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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nTXGxF5WNMHsy86xLRChTCt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001800003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001800003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custos comparativos entre a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Priscyla B. M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia R. S. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takiuti</surname>
            <given-names>Myrthes E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakano</surname>
            <given-names>Teryo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzillo</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Larrosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulitsch</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe da S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#243;is</surname>
            <given-names>A&#233;cio F. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Neuza H. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Noedir A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>369</fpage>
      <lpage>376</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: T&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) projetaram esperan&#231;as de resultados operat&#243;rios com menor dano sist&#234;mico, menor ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, gerando expectativas de menor custo hospitalar. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o custo hospitalar em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com e sem o uso de CEC, e em portadores de doen&#231;a multiarterial coronariana est&#225;vel com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada. M&#201;TODOS: Os custos hospitalares foram baseados na remunera&#231;&#227;o governamental vigente. Acrescentaram-se aos custos uso de &#243;rteses e pr&#243;teses, complica&#231;&#245;es e intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. Consideraram-se o tempo e os custos de perman&#234;ncia na UTI e de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Entre janeiro de 2002 e agosto de 2006, foram randomizados 131 pacientes para cirurgia com CEC (CCEC) e 128 pacientes sem CEC (SCEC). As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram semelhantes para os dois grupos. Os custos das intercorr&#234;ncias cir&#250;rgicas foram significativamente menores (p &lt; 0,001) para pacientes do grupo SCEC comparados ao grupo CCEC (606,00 &#177; 525,00 vs. 945,90 &#177; 440,00), bem como os custos na UTI: 432,20 &#177; 391,70 vs. 717,70 &#177; 257,70, respectivamente. Os tempos de perman&#234;ncia na sala cir&#250;rgica foram (4,9 &#177; 1,1 h vs. 3,9 &#177; 1,0 h), (p &lt; 0,001) na UTI (48,2 &#177; 17,2 h vs. 29,2 &#177; 26,1h) (p &lt; 0,001), com tempo de entuba&#231;&#227;o (9,2 &#177; 4,5 h vs. 6,4 &#177; 5,1h) (p &lt; 0,001) para pacientes do grupo com e sem CEC, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados permitem concluir que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, proporciona diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos operacionais e de tempo de perman&#234;ncia em cada setor relacionado ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Custos hospitalares</kwd>
        <kwd>circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>arteriosclerose coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>Custos comparativos entre a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Priscyla B. M. A. Girardi; Whady Hueb; C&#233;lia R. S. R. Nogueira; Myrthes E. Takiuti; Teryo Nakano; Cibele Larrosa Garzillo; Felipe da S. Paulitsch; A&#233;cio F. T. G&#243;is; Neuza H. M. Lopes; Noedir A. Stolf</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> T&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) projetaram esperan&#231;as de resultados operat&#243;rios com menor dano sist&#234;mico, menor ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, gerando expectativas de menor custo hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o custo hospitalar em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com e sem o uso de CEC, e em portadores de doen&#231;a multiarterial coronariana est&#225;vel com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Os custos hospitalares foram baseados na remunera&#231;&#227;o governamental vigente. Acrescentaram-se aos custos uso de &#243;rteses e pr&#243;teses, complica&#231;&#245;es e intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. Consideraram-se o tempo e os custos de perman&#234;ncia na UTI e de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Entre janeiro de 2002 e agosto de 2006, foram randomizados 131 pacientes para cirurgia com CEC (CCEC) e 128 pacientes sem CEC (SCEC). As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram semelhantes para os dois grupos. Os custos das intercorr&#234;ncias cir&#250;rgicas foram significativamente menores (p &lt; 0,001) para pacientes do grupo SCEC comparados ao grupo CCEC (606,00 &#177; 525,00 vs. 945,90 &#177; 440,00), bem como os custos na UTI: 432,20 &#177; 391,70 vs. 717,70 &#177; 257,70, respectivamente. Os tempos de perman&#234;ncia na sala cir&#250;rgica foram (4,9 &#177; 1,1 h vs. 3,9 &#177; 1,0 h), (p &lt; 0,001) na UTI (48,2 &#177; 17,2 h vs. 29,2 &#177; 26,1h) (p &lt; 0,001), com tempo de entuba&#231;&#227;o (9,2 &#177; 4,5 h vs. 6,4 &#177; 5,1h) (p &lt; 0,001) para pacientes do grupo com e sem CEC, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados permitem concluir que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, proporciona diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos operacionais e de tempo de perman&#234;ncia em cada setor relacionado ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Custos hospitalares, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea/economia, efeitos adversos, ponte de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, arteriosclerose coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O surgimento do circuito de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) na cirurgia card&#237;aca, ap&#243;s os anos 1950, habilitou os cirurgi&#245;es a realizarem uma grande variedade de procedimentos no cora&#231;&#227;o, os quais eram tecnicamente imposs&#237;veis. Todavia, pela sua natureza n&#227;o-fisiol&#243;gica, esse circuito gerou uma s&#233;rie de efeitos adversos, como ativa&#231;&#227;o de respostas inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;mica, altera&#231;&#245;es da hemostasia e disfun&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas em &#243;rg&#227;os, como cora&#231;&#227;o, c&#233;rebro e rins<sup>1-4</sup>. Esses efeitos parecem ser mais percept&#237;veis em pacientes idosos<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, com o emprego de t&#233;cnicas menos invasivas nas cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que suprimiram a necessidade do uso desse circuito<sup>6</sup>, e com o aux&#237;lio dos estabilizadores do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>, temos observado um crescimento acentuado dessa alternativa. Teoricamente, com a elimina&#231;&#227;o desses circuitos, muitos desses efeitos adversos podem ser suprimidos.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, com a perspectiva de melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, podemos esperar restabelecimento mais r&#225;pido e menor tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital daqueles pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (SCEC).</p>
