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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rGZnTwRBFdKSNVjzrPsSw6K</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100514</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea complicada com tamponamento card&#237;aco em paciente gestante</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seca</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintal</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>A.M. Leit&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e45</fpage>
      <lpage>e47</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de Hemoperic&#225;rdio com Tamponamento Card&#237;aco &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o da Valvoplastia Mitral Percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o (VMB), que apesar de pouco freq&#252;ente, pode ter graves conseq&#252;&#234;ncias materno-fetais. Este artigo descreve o caso de um tamponamento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s VMB em uma mulher de 28 anos, com estenose mitral reum&#225;tica severa na 20&#170; semana de gravidez.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>tamponamento card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>gestantes</kwd>
        <kwd>derrame peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea complicada com tamponamento card&#237;aco em paciente gestante </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lu&#237;s Seca; Marco Costa; Nuno Quintal; A.M. Leit&#227;o Marques</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de Hemoperic&#225;rdio com Tamponamento Card&#237;aco &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o da Valvoplastia Mitral Percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o (VMB), que apesar de pouco freq&#252;ente, pode ter graves conseq&#252;&#234;ncias materno-fetais. Este artigo descreve o caso de um tamponamento card&#237;aco ap&#243;s VMB em uma mulher de 28 anos, com estenose mitral reum&#225;tica severa na 20&#170; semana de gravidez.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, tamponamento card&#237;aco, gestantes, derrame peric&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estenose mitral reum&#225;tica ainda &#233; a patologia valvar mais freq&#252;entemente encontrada em mulheres gr&#225;vidas<sup>1</sup>. As altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas durante a gravidez, como o aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e do volume sangu&#237;neo, levam tanto a um agravamento do gradiente de press&#227;o transmitral quanto a um aumento concomitante da press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, com conseq&#252;ente diminui&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e maior risco de edema pulmonar. Tornando-se, assim, necess&#225;ria a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para melhora sintom&#225;tica, que quando refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento medicamentoso, justifica a corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose valvar mitral. A VMB &#233; hoje considerada o tratamento de escolha para a estenose mitral severa que complica o curso normal da gravidez, desde que na presen&#231;a de anatomia valvar favor&#225;vel<sup>2</sup>. N&#227;o &#233;, no entanto, um procedimento isento de riscos.</p>
    <p>O registo de VMB do National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) classificou as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com o procedimento em Major (morte, choque, insufici&#234;ncia mitral severa, embolia sist&#234;mica, tamponamento card&#237;aco, cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio) com uma incid&#234;ncia global de complica&#231;&#245;es de cerca de 12% e Minor (rea&#231;&#227;o vasovagal, hipotens&#227;o prolongada, arritmia com necessidade de tratamento, defeito do septo interauricular). A perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e o conseq&#252;ente tamponamento ocorreu em cerca de 4% dos doentes, constituindo a causa de morte mais freq&#252;ente no cateterismo<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>P.J.S.C, ra&#231;a negra, 28 anos, natural da Guin&#233; Bissau, G<sub>0</sub>P<sub>0, </sub>na 20&#170; semana de gravidez, com cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca classe III da NYHA, palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncopes (2 epis&#243;dios) e , desde novembro de 2006, diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de estenose valvar mitral severa, &#233; admitida em janeiro de 2007 no nosso centro para realiza&#231;&#227;o de VMB.</p>
    <p> Esteve internada em 2004 em outro hospital por acidente vascular cerebral cardioemb&#243;lico com hemiparesia direita, corrigida completamente ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de fisioterapia. A gesta&#231;&#227;o decorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias at&#233; &#224; data de admiss&#227;o no nosso centro.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o tomava medica&#231;&#227;o atualmente. Fez uso de contracep&#231;&#227;o oral at&#233; o in&#237;cio da gravidez, e no momento da admiss&#227;o, n&#227;o fazia uso de nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Ao exame cardiol&#243;gico n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es significativas exceto um sopro diast&#243;lico em &#225;rea mitral, mais aud&#237;vel no &#225;pice em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e acentua&#231;&#227;o da segunda bulha no foco pulmonar.