sendo que a maioria das mortes foi relacionada &#224; progress&#227;o da IC, a qual n&#227;o estava relacionada ao comportamento das arritmias ventriculares. A melhora da CF, do desempenho f&#237;sico e a diminui&#231;&#227;o das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, deve ser atribu&#237;da ao tratamento otimizado da IC.</p> <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold></p> <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p> <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p> <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p> <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold></p> <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Epotamenides Maria Good God pela USP-SP.</p>                                            <p><fn id="end" fn-type="corresp"><label><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold></label><p> Epotamenides Maria Good God </p><p> Rua Juiz de Fora, 115/807, Barro Preto </p><p> 30.180-060, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil </p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="epotamenides@uol.com.br">epotamenides@uol.com.br</email></p></fn></p> <p>Artigo recebido em 21/02/08; revisado recebido em 15/04/08; aceito em 07/05/08.</p></body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Favorable effects of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure on ventricular arrhythmias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Ventricular arrhythmic events have a strong impact on the mortality of patients with heart failure. The benefits of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure in reducing ventricular arrhythmia have not been well documented yet. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure on ventricular arrhythmia. METHODS: This is a clinical study with a non-randomized design of 85 consecutive (open cohort) non-selected patients, with a mean age of 63.8&#177;12.2 years; 42 were males and 43 were females. All patients had a diagnosis of heart failure (HF), NYHA Functional Class II to IV, EF &lt; 0.40 and, after treatment optimization, they were followed from January 2002 to May 2004, regarding the ventricular arrhythmia behavior, at admission and at the end of the study. RESULTS: At the start of the study, 60% of patients presented more than 1,000 ventricular extrasystoles in 24 hours, 100% pairs and 100% nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). During a follow-up period of 8 to 27 months (20.0 + 4.8 months) a significant decrease in the total number of ventricular extrasystoles/24 hrs, number of pairs and number of NSVT episodes was observed (p&lt;0.05). The improvement in functional class and performance at the six-minute walk test was also observed. A decrease in hospital admissions was also observed in relation to the period prior to the study inclusion (4.8 hospital admissions/patient/year and at the end of the study, 2.7 hospital admissions/patient/year) (p&lt;0.005). CONCLUSION: The optimized treatment of HF decreased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. The improvement in the functional class, physical performance and the decreased number of hospitalizations can be attributed to the optimized treatment of HF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhythmias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body><p><bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold></p><p>Favorable effects of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure on ventricular arrhythmias</p><p><bold>Epotamenides Maria Good God<sup>I</sup>; Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o V. Moreira<sup>II</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto<sup>III</sup></bold></p><p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Vera Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p><p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p><p><sup>III</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailling address</xref></p><p><bold>SUMMARY</bold></p><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Ventricular arrhythmic events have a strong impact on the mortality of patients with heart failure. The benefits of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure in reducing ventricular arrhythmia have not been well documented yet.</p><p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze the effects of the optimized drug treatment of heart failure on ventricular arrhythmia.</p><p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a clinical study with a non-randomized design of 85 consecutive (open cohort) non-selected patients, with a mean age of 63.8&#177;12.2 years; 42 were males and 43 were females. All patients had a diagnosis of heart failure (HF), NYHA Functional Class II to IV, EF <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.40 and, after treatment optimization, they were followed from January 2002 to May 2004, regarding the ventricular arrhythmia behavior, at admission and at the end of the study.</p><p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At the start of the study, 60% of patients presented more than 1,000 ventricular extrasystoles in 24 hours, 100% pairs and 100% nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). During a follow-up period of 8 to 27 months (20.0 + 4.8 months) a significant decrease in the total number of ventricular extrasystoles/24 hrs, number of pairs and number of NSVT episodes was observed (p&lt;0.05). The improvement in functional class and performance at the six-minute walk test was also observed. A decrease in hospital admissions was also observed in relation to the period prior to the study inclusion (4.8 hospital admissions/patient/year and at the end of the study, 2.7 hospital admissions/patient/year) (p&lt;0.005).</p><p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The optimized treatment of HF decreased the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. The improvement in the functional class, physical performance and the decreased number of hospitalizations can be attributed to the optimized treatment of HF.