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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JHZhJMStZmbxgLcTvCCV8dB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso pr&#225;tico de um &#237;ndice de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Noedir Antonio Groppo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uip</surname>
            <given-names>David Everson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>342</fpage>
      <lpage>347</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Identificar os fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias do paciente cardiopata com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica que podem influenciar na decis&#227;o sobre a conduta terap&#234;utica. OBJETIVO: Descrever a experi&#234;ncia de um hospital de Cardiologia na valida&#231;&#227;o e uso pr&#225;tico de um escore de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. M&#201;TODOS: Para valida&#231;&#227;o do escore escolhido (Tuman), avaliaram-se consecutiva e prospectivamente 300 pacientes adultos antes da cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva com o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). Pacientes com escore de 0 a 5 foram considerados de baixo risco; de 6 a 9 como risco moderado; e maior que 10, como alto risco para complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, infecciosas, neurol&#243;gicas, pulmonares e renais, al&#233;m de &#243;bito. RESULTADOS: A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Tuman mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas (p=0,010), com outras complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias (p=0,034) e com evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito (p&lt;0,001). Infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi a mais freq&#252;ente dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas (15,3%), Os pacientes infectados tiveram maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI (p=0,001) e interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongada (p=0,001). Ap&#243;s o uso rotineiro, uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o de 154 pacientes operados em 2005 confirmou a validade desse escore na identifica&#231;&#227;o daqueles com maior risco de infec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. CONCLUS&#195;O: Escolheu-se o escore de Tuman por envolver vari&#225;veis de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, por classificar no mesmo sistema as cirurgias mais freq&#252;entemente realizadas e prever risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, al&#233;m da mortalidade. Seu uso continuado nesse hospital permitiu identificar o grupo de pacientes com maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, especialmente as infecciosas, mas n&#227;o foi preciso na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco individual.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>risco</kwd>
        <kwd>infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> P&#211;S-OPERAT&#211;RIO</p>
    <p>Uso pr&#225;tico de um &#237;ndice de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o Strabelli; Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf; David Everson Uip</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Identificar os fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias do paciente cardiopata com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica que podem influenciar na decis&#227;o sobre a conduta terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a experi&#234;ncia de um hospital de Cardiologia na valida&#231;&#227;o e uso pr&#225;tico de um escore de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Para valida&#231;&#227;o do escore escolhido (Tuman), avaliaram-se consecutiva e prospectivamente 300 pacientes adultos antes da cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva com o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). Pacientes com escore de 0 a 5 foram considerados de baixo risco; de 6 a 9 como risco moderado; e maior que 10, como alto risco para complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, infecciosas, neurol&#243;gicas, pulmonares e renais, al&#233;m de &#243;bito. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Tuman mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas (p=0,010), com outras complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias (p=0,034) e com evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito (p&lt;0,001). Infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi a mais freq&#252;ente dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas (15,3%), Os pacientes infectados tiveram maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI (p=0,001) e interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongada (p=0,001). Ap&#243;s o uso rotineiro, uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o de 154 pacientes operados em 2005 confirmou a validade desse escore na identifica&#231;&#227;o daqueles com maior risco de infec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Escolheu-se o escore de Tuman por envolver vari&#225;veis de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, por classificar no mesmo sistema as cirurgias mais freq&#252;entemente realizadas e prever risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, al&#233;m da mortalidade. Seu uso continuado nesse hospital permitiu identificar o grupo de pacientes com maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, especialmente as infecciosas, mas n&#227;o foi preciso na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco individual.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cirurgia tor&#225;cica, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, risco, infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, houve uma mudan&#231;a significativa no perfil dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca em raz&#227;o do aperfei&#231;oamento dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos. A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, por exemplo, est&#225; sendo indicada mais tardiamente ou em pacientes com les&#245;es mais graves, resultando em maior n&#250;mero de situa&#231;&#245;es de risco, como reopera&#231;&#245;es, doen&#231;as associadas (diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial, nefropatia) e pacientes mais idosos.