    <p>O interesse por essa t&#233;cnica tem motivado v&#225;rios pesquisadores a avaliarem os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e econ&#244;micos desse tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>8-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>De fato, havia uma perspectiva de que, com a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos adversos determinados pela cirurgia com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CCEC), o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na sala de cirurgia, na sala de tratamento intensivo, com menor tempo de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal<sup>12</sup> e menor tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, os custos diretos e indiretos tenderiam a diminuir acentuadamente. Al&#233;m disso, esse ganho relativo aos custos hospitalares pode contribuir diretamente para a melhora cl&#237;nica e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo busca avaliar os custos comparativos na fase hospitalar em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a multiarterial coronariana est&#225;vel, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com e sem o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a multiarterial coronariana documentada por meio de angiogramas e com estenoses arteriais graduadas por meio de acesso visual <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, angina est&#225;vel e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada foram consideradas adequados para inclus&#227;o neste estudo. Esses pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo quando houve concord&#226;ncia entre dois cirurgi&#245;es para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sob ambas as t&#233;cnicas (SAO e LBP). Todos os angiogramas foram revisados pelos cirurgi&#245;es e um plano cir&#250;rgico foi documentado antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes eram eleg&#237;veis para a randomiza&#231;&#227;o se o procedimento pudesse ser tecnicamente fact&#237;vel e, alcan&#231;ado com seguran&#231;a, sem o auxilio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo pacientes submetidos a uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, portadores de aneurisma ventricular ou valvopatia que necessitasse de corre&#231;&#227;o, angina inst&#225;vel que requeresse revasculariza&#231;&#227;o emergencial ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de instala&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> que tr&#234;s meses. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular comprometida por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo <underline>&lt;</underline> que 40% n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Pacientes que se negaram a assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Al&#233;m disso, foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o cient&#237;fica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#186; 2622/05/042 e sob o n&#186; 415/05 da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa CAPPesq da Diretoria Cl&#237;nica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnicas anest&#233;sicas e cir&#250;rgicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Solicitou-se aos cirurgi&#245;es que realizassem o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a melhor pr&#225;tica e seguran&#231;a cir&#250;rgica. Esse procedimento foi efetuado por cirurgi&#245;es experientes em ambas as t&#233;cnicas, com e sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Nas cirurgias com CEC, foi administrada solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica gelada para melhor prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Nas cirurgias sem CEC, utilizou-se o estabilizador Octopus&#174; (Medtronic, Inc. Minneapolis, MN), conforme descrito<sup>13</sup>. Em resumo, a parte distal dos dois bra&#231;os de suc&#231;&#227;o do estabilizador &#233; colocada no cora&#231;&#227;o, ainda batendo, em ambos os lados da art&#233;ria que ser&#225; tratada. A parte proximal &#233; fixada no afastador. Por meio de uma press&#227;o negativa, o local da interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; suficientemente imobilizado para permitir a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma anastomose segura do enxerto com a art&#233;ria receptora.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica e o circuito de CEC, padronizados no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do HCFMUSP, foram aplicados durante todo o estudo. O circuito de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi utilizado de maneira habitual, acompanhando oxigenador de membrana e uma bomba rolete. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi exposto com o uso da t&#233;cnica de incis&#227;o mediana do esterno. Durante a cirurgia com CEC, os pacientes foram esfriados a uma temperatura pr&#243;xima a 32 graus Celsius, enquanto, na cirurgia sem CEC, os pacientes foram aquecidos para manter uma temperatura central, nunca abaixo de 35 graus Celsius. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ser&#225; admitido como surgimento de novas ondas "Q" no ECG de superf&#237;cie, juntamente com eleva&#231;&#227;o da enzima CK-MB cinco vezes acima do normal. A mortalidade hospitalar ser&#225; considerada como o per&#237;odo em dias, necess&#225;rio de perman&#234;ncia no hospital.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Custos hospitalares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os custos das interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas foram obtidos da administra&#231;&#227;o cont&#225;bil do hospital, com base na remunera&#231;&#227;o que o governo disponibiliza para os tratamentos cir&#250;rgicos dessa enfermidade. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem remunera&#231;&#227;o fixa, por paciente, independentemente do n&#250;mero e tipo de enxerto. Por tratar-se de procedimento de alta complexidade e de alto custo, a cirurgia card&#237;aca recebeu remunera&#231;&#227;o diferenciada para cada recurso adicional utilizado na interven&#231;&#227;o, seja na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o, seja na sala de tratamento intensivo. Dessa forma, foram calculados os gastos adicionais efetivamente aplicados em cada etapa do procedimento. O "Octopus" foi utilizado e descartado ap&#243;s o uso, em todos os pacientes operados sem auxilio de CEC. Os custos hospitalares diretos foram calculados de acordo com os pre&#231;os m&#233;dios vigentes durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste manuscrito, utilizando os valores em moeda nacional corrente. Transfus&#227;o de sangue foi considerada quando indicada pela equipe medica e os custos calculados de acordo com o n&#250;mero de unidades transfundidas.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, custos indiretos, como taxa de administra&#231;&#227;o predial, custos de manuten&#231;&#227;o, consumo de &#225;gua, luz, telefone, lavanderia, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, entre outros, e de deprecia&#231;&#227;o de materiais, por serem comuns &#224;s duas t&#233;cnicas e, presumivelmente, embutidas nos custos, n&#227;o foram contabilizados. </p>
    <p>&#149; <bold>Admissao de pacientes:</bold> durante o per&#237;odo de preparo do paciente para a interven&#231;&#227;o, as despesas com di&#225;rias hospitalares, equipe m&#233;dica, de enfermagem, de fisioterapia, medicamentos e exames de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, por serem iguais nas duas t&#233;cnicas, n&#227;o foram consideradas.</p>
    <p>&#149; <bold>Transporte do paciente:</bold> os custos do transporte do paciente, macas especiais, pessoal de transporte, incluindo enfermeiras, medicamentos, pr&#233;-anest&#233;sicos, chegada &#224; sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e preparos para a anestesia n&#227;o foram considerados por tratar-se de procedimentos semelhantes nas duas t&#233;cnicas.</p>
