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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ycTHLmmtJ7HwKqszwxjLtRH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001800005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001800005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina e na press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as: um estudo observacional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Landazuri</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Granobles</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Loango</surname>
            <given-names>Nelsy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Armenia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Quind&#237;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Quind&#237;o Armenia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Medicina</institution>
        <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Armenia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Quind&#237;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias B&#225;sicas e Tecnologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Biologia </institution>
        <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>382</fpage>
      <lpage>388</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA), principal enzima do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), desempenha um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. A atividade enzim&#225;tica da ECA e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o arterial (PA) durante a inf&#226;ncia e a adolesc&#234;ncia ainda n&#227;o foram claramente estabelecidas. OBJETIVO: Determinar as diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e nas altera&#231;&#245;es da PA, bem como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre ECA e PA, em estudantes entre 8 e 18 anos de idade. M&#201;TODOS: Os valores de press&#227;o arterial, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA foram medidos em 501 crian&#231;as. RESULTADOS: Os valores m&#233;dios da ECA foram mais elevados em meninos (143,7 &#177; 57,1) do que em meninas (130,2 &#177; 54,9) (p = 0,004). Enquanto nas meninas os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA diminu&#237;ram com a idade, nos meninos ocorria o inverso. Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da puberdade, os n&#237;veis da ECA eram mais elevados em meninas do que em meninos da mesma idade. Nos dois sexos, a idade foi um forte determinante da press&#227;o arterial (PA). Constatamos a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ECA e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) nas meninas (PAS: r = -0,20; p &lt; 0,001; PAD: r = 0,12; p &lt; 0,03). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o maior com a PAS e a PAD nas meninas (r = 0,37 e 0,31 respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001) do que nos meninos ( r = 0,26 e 0,25 respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Esses resultados indicam que houve diferen&#231;as na atividade da ECA entre os meninos e meninas deste estudo. Nas meninas, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA eram mais baixos e diminu&#237;ram com a idade, enquanto a PA aumentou. Como ocorre um dimorfismo sexual na PA durante a puberdade, nossos achados indicam que os horm&#244;nios gonadais podem afetar a atividade da ECA e a PA. Esses resultados podem ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Peptidil dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>puberdade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> FISIOLOGIA</p>
    <p>Diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina e na press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as: um estudo observacional</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Patricia Landazuri<sup>I</sup>; Claudia Granobles<sup>I, II </sup>; Nelsy Loango<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de Medicina &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade de Quind&#237;o Armenia, Quind&#237;o - Colombia </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Programa de Biologia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias B&#225;sicas e Tecnologia, Armenia, Quind&#237;o - Colombia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA), principal enzima do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), desempenha um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. A atividade enzim&#225;tica da ECA e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o arterial (PA) durante a inf&#226;ncia e a adolesc&#234;ncia ainda n&#227;o foram claramente estabelecidas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar as diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e nas altera&#231;&#245;es da PA, bem como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre ECA e PA, em estudantes entre 8 e 18 anos de idade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os valores de press&#227;o arterial, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA foram medidos em 501 crian&#231;as. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os valores m&#233;dios da ECA foram mais elevados em meninos (143,7 &#177; 57,1) do que em meninas (130,2 &#177; 54,9) (p = 0,004). Enquanto nas meninas os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA diminu&#237;ram com a idade, nos meninos ocorria o inverso. Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da puberdade, os n&#237;veis da ECA eram mais elevados em meninas do que em meninos da mesma idade. Nos dois sexos, a idade foi um forte determinante da press&#227;o arterial (PA). Constatamos a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ECA e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) nas meninas (PAS: r = -0,20; p &lt; 0,001; PAD: r = 0,12; p &lt; 0,03). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o maior com a PAS e a PAD nas meninas (r = 0,37 e 0,31 respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001) do que nos meninos ( r = 0,26 e 0,25 respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Esses resultados indicam que houve diferen&#231;as na atividade da ECA entre os meninos e meninas deste estudo. Nas meninas, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA eram mais baixos e diminu&#237;ram com a idade, enquanto a PA aumentou. Como ocorre um dimorfismo sexual na PA durante a puberdade, nossos achados indicam que os horm&#244;nios gonadais podem afetar a atividade da ECA e a PA. Esses resultados podem ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Peptidil dipeptidase A, press&#227;o arterial. Crian&#231;a, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, puberdade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora os mecanismos que est&#227;o por tr&#225;s das diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo e ao envelhecimento na incid&#234;ncia e progress&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial ainda n&#227;o sejam conhecidos, acredita-se que os horm&#244;nios sexuais atuem na modula&#231;&#227;o da atividade de v&#225;rios sistemas reguladores da press&#227;o arterial, inclusive o sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA)<sup>1-2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ECA, principal enzima (EC 3.4.15.1) do SRA, desempenha um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial<sup>3,4</sup>. Essa enzima remove dois amino&#225;cidos da angiotensina I para produzir a angiotensina II (AII), um horm&#244;nio octapept&#237;dico ativo. A angiotensina II &#233; um potente vasoconstritor que atua atrav&#233;s do receptor de AT1, estimulando a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas da musculatura lisa e a hipertrofia card&#237;aca<sup>3-5</sup>. A ECA tamb&#233;m metaboliza a bradicinina, um pept&#237;deo vasoativo, para uma forma inativa<sup>3-5</sup>. A bradicinina &#233; um potente vasodilatador das art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas5. O conceito de regula&#231;&#227;o hormonal da diferencia&#231;&#227;o sexual da press&#227;o arterial foi amplamente confirmado ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, com algumas extens&#245;es e modifica&#231;&#245;es. Por exemplo, constatou-se que a incid&#234;ncia e o grau de hipertens&#227;o s&#227;o mais baixos em mulheres do que em homens<sup>2,6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos que utilizaram t&#233;cnicas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as revelaram que, com o aumento da idade, ocorre uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial tanto em meninos como em meninas. Entretanto, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da puberdade a press&#227;o arterial dos meninos &#233; mais alta do que das meninas da mesma idade <sup>8</sup>. Esses dados mostram que durante a adolesc&#234;ncia e a puberdade, quando os n&#237;veis de androg&#234;nio aumentam, a press&#227;o arterial &#233; mais elevada em meninos do que em meninas. Outra evid&#234;ncia de que a testosterona pode ter um papel importante na eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em homens adv&#233;m de estudos sobre castra&#231;&#227;o realizados com ratos machos. A castra&#231;&#227;o em uma idade precoce (3 a 5 semanas) atenua o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o em v&#225;rios modelos animais<sup>9-11</sup>. Como a press&#227;o arterial dos homens e dos ratos machos &#233; mais alta do que das mulheres e das ratas, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os horm&#244;nios ajudem a proteger o sexo feminino contra a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. De fato, constatou-se que a incid&#234;ncia e o grau de hipertens&#227;o arterial s&#227;o mais baixos em mulheres pr&#233;-menop&#225;usicas do que em homens da mesma faixa de idade<sup>2,6,7</sup>. Ap&#243;s a menopausa, por&#233;m, a press&#227;o arterial das mulheres aumenta para n&#237;veis ainda mais elevados do que nos homens. Alguns desses estudos tamb&#233;m indicam que o estrog&#234;nio e a testosterona podem modular a atividade da ECA<sup>10,11</sup>. Portanto, o efeito cardioprotetor atribu&#237;do ao estrog&#234;nio poderia estar associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de RNAm da ECA, diminuindo, assim, a atividade dessa enzima, com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis circulantes do vasoconstritor angiotensina II, como sugerido por Gallager e cols.<sup>11</sup>. Por outro lado, v&#225;rios estudos mostraram que os n&#237;veis de ECA variam com a idade<sup>12,13</sup>, que a atividade da ECA &#233; elevada em crian&#231;as e diminui com a idade at&#233; atingir os n&#237;veis adultos, o que parece ser uma constante nos indiv&#237;duos, mas varia de um indiv&#237;duo para outro<sup>12</sup>. Na verdade, a press&#227;o arterial aumenta &#224; medida que as crian&#231;as ficam mais velhas<sup>14,15</sup>, e a puberdade pode exercer mais influ&#234;ncia sobre a PA que qualquer outro evento fisiol&#243;gico normal, possivelmente determinando os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos futuros. Como a atividade enzim&#225;tica da ECA e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a PA n&#227;o foram claramente estabelecidas durante a inf&#226;ncia e a adolesc&#234;ncia, estamos particularmente interessados:</p>
    <p><bold>1)</bold> nas mudan&#231;as que ocorrem nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e na press&#227;o arterial durante esses per&#237;odos,</p>
    <p><bold>2) </bold>nas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e na press&#227;o arterial entre homens e mulheres, e</p>
    <p><bold>3)</bold> na rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e a press&#227;o arterial em homens e mulheres.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sujeitos do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os sujeitos no estudo original (n = 510) foram recrutados de 25 escolas de Quind&#237;o (Col&#244;mbia), para a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra representativa dos dois sexos, com idades variadas e diferentes n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos. A taxa de resposta individual foi de 98,2% (501 crian&#231;as).</p>
    <p>O estudo foi revisado e aprovado pelo Conselho Revisor (Conselho de &#201;tica) da Universidade de Quind&#237;o. Um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todas as crian&#231;as, bem como dos pais ou representantes legais.</p>