</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o dos custos crescentes dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e do maior n&#250;mero de op&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento das cardiopatias, a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco do paciente para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias pode influenciar a decis&#227;o sobre a conduta mais adequada. Al&#233;m disso, para as organiza&#231;&#245;es financiadoras dos procedimentos, &#233; importante definir par&#226;metros de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es para aprimorar o planejamento dos recursos necess&#225;rios e o custo final da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, &#233; importante identificar, no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, os pacientes com maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Dentre essas, a infec&#231;&#227;o continua sendo uma das maiores causas de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes cir&#250;rgicos, havendo um interesse especial em identificar fatores de risco para sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m sido publicados para comparar os diversos &#237;ndices de risco em uso por institui&#231;&#245;es em todo o mundo<sup>1-4</sup>, e a maioria deles utilizou vari&#225;veis semelhantes. Al&#233;m disso, esses dados t&#234;m sido utilizados para predizer o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), permitindo racionalizar o programa cir&#250;rgico<sup>5</sup> e implementar as medidas profil&#225;ticas pertinentes. Entretanto, h&#225; pouca refer&#234;ncia &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas.</p>
    <p>Descrevemos a experi&#234;ncia de um hospital universit&#225;rio de Cardiologia na valida&#231;&#227;o e no uso pr&#225;tico de um escore de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es, especialmente infec&#231;&#245;es, e &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para valida&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco escolhido (Tuman<sup>6</sup>), foram avaliados consecutiva e prospectivamente 300 pacientes adultos internados para serem submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva com o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), do tipo revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) aneurismectomia de venrtr&#237;culo esquerdo associada e/ou procedimento valvar (implante de pr&#243;tese ou cirurgia conservadora). O trabalho foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o descritas as vari&#225;veis utilizadas nesse escore, obedecendo &#224;s seguintes defini&#231;&#245;es:</p>
    <p>&#149; Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio: paciente apresentando dois ou mais dos seguintes achados: eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatino-fosfoquinase-fra&#231;&#227;o de membrana (CKMB); ondas Q novas ao eletrocardiograma; falhas na capta&#231;&#227;o do pirofosfato de tecn&#233;cio na cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>&#149; Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar: press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar 25 mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio (mmHg) acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, evidenciada ao ecocardiograma ou durante estudo hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
    <p>&#149; Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular: antecedente de acidente vascular cerebral e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares diagnosticadas durante carotidoangiografia.</p>
    <p>&#149; Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva: altera&#231;&#245;es radiol&#243;gicas compat&#237;veis com congest&#227;o pulmonar ou presen&#231;a de terceira bulha card&#237;aca (B3).</p>
    <p>&#149; Disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 35% ao ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>&#149; Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal: creatinina s&#233;rica maior que 1,4 mg/dl.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, pacientes com escore de 0 a 5 foram considerados de baixo risco; escore de 6 a 9, risco moderado; e escore maior que 10, alto risco.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao diagn&#243;stico da cardiopatia de base, os pacientes foram subdivididos em tr&#234;s grupos: insufici&#234;ncia coronariana (ICO); cardiopatia valvar (VAL) ou associa&#231;&#227;o dos dois diagn&#243;sticos (ICO + VAL).</p>
    <p>A cefuroxima (via venosa) foi utilizada como antibioticoprofilaxia (1,5 grama iniciado uma hora antes da cirurgia e repetido a cada doze horas, totalizando cinco doses). </p>
    <p>Foram computadas as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias que ocorreram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios a seguir relacionados:</p>
    <p><bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas:</bold> infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio: paciente apresentando dois ou mais dos seguintes: eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB; ondas Q novas ao eletrocardiograma; falhas na capta&#231;&#227;o do pirofosfato de tecn&#233;cio na cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio; s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco menor que dois litros por minuto por metro quadrado com necessidade de drogas inotr&#243;picas por mais de duas horas e/ou uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p><bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares:</bold> intuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal ou ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por mais de 48 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia; necessidade de reintuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal associada &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es renais:</bold> n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de creatinina dois miligramas por decilitro (mg/dl) acima do n&#237;vel pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; necessidade de di&#225;lise em qualquer momento do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p><bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas:</bold> altera&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia ou coma ocorrendo em associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica durante a cirurgia; altera&#231;&#227;o sensorial, motora ou de reflexos em qualquer momento do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p><bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas:</bold> as infec&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Center for Diseases Control</italic><sup>7</sup>, adaptadas pela Sub-Comiss&#227;o de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do InCor. Foram computadas as infec&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, urin&#225;rias, da ferida operat&#243;ria (t&#243;rax e membros inferiores) e as infec&#231;&#245;es da corrente sang&#252;&#237;nea. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis-resposta avaliadas foram complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e &#243;bito. A compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis entre grupos de pacientes estabelecidos a partir da exposi&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o a fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios estudados foi avaliada pelo teste de Qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. O risco relativo de cada resposta com o correspondente intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% foi estimado para cada vari&#225;vel. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estabelecido para an&#225;lise foi 5%. O sistema SAS &#150; <italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic> &#150; foi empregado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o, quatro pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos: um faleceu antes da cirurgia, dois apresentaram contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para a opera&#231;&#227;o, recebendo tratamento cl&#237;nico, e um paciente foi submetido somente &#224; aneurismectomia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os dados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios referem-se, portanto, a 296 pacientes, com idades variando de 20 a 84 anos (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP): 58,93&#177;11,79 anos), sendo 208 (70,3%) do sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>Duzentos e dez pacientes estavam no grupo ICO, 59 no grupo VAL e 27 no ICO + VAL. Ocorreram 57 procedimentos de troca valvar (31 a&#243;rtica; 26 mitral; sete associa&#231;&#245;es), 17 plastias e nove comissurotomias; 232 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio e 23 aneurismectomias de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>O escore de complica&#231;&#245;es de Tuman<sup>6</sup> mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas (p=0,010), com a de outras complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias (p=0,034) e com evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito (p&lt;0,001) como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es estimada pelos autores seria de 14,3% a 14,8% para baixo risco, 33,8% a 35% para risco moderado, e 59,4% a 62,5% para alto risco. Apesar de as taxas encontradas serem superiores &#224;s esperadas, houve rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre o escalonamento dos riscos e a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es (p=0,034).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de cada tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de acordo com o mesmo escore est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>. Dos 296 pacientes, dois foram exclu&#237;dos dessa an&#225;lise pois faleceram durante a opera&#231;&#227;o, resultando em 294 pacientes estudados</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Cento e doze pacientes (38,1%) apresentaram pelo menos uma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, com predom&#237;nio das card&#237;acas (72 pacientes - 24,5%) e infecciosas (69 pacientes - 23,5%), mesmo ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o por cardiopatia de base. Seguiram-se as pulmonares (33 pacientes - 11,2%), neurol&#243;gicas (32 pacientes -10,5%) e renais (9 pacientes - 3,1%). </p>
    <p>O risco relativo estimado de complica&#231;&#245;es no grupo ICO foi 1,5 vez maior que no grupo VAL, e no grupo ICO + VAL, 1,8 vez maior que no grupo VAL. Na an&#225;lise detalhada da distribui&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, a complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca isoladamente foi o evento mais freq&#252;ente (29 pacientes), seguido por infec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria (22 pacientes) e complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e infecciosa associadas (10 pacientes). Complica&#231;&#227;o renal e pulmonar n&#227;o ocorreram isoladamente. Seis pacientes apresentaram apenas complica&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e nenhum deles evoluiu para &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi a mais freq&#252;ente dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas (15,3%), seguida por infec&#231;&#227;o da corrente sangu&#237;nea (3,1%), infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria do t&#243;rax (2,7%) e dos membros inferiores (2,7%) e infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio (2,4%). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das infec&#231;&#245;es de acordo com a cardiopatia de base est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>. Os pacientes infectados tiveram maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI (10,8&#177;14,1 dias x 3,0 &#177; 1,6 dias - p = 0,001) e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongado (40,7 &#177; 23,7 dias x 22,7&#177;8,5 dias - p = 0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Vinte e tr&#234;s pacientes (16 do sexo masculino) evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito (7,8%), e dois ocorreram durante a cirurgia. A taxa de letalidade por grupo foi 4,8% (10 pacientes) no grupo ICO, 13,6% (oito pacientes) no VAL e 18,5% (cinco pacientes) no ICO + VAL. As idades variaram entre 30 e 79 anos (62,2&#177;14,9 anos). Os pacientes que faleceram apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias quando comparados aos que sobreviveram (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a valida&#231;&#227;o, esse escore foi implantado na rotina de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no InCor. </p>
    <p>Uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o de 154 pacientes operados em 2005 confirmou a validade desse escore na identifica&#231;&#227;o daqueles com maior risco de infec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Como houve apenas dois pacientes com escore <underline>&gt;</underline>10 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>), comparamos aqueles com risco baixo e moderado de complica&#231;&#245;es (p=0,0013; risco relativo=2,35).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os profissionais da &#225;rea de Sa&#250;de que acompanham o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias card&#237;acas, seja qual for sua &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o, deparam algumas vezes com situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de extrema gravidade, longas evolu&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e, outras vezes, seq&#252;elas importantes que comprometem a qualidade de vida do paciente.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicos &#233; o primeiro passo para medir a qualidade do atendimento m&#233;dico e, para que essa seja precisa, &#233; fundamental diferenciar os pacientes por gravidade<sup>3</sup>. Os prestadores de servi&#231;o tamb&#233;m t&#234;m interesse em conhecer esses resultados para optar pela cobertura dos procedimentos nos hospitais com menores &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es, menor dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o e menor mortalidade<sup>8</sup>. Conhecer o perfil de risco do paciente pode, contudo, ajudar na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica e permitir a ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias individualizadas de preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>9</sup>. Essas quest&#245;es mostram a import&#226;ncia de se aferirem os dados com a maior precis&#227;o poss&#237;vel e continuadamente.</p>