</p><p><bold>Key words:</bold> heart failure/therapy; arrhythmias, cardiac</p><p><bold>Introduction</bold></p><p>The mortality due to heart failure (HF) has decreased in the last years, a fact attributed to the use of several drugs without a primary antiarrhythmic action: betablockers<sup>1-5</sup>, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)<sup>6-9</sup>, angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB)<sup>10</sup> and aldosterone antagonists<sup>11,12</sup>.</p><p>Several studies have confirmed that the ventricular arrhythmias are independent risk markers, but they depend on the degree of the associated ventricular dysfunction<sup>13</sup>. It has been demonstrated that betablockers not only decrease mortality due to the disease progression, but also due to sudden death. This favorable effect seems to be related to the effect of the drugs on the neurohormonal dysfunction and ventricular remodeling<sup>14,15</sup>.</p><p>The onset of the cardiac resynchronization therapy &#150; with or without the concomitant implant of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) &#150; resulted in the improvement of functional class, hemodynamic data and quality of life and in the decrease of ventricular arrhythmias<sup>16-20</sup>. These data, derived from the non-pharmacological treatment of the HF, once more have led to the discussion about the meaning of heart arrhythmias in the context of ventricular dysfunction.</p><p>The benefits of the drug treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in HF are still debatable, due to the inclusion of antiarrhythmic drugs<sup>21</sup>.</p><p>The aim of the present study is to verify whether the optimized HF treatment is enough, on its own, to decrease the incidence of ventricular arrhythmic events.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold></p><p>This study protocol was previously approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Institution and all patients signed the free and informed consent form before study admission.</p><p>To calculate the sample size, it was admitted that 30 to 50% of the patients with HF die within 5 years after the diagnosis<sup>6,7</sup>. Around 50% of them die of sudden death, with a large percentage of them being attributed to ventricular arrhythmias<sup>13,22</sup>. The power of detection of the sample was calculated through the appropriate methodology for paired data (before and after)<sup>23</sup>. It was concluded that the sample used had a power of detection of 99.8%.</p><p>This was a clinical non-randomized study of 115 consecutive and non-selected patients (open cohort) with a diagnosis of HF due to systolic dysfunction of any etiology, of any ethnicity or gender, aged &gt; 18 years, with functional class II to IV (NYHA), EF <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.40 (assessed by M-mode transthoracic echocardiography, Teicholz method).</p><p>The patients excluded from the study were the ones that did not agree to participate at any phase of the follow-up; those likely to undergo surgical correction (myocardial revascularization surgery, valve replacement, awaiting heart transplant, defined candidates to ICD); patients who had AMI or angina with less than 30 days of evolution; those with concomitant disease that could impair the diagnosis; those with renal failure (creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 3.0 mg/dl), serum potassium &gt; 5.5 mEq/l; liver failure, characterized by enzymes &gt; 3-fold the reference values; incapacity of undergoing regular follow-up; contraindication or intolerance to ACEI, ARB, carvedilol and spironolactone; those with ventricular arrhythmia that justified the use of drug treatment &#150; at the discretion of the investigator or that had already received it during a visit to the Emergency Department; patients using antiarrhythmic drugs, of which withdrawal could not be the responsibility of the investigator or was not admitted by the patient (based on previous instructions accepted by the patient or his/her tutor); patients using amiodarone (currently or in the last six months).</p><p>All patients received the optimized treatment for HF, according to the recommendations of the ACC/AHA (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association), of the European Society of Cardiology and II Directives (Review) of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC)<sup>24-27</sup>, including as standard therapy: ACEI or ARB and betablockers at the maximum tolerated doses, diuretics and spironolactone, with or without digoxin. Nitrates and hydralazine were not used. The minimum follow-up period was 8 months.</p><p>The patients were scheduled to be seen by the investigator for evaluation and drug dose adjustment every two weeks during the first three months, in order to reach the target-dose of ACEI (20 to 40 mg/day of Enalapril) or ARB (50 to 100 mg/day of Losartan), betablocker (Carvedilol, 25 to 50 mg/day), spironolactone (25 mg/day) and, subsequently, every two months. The treatment was considered optimized when the patient tolerated at least the lower limit of the recommended doses, according to the directives. All patients were instructed to seek the Emergency Department of the study base-hospital in case of clinical worsening, where they were also admitted, whenever necessary.</p><p>The following examinations were requested at the admission and throughout the follow-up period (every two months): 12-derivation electrocardiogram (ECG); chest teleradiography (x-ray); transthoracic Doppler echocardiogram; 24-hour Holter monitoring; six-minute walk test.</p><p> The data related to hospital admissions were recorded regarding the frequency and the cause, with the latter classified as caused by HF worsening, heart arrhythmia or other cause. The deaths were classified as sudden death, inside or outside the hospital, due to HF worsening or due to another cause (cardiovascular or not).