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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ndYptFgdLtWkwNpgfxpw76B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001800004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001800004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A influ&#234;ncia do plano de sa&#250;de na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Galego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franken</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ganem</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Rony Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Truffa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>377</fpage>
      <lpage>381</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Pouco se sabe, principalmente em nosso meio, sobre a influ&#234;ncia dos planos de sa&#250;de na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM usu&#225;rios do SUS ou de outros conv&#234;nios. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados 1588 pacientes com IAM (idade m&#233;dia de 63,3 &#177; 12,9 anos, 71,7% homens), inclu&#237;dos de forma prospectiva em banco de dados espec&#237;fico, e seguidos por at&#233; 7,55 anos. Deste total, 1003 foram alocados no "grupo SUS" e 585 no "outros conv&#234;nios". Qui-quadrado, log-rank e Cox ("stepwise") foram aplicados nas diferentes an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. O modelo multivariado a longo prazo, com mortalidade como vari&#225;vel dependente, incluiu 18 vari&#225;veis independentes. RESULTADOS: As mortalidades hospitalares nos grupos "outros conv&#234;nios" e "SUS" foram de 11,4% e 10,3%, respectivamente (P=0,5); a longo prazo, as chances de sobreviv&#234;ncia nos grupos foram, respectivamente, de 70,4% &#177; 2,9 e 56,4% &#177; 4,0 (P=0,001, "hazard-ratio"=1,43, ou 43% a mais de chance de &#243;bito no grupo "SUS"). No modelo ajustado, o grupo "SUS" permaneceu com probabilidade significativamente maior de &#243;bito (36% a mais de chance, P=0,005), demonstrando-se ainda que cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e angioplastia melhoraram o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes, ao passo que idade e hist&#243;ria de infarto pr&#233;vio, diabete ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pioraram o progn&#243;stico dos mesmos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em rela&#231;&#227;o a usu&#225;rios de outros conv&#234;nios, o usu&#225;rio SUS apresenta mortalidade similar durante a fase hospitalar, por&#233;m tem pior progn&#243;stico a longo prazo, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de esfor&#231;os adicionais no sentido de melhorar o n&#237;vel de atendimento destes pacientes ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>seguimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>planos de sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CORONARIOPATIA AGUDA</p>
    <p>A influ&#234;ncia do plano de sa&#250;de na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau; Luciano Moreira Baracioli; Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr.; Roberto Rocha Giraldez; Roberto Kalil Filho; Felipe Galego Lima; Marcelo Franken; Fernando Ganem; Rony Lopes Lage; Rodrigo Truffa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Pouco se sabe, principalmente em nosso meio, sobre a influ&#234;ncia dos planos de sa&#250;de na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM usu&#225;rios do SUS ou de outros conv&#234;nios. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados 1588 pacientes com IAM (idade m&#233;dia de 63,3 &#177; 12,9 anos, 71,7% homens), inclu&#237;dos de forma prospectiva em banco de dados espec&#237;fico, e seguidos por at&#233; 7,55 anos. Deste total, 1003 foram alocados no "grupo SUS" e 585 no "outros conv&#234;nios". Qui-quadrado, log-rank e Cox ("stepwise") foram aplicados nas diferentes an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. O modelo multivariado a longo prazo, com mortalidade como vari&#225;vel dependente, incluiu 18 vari&#225;veis independentes. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As mortalidades hospitalares nos grupos "outros conv&#234;nios" e "SUS" foram de 11,4% e 10,3%, respectivamente (P=0,5); a longo prazo, as chances de sobreviv&#234;ncia nos grupos foram, respectivamente, de 70,4% &#177; 2,9 e 56,4% &#177; 4,0 (P=0,001, "hazard-ratio"=1,43, ou 43% a mais de chance de &#243;bito no grupo "SUS"). No modelo ajustado, o grupo "SUS" permaneceu com probabilidade significativamente maior de &#243;bito (36% a mais de chance, P=0,005), demonstrando-se ainda que cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e angioplastia melhoraram o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes, ao passo que idade e hist&#243;ria de infarto pr&#233;vio, diabete ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pioraram o progn&#243;stico dos mesmos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em rela&#231;&#227;o a usu&#225;rios de outros conv&#234;nios, o usu&#225;rio SUS apresenta mortalidade similar durante a fase hospitalar, por&#233;m tem pior progn&#243;stico a longo prazo, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de esfor&#231;os adicionais no sentido de melhorar o n&#237;vel de atendimento destes pacientes ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, seguimentos, planos de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conforme atestam dados governamentais e das principais Sociedades nacionais e internacionais da Especialidade<sup>1-4</sup>, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) se constituem na maior causa de morbi/mortalidade no mundo ocidental, Brasil inclusive, sendo a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, em especial o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), preponderante entre as mesmas.