    <p>O uso de escores de classifica&#231;&#227;o para defini&#231;&#227;o do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em cirurgia card&#237;aca se iniciou no final da d&#233;cada de 1980 e at&#233; o momento n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o melhor m&#233;todo para avaliar risco de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bito, devendo ser escolhido de acordo com as necessidades espec&#237;ficas do servi&#231;o. N&#227;o se encontrou refer&#234;ncia sobre o uso de escores de risco em servi&#231;os de cirurgia card&#237;aca no Brasil.</p>
    <p>Escolheu-se o elaborado por Tuman e cols<sup>6</sup> por envolver vari&#225;veis de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, classificar no mesmo sistema as cirurgias mais freq&#252;entemente realizadas (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e/ou troca valvar) e tamb&#233;m prever risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, al&#233;m da mortalidade. Esses autores realizaram an&#225;lise univariada dos fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios em 3.156 opera&#231;&#245;es e Identificaram 11 vari&#225;veis que receberam valores diferenciados. Obtiveram, desse modo, categorias de risco de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. O aumento do escore de risco tamb&#233;m esteve associado &#224; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia individual de complica&#231;&#245;es e ao prolongamento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI. </p>
    <p> O uso continuado do escore de Tuman e cols.<sup>6</sup> em nosso hospital permitiu identificar o grupo de pacientes com maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, mas n&#227;o se mostrou preciso na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco individual, j&#225; que tanto as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es quanto as de &#243;bito foram superiores &#224;s estimadas. As taxas de letalidade no InCor t&#234;m variado, nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos, entre 1,9% e 2,9% na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 4,2% e 5% nos procedimentos valvares, e entre 5,6% e 13% nas cirurgias associadas (RM e procedimento valvar), segundo dados fornecidos pela Unidade de Controle do Paciente Cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Em se tratando das complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, a literatura &#233; escassa. Alguns autores citam infec&#231;&#227;o apenas como uma das complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias<sup>2,3,6,10</sup>, sem utilizar a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio como preditor de infec&#231;&#227;o como fizemos neste estudo. A infec&#231;&#227;o foi superada em freq&#252;&#234;ncia apenas pelas complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>) e o escore de Tuman associou-se de modo estatisticamente significante com a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas. podendo ser utilizado para identificar os pacientes em que se deva refor&#231;ar as medidas preventivas, como ser operado pelo cirurgi&#227;o mais experiente, diminuir o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e/ou receber profilaxia antimicrobiana individualizada.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que os sistemas de classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o consideram a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria, que pode ser um fator decisivo na evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p> Analisando as publica&#231;&#245;es mais recentes sobre escore de risco em cirurgia card&#237;aca, conclui-se que n&#227;o se tem um modelo ideal e de aplica&#231;&#227;o universal. O escore de Parsonnet e cols.<sup>11</sup>, um dos mais citados na literatura, foi &#250;til para identificar os pacientes com perman&#234;ncia menor que 24 horas em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio numa an&#225;lise de 5.591 pacientes num hospital de Londres com poucos leitos de UTI<sup>5</sup>. Entretanto, quando aplicado em 8.210 pacientes operados em quatro hospitais na regi&#227;o Noroeste da Inglaterra para identificar risco de evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito, os dados foram superestimados<sup>12</sup>. Mais recentemente, Marius Berman e cols.<sup>13</sup> utilizaram em Israel um escore simplificado de Bernstein-Parsonnet (BP) que inclui vari&#225;veis obtidas facilmente na beira do leito, comparado com o EuroSCORE<sup>14</sup> que foi desenvolvido na Europa. Para essa popula&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; bastante heterog&#234;nea quanto &#224; origem, o escore BP apresentou maior poder de discrimina&#231;&#227;o para predizer mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Geissler e cols.<sup>8</sup> aplicaram diferentes escores em 1.999 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea num hospital alem&#227;o, por&#233;m conseguiram acompanhamento at&#233; 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em apenas 504 pacientes, avaliando mortalidade, uso de dispositivos mec&#234;nicos de suporte, hemodi&#225;lise ou hemofiltra&#231;&#227;o, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, dura&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Dentre os escores de Parsonnet, Cleveland Clinic, French, EuroSCORE, Pons e Ont&#225;rio Province Risk (OPR), o EuroSCORE foi o que apresentou os melhores valores prediditivos para morbidade e mortalidade. Os valores prediditivos para morbidade foram substancialmente menores que os de mortalidade para todos os escores.</p>