    <p>Crian&#231;as com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a renal, cardiopatia ou diabetes melito foram exclu&#237;das do estudo, bem como as que estavam tomando algum medicamento que pudesse afetar a press&#227;o arterial ou o sistema renina-angiotensina. Todos os participantes do estudo eram provenientes da Col&#244;mbia, pa&#237;s cuja popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; composta predominantemente por uma mistura de europeus (caucasianos), africanos, (negr&#243;ides) e amer&#237;ndios (mongol&#243;ides)<sup>16,17</sup>. Quind&#237;o situa-se geograficamente entre os ramos central e oriental da Cordilheira dos Andes. A popula&#231;&#227;o de Quind&#237;o pertence &#224; autodenominada "comunidade Paisa"<sup>16-17</sup>. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a propor&#231;&#227;o de negros e amer&#237;ndios &#233; baixa<sup>16,17</sup>. Segundo estimativas de Jimenez e cols.<sup>17</sup> a "comunidade Paisa" &#233; formada por 85% de brancos e 15% de amer&#237;ndios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mensura&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O peso, a altura e as amostras de sangue dos participantes foram obtidos na mesma ocasi&#227;o, nas pr&#243;prias escolas. O tipo de alimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi levado em considera&#231;&#227;o. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida no bra&#231;o esquerdo, com um esfigmoman&#244;metro zero-rand&#244;mico (Welch Allyn), na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. O primeiro e quinto sons de Korotkoff foram usados para designar a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente. Foram usados manguitos de dois tamanhos, dependendo do di&#226;metro do bra&#231;o da crian&#231;a: um manguito para circunfer&#234;ncia braquial de 10 a 19 cm e outro para circunfer&#234;ncia braquial de 18 a 26 cm. Foram feitas duas leituras da press&#227;o arterial, e a m&#233;dia das duas leituras foi usada como valor press&#243;rico final.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostras de sangue</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue venoso de todos os participantes foram coletadas em tubos secos, pela manh&#227;, ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. O soro foi obtido por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 2.500 g durante 15 minutos a 4&#186;C at&#233; uma hora ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o venosa. O soro foi separado em microtubos e armazenado a -20&#186;C.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Atividade da ECA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A atividade da ECA foi determinada com um m&#233;todo modificado descrito por Ronca Testoni18, em que a hidr&#243;lise a 37&#186;C pela ECA de um substrato sint&#233;tico de solu&#231;&#227;o-tamp&#227;o tris, o furanocrilol-1-fenilalanil-glicilgicina, (Sigma Chemical Co) produziu um amino&#225;cido e um dipept&#237;deo bloqueados por furanocrilol. A redu&#231;&#227;o na absorb&#226;ncia a 345 nm foi uma medida de atividade da ECA, expressa em unidades internacionais por litro (UI/l). Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade das dosagens da ECA, usamos dados de 30 indiv&#237;duos jovens cujos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ECA tinham sido determinados seis vezes (uma vez por m&#234;s durante um per&#237;odo de seis meses). O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o foi de 3,8%. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ECA desses indiv&#237;duos foram bastante est&#225;veis. Todas as amostras foram analisadas nos primeiros cinco dias ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o venosa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com aux&#237;lio do programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 11.5). Os efeitos do sexo, da idade e do IMC sobre a PA foram analisados com a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de dois fatores e a an&#225;lise post hoc de Tukey. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de um fator foi usada para comparar as altera&#231;&#245;es na PA ou na concentra&#231;&#227;o da ECA entre as faixas et&#225;rias. Foi efetuada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, utilizando-se valores press&#243;ricos m&#233;dios individuais como vari&#225;vel dependente. Todas as outras vari&#225;veis relevantes foram tratadas como vari&#225;veis independentes. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, foram estudados 501 sujeitos na faixa et&#225;ria de 8 a 18 anos, 249 (49,7%) meninos e 252 (50,3%) meninas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados estat&#237;sticos referentes a sexo, idade, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e IMC de todas as crian&#231;as estudadas, inclusive m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o e faixa de varia&#231;&#227;o. A m&#233;dia de idade foi 3,7% mais baixa nos meninos do que nas meninas (p &lt; 0,032). Houve uma diferen&#231;a significante na concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da ECA, sendo 9,4% mais baixa nas meninas (p &gt;0,004). A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) n&#227;o diferiu entre os dois grupos. A press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica dos meninos foi 1,3 mm Hg mais baixa do que das meninas, mas essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,092). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi 4,7% mais baixo nos meninos do que nas meninas (p &lt; 0,001). Apesar disso, a PA de meninos e meninas foi semelhante.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Varia&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis da ECA por idade e sexo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta a m&#233;dia e o desvio-padr&#227;o da atividade da ECA nas crian&#231;as por idade e sexo. Nas meninas, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA diminu&#237;ram com a idade (at&#233; os 14 anos), aumentaram novamente entre 15 e 17 anos e, em seguida, voltaram a cair. De modo geral, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA nas meninas foram diminuindo entre 8 e 18 anos de idade. Em contrapartida, nos meninos os n&#237;veis da ECA aumentaram dos 8 aos 9 anos de idade, diminu&#237;ram dos 9 aos 11 anos e voltaram a aumentar at&#233; os 13 anos; dos 13 aos 18 anos de idade os n&#237;veis da ECA apresentaram uma [leve ] redu&#231;&#227;o. Dos 12 aos 18 anos de idade, os n&#237;veis da ECA nos meninos ficaram acima dos valores das meninas. Nos meninos de 8, 10 e 11 anos de idade, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA foram significantemente mais baixos do que nas meninas, enquanto dos 13 aos 18 anos foram significantemente mais elevados (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial por idade e o sexo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> mostra a m&#233;dia e o desvio-padr&#227;o da PAS e PAD das crian&#231;as por idade e sexo. Tanto em meninas como em meninos, a PAS e a PAD aumentaram com a idade. A PAS foi mais elevada em meninos de 12, 16 e 17 anos de idade (p &lt; 0,03, p &lt; 0.0004 e p &lt; 0.018, respectivamente) do que nas meninas. Da mesma forma, a PAD foi mais elevada em meninos de 11 e 17 anos do que em meninas da mesma idade (p &lt; 0,00001 e p &lt; 0.06 respectivamente). Nos meninos, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre PAS, PAD e idade foi de r = 0,51 (p &lt; 0,001) e r = 0,27 (p &lt; 0,00), respectivamente. Nas meninas essa correla&#231;&#227;o foi de r = 0,38 (p &lt; 0,001) e r = 0,26, (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre PAS, PAD e IMC foi a seguinte: PAS r = 0,37 (p &lt; 0,001) e PAD r = 0,31 (p &lt; 0,001) nas meninas e PAS r = 0.26 (p &lt; 0,001) e PAD r = 0.25 (p &lt; 0,001) nos meninos.