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, sabe-se que existe n&#237;tida rela&#231;&#227;o entre planos de sa&#250;de e n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico do indiv&#237;duo, e tamb&#233;m entre estes e o acesso a procedimentos e terap&#234;uticas que, potencialmente, influenciariam a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente com IAM<sup>5-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, a esmagadora maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre o assunto analisaram o impacto dos planos de sa&#250;de apenas na fase inicial do IAM, sendo raras as publica&#231;&#245;es com acompanhamento a longo prazo, e inexistindo em nosso meio, do que seja do nosso conhecimento, estudos com an&#225;lises espec&#237;ficas sobre o assunto, escopo da presente publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados 1.588 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (idade m&#233;dia de 63,3 12,9 anos, 71,7% homens), inclu&#237;dos de forma prospectiva em banco de dados espec&#237;fico entre 1998 e 2005. O prazo de seguimento foi de at&#233; 7,55 anos (m&#233;dia de 2,9 anos). Anualmente os pacientes eram contactados por telefone ou pessoalmente e, de forma opcional, respondiam a question&#225;rio com diversas quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; sua evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-alta hospitalar. Ao sa&#237;rem do hospital, os pacientes eram orientados a continuarem seus acompanhamentos m&#233;dicos nos locais onde faziam seus controles previamente, o que significa que condutas e terap&#234;uticas adotadas a longo prazo ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar n&#227;o eram padronizadas.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas: as caracter&#237;sticas basais, de condutas intra-hospitalares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>) e de informa&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>), foram comparadas, entre os grupos "SUS" e "outros conv&#234;nios", utilizando-se o teste do Qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. O Teste t de Student foi aplicado na compara&#231;&#227;o da idade m&#233;dia entre os grupos. No seguimento a longo prazo, an&#225;lises de mortalidade, os seguintes modelos foram desenvolvidos:</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><bold>1)</bold> Os grupos "SUS" e "outros conv&#234;nios" foram comparados de forma univariada construindo-se curvas de Kaplan-Meier e aplicando-se o teste do log-rank.</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> No modelo ajustado desenvolveu-se an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox, "forward stepwise", com 0,10 de entrada e 0,10 de sa&#237;da em cada passo. &#211;bito por qualquer causa foi a vari&#225;vel dependente, e todas as vari&#225;veis listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> foram inclu&#237;das, no modelo inicial, como vari&#225;veis independentes. O modelo final ("step"9) incluiu as 10 vari&#225;veis listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o, levando em conta vari&#225;veis basais e as principais condutas adotadas durante a fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Como esperado, os grupos "SUS" e "outros conv&#234;nios" apresentavam algumas importantes diferen&#231;as entre si, como por exemplo incid&#234;ncias significativamente diferentes de hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angioplastia ou cirurgia, hipertens&#227;o arterial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, entre outras. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, o grupo "SUS" mostrou menor incid&#234;ncia do uso de fibrinol&#237;ticos e maior incid&#234;ncia de angioplastia prim&#225;ria (esta n&#227;o significativa). Somando-se as duas formas de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o (interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria ou fibrinol&#237;tico), n&#227;o se nota diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (41,7% e 44,4%, respectivamente, P=0,319). Importante notar que a mortalidade intra-hospitalar no grupo "SUS" foi menor (10,3%), do que no grupo "outros conv&#234;nios" (11,4%, diferen&#231;a n&#227;o significativa).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra a sobrevida a longo prazo nos dois grupos analisados; ao final do seguimento, a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia no grupo "outros conv&#234;nios" foi de 70,4% + 2,9, e no grupo "SUS" foi de 56,4% + 4,0 (P=0,001, "hazard-ratio"=1,43, ou 43% a mais de chance de &#243;bito no grupo "SUS").</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra as vari&#225;veis que se correlacionaram de forma significativa e independente com mortalidade a longo prazo, notando-se que o grupo "SUS" permanece com uma probabilidade significativamente maior (36% a mais de chance, P=0,005), mesmo no modelo ajustado. Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e angioplastia durante a fase hospitalar melhoraram o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes, ao passo que idade e hist&#243;ria de infarto pr&#233;vio, diabetes ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pioraram o progn&#243;stico dos mesmos.</p>