    <p>A partir do banco de dados da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> (STS) dos Estados Unidos, foi desenvolvido um modelo para predizer mortalidade e morbidade nos primeiros 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, estudando 503.478 indiv&#237;duos. Baseando-se nessa an&#225;lise, 87% dos pacientes evolu&#237;ram sem nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre o EuroSCORE e o STS na capacidade de predizer a mortalidade ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 3.125 pacientes consecutivos. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que os dois escores foram bom preditores de mortalidade, com discreta vantagem para o STS<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em outro estudo<sup>1</sup>, aplicaram-se cinco escores diferentes (Parsonnet, Canadian, Cleveland, New York e Northern New England) a 1.135 pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio num hospital comunit&#225;rio americano para avaliar acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles, apesar de utilizarem vari&#225;veis distintas.</p>
    <p>Um estudo comparativo entre quatro escores de risco de mortalidade ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca (Parsonnet modificado, TU, Tuman e APACHE II) em 331 pacientes mexicanos<sup>16</sup>. Apenas o escore de TU n&#227;o teve boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m Parsonnet modificado e APACHE II tiveram melhor calibra&#231;&#227;o. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que esses dois modelos podem ser utilizados como preditores de mortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca no M&#233;xico.</p>
    <p>Esses sistemas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de riscos podem ser utilizados para pesquisa, orienta&#231;&#227;o individual de pacientes ou para racionaliza&#231;&#227;o do uso de recursos em hospitais. Devem ser revisados periodicamente, pois tanto as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes quanto os recursos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos podem sofrer mudan&#231;as no decorrer dos anos.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que, embora a probabilidade de complica&#231;&#227;o possa ser estimada para um paciente, n&#227;o se tem certeza absoluta em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua evolu&#231;&#227;o. Muitas vezes, por&#233;m, os pacientes de maior risco s&#227;o os que mais se beneficiam com a cirurgia<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses exemplos demonstram a necessidade de se validar um escore antes de iniciar seu uso na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. e que, para proceder &#224; sua escolha, devem-se considerar as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o que se pretende avaliar, como foi feito neste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o Strabelli pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o Strabelli </p>
        <p> Rua Volunt&#225;rios da P&#225;tria, 2.831, ap.151 </p>
        <p> Cep: 02401-100, S&#227;o Paulo,SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tania.strabelli@incor.usp.br">tania.strabelli@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo enviado em 26/12/2007; revisado recebido em 07/01/2008; aceito em 31/01/2008.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Practical use of a risk assessment model for complications after cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The identification of risk factors for postoperative complications in cardiac patients with surgical indication may influence the therapeutic decision. OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of a Cardiology hospital in the validation and practical use of a preoperative risk score. METHODS:To validate TUMAN's score, chosen by considering morbidity and mortality, 300 adult patients were prospectively evaluated before elective cardiac surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Patients with a score of zero to five were considered as being low risk; from six to nine, as moderate risk and a score higher than 10 as high risk for cardiac, infectious, neurological, pulmonary and renal complications, as well as death. RESULTS: The TUMAN classification showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of infectious complications (p = 0.010), with the other postoperative complications (p = 0.034) and death (p &lt;0.001). Pulmonary infection was the most frequent infectious complication (15.3%) and Infected patients had a longer ICU stay duration (p = 0.001) and more prolonged hospitalization (p = 0001). After routine use, a new review of 154 patients operated in 2005, confirmed the validity of this score in the identification of those with the highest risk of postoperative infections. CONCLUSION: TUMAN's score was chosen as it uses variables that can be promptly obtained, classifies in the same system the most frequently performed surgeries and predicts risk of postoperative complications, in addition to mortality. Its continued use in this hospital has been able to identify the group of patients with increased risk of complications, especially infectious ones, although it was not useful in the prediction of individual risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>postoperative complications</kwd>
        <kwd>risk</kwd>
        <kwd>infection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Practical use of a risk assessment model for complications after cardiac surgery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o Strabelli; Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf; David Everson Uip</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The identification of risk factors for postoperative complications in cardiac patients with surgical indication may influence the therapeutic decision.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the experience of a Cardiology hospital in the validation and practical use of a preoperative risk score.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold>To validate TUMAN's score, chosen by considering morbidity and mortality, 300 adult patients were prospectively evaluated before elective cardiac surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Patients with a score of zero to five were considered as being low risk; from six to nine, as moderate risk and a score higher than 10 as high risk for cardiac, infectious, neurological, pulmonary and renal complications, as well as death.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The TUMAN classification showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of infectious complications (p = 0.010), with the other postoperative complications (p = 0.034) and death (p &lt;0.001). Pulmonary infection was the most frequent infectious complication (15.3%) and Infected patients had a longer ICU stay duration (p = 0.001) and more prolonged hospitalization (p = 0001). After routine use, a new review of 154 patients operated in 2005, confirmed the validity of this score in the identification of those with the highest risk of postoperative infections.