    <p>&#149; <bold>Sala de opera&#231;&#227;o:</bold> N&#227;o se consideraram para c&#225;lculo a deprecia&#231;&#227;o da sala de opera&#231;&#227;o, do material permanente, e a remunera&#231;&#227;o do pessoal circulante de sala. Todavia, a remunera&#231;&#227;o da equipe de perfusionistas foi considerada para ambas as t&#233;cnicas. Isso foi necess&#225;rio porque, durante a cirurgia sem CEC, os profissionais da equipe de perfus&#227;o permaneciam em sala caso houvesse indica&#231;&#227;o do uso desse recurso. Os custos da equipe m&#233;dica e de anestesia foram calculados de acordo com a remunera&#231;&#227;o fixada pela institui&#231;&#227;o, baseada no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), que &#233; semelhante para as duas t&#233;cnicas. Esse mesmo crit&#233;rio foi utilizado para considerar os custos do pessoal de instrumenta&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>O circuito de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com todos os materiais, descart&#225;veis ou n&#227;o, utilizados na opera&#231;&#227;o, incluindo os operadores do aparelho, est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos na remunera&#231;&#227;o fixa paga pelo SUS. Para pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia sem o auxilio de CEC, os quais receberam o estabilizador, aqui chamado de Octopus&#174;, o valor desse procedimento &#233; acrescido no pre&#231;o final da cirurgia. Esse recurso imp&#244;s um aumento no custo da opera&#231;&#227;o quando comparado com a cirurgia com CEC. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o foi calculado em horas, e seu custo em moeda corrente. O uso de sangue e hemoderivados administrados, tanto na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o quanto na unidade de terapia intensiva ou nas enfermarias, foi calculado para ambas as t&#233;cnicas. A caixa de instrumentos cir&#250;rgico, por ser comum aos dois tipos de t&#233;cnica, n&#227;o teve seu custo considerado. </p>
    <p>&#149; <bold>Sala de terapia intensiva:</bold> semelhantemente ao pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o foram considerados os custos de transportes do paciente da sala de opera&#231;&#227;o para a sala de terapia intensiva. Todavia, calcularam-se os tempos e os custos da perman&#234;ncia do paciente na unidade, tempo de necessidade de respira&#231;&#227;o artificial e o uso de recursos de alta complexidade e alto custo. Esses recursos estavam dispon&#237;veis para complica&#231;&#245;es do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, tais como: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, circuito de hemofiltra&#231;&#227;o e cateter de Swan-Ganz. As reopera&#231;&#245;es, caso houvesse, tiveram seus c&#225;lculos efetuados semelhantemente a uma nova opera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Todas as complica&#231;&#245;es observadas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, desde a sa&#237;da da sala de opera&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a alta hospitalar, tais como acidente cerebrovascular, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias e de ferida operat&#243;ria, entre outras, foram consideradas e calculadas de acordo com os valores remunerados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento estat&#237;stico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas de forma descritiva. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, essa an&#225;lise foi feita com base em valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, aplicando o c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia, mediana e desvios padr&#227;o. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, calcularam-se as freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias de dois grupos, utilizou-se o teste t de Student. Quando a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi rejeitada, utilizou-se o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da homogeneidade entre as propor&#231;&#245;es, aplicou-se o m&#233;todo do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando ocorreram freq&#252;&#234;ncias esperadas menores que cinco<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2002 e agosto de 2006, 261 pacientes foram randomizados para tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Desses, dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por causa de &#243;bito na sala de opera&#231;&#245;es. Por n&#227;o terem completado o tratamento, os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos dos custos e n&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos. Dos 259 pacientes remanescentes, 131 foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia com CEC e os outros 128 sem o auxilio desse recurso. Durante a opera&#231;&#227;o, dois desses pacientes receberam circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, pois apresentavam instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Nesse caso, acrescentaram-se aos custos as interven&#231;&#245;es adicionais. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes permaneceram no grupo de origem por quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas (inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar). A m&#233;dia de idade para pacientes encaminhados para a cirurgia com CEC foi de 60,3 anos, enquanto, no grupo sem CEC, foi de 61,4 anos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com sintomas anginosos graduados pela Canadian Cardiovascular Association foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 67 pacientes (26%) tinham diabete e 99 (38%) alegavam ter sido vitimados previamente por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A distribui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias comprometidas e o grau de comprometimento das art&#233;rias foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. As demais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e angiogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo hospitalar, dois pacientes do grupo sem CEC morreram. Ainda nesse per&#237;odo, 43 pacientes (33,6%) do grupo sem CEC e 5 (3,8%) do grupo com CEC sofreram de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p &lt; 0,001). Transfus&#227;o de sangue foi necess&#225;ria em 65 pacientes (49,6%) do grupo com CEC e em somente 43 (33,6%) do grupo sem CEC (p &lt; 0,001). Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, necessidade do uso de cateteres de Swan-Ganz e demais intercorr&#234;ncias s&#227;o apontadas pela <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados da cirurgia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo necess&#225;rio para a opera&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente menor para pacientes do grupo sem CEC que no grupo com CEC (3,9 &#177; 1,0 h vs. 4,9&#177;1,1 h) (p &lt; 0,001). O n&#250;mero de anastomoses distais realizados foi de 3,6 art&#233;rias por pacientes do grupo com CEC, e 2,8 art&#233;rias por paciente no grupo sem CEC, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001). Dessa forma, houve revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta nesse grupo. Todavia, o percentual de enxertos realizados com art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria foi semelhante nos dois grupos: 92,3% e 94,5%, para grupos com e sem CEC, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> apresenta os demais dados sobre a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados dos cuidados intensivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo na sala de cuidados intensivos foi significativamente menor para pacientes do grupo sem CEC quando comparados com o grupo com CEC: 29,2 &#177; 26,1 h vs. 48,2 &#177; 17,2 h (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. Esse resultado contribui para um menor custo por paciente do grupo sem CEC. O tempo alcan&#231;ado para sa&#237;da do respirador artificial foi significativamente menor no grupo sem CEC quando comparado ao grupo com CEC alcan&#231;ando 6,4 &#177; 5,1h vs.9,2 &#177; 4,5h (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref> indica os demais dados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados dos custos hospitalares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os custos decorrentes das complica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram significativamente menores para pacientes do grupo sem CEC quando comparados ao grupo com CEC: 606,00 &#177; 525,00 vs. 945,90 &#177; 440,00 (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. Os custos remunerados pela previd&#234;ncia, em cada intercorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>. O maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia desses pacientes na sala de cuidados intensivos tamb&#233;m contribuiu para o aumento dos custos: 717,70 &#177; 257,70 vs. 432,20 &#177; 391,70 (p&lt;0,001), respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref> apresenta