</p><p>The comparative statistical analysis of the ventricular arrhythmias took into account the first assessment at the study admission and the last, at the end of the study or the last visit before death. To compare the ventricular arrhythmias at admission and after the optimized HF treatment, McNemar test was used for the binary categorical variables (bigeminism, trigeminism, pairs) and the Marginal Homogeneity test was used for the ordinal categorical variables: isolated extrasystoles and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). The three tests are adequate to compare paired data; in this case, the same patient being assessed at two different moments. The several combinations of ventricular arrhythmia types that the patients presented were also evaluated, as well as the general percentage of improvement or worsening of these patients. The level of significance was set at 5% and the statistical analysis was carried out with the software SPSS 12.0.</p><p><bold>Results</bold></p><p>Of the 115 patients admitted with a diagnosis of HF, 12 were excluded at the initial phase of the study. The main reasons were: lack of adherence to the instructions and follow-up difficulties due to address changes; 9 others were excluded at the optimization phase of the treatment and 9 more during the follow-up, as they did not tolerate the maintenance or progression of the drug dose or because they were considered for the use of antiarrhythmic drugs or heart resynchronization therapy, with or without the ICD implant. A total of 85 (eighty-five) patients completed the entire follow-up period. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients at admission are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The data regarding the etiology of the HF, the clinical manifestations, the functional class, the Doppler echocardiogram, the 24-hour Holter, the six-minute walk test and drug use were recorded.</p><table-wrap id="tab01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>The mean follow-up period of these 85 patients was 20.0&#177;4.8 months (range: 8-27 months). As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, 100% of the patients at admission had ventricular arrhythmia of varied complexity. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows that there was a statistically significant difference between the number of isolated ventricular extrasystoles (VES)/hour at admission and after the optimized treatment (p&lt;0.05). There was a more significant decrease among the patients that presented extrasystoles &gt; 1000 VES/h at admission.</p><table-wrap id="tab02-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab03-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>The results show that there was a statistically significant difference between the patients that presented pairs of ventricular extrasystoles at the admission and after the optimized treatment (p&lt;0.05). Among the patients that presented pairs at the admission, 30% ceased to present them at the end of the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="tab04-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>According to the <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>, there was a statistically significant difference between the number of NSVT/24 h at the admission and after the optimized treatment (p&lt;0.05). Among the patients that presented between 4 and 10 NSVT/24 h at the admission, 41% started to present up to 3/24 h at the end of the study. Of those patients with 11 to 50 NSVT/24 h at the admission, 81% started to present lower values at the end of the study. Additionally, there was an improvement of 83% among the patients that presented NSVT values &gt; 50/24 h at the admission.</p><table-wrap id="tab05-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>In short, the presence of NSVT at the start of the study was compared to that at the end, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the percentage of the patients that presented NSVT at the admission and after the optimized treatment (p&lt;0.05). It can be observed that, of the patients that presented NSVT at the admission, 31% ceased to present it at the end of the study. Although with no statistical significance, 24% of the patients increased the number of NSVT/24 h when compared to the admission data.</p><table-wrap id="tab06-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>When analyzing all the combinations of ventricular arrhythmia types found in the 85 patients evaluated at admission (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) and the end of the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab03-body2">Tables 3 to 6</xref>), we observe that most patients (55%) presented all types of arrhythmia (VES, bigeminism, trigeminism, pairs and NSVT). In general, 53% of the patients presented improvement in the arrhythmias, with 33% of the patients persisting with the same characteristic seen at the admission and only 14% presenting worsening. It is noteworthy the fact that this worsening rate did not have statistical significance. According to the statistical test, it can be stated that the patients' improvement after the optimized treatment was significant.</p><p><table-wrap id="en_a07tab03-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p><fn id="en_a07tab04-body2"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p></fn></p>