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Atividade da ECA e press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade da ECA e press&#227;o arterial em meninos e meninas. Os resultados indicam que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e a press&#227;o arterial difere entre meninos e meninas, como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref>. Os dados revelam que a PAS e a PAD aumentam com a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da ECA nos meninos, enquanto diminuem nas meninas.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os valores da PAS e PAD diferiram significantemente entre meninos e meninas (p &lt; 0, 001 para cada), com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA de 201-250 UI/l, 50-100 e &gt;201 UI/l, respectivamente. N&#227;o encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e a PA em meninos (PAS r = 0,40 [p &lt; 0,3 ] e PAD r = 0,13 [p &lt; 0,02 ]). Nas meninas, a correla&#231;&#227;o foi PAS r = 0,20 (p &lt; 0,001) e PAD r = 0,12 (p &lt; 0,03).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores associados aos valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em crian&#231;as de Quind&#237;o (Col&#244;mbia)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados das an&#225;lises multivariadas. Os fatores associados para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram: aumento da idade (p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0, 008, respectivamente), IMC maior (p = 0,007 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente) e sexo masculino (p &lt; 0,001 para cada). Os testes realizados no modelo final revelaram uma intera&#231;&#227;o significante entre idade e sexo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (p &lt; 0,001 para cada). Essa intera&#231;&#227;o indica que a eleva&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica a cada ano de idade foi, respectivamente, 2,45 mmHg (2,15 e 2,74) e 0,54 mmHg (0,29 e 0,79) em meninos e 0,954 mmHg (0,68 e 1,22) e 0,30 mmHg (0,04, 0,56) em meninas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Descrevemos as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na atividade da ECA e na press&#227;o arterial de crian&#231;as entre 8 e 18 anos de idade residentes em Quind&#237;o. Nossos resultados mostraram diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo e &#224; idade na atividade da ECA. As mulheres apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA com a idade, enquanto em homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria esses n&#237;veis aumentaram.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que o crescimento puberal de homens e mulheres tem in&#237;cio entre 9 e 12 anos de idade19. Esses per&#237;odos s&#227;o acompanhados por um aumento nos n&#237;veis dos horm&#244;nios sexuais, testosterona nos homens e estradiol nas mulheres<sup>20</sup>. No nosso estudo, a concentra&#231;&#227;o da ECA atingiu n&#237;veis elevados em meninos de 11 a 17 anos, enquanto diminuiu em meninas dessa mesma faixa et&#225;ria. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a esse achado, Freshour e cols.<sup>10</sup> demonstraram que a ECA ventricular era mais abundante em camundongos machos do que em f&#234;meas, tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de RNAm como de prote&#237;na, e que a ooforectomia aumentava ligeiramente os n&#237;veis da ECA nas f&#234;meas, enquanto os n&#237;veis ventriculares da ECA eram substancialmente reduzidos nos camundongos machos privados de androg&#234;nio.</p>
    <p>Outros estudos mostraram que os n&#237;veis da ECA aumentavam em modelos animais p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicos ou ovariectomizados, e que esses n&#237;veis diminu&#237;am ap&#243;s tratamento com estrog&#234;nios<sup>11,21</sup>. Da mesma forma, Gallagher e cols.<sup>11</sup> demonstraram que a terapia cr&#244;nica de reposi&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio diminu&#237;a a atividade da ECA em extratos de tecido e soro de ratos, com redu&#231;&#227;o associada dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de angiotensina II.</p>
    <p>Este estudo indica que as propriedades cardioprotetoras do estrog&#234;nio podem ser atribu&#237;das, em parte, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade da ECA in vivo, mediante inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de RNAm da ECA por meio de um mecanismo molecular desconhecido<sup>11</sup>. Portanto, os efeitos cardiovasculares ben&#233;ficos do estrog&#234;nio podem ser parcialmente mediados pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis da ECA. Em nosso estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na atividade da ECA observada nas meninas, mas n&#227;o nos meninos, indica que o estradiol e a testosterona podem influenciar de maneira diversa a atividade da ECA em seres humanos. No entanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio determinar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e dos horm&#244;nios sexuais nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, observamos que a PAS e a PAD eram mais altas nos homens (dos 16 aos 18 anos) do que nas mulheres, principalmente ap&#243;s a puberdade (per&#237;odo em que ocorre um aumento nos n&#237;veis de testosterona nos homens). A press&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m aumentou com a idade, e esses dois achados est&#227;o de acordo com os estudos publicados na literatura<sup>8,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sankar e cols.15 afirmaram que a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica subiu consideravelmente entre o in&#237;cio e o final do crescimento puberal em todos os grupos (sexo masculino e feminino, brancos e negros), com um aumento significantemente maior nos homens do que nas mulheres.</p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial durante a inf&#226;ncia e a adolesc&#234;ncia pode estar relacionada a um aumento nos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios gonadais, embora os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelas diferen&#231;as entre os sexos no controle da press&#227;o arterial ainda n&#227;o estejam claros. Existem evid&#234;ncias substanciais de que os horm&#244;nios sexuais desempenham um papel importante nas diferen&#231;as na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial entre os sexos<sup>9,22-24</sup>, mas outros horm&#244;nios tamb&#233;m podem participar desse processo.</p>