os demais dados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo, realizado em uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o, avaliou os custos comparativos estimados para duas t&#233;cnicas em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de rotina, baseados nos recursos governamentais pagos pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). Esse sistema remunera, por presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os, profissionais e institui&#231;&#245;es por meio de programas definidos de pagamentos fixos acordados entre as partes. Baseado nesse modelo, o pagamento de uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica depende do tipo de t&#233;cnica e de recursos extras aplicados pela equipe cir&#250;rgica e na ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es. Assim, pela natureza peculiar da remunera&#231;&#227;o previdenci&#225;ria que contempla pagamento diferenciado para o mesmo procedimento, tornaram-se complexos os c&#225;lculos comparativos entre as formas de pagamento. Al&#233;m disso, esse sistema arbitra um pagamento de maneira adicional: um percentual &#233; definido para equipes auxiliares, que atuam na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m na unidade de terapia intensiva. Nesse quadro, incluem-se instrumentadores, circulantes de sala, perfusionistas, enfermeiras e fisioterapeutas, de maneira rotineira, para qualquer tipo de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Como uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem complica&#231;&#245;es imp&#245;e gastos com pouca varia&#231;&#227;o de custos, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que ambas as t&#233;cnicas podem diferir basicamente de acordo com o emprego de materiais adicionais descart&#225;veis. Por sua vez, os custos comparativos dessa cirurgia poder&#227;o aumentar se houver recursos de alta complexidade e alto custo forem aplicados para um ou outro tipo de t&#233;cnica empregada. </p>
    <p>Assim, para avaliarmos os custos comparativos entre as duas t&#233;cnicas nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, &#233; razo&#225;vel considerar que o menor tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital, observado em uma das t&#233;cnicas, pode, de maneira direta, baratear os custos e, de maneira indireta, proteger os pacientes de intercorr&#234;ncias hospitalares. Dessa forma, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o reduz custos operacionais, os quais incluem o uso de sondas e aspiradores ou outros recursos pertinentes &#224; t&#233;cnica aplicada. Esse racioc&#237;nio se aplica tamb&#233;m para a sala de terapia intensiva quando se busca um menor tempo na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de respiradores artificiais e de drogas vasoativas. </p>
    <p>Uma perman&#234;ncia prolongada na sala de UTI facilita o surgimento de infec&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com todas as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias geradas pela condi&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m de medicamentos de alto custo, necess&#225;rios para o controle de eventos, &#233; preciso considerar o eventual uso de cateteres de Swan-Ganz, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, circuito de hemodi&#225;lise, entre outros, para manuseio adequado de uma intercorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica. Nossos resultados, semelhantemente aos observados por Kobayashi e cols.<sup>15</sup>, revelaram que os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia SCEC tiveram tempo significativamente menor na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o quando comparados com os pacientes CCEC (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na sala de terapia intensiva para pacientes SCEC foi significativamente menor que para pacientes CCEC, semelhantemente ao observado em outro estudo<sup>11</sup>. Outros resultados, dedicados &#224; an&#225;lise de custos, n&#227;o observaram diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos pacientes SCEC na sala de terapia intensiva, contudo, em todos eles, foi observado menor tempo de entuba&#231;&#227;o<sup>16-18</sup>. Nossos dados revelaram tamb&#233;m menor tempo de entuba&#231;&#227;o e de perman&#234;ncia na UTI (p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). Esses resultados ganham consist&#234;ncia, pois, em nosso estudo, os m&#233;dicos assistentes da UTI n&#227;o tinham conhecimento do protocolo de pesquisa e os crit&#233;rios de extuba&#231;&#227;o e alta eram mantidos dentro da rotina operacional. A import&#226;ncia do tempo para extuba&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos estudos citados<sup>17,19</sup> teve maior aten&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que econ&#244;mica. Al&#233;m disso, esses autores n&#227;o consideraram para an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica o tempo de perman&#234;ncia nas depend&#234;ncias da UTI. Quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas e tamb&#233;m administrativas desses centros podem ter sido consideradas na an&#225;lise desses custos. De fato, estudos realizados para avaliar essa estrat&#233;gia encontraram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de custos nos pacientes com extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce<sup>19-21</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento de tempo de entuba&#231;&#227;o com conseq&#252;ente aumento de perman&#234;ncia na UTI foi observado em pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino quando comparados com aqueles do g&#234;nero masculino nos pacientes SCEC<sup>22</sup>. Observou-se tamb&#233;m maior necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue e hemoderivadados nas mulheres, com conseq&#252;ente aumento nos custos<sup>22</sup>. Ainda que nosso estudo n&#227;o objetivasse essa suban&#225;lise, o n&#250;mero de mulheres de nossa amostra n&#227;o teria poder estat&#237;stico para responder a essa quest&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os dados relativos &#224; necessidade de transfus&#227;o de sangue revelaram menor necessidade desse recurso nos pacientes SCEC quando comparados com os pacientes CCEC (p = 0,006). Esses dados foram persistentemente observados como redutores de custos em outros estudos<sup>5,10</sup>. Todavia, os custos comparativos das transfus&#245;es de sangue em nossa amostra levaram em conta que as leis brasileiras impedem a remunera&#231;&#227;o das transfus&#245;es de sangue e hemoderivados. Condi&#231;&#245;es semelhantes foram observadas em estudo canadense, do qual, pela natureza gratuita da distribui&#231;&#227;o de sangue pelos organismos governamentais, os c&#225;lculos foram exclu&#237;dos<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A remunera&#231;&#227;o de pessoal qualificado, na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o e de terapia intensiva, &#233; outro item com peso relevante na an&#225;lise de c&#225;lculos de cada procedimento<sup>8</sup>. Em nosso estudo, o c&#225;lculo da remunera&#231;&#227;o recebida por profissionais ligados &#224; rede p&#250;blica de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de n&#227;o foi realizado, j&#225; que os valores pertinentes a cada atividade j&#225; constam nos contratos da remunera&#231;&#227;o governamental. Todavia, somente os profissionais envolvidos com o circuito de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea tiveram seus custos considerados em separado, visto que nos pacientes SCEC esse recurso n&#227;o foi utilizado.</p>