    <p> Dos pacientes sobreviventes quando do &#250;ltimo contato (n=1193), 1121 (94%) se dispuseram a responder a um question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico. Destes, 80,8% informaram ter realizado pelo menos uma consulta m&#233;dica nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses, 77,3% referiram ter realizado pelo menos uma dosagem de colesterol no mesmo per&#237;odo, e 71,1% faziam acompanhamento na pr&#243;pria Institui&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> demonstra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os indiv&#237;duos seguidos na pr&#243;pria Institui&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles seguidos em outros locais. Como se nota, pacientes acompanhados no InCor t&#234;m consultas e realizam controle bioqu&#237;mico com freq&#252;&#234;ncia significativamente maior, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles tratados em outros locais. Esta constata&#231;&#227;o &#233; v&#225;lida tanto para o grupo "SUS", quanto para o grupo "outros conv&#234;nios".</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados a curto prazo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como referido anteriormente, a maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre o assunto levam em considera&#231;&#227;o os resultados obtidos precocemente p&#243;s-IAM. Shen e cols.<sup>3</sup>, analisando &gt;95000 pts em 11 estados norte-americanos, demonstraram mortalidade intra-hospitalar decrescente entre pacientes sem seguro, com "MEDICARE" (plano de sa&#250;de governamental), e com seguros privados. Como seria de se esperar, os autores mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico e cobertura por planos de sa&#250;de, e entre a cobertura por planos de sa&#250;de e o acesso a procedimentos especializados, maior em pacientes de n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico mais elevado<sup>5</sup>. Na mesma linha demonstra-se que, em pacientes com "MEDICARE", aqueles que possu&#237;am plano privado suplementar apresentavam maior acesso a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e menor mortalidade<sup>7</sup>. Por outro lado, comparando diversos planos de sa&#250;de entre si, Kreindel e cols.<sup>11</sup> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o ou mortalidade, sugerindo que outros fatores podem ser mais importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;sticas de pacientes com IAM. Dados como os anteriormente reportados levaram &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o de estimativas como a de Cole e cols.<sup>12</sup>, que sugerem um custo de 3,4 milh&#245;es de d&#243;lares por cada vida salva, caso seja implementado um sistema de seguro sa&#250;de universal no estado da Calif&#243;rnia &#150; discuss&#227;o espec&#237;fica sobre o assunto na sequ&#234;ncia. No Canad&#225;, onde o seguro sa&#250;de universal j&#225; foi implementado h&#225; tempos, cobrindo portanto toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, demonstra-se que o acesso ao estudo hemodin&#226;mico &#233; diretamente proporcional ao n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico do paciente<sup>6</sup>, sugerindo que mesmo um sistema com caracter&#237;sticas universais n&#227;o consegue prover o acesso aos procedimentos de forma equalit&#225;ra. No presente estudo, n&#227;o houve nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade (que foi inclusive 1,1% menor, em termos absolutos, no grupo "SUS"), ou em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acesso a procedimentos, como angioplastia ou cirurgia, quando comparados pacientes com cobertura governamental ou privada. Isso pode ser explicado pelas caracter&#237;sticas da nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, onde os pacientes recebem o mesmo tipo de tratamento independentemente do conv&#234;nio que tenham. Estes dados v&#234;m de encontro a publica&#231;&#227;o multic&#234;ntrica chinesa desenvolvida por 14 institui&#231;&#245;es daquele pa&#237;s<sup>9</sup>, nos quais tampouco se demonstrou diferen&#231;as de mortalidade relacionadas a diferentes modalidades de cobertura. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a procedimentos, no presente material a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia ou angioplastia foi tamb&#233;m similar entre os grupos, o que tamb&#233;m pode ser explicado pelas caracter&#237;sticas da Institui&#231;&#227;o, anteriormente referidas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados a longo prazo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Poucos estudos analisaram o impacto da classe s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mica/plano de sa&#250;de na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo de pacientes coronariopatas. Alter e cols.