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> TUMAN's score was chosen as it uses variables that can be promptly obtained, classifies in the same system the most frequently performed surgeries and predicts risk of postoperative complications, in addition to mortality. Its continued use in this hospital has been able to identify the group of patients with increased risk of complications, especially infectious ones, although it was not useful in the prediction of individual risk.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Thoracic surgery; postoperative complications; risk; infection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the last two decades, there has been a significant change in the profile of patients submitted to cardiac surgery, due to the improvement in diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The myocardium revascularization surgery, for instance, is being indicated at a later stage or for patients with more severe lesions, resulting in a higher incidence of risk situations, such as reoperations, associated diseases (diabetes, arterial hypertension, nephropathy) and elderly patients.</p>
      <p>Due to the increasing costs of healthcare services and more treatment options for cardiopathies, the identification of the patient's risk factors for postoperative complications can influence the decision-making process on the most adequate conduct. Additionally, for the organizations that financially support the procedures, it is important to define the complication risk parameters to improve the planning of the necessary resources and the final cost of hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it is important to identify, in the preoperative period, the patients with the highest risk of preoperative complications. Among these, infection remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in surgical patients and thus, it is especially important to identify risk factors for its occurrence.</p>
      <p> Many studies have been published to compare the several risk indices being used by institutions all over the world<sup>1-4</sup> and most of them used similar variables. Additionally, these data have been used to predict the duration of the hospital stay at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), which allows the rationalization of the surgical program<sup>5</sup> and the implementation of the applicable prophylactic measures. However, there are few reports on the infectious complications.</p>
      <p>We describe the experience of a university hospital of Cardiology in the validation and practical use of a risk score for postoperative complications, especially infectious ones, and death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In order to validate the chosen score (Tuman<sup>6</sup>), a total of 300 adult inpatients were prospective and consecutively assessed; they had been admitted to undergo elective cardiac surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC): myocardium revascularization surgery (MRS), combined left ventricular aneurysmectomy and/or valvular procedure (prosthesis implant or conservative surgery). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee and Research of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the University of S&#227;o Paulo School of Medicine.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the variables used in this score, according to the following definitions:</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>&#149; acute myocardial infarction: patient presenting two or more of the following findings: elevation of the MB fraction of creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB); new Q-waves at the electrocardiogram; failure in the technetium pyrophosphate uptake at the myocardial scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>&#149; pulmonary hypertension: pulmonary artery pressure of 25 mmHg above the systemic arterial pressure, shown at the echocardiogram or during hemodynamic study.</p>
      <p>&#149; cerebrovascular disease: history of cerebrovascular accident and/or vascular alterations diagnosed during carotid angiography.</p>
      <p>&#149; congestive cardiac failure: radiological alterations compatible with pulmonary congestion or presence of third heart sound (S3).</p>
      <p>&#149; left ventricle dysfunction: ejection fraction (EF) &lt;35% at the echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>&#149; renal dysfunction: serum creatinine &gt; 1.4 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>Concerning the classification of the risk of complications, patients with score zero to five were considered as being low risk; scores from six to nine, as moderate risk and scores &gt; 10 as high risk.</p>
      <p>As for the diagnosis of the underlying cardiopathy, the patients were subdivided in three groups: coronary heart failure (CHF); valvular cardiopathy (VAL) or the association of the two diagnoses (CHF + VAL).</p>
      <p>Cefuroxime (IV) was administered as antibiotic prophylaxis (1.5 g started one hour before the surgery and repeated every 12 hours, totaling 5 doses).</p>
      <p> The postoperative complications that occurred during the hospital stay were recorded according to the criteria described below:</p>
      <p><bold>Cardiac complications:</bold> perioperative acute myocardial infarction: patient presenting two or more of the following: CKMB elevation; new Q waves at the electrocardiogram; failure in the technetium pyrophosphate uptake at the myocardial scintigraphy; low cardiac output syndrome: cardiac index &lt; 2 l/m/m<sup>2</sup>, with need for inotropic drugs for more than 2 hours and/or use of intra-aortic balloon.</p>
      <p><bold>Pulmonary complications:</bold> tracheal intubation or mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours after the surgery; need for tracheal reintubation associated to mechanical ventilation.</p>
      <p><bold>Renal complications:</bold> serum creatinine levels of 2 mg/dl above the preoperative level; need for dialysis at any moment of the postoperative period.</p>
      <p><bold>Neurological complications:</bold> alteration in the level of consciousness or coma in association with neurological lesion during the surgery; sensory, motor or reflex alteration at any moment of the postoperative period.</p>