    <p>Ainda que os gastos com o circuito de CEC n&#227;o tenham sido utilizados nesses pacientes, contribuindo com a diminui&#231;&#227;o de custos, esses pacientes necessitaram de estabilizadores em todas as interven&#231;&#245;es. Assim, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses recursos adicionais, observou-se aumento dos gastos nesse quesito, sendo, portanto, remunerado pela previd&#234;ncia social. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos n&#227;o aplicam esses estabilizadores na totalidade dos pacientes, e, em muitos deles, os instrumentos s&#227;o reaproveit&#225;veis<sup>8,18</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios para essas condutas n&#227;o foram discutidos em profundidade, entretanto, para maior seguran&#231;a dos nossos pacientes, sobretudo daqueles em que o procedimento envolvia revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na parede l&#225;tero-posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, imp&#244;s-se o uso do estabilizador em todos os pacientes desse grupo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, por sua natureza intervencionista, envolvem complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas previstas e imprevis&#237;veis, tanto para os pacientes quanto para os hospitais, bem como aumento nas contas dos &#243;rg&#227;os financiadores p&#250;blicos ou privados, &#233; leg&#237;timo pesquisar quais s&#227;o os mecanismos capazes de contribuir para diminui&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e tamb&#233;m dos gastos.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, as interven&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas direcionadas ao tratamento da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para esse objetivo. O progresso na moderniza&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas, e, agora, com as interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas sem o uso de circuitos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, segue esse modelo. Al&#233;m disso, ainda que essa busca seja pouco mensur&#225;vel sob a vis&#227;o econ&#244;mica, benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o claramente percept&#237;veis. </p>
    <p>&#201; inquestion&#225;vel que uma menor perman&#234;ncia do paciente na sala de opera&#231;&#227;o, menor tempo de entuba&#231;&#227;o, menor tempo em sala de UTI, e, finalmente, menor tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital contribuem para minimizar o sofrimento do paciente e evitam complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Nessa mesma linha de racioc&#237;nio, ainda que esses dados n&#227;o possam ser matematicamente mensur&#225;veis, a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de perman&#234;ncia nessas unidades resulta em redu&#231;&#227;o de gastos hospitalares intuitivamente aceitos.</p>
    <p>Transportando esse racioc&#237;nio para os hospitais terci&#225;rios, cuja finalidade &#233; focada nos procedimentos eletivos, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de perman&#234;ncia no hospital tem car&#225;ter social e econ&#244;mico. </p>
    <p>Assim, admitindo-se que em nosso hospital o n&#250;mero de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica eletivas alcance n&#250;meros pr&#243;ximos a 1.000 interven&#231;&#245;es/ano, durante 220 dias &#250;teis/ano, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital em 25% aumentaria a capacidade de atendimento em mais 250 pacientes/ano.</p>
    <p>Esses dados por si s&#243;s legitimariam a busca por procedimentos mais seguros e de menor perman&#234;ncia no hospital e menor custo social.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Priscyla Girardi pela Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Neuza H. M. Lopes </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 &#150; Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mass@incor.usp.br">mass@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/01/08; revisado recebido em 27/02/08; aceito em 05/02/08</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative costs between myocardial revascularization with or without extracorporeal circulation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Surgical techniques of myocardial revascularization without the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) have raised hopes of attaining operative results with less systemic damage, lower occurrence of clinical complications and shorter hospital stay duration, generating expectations of lower hospital costs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hospital costs in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization with and without ECC and in those with stable multiarterial coronary disease with preserved ventricular function. METHODS: The hospital costs were based on the existing governmental reimbursement. The costs included that of ortheses and prostheses and clinical complications. The time and costs of ICU stay and hospital stay duration were considered. RESULTS: Between January 2002 and August 2006, 131 patients were randomized to surgery with ECC (SECC), whereas 128 were randomized to surgery without ECC (WECC). The basal characteristics were similar for both groups. The costs of surgical complications were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001) in patients from the WECC when compared to the SECC group (606.00 &#177; 525.00 vs. 945.90 &#177; 440.00), as well as ICU costs: 432.20 &#177; 391.70 vs. 717.70 &#177; 257.70, respectively. The duration of the operating room stay were 4.9 &#177; 1.1 h vs. 3.9 &#177; 1.0 h, p &lt; 0.001; at the ICU it was 48.2 &#177; 17.2 h vs. 29.2 &#177; 26.1h) (p &lt; 0.001), with intubation time of 9.2 &#177; 4.5 h vs. 6.4 &#177; 5.1h, p &lt; 0.001 for patients from the group with and without ECC, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study allowed us to conclude that the myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation results in the decrease of operational costs and duration of the stay in each section related to the surgical treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hospital costs</kwd>
        <kwd>extracorporeal circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>extracorporeal circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass</kwd>
        <kwd>off pump</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Comparative costs between myocardial revascularization with or without extracorporeal circulation</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Priscyla B. M. A. Girardi; Whady Hueb; C&#233;lia R. S. R. Nogueira; Myrthes E. Takiuti; Teryo Nakano; Cibele Larrosa Garzillo; Felipe da S. Paulitsch; A&#233;cio F. T. G&#243;is; Neuza H. M. Lopes; Noedir A. Stolf</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Surgical techniques of myocardial revascularization without the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) have raised hopes of attaining operative results with less systemic damage, lower occurrence of clinical complications and shorter hospital stay duration, generating expectations of lower hospital costs.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the hospital costs in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization with and without ECC and in those with stable multiarterial coronary disease with preserved ventricular function.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The hospital costs were based on the existing governmental reimbursement. The costs included that of ortheses and prostheses and clinical complications. The time and costs of ICU stay and hospital stay duration were considered.