<sup>8</sup>, estudando uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada de Ont&#225;rio (Canad&#225;), n&#227;o encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico e mortalidade para um ano p&#243;s-IAM, apesar da maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos na popula&#231;&#227;o de maior renda. De modo inverso, publica&#231;&#227;o recente analisando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pts cr&#244;nicos, inclu&#237;dos em estudo sobre risco de aterosclerose e seguidos por 12 anos, demonstrou aumento significativo na incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos nos grupos sem seguro sa&#250;de, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com seguro sa&#250;de<sup>13</sup>. No presente estudo, demonstra-se que, na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo, pacientes com plano de sa&#250;de governamental teve maior mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com planos de sa&#250;de privados. Isso pode estar relacionado ao tipo de acompanhamento realizado pelo paciente: ainda no presente material, demonstra-se claramente que aqueles que fazem acompanhamento no InCor, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles acompanhados fora da Institui&#231;&#227;o, apresentam melhor controle da sua doen&#231;a, levando-se em conta o percentual de consultas e avalia&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>). Por outro lado, o uso cr&#244;nico de medica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas pode alterar de forma significativa o progn&#243;stico de pacientes p&#243;s-infartados, podendo-se especular que pacientes com seguro governamental t&#234;m menor acesso a tais medicamentos; entretanto, isso n&#227;o pode ser avaliado no presente estudo. Interessantemente, de maneira geral se demonstra que o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es comprovadamente eficazes em paciente cardiopatas &#233; baixo, mesmo em comunidades com acesso gratuito a tais f&#225;rmacos<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>O debate sobre a cobertura universal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um debate que est&#225; na ordem do dia, em diferentes pa&#237;ses. Como visto, mesmo em na&#231;&#245;es com cobertura universal de sa&#250;de (que inclusive fornece gratuitamente o medicamento), como o Canad&#225;, existem diferen&#231;as nos tratamentos de acordo com o n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico do paciente. Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, ocorrem neste momento grandes discuss&#245;es sobre como lidar com o fato de que est&#225; aumentando o n&#250;mero de cidad&#227;os, naquele pa&#237;s, que n&#227;o t&#234;m plano de sa&#250;de privado ou dependem diretamente do plano de sa&#250;de governamental para os desfavorecidos. Alguns estados, como Massachusetts, j&#225; implementaram planos de cobertura universal no estado, enquanto outros est&#227;o em fase adiantada de entendimento no sentido de faz&#234;-lo, como &#233; o caso da Calif&#243;rnia. Dentro do governo federal, planos tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sendo discutidos no sentido de estender esta cobertura para todos os cidad&#227;os do pa&#237;s. As propostas, tanto estaduais como federais, s&#227;o variadas, indo desde incentivos ao cidad&#227;o, no sentido de facilitar-lhes o pagamento do plano de sa&#250;de privado, at&#233; incentivos &#224;s pessoas jur&#237;dicas, for&#231;ando de certa forma a contrata&#231;&#227;o dos seguros sa&#250;de. Ainda no &#226;mbito federal, uma proposta bastante debatida no momento defende um arquivo eletr&#244;nico &#250;nico de todas as informa&#231;&#245;es do paciente, que seria disponibilizado para os m&#233;dicos e hospitais onde o paciente procurasse tratamento &#150; a justificativa &#233; de que isso diminuiria em muito a solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames, al&#233;m de proporcionar mais seguran&#231;a na conduta ao paciente<sup>17,18</sup>. No Brasil existe um sistema misto, em que a sa&#250;de &#233; um dever do estado e um direito do cidad&#227;o, de tal modo que, do ponto de vista constitucional, a sa&#250;de &#233; universal em nosso pa&#237;s. Entretanto, por conta das defici&#234;ncias sobejamente divulgadas pelos &#243;rg&#227;os de comunica&#231;&#227;o, a parcela mais favorecida da popula&#231;&#227;o procura por plano de sa&#250;de suplementar no sentido de melhorar o seu n&#237;vel de atendimento. Os dados do presente estudo sugerem que, neste sistema, o tratamento em hospitais com as caracter&#237;sticas do InCor permitem resultados similares em ambas as popula&#231;&#245;es; entretanto, na evolu&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial (ou mesmo por conta de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em nosoc&#244;mios com caracter&#237;sticas diversas das nossas), as condutas implementadas na popula&#231;&#227;o previdenci&#225;ria governamental, incluindo-se aqui o acesso a medicamentos, fica aqu&#233;m daquelas utilizadas em pacientes portadores de previd&#234;ncia suplementar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; que o seguimento dos pacientes foi realizado em diferentes locais por diferentes profissionais, o que significa que n&#227;o havia nenhum padr&#227;o comum a ser seguido. Por outro lado, pode-se especular que esta caracter&#237;stica fortaleceria os resultados obtidos, j&#225; que representa uma fotografia do mundo real, onde os pacientes s&#227;o orientados de formas bastante diversas.