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 <p>There was a significant improvement of the heart failure FC and in the 6-minute walk test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Table 7</xref>) when comparing the admission data with those at the end of the study (p&lt; 0.001).</p> <table-wrap id="tab07-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0395-00007-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>   <p>No significant difference was observed regarding the echocardiographic parameters at the end of the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Table 7</xref>).</p> <p>A significant decrease in the number of hospitalizations was observed, when the admission data (4.8 hospitalizations/patient/year) were compared to those at the end of the study (2.7 hospitalizations/patient/year) (p&lt;0005). A total of 27 deaths (31.8%) occurred throughout follow-up. There was no significant correlation between mortality and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia and most of the deaths were due to HF progression. Thus, 23 of the 27 patients who died due to HF worsening did not present concomitant worsening of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>   <p><bold>Discussion</bold></p> <p>The results of the present study showed that, in patients undergoing optimized HF treatment, there was a significant decrease in ventricular arrhythmias. This finding has clinical and practical relevance.</p> <p>Considering that the Brazilian literature has scarce data on the subject, the present study prospectively analyzed a population of symptomatic patients with HF, with documented ventricular arrhythmia and general characteristics that were very similar to those usually seen in outpatient clinics and medical offices. The studied sample consisted of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic and Chagasic etiologies at similar proportions (around 1/3 of patients for each etiology).</p> <p>The recognition of HF as a neurohormonal dysfunction made betablockers and ACEI start to constitute the basis of what is called the "optimized treatment"<sup>24-26</sup>. Ever since the first studies with the ACEI and, later, with betablockers, there was evidence of an improvement in quality of life, decrease in hospitalizations, and increased survival of patients that used this therapeutic strategy<sup>1-10</sup>. In parallel, there was evidence of a decrease in the incidence of sudden death without the use of drugs with primary antiarrhythmic effect<sup>5,11-12</sup>.</p> <p>The optimized HF therapy has been frequently underused, and not only in Brazil, under the justification that the patients, notably those with FC III and IV of the NYHA, would not tolerate the recommended doses of the medications with effect on the decrease of mortality<sup>28-30</sup>. The more severe patients are precisely the ones that do not receive the medications at the doses recommended by the directives for the treatment of HF.</p> <p>In the present study, in order to ascertain that the treatment would be in accordance with the study protocol, all of the patients in this population were regularly followed, by the same observer, as in a severe situation such as HF, in which ventricular arrhythmia is present in most cases, many of them could have altered or even discontinued therapeutic measures. This attitude has an essential aspect (even though it is acknowledged that it might be a bias) in a study that seeks to analyze the behavior of ventricular arrhythmia in patients with HF.</p> <p> Based on observations of patients monitored by Holter, it has been demonstrated that the sudden betablocker withdrawal exposes the patient to an additional risk situation. The sudden withdrawal of the beta-adrenergic blockade and the increase in vagal tonus<sup>31</sup> influence the heart rate variability and predispose to the increase in ventricular arrhythmias<sup>32</sup>. This study used carvedilol as the betablocker, as the pertinent literature shows a more adequate profile of this substance, even in patients with marked ventricular dysfunction<sup>33</sup>.</p> <p>The RALES study<sup>11 </sup>&#150; which used spironolactone, an antagonist of aldosterone &#150; demonstrated a decrease in the hospitalizations and mortality (total and sudden death) in HF, although with no definite evidence for its use in patients with FC II<sup>11</sup>. The EPHESUS study<sup>12</sup> used a selective antagonist of aldosterone (eplerenone)<sup>12 </sup>and showed a decrease in hospitalizations and mortality (total and sudden death) in post-infarction patients with an ejection fraction &lt; 0.40. Considering that there is no evidence of an unfavorable effect, we chose to prescribe spironolactone, at a dose of 25 mg/day, to all patients.</p> <p> The clinical trials involving the cardiac resynchronization therapy have shown that, together with the improvement in the hemodynamic parameters that evaluate ventricular function, an important decrease in all forms of ventricular arrhythmia has been observed<sup>16-20</sup>. This finding demonstrates a well-documented fact, although not completely elucidated, that the ventricular arrhythmia represents the expression of HF severity and that of the subjacent ventricular dysfunction and that its improvement leads to the arrhythmia improvement<sup>21,22</sup>. Considering that the patients submitted to the cardiac resynchronization therapy could have the ventricular arrhythmia behavior modified by the therapeutic modality, we chose not to include patients carrying this device in this sample.</p> <p> A series of publications in our country, such as that by Mady<sup>34</sup>, had already documented that patients (in this case, Chagasic ones) with NYHA FC III and IV and EF &lt; 30% have a very low survival rate. The studies by Rassi Jr. et al<sup>22</sup> , Laranja et al<sup>35</sup>, De Paola et al<sup>36</sup> assessing populations of Chagasic patients, pointed out to a bad prognosis related to the presence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and atrial fibrillation in these patients, although they did not specifically analyze patients with HF and, in particular, those undergoing optimized treatment.</p> <p>Rassi Jr. et al<sup>22</sup> demonstrated that the association between NSVT and ventricular dysfunction is related to a reserved prognosis, when compared to the patients with only one finding. This same author also demonstrated that the presence of NSVT at the Holter monitoring in a population of 424 Chagasic patients, followed on an outpatient basis for a long period of time, showed to be an independent variable associated with a higher death risk<sup>22</sup>. This same finding was documented, in Brazil as well as in the international literature, in patients with other forms of cardiomyopathies (dilated and ischemic)<sup>13,21</sup>.