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Between January 2002 and August 2006, 131 patients were randomized to surgery with ECC (SECC), whereas 128 were randomized to surgery without ECC (WECC). The basal characteristics were similar for both groups. The costs of surgical complications were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001) in patients from the WECC when compared to the SECC group (606.00 &#177; 525.00 vs. 945.90 &#177; 440.00), as well as ICU costs: 432.20 &#177; 391.70 vs. 717.70 &#177; 257.70, respectively. The duration of the operating room stay were 4.9 &#177; 1.1 h vs. 3.9 &#177; 1.0 h, p &lt; 0.001; at the ICU it was 48.2 &#177; 17.2 h vs. 29.2 &#177; 26.1h) (p &lt; 0.001), with intubation time of 9.2 &#177; 4.5 h vs. 6.4 &#177; 5.1h, p &lt; 0.001 for patients from the group with and without ECC, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The present study allowed us to conclude that the myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation results in the decrease of operational costs and duration of the stay in each section related to the surgical treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hospital costs; extracorporeal circulation/economic/adverse effects; coronary artery bypass, off pump; myocardial revascularization; coronary arteriosclerosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The commencement of the use of the extracorporeal circulation (ECC) circuit in cardiac surgery after the 50s, allowed the surgeons to perform a large variety of heart procedures that were technically impossible. However, due to its non-physiological nature, this circuit generated a series of adverse events, such as the activation of systemic inflammatory responses, hemostasis alterations and multiple dysfunctions in organs such as the heart, brain and kidneys<sup>1-4</sup>. These effects seem to be more perceptible in elderly patients<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, with the use of less invasive techniques in myocardial revascularization surgeries that suppressed the need for the use of this circuit<sup>6</sup> and with the help of heart stabilizers<sup>7</sup>, we have observed an increasing utilization of this alternative. In theory, with the elimination of these circuits, many of these adverse events can be suppressed.</p>
      <p>Additionally, with the perspective of a better clinical evolution, we can expect a faster recovery and shorter duration of hospital stay for those patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) without extracorporeal circulation (WECC).</p>
      <p>The interest for this technique has motivated by several researchers to evaluate the clinical and economic benefits of this type of intervention<sup>8-11</sup>. In fact, there was a perspective that, with the decrease in the adverse events caused by the MRS with ECC (SECC), the duration of the operating room stay, ICU stay, with shorter orotracheal intubation time<sup>12</sup> and shorter hospital stay duration, the direct and indirect costs would also markedly decrease. Additionally, this gain related to the hospital costs can directly contribute to the clinical and quality of life improvement of the patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>OBJECTIVES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aims at evaluating the comparative costs at the hospital phase in patients with stable multiarterial coronary disease with preserved ventricular function submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery with and without ECC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with multiarterial coronary disease documented by angiogram and visually graded arterial stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, stable angina and preserved ventricular function were considered eligible for the present study. These patients were included in the study when there was a concordance between two surgeons to perform the MRS through both techniques. All angiograms were revised by the surgeons and a surgical plan was documented before the randomization. The patients were eligible for randomization if the procedure were technically feasible and safely performed, without the help of extracorporeal circulation. Patients previously submitted to a MRS, those with ventricular aneurysm or valvulopathy that needed correction, unstable angina that needed emergency revascularization or myocardial infarction that had occurred less than 3 months before, were excluded from the study. Additionally, patients with compromised ventricular function due to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) &lt; 40% were also excluded from the study, as well as patients who refused to sign the free and informed consent form. This study was carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the scientific commission of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, protocol #2622/05/042 and under #415/05 of the Ethics Committee for the Analysis of Research Projects (CAPPesq) of the Clinical Board of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of FMUSP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anesthetic and surgical techniques</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The surgeons were asked to perform the revascularization procedure according to best surgical practice and safety. The procedure was carried out by surgeons that were experienced in both techniques, with and without ECC. In surgeries with ECC, a cold cardioplegic solution was administered for more effective myocardial protection. In surgeries without ECC, an Octopus&#8482; (Medtronic, Inc. Minneapolis, MN) stabilizer was used, as described<sup>13</sup>. IN summary, the distal part of the two suction arms of the stabilizer is placed on the heart, on both sides of the artery that will undergo correction. The proximal part is fixed on the rib spreader. Through a negative pressure, the intervention site is sufficiently immobilized to allow a safe anastomosis of the graft with the receptor artery.</p>
      <p>The anesthetic technique and the ECC circuit, standardized at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (The Heart Institute) of HCFMUSP, were applied throughout the study. The ECC circuit was used as it is regularly used, together with a membrane oxygenator and spiral pump. The heart was exposed through a median incision in the sternum. During the surgery with ECC, the patients were cooled to a temperature close to 32&#186; Celsius, whereas, in the surgery without ECC, the patients were kept warm, to maintain a core temperature, never below 35&#186; Celsius. Myocardial infarction will be admitted as the appearance of Q waves at the surface ECG, together with a 5-fold increase in the CK-MB enzymes above the normal levels.</p>
      <p>Hospital mortality will be considered as the 3-day period, which is necessary to stay at the hospital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hospital Costs</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The costs of the surgical interventions were obtained from the hospital financial administration, based on the reimbursement that the government offers for the surgical treatment of this disease. The myocardial revascularization has a fixed reimbursement per patient, regardless of the type and number of grafts. As it is a high-complexity and high-cost procedure, the cardiac surgery receives a differentiated reimbursement for additional resource used in the intervention, either in the operating room, or in the intensive care unit. Therefore, the additional costs, effectively applied to each step of the procedure, will be calculated. The Octopus<sup>TM</sup> stabilizer will be used and disposed of, after the use, in all patients that undergo the surgery without ECC. The direct hospital costs were calculated according to the mean current prices while the manuscript was being written, using the national monetary currency values. Blood transfusion will be considered when indicated by the medical team and the costs calculated according to the number of transfused units.</p>
      <p>Regarding indirect costs, such as building administration costs, maintenance costs, water consumption, electricity, telephone, laundry, food costs, among others and that of material depreciation, considering that they are common to both techniques and presumably included in the costs, they won't be considered.</p>
      <p>&#149; <bold>Patient admission:</bold> during the patient preparation for the intervention, the expenses related to the hospital stay, nursing care, physical therapy, medications and preoperative examinations were not considered, as they are the same for both techniques.</p>
      <p>&#149; <bold>Patient transportation:</bold> the costs related to patient transportation, special gurneys, transportation staff including nurses, medications, pre-anesthetic medication, arrival at the operating room and anesthesia preparation were not considered as they are similar procedures for both techniques.</p>