</p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o menos importante, &#233; o fato de que os dados relativos a locais de seguimento e acesso a consultas e exames (exemplificado pela dosagem do colesterol) s&#243; foi poss&#237;vel obter nos pacientes sobreviventes ao &#250;ltimo contato, o que impede qualquer conclus&#227;o sobre o eventual impacto prospectivo destas informa&#231;&#245;es no progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Importante recordar que o tratamento inicial foi realizado em &#250;nico centro, o que limita qualquer extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para o pa&#237;s como um todo, ou at&#233; mesmo para a cidade ou estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Ainda, apesar de que na fase de seguimento os pacientes eram acompanhados por diferentes profissionais em diferentes institui&#231;&#245;es, as condutas inicialmente implementadas podem ter tido alguma influ&#234;ncia na evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia dos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento medicamentoso pode influenciar de forma importante a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes no p&#243;s-IAM, e tal par&#226;metro n&#227;o pode ser avaliado no presente levantamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a usu&#225;rios de outros planos de sa&#250;de, os usu&#225;rios do seguro governamental apresentam mortalidade similar durante a fase hospitalar, por&#233;m t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico a longo prazo, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de pol&#237;ticas adicionais no sentido de melhorar o n&#237;vel de atendimento desses pacientes ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau </p>
        <p> Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Coronariopatia Aguda </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44, 2&#186; andar ,CJ 12 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="corjnicolau@incor.usp.br">corjnicolau@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/02/08; revisado recebido em 25/03/08; aceito em 25/03/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The influence of health insurance plans on the long term outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Little is known, especially in our country, about the influence of health insurance plans on the long term outcome of patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of patients with AMI who are covered by the National Health System (SUS) or other health insurance plans. METHODS: We analyzed 1,588 patients with AMI (mean age of 63.3 + 12.9 years, 71.7% male) who were included prospectively into a specific database and followed up for up to 7.55 years. Of this total, 1,003 were placed in the "SUS" group and 585 in the "other insurance plans" group. We applied chi-square, log-rank and Cox (stepwise) to the different statistical analyses. The long term multivariate model with mortality as a dependent variable included 18 independent variables. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality rates in the "other insurance plans" and "SUS" groups were 11.4% and 10.3%, respectively (p = 0.5); in the long term, survival chances in the groups were respectively, 70.4% + 2.9 and 56.4% + 4.0 (p = 0.001, hazard-ratio = 1.43, or a 43% higher chance of death in the "SUS" group). In the adjusted model, the "SUS" group had a significantly higher chance of death (a 36% higher chance, p = 0.005). Surgical revascularization and angioplasty improved the prognosis of these patients, whereas age and previous history of infarction, diabetes or heart failure worsened the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to patients with other insurance plans, SUS users present similar mortality rates during hospital stay, but their prognosis is worse in the long term, thus reinforcing the need for additional efforts to improve the care provided to these patients after hospital discharge.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>follow-up studies</kwd>
        <kwd>health plans</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>The influence of health insurance plans on the long term outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau; Luciano Moreira Baracioli; Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr.; Roberto Rocha Giraldez; Roberto Kalil Filho; Felipe Galego Lima; Marcelo Franken; Fernando Ganem; Rony Lopes Lage; Rodrigo Truffa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Little is known, especially in our country, about the influence of health insurance plans on the long term outcome of patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the outcome of patients with AMI who are covered by the National Health System (SUS) or other health insurance plans.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We analyzed 1,588 patients with AMI (mean age of 63.3 + 12.9 years, 71.7% male) who were included prospectively into a specific database and followed up for up to 7.55 years. Of this total, 1,003 were placed in the "SUS" group and 585 in the "other insurance plans" group. We applied chi-square, log-rank and Cox (stepwise) to the different statistical analyses. The long term multivariate model with mortality as a dependent variable included 18 independent variables.