</p> <p>When the ventricular arrhythmia was assessed in the present study, it was observed that, at a variable degree, all the patients presented it at the admission. This fact led us to consider whether our patients were actually more severe cases at the admission, which could have influenced the clinical outcomes. When the ventricular arrhythmia was evaluated at the end of the study, we observed that there was a significant difference in its occurrence. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in the number of NSVT episodes at the end of the study and it is known in the literature that the NSVT behavior is the independent marker related to an unfavorable clinical outcome (occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia and sudden death)<sup>22</sup>.</p> <p>Based on our data and considering the behavior of the number of episodes of NSVT/24 h, it can be postulated that the optimized HF treatment is likely to have a favorable effect on the decrease of the ventricular arrhythmia.</p> <p>As for the behavior of the heart failure FC, this study showed a significant improvement at the end of the study and this finding can be attributed to the effect of the optimized HF treatment. Along with the decrease in the arrhythmias, we observed a decrease in the number of hospitalizations, indicating clinical improvement with the treatment optimization. The same improvement, regarding the physical performance evaluated through the six-minute walk test, was observed at the end of the study.</p> <p>Concerning the echocardiographic follow-up, at the admission and at the end of the study, there was no significant difference regarding the EF and the LV end-diastolic diameter. These results are in agreement with the literature data, which have shown that seriate EF evaluations can be employed in patients' follow-up, but the association of these measures with survival estimate is limited<sup>37</sup>.</p> <p>In the present series, there were 27 deaths (31.78% of the sample) among the 85 patients that underwent complete follow-up, which confirms the fact that the HF, regardless of the subjacent cardiopathy and despite the advancements attained with the optimized treatment, remains a very severe disease, with high mortality.</p> <p>The main cause of death was the disease progression and not sudden death. Additionally, 23 of the 27 patients that died due to the HF worsening did not present concomitant worsening of the ventricular arrhythmias. This fact is noteworthy, as the literature reports that around 40% of the patients with HF die suddenly and a large percentage of the deaths are due to ventricular arrhythmia.</p> <p>In our series, the deaths were predominantly due to disease progression and fewer were due to sudden death. The present study did not aim at evaluating mortality outcomes, due to the sample size. However, it could be speculated whether the fact that these patients were undergoing optimized treatment, including the use of betablockers and spironolactone (drugs that have an effect in reducing total mortality and sudden death), would have reduced the sudden death incidence by decreasing ventricular arrhythmias.</p> <p>The nine patients that were excluded from the comparative analysis &#150; after the treatment optimization phase, due to some type of drug intolerance and who were also followed &#150; died within an average 12-month period. These patients presented the highest number of hospitalizations, with longer average duration of hospital stay, when compared to the patients that completed the follow-up. Seven of them died to HF worsening and two due to sudden death, one in the hospital and one at home. The poor evolution of these nine patients was an expected clinical fact, as the condition of optimized treatment intolerance, of which beneficial effects have been previously demonstrated, put them in a worse prognosis subgroup<sup>28-30,33</sup>.</p> <p>The results of the present study emphasize and demonstrate the importance of the optimized clinical treatment in the improvement of ventricular arrhythmias, with an impact on the morbidity of patients with HF. Additionally, in agreement with the current literature, it demonstrates that ventricular arrhythmias are probably the consequence of the subjacent ventricular dysfunction, and that, although the rhythm disorder can be more or less significant in an individual patient, we do not have, to date, enough data to recommend the routine inclusion of antiarrhythmic drugs in the optimized treatment.</p>   <p><bold>Conclusions</bold></p> <p>The optimized clinical treatment of HF had a favorable effect on the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and most of the deaths occurred due to the HF progression, which was not related to the behavior of the ventricular arrhythmias. The FC and physical performance improvement and the decrease in the hospitalizations must be attributed to the optimized HF treatment.</p> <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p> <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p> <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p> <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p> <p><bold>Study Association</bold></p> <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Epotamenides Maria Good God, from USP-SP.</p>   <p><bold>References</bold></p>                                         <p><fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp"><p>Mailling address:</p><p> Epotamenides Maria Good God</p><p> Rua Juiz de Fora, 115/807, Barro Preto</p><p> 30.180-060, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="epotamenides@uol.com.br">epotamenides@uol.com.br</email></p></fn></p> <p> Manuscript received February 21, 2008; revised manuscript received April 15, 2008; accepted May 07, 2008..</p> </body>
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