      <p>&#149; <bold>Operating room:</bold> The depreciation of the operating room, permanent material and the salaries of the circulating professionals were not considered. However, the salaries of the perfusion team were considered for both techniques. That was necessary because, during the surgery without ECC, the perfusion team professionals remained in the room in case the use of this resource would be indicated. The costs of the medical team and of the anesthesia were calculated according to the fixed reimbursement established by the institution, based on the Public Health System (Sistema &#218;nico de Saude - SUS), which is similar for both techniques. This same criterion was used to consider the costs of surgical instrumentation professionals.</p>
      <p>The extracorporeal circulation circuit, with all materials, either disposable or not, used in the operation, including those operating the equipment, are included in the fixed reimbursement paid by the SUS. For patient submitted to the surgery without ECC that received the stabilizer, here called Octopus<sup>TM</sup>, the value of this procedure is added to the final price of the surgery. This resource resulted in an increase of the operation costs when compared to the surgery with ECC. The duration of the operating room stay was calculated in hours and its cost in monetary currency values. The administration of blood and blood products, both in the operating room and at the ICU or infirmary, was calculated for both techniques. The surgical instrument box, as it is common to both techniques, was not considered.</p>
      <p>&#149; <bold>Intensive Care Unit:</bold> similarly to the preoperative costs, the cost of the transporting the patient from the operating room to the ICU were not considered. However, the time and cost of the ICU stay were calculated, as well as the costs of the necessary artificial ventilation time and the use of high-complexity and high-cost resources.</p>
      <p>These resources were available for postoperative complications: intra-aortic balloon, hemofiltration circuit and Swan-Ganz catheter. The reoperations, when necessary, were calculated similarly to a new operation.</p>
      <p>All the complications observed in the postoperative period, from the moment the patient left the operating room until the hospital discharge, such as cerebrovascular accidents, acute myocardial infarction, respiratory and surgical wound infections, among others, were considered and calculated according to the values reimbursed by the Public Health System (SUS).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, all variables were analyzed descriptively. For the quantitative variables, this analysis was carried out based on minimum and maximum values, using mean, median and standard deviation (SD) calculations. For the qualitative variables, the absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. To compare the means of two groups, the Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used. When the supposition of normality was rejected, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used. To evaluate homogeneity between proportions, the Chi-square method or Fisher's exact test were used, when expected frequencies lower than 5 occurred<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients' data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2002 and August 2006, 261 patients were randomized for surgical treatment. Of these, 2 patients were excluded due to death in the operating room. As the treatment was not completed, the patients were excluded from the cost assessment, but not from the clinical results. Of the remaining 259 patients, 131 were submitted to surgery with ECC (SECC group) and the other 128 were submitted to surgery without ECC (WECC group). During surgery, two patients from the WECC group underwent ECC, as they presented hemodynamic instability. In this case, the costs of the additional interventions were added to the total cost. Additionally, the patients remained in the original group due to methodological reasons (intention to treat). The mean age of the patients referred to surgery with ECC was 60.3 years, whereas it was 61.4 years in the group without ECC. The distribution of patients with symptoms of angina graded by the Canadian Cardiovascular Association was similar in both groups. In the studied population, 67 patients (26%) had diabetes and 99 (38%) reported they had previously suffered an acute myocardial infarction. The distribution of the number of affected arteries and the degree to which the arteries were affected were similar in both groups. The other demographic, clinical, laboratory and angiographic characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the hospitalization period, two patients from the WECC group died. Still during this period, 43 patients (33.6%) from the WECC and 5 patients (3.8%) from the SECC groups presented atrial fibrillation (p &lt; 0.001). Blood transfusion was necessary in 65 patients (49.6%) from the SECC group and in only 43 patients (33.6%) in the WECC group (p &lt; 0,</p>
      <p>.001). Myocardial infarction, respiratory infections, need for Swan-Ganz catheter use and other complications are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The time necessary to perform the operation was significantly shorter for the patients from the WECC group, when compared to the SECC group (3.9 &#177; 1.0 h <italic>vs</italic>. 4.9&#177;1.1 h) (p &lt; 0.001). The number of distal anastomoses was of 3.6 arteries per patient in the SECC group and 2.8 arteries in the WECC group, with a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001); thus, there was an incomplete revascularization in this group. However, the percentage of grafts performed with the mammary artery was similar in both groups: 92.3% and 94.5%, for the SECC and WECC groups, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the other surgical data.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Intensive care data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ICU stay duration was significantly shorter for the patients from the WECC group, when compared to the SECC group: 29.2 &#177; 26.1 hrs <italic>vs</italic>. 48.2 &#177; 17.2 hrs (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. This result contributes to a lower cost per patient in the WECC group. The time for artificial ventilation weaning was significantly lower in the WECC group, when compared to the SECC group: 6.4 &#177; 5.1 hrs <italic>vs</italic>. 9.2 &#177; 4.5 hrs (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the other ICU data.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Hospital cost data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The costs resulting from medical complications of the surgical intervention were significantly lower in patients from the WECC group, when compared to the SECC group: 606.00 &#177; 525.00 <italic>vs</italic>. 945.90 &#177; 440.00 (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. The costs reimbursed by the Public Health System, for each clinical complication, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>. These patients' longest ICU stay also contributed to the increase in costs: 717.70 &#177; 257.70 <italic>vs</italic>. 432.20 &#177; 391.70 (p&lt;0.001), respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref> shows the other data on hospital costs.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-06-0369-00003-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study, carried out at a single institution, evaluated the comparative costs that were estimated for two techniques in routine myocardial revascularization surgery, based on the governmental resources paid by the Public Health System (SUS). This system reimburses for rendered services and for professionals and institutions through defined programs of fixed payment agreed between the parts. Based on this model, the payment for a myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) depends on the type of technique employed and the extra resources applied by the surgical team and on the occurrence or absence of complications. Thus, considering the special nature of the governmental reimbursement that contemplates differentiated values for the same procedure, the comparative calculations among the types of payment have become complex. Additionally, this system arbitrates an additional payment: a percentage is defined for auxiliary teams that work in the operating room and also at the ICU. This picture routinely includes the surgical instrumentation professionals, professionals circulating in the operating room, perfusionists, nurses and physical therapists, for any type of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>As a MRS with no complications results in expenses with little cost variation, it is possible to consider that both techniques can basically differ according to the use of additional disposable materials. On the other hand, the comparative costs of this surgery can increase if high-complex and high-cost resources are employed for one or the other type of technique used in the surgery.</p>
