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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QRdFC7N4ym7dNxX76nVzSmG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e morte por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: &#237;ndices ainda alarmantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munhoz</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eid</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ochiai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scipioni</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clinicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>335</fpage>
      <lpage>341</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) que necessitam ser hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o constituem grupo de maior gravidade, que evoluem com alta mortalidade e alta taxa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. OBJETIVO: Procuramos avaliar a atual hist&#243;ria natural da IC por meio da taxa de mortalidade e de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, nessa nova era do bloqueio neuro-hormonal. M&#201;TODOS: Acompanhamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o de 263 pacientes com FE m&#233;dia de 27,1%, internados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, entre janeiro de 2005 e outubro de 2006. Foram hospitalizados somente os pacientes que ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o e medica&#231;&#227;o no PS n&#227;o estavam em condi&#231;&#245;es de ter alta. Os pacientes encontravam-se em CF III/IV, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 59,9&#177;15,2 anos, a maioria homens e 63,1% necessitaram de inotr&#243;picos para compensa&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda. RESULTADOS: O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 25,1&#177;16,7 dias. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o 23 (8,8%) morreram. Ap&#243;s a alta, no per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 370 dias, dos 240 que tiveram alta, 123 (51,2%) procuraram o PS de 1 a 12 vezes (total de passagens: 350), sendo 76 re-internados, sendo a m&#233;dia de dias da re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de 23,5&#177;18,0. No primeiro ano de seguimento 62 (25,8%) pacientes morreram. CONCLUS&#195;O: A IC continua evoluindo com alta mortalidade e alta taxa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Ao final do primeiro ano 44,5% desses pacientes n&#227;o necessitaram passar no PS ou morreram, n&#250;meros que indicam que devemos continuar dando grande aten&#231;&#227;o aos portadores de IC, na tentativa de mudar a hist&#243;ria natural dos portadores dessa s&#237;ndrome, cada vez mais freq&#252;ente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>hist&#243;ria natural das doen&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e morte por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca - &#237;ndices ainda alarmantes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Juliano Novaes Cardoso; Paulo Cesar Morgado; Robson Tadeu Munhoz; Marcelo Ochiai Eid; Mucio Tavares Oliveira Jr; Airton Roberto Scipioni; Jose Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Clinicas da FMUSP, Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) que necessitam ser hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o constituem grupo de maior gravidade, que evoluem com alta mortalidade e alta taxa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Procuramos avaliar a atual hist&#243;ria natural da IC por meio da taxa de mortalidade e de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, nessa nova era do bloqueio neuro-hormonal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Acompanhamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o de 263 pacientes com FE m&#233;dia de 27,1%, internados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, entre janeiro de 2005 e outubro de 2006. Foram hospitalizados somente os pacientes que ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o e medica&#231;&#227;o no PS n&#227;o estavam em condi&#231;&#245;es de ter alta. Os pacientes encontravam-se em CF III/IV, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 59,9&#177;15,2 anos, a maioria homens e 63,1% necessitaram de inotr&#243;picos para compensa&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 25,1&#177;16,7 dias. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o 23 (8,8%) morreram. Ap&#243;s a alta, no per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 370 dias, dos 240 que tiveram alta, 123 (51,2%) procuraram o PS de 1 a 12 vezes (total de passagens: 350), sendo 76 re-internados, sendo a m&#233;dia de dias da re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de 23,5&#177;18,0. No primeiro ano de seguimento 62 (25,8%) pacientes morreram. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A IC continua evoluindo com alta mortalidade e alta taxa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Ao final do primeiro ano 44,5% desses pacientes n&#227;o necessitaram passar no PS ou morreram, n&#250;meros que indicam que devemos continuar dando grande aten&#231;&#227;o aos portadores de IC, na tentativa de mudar a hist&#243;ria natural dos portadores dessa s&#237;ndrome, cada vez mais freq&#252;ente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hist&#243;ria natural das doen&#231;as, mortalidade, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; doen&#231;a que reconhecidamente evolui com alta morbidade e mortalidade<sup>1</sup>. Em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, os portadores de IC tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o importante da qualidade de vida e evolu&#231;&#227;o pior que muitos tipos de c&#226;ncer<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O tratamento com bloqueadores neuro-hormonais vem modificando essa hist&#243;ria, reduzindo a alta mortalidade, a taxa de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e melhorando a qualidade de vida dos portadores da doen&#231;a<sup>3,4</sup>. Essa melhora foi bem demonstrada nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos e nos estudos controlados, mas n&#227;o se sabe se &#233; tamb&#233;m observada no mundo real, naqueles pacientes das institui&#231;&#245;es, dos ambulat&#243;rios e dos consult&#243;rios<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, no entanto, os dados do SUS v&#234;m mostrando que a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com IC n&#227;o vem se modificando de maneira muito expressiva, pelo menos quanto &#224; mortalidade hospitalar e mesmo quanto ao n&#250;mero de pacientes hospitalizados a cada ano, parecendo estar, em verdade, ocorrendo um aumento da mortalidade<sup>5</sup>. &#201; importante ressaltar que a dificuldade em ter um m&#233;dico a ser contatado para orienta&#231;&#227;o, a falta de acompanhamento cont&#237;nuo nos ambulat&#243;rios e Postos de Sa&#250;de, a falta de uma pol&#237;tica de distribui&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de medicamentos e mesmo do tipo de medicamento apropriado para os pacientes com IC contribuem, e muito, para essa aus&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;a na sua hist&#243;ria natural. </p>