    <p>Em diversos modelos animais de apenas tr&#234;s a cinco semanas de idade a castra&#231;&#227;o atenuou o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o, enquanto a ovariectomia aumentou a press&#227;o arterial <sup>(9,22-24)</sup>. Os horm&#244;nios gonadais, principalmente a testosterona, podem ter importantes efeitos transcricionais sobre sistemas org&#226;nicos em matura&#231;&#227;o, como os rins e a vasculatura, com conseq&#252;&#234;ncias duradouras para a press&#227;o arterial. Por outro lado, observamos uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a ECA e a press&#227;o arterial em meninas, que apresentam uma queda na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica quando os n&#237;veis de ECA est&#227;o altos. Esse efeito n&#227;o era esperado e poderia ser explicado pelos horm&#244;nios femininos, pois homens e ratos machos t&#234;m PA mais alta que mulheres e ratas. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o estrog&#234;nio ajude a proteger o sexo feminino do desenvolvimento de press&#227;o alta mesmo diante de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados da ECA. Entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis da ECA, polimorfismo do gene da ECA e hipertens&#227;o essencial &#233; objeto de controv&#233;rsia. Em diversos estudos<sup>5,25</sup>, n&#227;o foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos da ECA e hipertens&#227;o ou entre polimorfismos do gene da ECA e hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, Kessler e cols.<sup>26</sup>, em um estudo com camundongos transg&#234;nicos, afirmaram que a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da ECA n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para manter a press&#227;o arterial em n&#237;veis normais, e que a ECA endotelial ligada &#224; c&#233;lula &#233; important&#237;ssima para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Em nosso trabalho, analisamos apenas a atividade da ECA, o que poderia explicar a inexist&#234;ncia de uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre ECA e PA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, apesar das altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA observadas de acordo com o sexo e a idade.</p>
    <p>Nossos achados sobre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da ECA e sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre essa enzima e a press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as podem ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para o tratamento de hipertens&#227;o arterial de meninas e mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa.</p>
    <p>Em suma, este estudo demonstrou que existem diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo na atividade da ECA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Observamos tamb&#233;m uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial em crian&#231;as (de ambos os sexos) entre 8 e 18 anos de idade, faixa et&#225;ria em que ocorre um dimorfismo sexual na press&#227;o arterial. Com base em nossos achados, embora seja extremamente preliminar, deduzimos que os horm&#244;nios gonadais podem afetar a atividade da ECA e a press&#227;o arterial durante o per&#237;odo de matura&#231;&#227;o sexual, e que a press&#227;o arterial normal n&#227;o &#233; totalmente influenciada por essa diferen&#231;a sexual na atividade da ECA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes normotensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agrademos as crian&#231;as, os pais e os funcion&#225;rios das escolas que participaram deste estudo. Agradecemos tamb&#233;m Juanita Trejos, que nos auxiliou com as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. Este trabalho foi financiado pela Universidade de Quind&#237;o e registrado sob o n&#250;mero 318.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Patricia Landazuri </p>
        <p> Avenida Bolivar 12 N, Norte, Arm&#234;nia </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="plandazu@uniquindio.edu.co">plandazu@uniquindio.edu.co</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/10/2007; artigo revisado recebido em 17/12/2007; aceito em 28/12/2007.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Gender differences in serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and blood pressure in children: an observational study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system that plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. ACE enzyme activity and its relationships with blood pressure (BP) during childhood and adolescence have not yet been clearly established. OBJECTIVE: To determine serum ACE (S-ACE) levels and BP changes in school children between 8 and 18 years of age and how S-ACE and BP in males and females might differ, as well as to determine S-ACE and BP relationships. METHODS: Blood pressure, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and S-ACE were measured in 501 children. RESULT: Mean S-ACE values were higher in boys (143.7&#177;57.1) than in girls (130.2 &#177; 54.9) (p = 0.004). S-ACE values decreased in girls and increased in boys with age, and values for girls were lower than for age-matched boys after onset of puberty. Age was a strong determinant of BP levels in both genders. We found a relationship between ACE and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in girls (SBP r= -0.20 p&lt;0.001 DBP r=0.12 p&lt;0.03). BMI had greater correlation with SBP and DBP in girls (r=0.37, and 0.31, respectively; p &lt; 0.001) than in boys (r=0.26, and 0.25 respectively; p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that gender differences in serum ACE activity exist in the children from this study. This activity was lower and decreased with age in girls, while BP increased. Because sexual dimorphism in BP emerges in puberty, our findings suggest that gonadal hormones might affect S-ACE activity and BP. These results may have important therapeutic implications.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