      <p>Thus, to evaluate the comparative costs between the two techniques under these conditions, it is reasonable to consider that the shorter hospital stay, observed in one of the techniques, can directly lower the costs and, indirectly, protect the patients from hospital complications.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the decrease in the duration of the operating room stay reduces operational costs, which include the use of catheters and aspirators or other resources that are pertinent to the employed technique. This assessment also applies to the ICU, when the aim is a shorter time of use of artificial ventilators and vasoactive drugs. A prolonged stay at the ICU facilitates the onset of hospital infections, with all the consequences generated by this condition. In addition to high-cost medications, necessary for controlling the events, it is necessary to consider the occasional use of Swan-Ganz catheters, intra-aortic balloons and hemodialysis circuit, among others, to appropriately manage a clinical complication. Our results, similar to those observed by Kobayashi et al<sup>15</sup>, showed.</p>
      <p>That the patients submitted to the surgery without ECC presented a significantly shorter operating room stay when compared to the patients that underwent the surgery with ECC (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, the duration of the ICU stay for patients submitted to the surgery without ECC was significantly shorter than for patients that underwent the surgery with ECC, similarly to that observed by another study<sup>11</sup>. Other results, concerning the cost analysis, did not show a decrease in the ICU stay for patients without ECC; however, all of them showed a shorter intubation time<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our data also showed a shorter intubation time and ICU stay (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). These results are supported by the fact that, in the present study, the ICU physicians were blinded to the research protocol and the extubation and ICU discharge criteria were maintained according to the operational routine.</p>
      <p>The importance of the patients' extubation time in the mentioned studies<sup>17,19</sup> received a higher clinical attention, rather than an economical one. Furthermore, these authors did not consider, for the economic analysis, the ICU stay duration. Methodological and also administrative issues of these centers might have been considered at the analysis of such costs. In fact, studies performed to assess this strategy showed a significant decrease in costs in patients that underwent early extubation<sup>19-21</sup>. Additionally, the increased intubation time with a consequent increase in ICU stay, in patients without ECC, was observed in female patients when compared to male patients<sup>22</sup>. It was also observed a higher need for blood transfusion and hemoderivatives among women, with consequent increase in costs<sup>22</sup>. Although our study did not aim at this subanalysis, the number of women in our sample would not have statistical power to answer that question.</p>
      <p>In our study, the data related to the need of blood transfusion showed a higher need of this resource in patients without ECC, when compared to the ones with ECC (p = 0.006). These data were frequently observed as being cost-reducing in other studies<sup>5,10</sup>. However, the comparative costs of blood transfusions in our sample took into account the fact that the Brazilian laws prevent the reimbursement of blood transfusions and use of hemoderivatives. Similar conditions were observed in a study carried out in Canada, from which the calculations were excluded, considering that the distribution of blood by the governmental organs is free of cost<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The payment of qualified personnel, at the operating room and ICU, is another item with a relevant weight at the calculation analysis of each procedure<sup>8</sup>. In our study, the calculation of the payment received by professionals that belong to the Public Health System was not carried out, as the values pertinent to each activity were already part of the governmental reimbursement contracts. However, only the professionals involved with the ECC circuit had their costs considered separately, as this resource was not used for patients that underwent surgery without ECC.</p>
      <p>Although the resources for the ECC circuit were not used in these patients, contributing to the cost decrease, these patients needed stabilizers in all interventions. Thus, the use of these additional resources resulted in cost increase related to this topic and were, therefore, reimbursed by the government.</p>
      <p>Several studies did not use stabilizers in all patients and, in many of them the equipment is re-usable<sup>8-18</sup>. The criteria for these procedures have not been discussed in depth; however, to ensure our patients' safety, especially those in whom the procedure involved the revascularization of latero-posterior wall of the left ventricle, the use of stabilizer was considered mandatory for all the patients in this group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Final considerations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As the surgical procedures, due to their interventionist nature, involve predictable and unpredictable clinical complications, not only for the patients, but also for the hospitals, as well as the increase in costs of the public or private finance organs, it is justifiable to research which mechanisms can contribute to decrease clinical complications, as well as costs of these interventions.</p>
      <p>In this context, the medical interventions directed at the treatment of ischemic cardiopathy have contributed to this objective. The progress in the modernization of percutaneous interventions and, now, with surgical interventions without the extracorporeal circulation circuit, follows such model. Furthermore, although this search is little measureable from an economic point-of-view, the clinical benefits can be clearly observed.</p>
      <p> It is incontestable that a shorter stay at the operating room, shorter intubation time, shorter stay at the ICU and, finally, shorter hospital stay contribute to minimize the patient's suffering and prevent postoperative clinical complications.</p>
      <p>Following the same line of thought, although these data are not mathematically measurable, the decreased stay in these units leads to the decrease in intuitively accepted hospital costs.</p>
      <p>Transporting this interpretation to tertiary hospitals, of which objective is focused on elective procedures, the decrease in hospital stay duration has a social and economic nature.</p>
      <p> Thus, considering that in our hospital, the number of elective myocardial revascularization procedures is close to 1,000 interventions/year, for a period of 220 working days/year, the decrease in the hospital stay duration by 25% would increase the capacity of receiving new patients by 250 patients/year.</p>
      <p>These data alone would support seeking safer procedures, with shorter hospital stay duration and at a lower social cost.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Priscyla Giradi, from Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