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial estava dentro dos par&#226;metros normais. O eletrocardiograma revelava ritmo sinusal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm e hipertrofia do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <p>O Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico pr&#233;vio &#224; valvuloplastia revelou estenose mitral importante, com &#225;rea mitral de 0,6cm2, sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar. O &#225;trio esquerdo apresentava di&#226;metro de 51,2mm e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide ligeira permitiu estimar a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar em 64mmHg. Apresentava ainda um discreto derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p> O procedimento foi realizado sob seda&#231;&#227;o e com o aux&#237;lio do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico para redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e para controle do resultado ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0e45-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Introduziu-se o bal&#227;o de Inoue pela circula&#231;&#227;o venosa at&#233; ao &#225;trio direito, transp&#244;s-se o septo interatrial e posicionou-se atrav&#233;s da valva mitral estenosada. A insufla&#231;&#227;o e r&#225;pida desinsufla&#231;&#227;o dilatou a estenose ao separar as comissuras fundidas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig1</xref>). </p>
    <p>Verificou-se melhora imediata nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, com redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o intra-atrial esquerda, do gradiente transmitral e da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar. A &#225;rea valvar aumentou de 0,6cm2 para 1,8cm2.</p>
    <p>Cerca de quatro horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, a doente desenvolveu quadro de hipotens&#227;o e depress&#227;o do estado de consci&#234;ncia. Foi realizado ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico que confirmou diagn&#243;stico de tamponamento card&#237;aco, com presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico moderado e colapso das cavidades direitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0e45-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi realizada pericardiocentese, com drenagem de aproximadamente 450cc. No hemograma de controle foi detectada anemia de 8,8 g/dl, prontamente corrigida com transfus&#227;o de 2 unidades de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos. </p>
    <p>&#192; data da alta a doente encontrava-se assintom&#225;tica e hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, tendo-se realizado novo Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico que confirmou aumento da &#225;rea mitral (1,8cm<sup>2</sup>) e redu&#231;&#227;o da PSAP (59mmHg), com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ligeira.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; na 32&#170; semana de gravidez, a doente foi reavaliada em consulta externa, referindo melhora importante da sintomatologia (classe I da NYHA). O Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico revelou &#225;trio esquerdo com di&#226;metro de 42mm, &#225;rea mitral de 1,5cm2, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ligeira a moderada e a PSAP era de 53mmHg. </p>
    <p>O fim da gravidez prosseguiu normalmente e o parto foi por cesariana, interven&#231;&#227;o que decorreu sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Nasceu um rec&#233;m-nascido saud&#225;vel do sexo masculino com 3125g de peso e com &#237;ndice de APGAR 8 ao 1&#186; minuto e 10 ao 5&#186; minuto. Ap&#243;s o parto a paciente mant&#234;m-se em classe I da NYHA. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade materna em mulheres gr&#225;vidas com estenose valvar mitral &#233; de cerca de 1% e varia de acordo com a classe funcional da NYHA (0,4% em classe I ou II; 6,8% em classe III ou IV)<sup>4</sup>. Por sua vez, a mortalidade fetal aumenta com a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional materna, atingindo os 30% na presen&#231;a de Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe IV<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A estenose mitral na gravidez apresenta-se como um problema complexo, dada a freq&#252;ente inefic&#225;cia do tratamento medicamentoso. Assim, torna-se necess&#225;rio algum tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o para aumentar a &#225;rea valvar.</p>
    <p>A comissurotomia cir&#250;rgica aberta ou fechada pode ser realizada, mas ainda acarreta um risco significativo de morte fetal<sup>5.</sup> Apesar da gravidez n&#227;o aumentar o risco materno com a comissurotomia cir&#250;rgica, foram descritos cerca de 10-37% de partos prematuros e uma taxa de mortalidade fetal de 5-15% ap&#243;s comissurotomia fechada. Com a comissurotomia aberta, devido aos efeitos nefastos adicionais da circula&#231;&#227;o extra corporal, a taxa de mortalidade fetal pode variar entre 6 e 33%<sup>2</sup>. Neste contexto, a VMB surge como alternativa &#224; abordagem cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a VMB tem sido realizada durante a gravidez com resultados excelentes a curto prazo em pacientes selecionadas com estenose mitral<sup>6</sup>. Estudos com follow-up a longo prazo tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es para o feto e para a gr&#225;vida<sup>7</sup>. Os riscos fetais associados &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o dever&#227;o ser reduzidos na primeira metade da gravidez, com prote&#231;&#227;o uterina e se poss&#237;vel com o aux&#237;lio do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, como utilizado neste procedimento.</p>