        <kwd>puberty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Gender differences in serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and blood pressure in children: an observational study</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patricia Landazuri<sup>I</sup>; Claudia Granobles<sup>I, II</sup>; Nelsy Loango<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de Medicina - Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad del Quind&#237;o, Armenia, Quind&#237;o &#150; Colombia</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Programa de Biolog&#237;a - Facultad de ciencias Basicas y Tecnolog&#237;a, Armenia, Quind&#237;o &#150; Colombia</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system that plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. ACE enzyme activity and its relationships with blood pressure (BP) during childhood and adolescence have not yet been clearly established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine serum ACE (S-ACE) levels and BP changes in school children between 8 and 18 years of age and how S-ACE and BP in males and females might differ, as well as to determine S-ACE and BP relationships.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Blood pressure, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and S-ACE were measured in 501 children.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULT:</bold> Mean S-ACE values were higher in boys (143.7&#177;57.1) than in girls (130.2 &#177; 54.9) (p = 0.004). S-ACE values decreased in girls and increased in boys with age, and values for girls were lower than for age-matched boys after onset of puberty. Age was a strong determinant of BP levels in both genders. We found a relationship between ACE and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in girls (SBP r= -0.20 p&lt;0.001 DBP r=0.12 p&lt;0.03). BMI had greater correlation with SBP and DBP in girls (r=0.37, and 0.31, respectively; p &lt; 0.001) than in boys (r=0.26, and 0.25 respectively; p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> These results indicate that gender differences in serum ACE activity exist in the children from this study. This activity was lower and decreased with age in girls, while BP increased. Because sexual dimorphism in BP emerges in puberty, our findings suggest that gonadal hormones might affect S-ACE activity and BP. These results may have important therapeutic implications.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; blood pressure; child, body mass &#237;ndex; puberty.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although the mechanisms underlying gender and aging differences in the incidence and progression of hypertension are unknown, the role of sex hormones in modulating the activity of several blood pressure regulatory systems, including the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), has been suggested<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>ACE is a key enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) of the RAS and plays an important role in regulating cardiac function and blood pressure<sup>3,4</sup>. ACE removes two amino acids from angiotensin I to yield the active octapeptide hormone angiotensin II (AII). Angiotensin II acts through the AT1 receptor, is a potent vasoconstrictor, and stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and cardiac hypertrophy<sup>3-5</sup>. ACE also metabolizes the vasoactive peptide bradykinin to an inactive form<sup>3-5</sup>. Bradykinin acts as a potent vasodilator of peripheral arteries<sup>5</sup>. The concept of hormonal regulation of sexual differentiation of blood pressure has been largely confirmed over the last years, with some extensions and modifications. For example, the incidence and severity of hypertension have been shown to be lower in women than in men<sup>2,6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring techniques in children have shown that blood pressure rises in both boys and girls as age increases. However, after the onset of puberty, boys have higher blood pressure than do age-matched girls<sup>8</sup>. These data show that in adolescence and puberty, when androgen levels are increasing, blood pressure is higher in boys than in girls. Another line of evidence that testosterone may play an important role in higher blood pressure in males comes from castration studies in male rats. Castration at a young age (3 to 5 weeks) attenuates the development of hypertension in several animal models<sup>9-11</sup>. Because men and male rats have higher blood pressures than do females, it is possible that female hormones play a role in protecting females from developing higher blood pressure. Thus, the incidence and severity of hypertension have been shown to be lower in premenopausal women than in men at similar ages<sup>2,6,7</sup>. After menopause, however, blood pressure increases in women to levels even higher than in men. Some of these studies further suggest that estrogen and testosterone may modulate S-ACE activity<sup>10,11</sup>. Thus, the cardioprotective effect proposed by the estrogen may be acting by downregulating ACE mRNA concentrations, thereby reducing ACE activity, with a consequent reduction in circulating levels of the vasoconstrictor AII, as suggested by Gallager et al<sup>11</sup>. On the other hand, several studies have shown that the ACE levels vary with age<sup>12,13</sup>. In children, ACE activity is high and decreases with age, until reaching adult levels, which seems to be constant in individuals, although it varies from one individual to another<sup>12</sup>. Indeed, blood pressure increases as children become older<sup>14,15</sup>, and the influence of puberty on blood pressure may be greater than in any other normal physiological event, possibly setting the stage for future blood pressure levels. Because ACE enzyme activity and its relationships with BP is not clearly established during childhood and adolescence, we were particularly interested in</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> S-ACE and blood pressure changes that occur during these periods,</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> how S-ACE and blood pressure in males and females might differ and</p>
      <p><bold>3)</bold> S-ACE and blood pressure relationships in males and females.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Subjects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Subjects in the original study (n = 510) were recruited from 25 schools in Quind&#237;o (Colombia) in order to obtain a representative sample from diverse age, gender, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Overall individual response rate was 98.2% (501 children).</p>
      <p>The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (Ethics Committee) at the University of Quind&#237;o. Informed consent was obtained from each child as well as from his or her parents or legal guardians.</p>