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In-hospital mortality rates in the "other insurance plans" and "SUS" groups were 11.4% and 10.3%, respectively (p = 0.5); in the long term, survival chances in the groups were respectively, 70.4% + 2.9 and 56.4% + 4.0 (p = 0.001, hazard-ratio = 1.43, or a 43% higher chance of death in the "SUS" group). In the adjusted model, the "SUS" group had a significantly higher chance of death (a 36% higher chance, p = 0.005). Surgical revascularization and angioplasty improved the prognosis of these patients, whereas age and previous history of infarction, diabetes or heart failure worsened the prognosis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Relative to patients with other insurance plans, SUS users present similar mortality rates during hospital stay, but their prognosis is worse in the long term, thus reinforcing the need for additional efforts to improve the care provided to these patients after hospital discharge.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Myocardial infarction; follow-up studies; health plans.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to government data and major Brazilian and international medical specialty societies<sup>1-4</sup>, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) constitute the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western hemisphere, including Brazil. Atherosclerotic disease, especially acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is the prevailing condition among CVD.</p>
      <p>On the other hand it is known that there is a clear relation between health insurance plans and the socioeconomic status of individuals, and between health insurance plans and access to procedures and therapies which could potentially influence the outcome of patients with AMI<sup>5-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The absolute majority of the publications on the matter, however, analyzed the impact of health insurance plans only during the initial phase of AMI, and there are few publications presenting long term follow up. Additionally, considering the research carried out so far, specific analyses are lacking in our country about the matter addressed in this paper.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We analyzed a total of 1,588 patients with acute myocardial infarction (mean age of 63.3 + 12.9 years, 71.7% male), included prospectively into a specific database between 1998 and 2005. The follow up period was 7.55 years (mean of 2.9 years). Patients were contacted by phone or in person on an yearly basis, and had the option of answering a questionnaire with several questions relating to their outcome after hospital discharge. Upon leaving the hospital, patients were instructed to go for medical follow up visits at the site where they used to go for control visits previously, which means that long term management and therapies after hospital discharge were not standardized.</p>
      <p>Statistical analyses: Baseline characteristics, in-hospital procedures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table1</xref>) and long-term information (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>) were compared between the "SUS" and the "other insurance plans" using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Student's t-test was applied to compare the mean age between both groups. In the long-term follow-up, mortality analyses, the following models were developed:</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> The "SUS" and the "other insurance plans" were compared by univariate analyses; Kaplan-Meier curves were built and the long-rank test was applied.</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> In the adjusted model, Cox's multivariate analyses (forward stepwise) were developed, with probabilities of 0.10 to enter and 0.10 to remove in each step.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Death for any cause was the dependent variable, and all variables listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref> were included in the initial model as independent variables. The final model (<italic>step</italic> 9) included the ten variables listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> summarizes the clinical characteristics of the population taking into account baseline variables and the main procedures adopted during hospital stay. As expected, the "SUS" and "other insurance plans" groups presented some major differences such as significantly different incidences of previous history of angioplasty or surgery, arterial hypertension and heart failure, among others. As regards hospital stay, the "SUS" group had a lower incidence of fibrinolytic utilization and higher incidence of primary angioplasty (which was not significant). When the two forms of recanalization (primary percutaneous coronary intervention or fibrinolytic drugs) were summed up, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups (41.7% and 44.4%, respectively, p = 0.319). It is important to note that in-hospital mortality in the "SUS" group was lower (10.3%) than in the "other insurance plans" group (11.4%, nonsignificant difference).