    <p>Na maioria das s&#233;ries, a mortalidade associada &#224; VMB varia entre 0-3%, sendo as principais causas de morte (n&#227;o s&#243; no caso da gravidez) o tamponamento card&#237;aco, a insufici&#234;ncia mitral e a deteriora&#231;&#227;o do estado geral do paciente<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de hemoperic&#225;rdio, com taxas entre 1-3%, est&#225; relacionada com a pun&#231;&#227;o transseptal ou perfura&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com a guia ou o pr&#243;prio bal&#227;o<sup>9</sup>. As perfura&#231;&#245;es da aur&#237;cula direita geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o graves, sendo na maioria dos casos resolvidas com pericardiocentese e administra&#231;&#227;o de protamina. As lacera&#231;&#245;es do VE, no entanto, resultam em deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica imediata e em geral requerem cirurgia corretiva de emerg&#234;ncia<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A comissurotomia mitral transseptal por via percut&#226;nea &#233; um procedimento eficaz e seguro quando realizado por cardiologistas experientes. Tendo em conta as particularidades da estenose mitral sintom&#225;tica na gr&#225;vida, este tipo de procedimento &#233; considerado o tratamento de elei&#231;&#227;o, pois confere uma menor agressividade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao feto, quando comparada com a alternativa cir&#250;rgica. Deve-se, no entanto, estar ciente de algumas complica&#231;&#245;es que podem surgir e por isso &#233; fundamental uma vigil&#226;ncia cuidadosa ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Lu&#237;s Seca </p>
        <p> Avenida Camilo 324 1&#186;DT </p>
        <p> 4300-095, Porto, Portugal </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luisseca@gmail.com">luisseca@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 11/11/07; revisado recebido em 09/02/08; aceito em 07/03/08.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty complicated by cardiac tamponade in a pregnant patient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The occurrence of hemopericardium with cardiac tamponade is a complication of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) which, although uncommon, may have severe maternal and fetal consequences. This article describes a case of cardiac tamponade following BMV in a 28-year-old woman with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis in the 20th week of gestation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>tamponamento card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>gestantes</kwd>
        <kwd>derrame peric&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty complicated by cardiac tamponade in a pregnant patient</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lu&#237;s Seca; Marco Costa; Nuno Quintal; A.M. Leit&#227;o Marques</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The occurrence of hemopericardium with cardiac tamponade is a complication of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) which, although uncommon, may have severe maternal and fetal consequences. This article describes a case of cardiac tamponade following BMV in a 28-year-old woman with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis in the 20<sup>th </sup>week of gestation.</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> Dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o, tamponamento card&#237;aco, gestantes, derrame peric&#225;rdio</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Rheumatic mitral stenosis is still the most frequently found valvular disease among pregnant women<sup>1</sup>. The hemodynamic changes during pregnancy, with increased heart rate and blood volume, lead to a worsened transmitral pressure gradient and concomitant increased pulmonary artery pressure, with subsequent reduction in exercise tolerance and higher risk of pulmonary edema. Therapeutic intervention thus becomes necessary to relieve symptoms. When refractory to drug therapy, repair of the mitral valve stenosis is justified. To date, BMV is considered the treatment of choice for severe mitral stenosis complicating the normal course of pregnancy, provided that it occurs in the presence of a favorable heart valve anatomy<sup>2</sup>. However, this is not a risk-free procedure.</p>
      <p>The BMV register of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) classified the procedure-related complications in major (death, shock, severe mitral regurgitation, systemic embolism, cardiac tamponade, emergency surgery, and acute myocardial infarction), with an overall incidence of complications of approximately 12%, and minor complications (vasovagal reaction, prolonged hypotension, arrhythmia requiring treatment, interauricular septal defect). Cardiac perforation and subsequent tamponade occurred in approximately 4% of the patients, and was the most frequent cause of death during catheterization<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 28-year-old black female patient, born in Guinea-Bissau, G<sub>0</sub>P<sub>0 </sub>in the 20th week of gestation, in NYHA class III heart failure, presenting palpitations and syncope (2 episodes) and echocardiographic diagnosis of severe mitral stenosis since November 2006, was admitted to our service in January 2007 to undergo BMV.</p>
      <p> In 2004, she had been admitted to another hospital for cardioembolic stroke with right hemiparesis which was completely reverted after three months of physical therapy. The pregnancy progressed uneventfully until the date of admission to our service.</p>
      <p> She took oral contraceptives until the beginning of pregnancy and at the moment of admission she was not taking any medication.</p>
      <p>Her cardiac examination was unremarkable except for a diastolic murmur in the mitral area, best heard at the apex in the left lateral position, and accentuated S2 in the pulmonic area.</p>