      <p><bold>Infectious Complications:</bold> the infections were classified according to the definitions by the Center for Diseases Control<sup>7</sup>, adapted by the Sub-Committee for Control of Hospital Infections of the Heart Institute (InCor). Pulmonary, urinary, surgical wound (chest and lower limbs) and bloodstream infections were recorded.</p>
      <p>The response-variables that were evaluated included postoperative complications, infectious complications and death. The comparison of proportions of these variables between groups of patients established from the exposition or not to the studied preoperative factors was evaluated by the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The relative risk of each response with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was estimated for each variable. The level of significance established for the analysis was 5%. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was used to perform the statistical calculations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the validation study, four patients were excluded: one died before the surgery, two presented contraindications to the surgery and received clinical treatment and one patient was submitted only to the left ventricular aneurysmectomy. The preoperative data, thus, refer to 296 patients, aged 20 to 84 years (mean&#177; SD: 58.93 &#177; 11.79 years), of whom 208 (70.3%) were males.</p>
      <p>Two hundred and ten patients were in the CHF group, 59 in the VAL group and 27 in the CFH+VAL group. A total of 57 valvular change procedures were performed (31 aortic; 26 mitral; 7 associations), 17 plasties and 9 commissurotomies; 232 myocardial revascularizations and 23 left ventricular aneurysmectomies.</p>
      <p>TUMAN<sup>6</sup> complication score showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of infectious complications (p=0.010), with other postoperative complications (p=0.034) and with death (p&lt;0.001) as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. The incidence of complications estimated by the authors would be 14.3 to 14.8% for low risk, 33.8 to 35% for moderate risk and 59.4 to 62.5% for high risk. Although the incidences observed were higher than the expected ones, there was a statistically significant association between the risk stratification and a higher occurrence of complications (p=0.034).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The incidence of each type of postoperative complication according to the same score is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Of the 296 patients, two were excluded from this analysis as they died during surgery, resulting in 294 studied patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A total of 112 patients (38.1%) presented at least one postoperative complication, with a predominance of cardiac (72 patients &#150; 24.5%) and infectious (69 patients &#150; 23.5%) complications, even after the stratification by underlying cardiopathy; they were followed by pulmonary (33 patients &#150; 11.2%), neurologic (32 patients -10.5%) and renal complications (9 patients &#150; 3.1%).</p>
      <p>The relative risk of complications estimated in the CHF group was 1.5-fold higher than in the VAL group and in the CHF+VAL group, it was 1.8-fold higher than in the VAL group. At the detailed analysis of distribution of postoperative complications, the cardiac complication alone was the most frequent event (29 patients), followed by postoperative infection (22 patients) and associated cardiac and infectious complication (10 patients). Renal and pulmonary complications did not occur in isolation. Six patients presented neurologic complication only and none of them died.</p>
      <p>Pulmonary infection was the most frequent among the infectious complications (15.3%), followed by bloodstream infection (3.1%), chest surgical wound infection (2.7%) and lower limb infection (2.7%) and urinary tract infection (2.4%). The distribution of the infections according to the underlying cardiopathy is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. The infected patients remained longer at the ICU (10.8&#177;14.1 days x 3.0 &#177; 1.6 days - p = 0.001) and had a longer duration of hospital stay (40.7 &#177; 23.7 days x 22.7&#177;8.5 days - p = 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Twenty-three patients (16 males) died (7.8%), with two deaths occurring during the surgery. The death rate per group was 4.8% (10 patients) in the CHF group, 13.6% (8 patients) in the VAL group and 18.5% (5 patients) in the CHF + VAL group. Age ranged from 30 to 79 years (62.2&#177;14.9 years). The patients who died presented a higher incidence of postoperative complications when compared to those who survived (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p>After the validation, this score was implemented in the routine preoperative assessment of adult patients submitted to cardiac surgery at InCor.</p>
      <p>A new assessment of 154 patients that underwent surgery in 2005, confirmed the validity of this score in the identification of those with a higher risk of postoperative infections. As only two patients presented a score <underline>&gt;</underline>10 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>), we compared those with low and moderate risk of complications (p=0.0013; relative risk =2.35).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0342-00010-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The healthcare professionals that carry out the follow-up of cardiac surgery, whatever area they work in, at times face extremely severe clinical situations, long postoperative evolutions and, sometimes important sequelae that can impair the patient's quality of life.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of the postoperative outcome is the first step to measure the healthcare service quality and for this measurement to be precise, it is essential to differentiate patients by degrees of severity<sup>3</sup>. The healthcare providers are also interested in learning these results in order to provide the hospital procedures with the lowest rates of complications, shortest duration of hospital stay and lowest mortality<sup>8</sup>. On the other hand, to know the risk profile of the patient can help in the therapeutic decision-making and allows the implementation of individualized strategies to prevent complications<sup>9</sup>. These issues show the importance of assessing the data as precisely as possible and continuously.</p>