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the long term survival for the two groups analyzed. At the end of the follow-up period, the probability of survival in the "other insurance plans" group was 70.4% + 2.9, and in the "SUS" group it was 56.4% + 4.0 (p = 0.001, hazard ratio =1.43, or a 43% higher chance of death in the "SUS" group).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the variables that correlated significantly and independently with long-term mortality. As can be seen, the "SUS" group showed a significantly higher death probability (a 36% higher chance, p = 0.005), even in the adjusted model. Myocardial revascularization and angioplasty during hospital stay improved the prognosis of patients, whereas age and history of previous infarction, diabetes or heart failure worsened the prognosis.</p>
      <p>Of the surviving patients, at the last contact (n = 1,193), 1,121 (94%) were willing to answer a specific questionnaire. Of these, 80.8% reported at least one visit to the doctor in the last six months, 77.3% reported having had at least one cholesterol dosage in the same period, and 71.1% were followed up in our institution. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the comparison between the individuals followed up in our institution relative to those followed up in other institutions. As the table shows, patients followed up at InCor went to visits and underwent biochemical control with a significantly higher frequency relative to those treated elsewhere. This observation is valid both for the "SUS" group and for the "other insurance plans" group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0377-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Short term results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As mentioned before, most publications on the subject take into account the early post-AMI outcomes. Shen et al<sup>3</sup> analyzed &gt; 95,000 patients in eleven North American states, and observed declining in-hospital mortality among non-insured patients, those covered by Medicare (governmental health plan), and those covered by private insurance plans. As expected, the authors demonstrated that there was an inverse correlation between the socioeconomic status and health insurance coverage and between health insurance coverage and access to specialized procedures, which was greater in patients of a higher economic status<sup>5</sup>. In the same direction, they demonstrated that among patients with Medicare, those who had a private supplementary plan had greater access to revascularization procedures and lower mortality<sup>7</sup>. When different health insurance plans were compared, Kreindel et al.<sup>11</sup> did not find differences relative to hospital length of stay or mortality, which suggests that other factors may be more important in the prognostic assessment of patients with AMI. Data such as those previously reported prompted the publication of estimates such as those of Cole et al.<sup>12</sup> which suggest a cost of 3.4 million dollars per life saved, if a universal health insurance system is implemented in the State of California. We present below a specific discussion on this subject.</p>
      <p>In Canada, where the universal health insurance system was implemented a long time ago thus providing coverage to all the population, access to hemodynamic study was demonstrated to be directly proportional to the patient's socioeconomic status<sup>6</sup>, which suggests that even a system with universal characteristics fails to supply equal access to procedures. In our study, there was no significant difference relative to mortality (which was 1.1% lower in absolute terms for the "SUS" group) or relative to access to procedures such as angioplasty or surgery, when patients with governmental coverage were compared with patients with private coverage. This can be explained by the characteristics of our institution where patients receive the same treatment irrespective of their health insurance plan. These data endorse the results of a multicentric publication which included 14 Chinese institutions<sup>9</sup>, where no difference in mortality was demonstrated relative to different types of health coverage. As concerns the procedures, in our study the utilization of surgery or angioplasty was also similar between the groups, which can be explained by the characteristics of the institution that were mentioned above.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Long term results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Few studies analyzed the impact of socieconomic status/health insurance plan on the long term outcome of patients with coronary disease. Alter et al.