      <p>For the current analyses, children with a history of hypertension, renal disease, heart disease, or diabetes mellitus or those taking medication that could affect blood pressure or the renin-angiotensin system were excluded. All subjects were from Colombia; Colombian population stems mostly from a mixture of Europeans (Caucasoid), Africans (Negroid) and Amerindians (Mongoloid)<sup>16,17</sup>. Quind&#237;o is geographically located between the central and eastern branches of Andes Mountains. The Quind&#237;o population belongs to the self-named "Paisa Community"<sup>16,17</sup>. The mixture with Negroid and Amerindian populations has been documented to be low in this population<sup>16,17</sup>. Jimenez et al<sup>17</sup> estimated ancestral racial components in the "Paisa Community" as 85% Caucasian and 15% Amerindian.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Weight and height measurements were obtained at the same time as blood samples. Measurements and blood sampling were taken at schools. Dietary conditions were not controlled. Blood pressure was measured in the left arm with a random-zero sphygmomanometer (Welch Allyn) while the subject was seated. The first and fifth Korotkoff sounds were used to designate systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Two cuff sizes were used, depending on the size of the child's arm: one for an arm circumference of 10&#150;19 cm and one for an arm circumference of 18&#150;26 cm. Two blood pressure readings were obtained, and the average of the readings was used as the final blood pressure measurement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood samples</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Venous blood samples were collected into dry tubes from all subjects after a 12-hr overnight fasting. Serum was obtained by centrifugation at 2500 <italic>g</italic> for 15 min at 4&#176;C within 1 hr of venipuncture. Serum was separated into microtubes and stored at -20&#176;C.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assay Procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>S-ACE activity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ACE activity was determined with a modified method described by Ronca Testoni<sup>18</sup>, in which hydrolysis at 37&#176;C by serum ACE of a synthetic Tris-buffered substrate, furanocrylol-1-phenylalanyl-glycylglycine (Sigma Chemical Co), produced a furanocrylol-blocked amino acid and a dipeptide. The decrease in absorbance at 345 nm was a measure of S-ACE activity, expressed as international units per liter (IU/L). To assess the reproducibility of measurements of serum<sup> ACE</sup> activity, we used data from 30 young individuals whose serum ACE activity was measured six times (one time per month, within a 6-month period). The coefficient of variation was 3.8%. Thus, serum ACE activity levels were highly stable within an individual. All samples were analyzed within five days after blood collection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD. SPSS software (version 11.5) was used for statistical analysis. Statistical analyses of the effects of gender, age and BMI on BP were performed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey test as post hoc analysis. One-way ANOVA was used for comparing changes in BP or ACE in age groups. A multiple regression analysis was conducted by using individual mean blood pressure levels as the dependent variable. All other measured variables of relevance were treated as independent variables. <italic>P </italic>&lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was conducted with a total of 501 subjects between 8 and 18 years of age: 249 (49.7%) boys and 252 (50.3%) girls. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> presents summary statistics for gender, age, S-ACE, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and BMI for all children studied, including mean, standard deviation, and range. Mean age was 3.7% lower in boys than in girls (P&lt;0.032). There was significant gender difference in S-ACE, girls had 9.4% lower S-ACE activity than boys (P&gt;0.004). There was no difference in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) between the 2 groups. Although boys had a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 1.3 mm Hg lower than girls, this difference was not significant (P&lt;0.092); BMI was also measured, and mean BMI was 4.7% lower in boys than in girls (P&lt;0.001), despite BP in both boys and girls being similar.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>S-ACE variation by age and gender</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean and SD of S-ACE activity for the children by age and gender are given in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>. S-ACE activity decreased with age in girls (until age 14), then rose between 15 and 17 years of age and decreased again. In general, S-ACE activity in girls decreased from 8 to 18 years of age. Contrarily, S-ACE activity in boys increased from 8 to 9 years of age, then decreased from the 9 to 11 year age range and then increased again until age 13. From this age until age 18 S-ACE activity showed a slight reduction. S-ACE activity in boys was higher than in girls from age 12 to 18. In 8, 10 and 11 year old boys S-ACE was statistically significantly lower than in girls, and from 13 to 18 years of age S-ACE activity was significantly higher in boys than in girls (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure variation by age and gender</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean and SD of SBP and DBP for children by age and gender are given in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 2</xref>. SBP and DBP increased with age in both girls and boys; SBP was higher in boys at ages 12, 16 and 17 (p&lt;0.03, 0.0004; and 0.018 respectively) than in girls; similarly, DBP was higher in boys at ages 11 and 17 than in age-matched girls (p&lt;0.00001 and p&lt;0.06, respectively). Correlation between SBP, DBP and age in boys was r=0.51 p&lt;0.001 and r=0.27 p&lt;0.001, respectively. In girls it was r=0.38 p&lt;0.001 and r=0.26 p&lt;0.001, respectively. Correlation between SBP, DBP and BMI in girls was (SBP r= 0.37 p&lt;0.001 DBP r=0.31 p&lt;0.001) and in boys, (SBP r= 0.26 p&lt;0.001 DBP r=0.25 p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>S-ACE activity and blood pressure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The relationship was studied between S-ACE activity and blood pressure in boys and girls. Results indicate that this relationship between S-ACE levels and blood pressure differs between boys and girls, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">figure 3</xref>. Our data show that SBP and DBP increase when S-ACE activity increases in boys, while in girls systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased as S-ACE activity increased.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>SBP and DBP levels were significantly different (p&lt;0.001 for each) between boys and girls, at serum ACE levels of 201-250 IU/L, 50-100 IU/L, and &gt;201 IU/L respectively. We found no correlation between S-ACE and BP in boys (SBP r= 0.40 p&lt;0.3, DBP r=0.13 p&lt;0.02). In girls, the correlation was SBP r= -0.20 p&lt;0.001 DBP r=0.12 p&lt;0.03.