      <p>Laboratory test findings were within normal limits. Electrocardiography revealed normal sinus rhythm, heart rate of 75 bpm and left atrial hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>A transthoracic echocardiogram performed prior to the valvuloplasty revealed severe mitral stenosis with mitral valve area of 0.6cm<sup>2</sup>, and no valve regurgitation. The left atrium had a 51.2-mm diameter and the mild tricuspid regurgitation allowed the estimate of the systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery at 64mmHg. She also presented a mild pericardial effusion.</p>
      <p> The procedure was performed under sedation and with the help of transesophageal echocardiography in order to reduce time of radiation exposure and to control the result after dilation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0e45-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>An Inoue balloon was introduced via venous circulation up to the right atrium, then crossed the interatrial septum, and was positioned through the stenosed mitral valve. Inflation and quick deflation dilated the stenosis by splitting the fused commissures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>An immediate improvement of the hemodynamic parameters was observed, with reduction of the left intra-atrial pressure, of the transmitral gradient, and of the pulmonary artery pressure. The valve area increased from 0.6 cm<sup>2</sup> to 1.8 cm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Approximately 4 hours after the procedure, the patient developed hypotension and depression of consciousness. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed: cardiac tamponade with the presence of moderate pericardial effusion and collapse of the right chambers was confirmed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0e45-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Pericardiocentesis was performed and approximately 450cc were drained. Control blood count showed anemia of 8.8 g/dl, which was promptly corrected with transfusion of 2 units of red cells.</p>
      <p>At hospital discharge, the patient was asymptomatic and hemodynamically stable. She underwent a new transthoracic echocardiography which confirmed increased mitral valve area (1.8cm<sup>2</sup>) and reduction of PASP (59 mmHg), with mild mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <p>Three months after hospitalization, when she was in the 32nd week of gestation, the patient was reevaluated in an outpatient visit. She referred significant improvement of the symptoms (NYHA class I). Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a 42-mm-diameter left atrium, mitral valve area of 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, and mild to moderate mitral regurgitation; PASP was 53 mmHg.</p>
      <p>The end of the pregnancy was uneventful and she had a cesarean delivery with no complications. The newborn was a healthy boy weighing 3125g with one-minute and five-minute APGAR scores of 8 and 10, respectively. After delivery the patient remained in NYHA class I.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Maternal mortality in pregnant women with mitral valve stenosis is of approximately 1% and varies according to the NYHA functional class (0.4% in class I or II; 6.8% in class III or IV)<sup>4</sup>. On the other hand, fetal mortality increases with the deterioration of the maternal functional capacity, reaching 30% in the presence of class IV heart failure<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mitral stenosis during pregnancy is a complex problem, given that drug therapy is frequently ineffective. Thus, some type of intervention becomes necessary to increase the valve area.</p>
      <p>Surgical open or closed commissurotomy may be performed, but still leads to a significant risk of fetal death<sup>5</sup>. Although surgical commissurotomy during pregnancy does not increase the maternal risk, approximately 10-37% preterm deliveries and a fetal mortality rate of 5-15% have been described after closed commissurotomy. With open commissurotomy, the fetal mortality rate may range from 6% to 33%, due to the additional harmful effects of extracorporeal circulation<sup>2</sup>. In this context, BMV emerges as an alternative to the clinical approach.</p>
      <p>In the past years, BMV has been performed during pregnancy with excellent short-term outcomes in selected patients with mitral stenosis<sup>6</sup>. Studies with long-term follow-up have also demonstrated a reduction in both fetal and maternal complications<sup>7</sup>. Fetal risks associated with radiation exposure should be reduced in the first half of pregnancy with uterine shielding and, if possible, with the help of transesophageal echocardiography, as was used in this case.</p>
      <p>In most series, mortality associated with BMV ranges between 0-3%, and the major causes of death (not only in the case of pregnancy) are cardiac tamponade, mitral regurgitation and deterioration of the patient's general health status<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of hemopericardium, with rates between 1-3%, is related to transseptal puncture or left ventricular apex perforation with the guidewire or the balloon itself<sup>9</sup>. Perforations of the right atrial appendage are usually not very severe, and in the majority of cases are resolved with pericardiocentesis and administration of protamine. LV lacerations, however, result in immediate hemodynamic deterioration and usually require emergency corrective surgery<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Percutaneous transseptal mitral commisurotomy is an effective and safe procedure when performed by experienced cardiologists. Considering the peculiarities of symptomatic mitral stenosis in the pregnant woman, this type of procedure is considered the treatment of choice because it is less aggressive to the fetus in comparison with the surgical option. However, we must be aware of some complications that may arise, and therefore careful surveillance is fundamental after the procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