<sup>8 </sup>when they studied an unselected population of Ontario (Canada), did not find a correlation between socioeconomic level and mortality within one year after AMI, although there was greater use of resources for the higher income population. Conversely, a recent publication analyzed a population of chronic patients who were included in a study about the risk of atherosclerosis and followed up for 12 years, and demonstrated a significant increase in death rate of the groups with no health insurance plan relative to those covered by health insurance<sup>13</sup>. In our study, we demonstrated that, as concerns the long term outcome, the mortality rate for patients covered by government insurance was higher than for patients covered by private health insurance. This may be related to the type of follow-up: in our study, we demonstrated clearly that those who were followed up at InCor had a better level of disease control relative to those who were followed up elsewhere, considering the percentage of visits and laboratory tests in the last six months (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The chronic use of specific medication can significantly alter the prognosis of patients postinfarction, which allows thinking that those patients covered by government health insurance have less access to such medication. However, this could not be assessed in this study. Interestingly, there are demonstration in the literature that the use of medication with proven efficacy in patients with cardiopathies is low, even in those communities that have free access to such drugs<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The debate about universal coverage</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universal coverage is being debated in different countries. As has been seen, even in countries with universal health coverage (where the medication is provided free of charge), such as Canada, treatments differ according to the patient's socioeconomic level. In the United States, there are wide-ranging discussions going on about how to deal with the growing number of citizens who have no private insurance or who depend directly on the government health insurance for the underprivileged. Some states, such as Massachusetts, have implemented universal coverage whereas others, such as California, are holding advanced discussions to implement it. At the federal government level, plans are being discussed with the purpose of extending this coverage to all American citizens. There are different proposals at the state and federal levels which range from incentives to individuals to make it easy for them to pay private health plans, to incentives to legal entities, designed to somehow force them to hire private health insurance plans. At the federal level, a proposal is being debated which provides for an electronic file containing all the information on the patient. This file would be made available to physicians and hospitals where the patient seeks treatment. The justification for this proposal is that it would greatly decrease the number of tests requested and would increase the degree of safety in the care provided to patients<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, there is a mixed system whereby health care is an obligation of the government and a right of the citizen; so, from a constitutional point of view, health care is universal in our country. However, in view of the shortcomings that are widely publicized by the media, the upper classes seek supplementary health care is na obligation of the government and a right of the citizen; so, vrom a constitutional standpoint, health care. The results of our study suggest that, within this system, care provided in hospitals with the characteristics of InCor provides outcomes that are comparable in both populations. However, regarding the long-term outcome, the procedures adopted for the population covered by government health insurance, including access to medication, are not as good as those adopted for patients covered by private health insurance plans.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations of the study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main limitation of our study is that the follow-up of patients was carried out in different sites and by different professionals, which means that there was no standardization set for the follow-up. On the other hand, we could speculate whether this characteristic supports the results obtained, since it mirrors the real world where patients receive different types of guidance.</p>
      <p>And last but not least, another limitation is the fact that the data relative to follow-up sites and access to visits and tests (such as cholesterol dosage) were obtained only for patients who survived the last contact, which precludes any conclusion on any prospective impact of such information on patients' prognosis.</p>
      <p>It is important to remember that the initial treatment was carried out in a single center, which restricts the extrapolation of results to the country as a whole, or even to the city or state of S&#227;o Paulo. And despite the fact that during follow-up the patients were followed up by different professionals in several institutions, the procedures implemented at first may have had some influence on the late outcome of individuals.</p>
      <p>Finally, adherence to drug treatment can have a major influence on patients' outcome post-AMI, and this parameter could not be assessed in this survey.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As compared with patients covered by other health insurance plans, patients covered by government insurance present a similar mortality rate during hospital stay, but have a worse prognosis for the long term, which stressed the need for additional policies with the purpose of improving the level of care provided to these patients after hospital discharge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