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Factors associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in cildren from Quindio (Colombia)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. The associated factors for systolic and diastolic blood pressure were: increasing age (<italic>P</italic>&lt;0.001 and P= 0.008, respectively), greater BMI (<italic>P</italic>=0.007 and <italic>P&lt;</italic>0.001, respectively), and male gender (<italic>P&lt;</italic>0.001 for each). Tests for interactions in the final model revealed significant interaction between age and gender for the outcomes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (<italic>P&lt;</italic>0.001 for each). This interaction suggests that the rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with each 1-year increase in age were 2.45 (2.15, 2.74) and 0.54(0.29, 0.79), mm Hg, respectively, in boys and 0.954(0.68, 1.22) and 0.30 (0.04, 0.56) mm Hg in girls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0382-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We provide a description of the changes in S-ACE activity and blood pressure in children between 8 and 18 years of age from Quindio. Our results showed gender and age differences in ACE activity. We found that females presented a significant age-reduction in S-ACE activity, while in males ACE activity increased in the same age range. It is known that males and females between 9 and 12 years begin pubertal growth<sup>19</sup>. These periods are accompanied by an increase in sexual hormone levels, testosterone in males and estradiol in females<sup>20</sup>. Our results show that in boys between 11 and 17 years of age, S-ACE reached high levels. Our data also show that in this same age range S-ACE declined in girls. Freshour et al<sup>10</sup> showed that ventricular ACE was more abundant in male than in female mice, at both mRNA and protein levels, and that oophorectomy increased ACE levels slightly in female mice, whereas ventricular ACE levels were substantially decreased in androgen-deprived males. Other studies showed that in postmenopausal or ovariectomized animal models, ACE levels increased and then fell after treatment with estrogens<sup>11,21</sup>. Similarly, Gallagher et al<sup>11</sup> showed that chronic estrogen replacement therapy reduced ACE activity in tissue extracts and serum from rats, with an associated reduction in plasma angiotensin II.</p>
      <p>This study suggests that the cardioprotective properties of estrogen may be due in part to diminished in vivo ACE activity, through inhibition of ACE mRNA synthesis by an unknown molecular mechanism<sup>11</sup>. Thus, the beneficial cardiovascular effects of estrogen may be partly mediated by downregulation of ACE. In our study a significant reduction in ACE activity in females but not in males suggests that estradiol and testosterone may influence S-ACE activity in humans differently. S-ACE and sex hormones must be measured in this age range.</p>
      <p>In this study, we found that SPB and DPB were higher in males (16 to 18 years of age) than in females; especially after puberty, (period in which testosterone increases in boys). Blood pressure also increased with age, both findings being in agreement with literature<sup>8,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, Sankar et al<sup>15</sup> reported that systolic blood pressure rose significantly between the onset and cessation of pubertal growth in all groups (males, females, whites, and blacks), with a significantly greater increase in males than in females. The increase in blood pressure during childhood and adolescence is likely related to increases in gonadal hormones, although the mechanisms responsible for gender differences in blood pressure control are not clear. There is significant evidence that sex hormones may play an important role in gender-related differences in blood pressure regulation<sup>9,22-24</sup>, although other hormones might also be involved. In several animal models at as young an age as 3 to 5 weeks, castration attenuates the development of hypertension, while ovariectomy increases blood pressure<sup>9,22-24</sup>. Gonadal hormones, especially testosterone, may have important transcriptional effects on maturing organ systems, such as kidneys and vasculature, with lasting consequences for blood pressure. On the other hand, we found an inverse relationship between ACE and blood pressure in girls, in whom systolic and diastolic blood pressures drop when ACE levels are high; this effect was not expected and may be explained by female hormones. Both male humans and rats have higher blood pressures than females, it is therefore possible that estrogens may play a role in protecting females from developing higher blood pressure, in spite of high S-ACE levels. Association between ACE levels, ACE polymorphism and essential hypertension, however, is controversial. In multiple studies<sup>5,25</sup>, no strong correlation has been found between plasma ACE levels and hypertension or between ACE polymorphisms and hypertension. Additionally, Kessler et al<sup>26</sup>, in a study with transgenic mice, suggest that serum ACE level is not enough to maintain blood pressure normal and that endothelial cell-bound ACE is critically important for maintaining blood pressure. In our study, we only analyzed S-ACE activity, which may explain the lack of a strong relation between ACE and PB in this population, despite changes in S-ACE activity found with the age and gender.</p>
      <p>Our findings on S-ACE levels and the relationship between S-ACE and blood pressure in children may have important medical implications in hypertension treatment for girls and postmenopausal women.</p>
      <p>In summary, this study demonstrated that there are gender differences in ACE activity in children and adolescents. Additionally, we observed an increase in blood pressure in children (males and females) between 8 and 18 years of age; this is the age range in which sexual dimorphism in blood pressure emerges. We deduced from our findings, although extremely preliminary, that at the age of sexual maturation, gonadal hormones might affect S-ACE activity and blood pressure and that normal blood pressure is not completely influenced by this gender difference in S-ACE activity in these normotensive children and adolescents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We greatly appreciate the children, parents and staff of the schools who participated in this study. The authors gratefully acknowledge Juanita Trejos for her statistical assistance. This work was supported by Quindio University, Grant number 318.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