      <p>The use of scores of classification to define the risk of postoperative complications in cardiac surgery started at the end of the 80s and to date, there is no consensus on the best method to assess risk of complications and death; such method must be chosen according to specific needs of the Service. No reference was found in the literature on the use of risk scores in Cardiac Surgery Services in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The score created by TUMAN et al<sup>6</sup> was chosen because it uses variables that can be promptly obtained, classifies in the same system the most frequently performed surgeries (myocardium revascularization and/or valvular change) and also predicts risk of postoperative complications, in addition to mortality. These authors performed a univariate analysis of the preoperative risk factors in 3,156 surgeries and identified 11 variables that received different values. Therefore, they obtained postoperative complication risk categories. The increase in the risk score was also associated with a higher individual frequency of complications and with a prolonged duration of ICU stay.</p>
      <p>The continuous use of the Tuman et al<sup>6</sup> score at our hospital allowed us to identify the group of patients with the highest risk of complications, but it was not accurate in predicting individual risk, as the rates of complications and death were higher than the estimated ones. The death rates at InCor have ranged, in the last three years, from 1.9 to 2.9% for myocardium revascularization, 4.2 to 5% for valvular procedures and from 5.6 to 13% for associated surgeries (MRS + valvular procedure), according to the data provided by the Surgical Patient Control Unit.</p>
      <p>Regarding infectious complications, the literature is scarce. Some authors mention infection as only one of the postoperative complications<sup>2,3,6,10</sup>, without using the classification of preoperative risk as a predictor of infection as we did in the present study. Infection was second in frequency only to cardiac complications in the postoperative period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>) and Tuman score showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of infectious complications. It can be used to identify patients who need a reinforcement of preventive measures, such as being operated on by the most experienced surgeon, decrease the duration of preoperative hospital stay and/or receive individualized antimicrobial prophylaxis.</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that the systems of risk classification do not consider the intraoperative evolution, which can be a decisive factor in the patient's evolution.</p>
      <p> When analyzing the most recent publications on the risk score for cardiac surgeries, one concludes that there is no ideal model or one that is accepted worldwide. The Parsonnet et al<sup>11 </sup>score, one of the scores most frequently cited in literature, was useful to identify patients who stayed for less than 24 hours at the ICU in the postoperative period, in an analysis of 5,591 patients from a hospital in London with few ICU beds<sup>5</sup>. However, when applied to 8,210 patients who underwent surgery in four hospitals of the northwestern region of England to identify the risk of death, the data were overestimated<sup>12</sup>. More recently, Marius Berman et al<sup>13</sup> used in Israel a simplified score of Bernstein-Parsonnet (BP) that includes variables easily obtained at bedside, compared to the EuroSCORE<sup>14</sup>, which was developed in Europe. For this population, which is a very heterogeneous one in terms of origin, the BP score presented a higher power of discrimination to predict mortality.</p>
      <p>Geissler et al<sup>8</sup> applied different scores to 1,999 patients submitted to cardiac surgery with ECC in a German hospital; however, only 504 patients were followed postoperatively, evaluating mortality, use of mechanic support devices, hemodialysis or hemofiltration, myocardial infarction, duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. Considering the scores of Parsonnet, Cleveland Clinic, French, EuroSCORE, Pons and Ontario Province Risk (OPR), the EuroSCORE was the one that presented the best predictive values for morbidity and mortality. The predictive values for morbidity were significantly lower than those for mortality for all scores.</p>
      <p>Based on the database of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) of the United States, a model was developed to predict mortality and morbidity in the first 30 days postoperatively, after myocardium revascularization surgery, by studying 503,478 individuals. Based on this analysis, 87% of the patients presented no complications during the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the differences between the EuroSCORE and the STS regarding the capacity to predict mortality after myocardium revascularization, a total of 3,125 consecutive patients were evaluated retrospectively. The authors concluded that the two scores were good predictors of mortality, with a slight advantage for the STS<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In another study<sup>1</sup>, five different scores were applied (Parsonnet, Canadian, Cleveland, New York and Northern New England) to 1,135 patients submitted to myocardium revascularization at an American community hospital to evaluate accuracy in predicting death. There was no significant difference among them, although they used distinct variables.</p>
      <p>A comparative study among four scores of mortality risk after cardiac surgery (modified Parsonnet, TU, Tuman and APACHE II) was carried out in 331 Mexican patients<sup>16</sup>. The TU score was the only one that did not have good discrimination; however, the modified Parsonnet and the APACHE II scores had better calibration. The authors concluded that these two models can be used as predictors of mortality in cardiac surgery in Mexico.</p>
      <p>These systems of risk stratification can be used for research, individual patient management or to rationalize the use of resources in hospitals. They must be revised periodically, as the patients' characteristics as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic resources can change throughout time.</p>
      <p>It is important to mention that, although the probability of complication can be estimated for a patient, one cannot be absolutely sure about his or her evolution. On the other hand, many times the patients with higher risk are the ones who benefit the most from surgery<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>These examples demonstrate the need to validate a score before initiating its use in daily practice and that, to choose a score, one must consider the characteristics of the population to be assessed, as we did in the present study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o Strabelli, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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