    <p>Com o intuito de analisar melhor esses aspectos, estudamos a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que foram internados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o em 2005 e 2006. &#201; importante ressaltar que em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o internados somente os pacientes mais graves. Os pacientes que ap&#243;s medica&#231;&#227;o no pronto-socorro apresentam melhora s&#227;o dispensados, sendo hospitalizados aqueles com hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica, sinais de baixo d&#233;bito e aqueles com quadro cl&#237;nico de congest&#227;o muito acentuados (anasarca), sem condi&#231;&#245;es de alta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados prospectivamente 263 interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2005 a outubro de 2006, dentre os pacientes internados no Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FE m&#233;dia de 27,1%). Todos os pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional (CF) III ou IV da NYHA, sendo a maioria em CF IV.</p>
    <p>Para este estudo avaliamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes internados por IC. Os pacientes foram acompanhados verificando-se a mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e no primeiro ano de seguimento. Verificamos tamb&#233;m, ap&#243;s a alta, quantas vezes cada paciente necessitou de uma consulta de emerg&#234;ncia no pronto-socorro e quantos foram re-internados. Esses pacientes continuam sendo acompanhados at&#233; os dias de hoje.</p>
    <p>A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o simplificada do "<italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)</italic>": TFG (ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) = 186 x (Creatinina s&#233;rica [mg/dl])<sup>-1,154</sup> x (Idade)<sup>-0,203</sup> x (0,742 se mulher) x (1,1210 se afro-descendente).</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas pela m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas por meio de freq&#252;&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Compararam-se as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade ao final do seguimento. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo m&#233;todo U de Mann-Whitney e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, pelo teste do Qui-quadrado ou pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Os preditores de mortalidade foram determinados por an&#225;lise uni e multivariada, utilizando-se o m&#233;todo dos Riscos Proporcionais de Cox. Com base nos dados do seguimento construiu-se a curva de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan Meier e a curva de eventos, sinalizando-se as passagens pelo pronto-socorro.</p>
    <p>Os valores de P apresentados s&#227;o bicaudais, tendo sido adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade dos pacientes variou de 17 a 94 anos (m&#233;dia de 59,9 anos), e a maioria era do sexo masculino (165 - 62,7%) e 166 (63,1%) pacientes necessitaram de suporte inotr&#243;pico para a compensa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresentamos as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A etiologia mais freq&#252;ente da cardiopatia foi a isqu&#234;mica, seguida da hipertensiva e da chag&#225;sica. A dobutamina foi o inotr&#243;pico mais empregado. Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda foi detectada em 121 (46,0%) pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) foi dosado em 78 pacientes, apresentando um valor m&#233;dio de 1.637,3&#177;1.235,6 pg/ml. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia basal foi de 103,6 mmHg.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresentamos a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes que morreram com os que sobreviveram ao final do seguimento.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes necessitaram interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada para compensa&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia de 25,1 dias). Nessa coorte de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, a mortalidade durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 8,8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 370 dias, e dentre os 240 que tiveram alta, 62 (25,8%) morreram e 123 (51,2%) procuraram o pronto-socorro de 1 a 12 vezes (total de passagens: 350). Ao procurar pelo pronto-socorro, 102 necessitaram ser re-internados, ficando em m&#233;dia 23,5&#177;18,0 dias hospitalizados nessa nova interna&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> apresentamos os dados da evolu&#231;&#227;o do total dos pacientes indicando o n&#250;mero de passagens pelo pronto-socorro e as re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. A maioria dos pacientes procurou o pronto-socorro ap&#243;s a alta e mais da metade desses necessitou ser re-internado. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, identificou-se como marcadores de gravidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt;60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) e ser portador de doen&#231;a de Chagas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref> apresentamos a curva Kaplan M&#233;ier livre de eventos para a mortalidade, e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>, a curva de passagens pelo pronto-socorro, onde se observa a ainda alta incid&#234;ncia de eventos. </p>
    <p>Nesse per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, 117 (44,5%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram eventos, necessidade de uma consulta na emerg&#234;ncia do hospital ou morte.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos durante o atendimento hospitalar e no seguimento desses pacientes hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o em um hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo documentaram que, mesmo com o tratamento moderno da IC, que incluiu inibidores da ECA, bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II, hidralazina e nitrato, betabloqueadores e espironolactona, os pacientes continuam apresentando alta morbidade e alta mortalidade. No primeiro ano de seguimento 117 (44,5%) n&#227;o necessitaram consultas na emerg&#234;ncia ou morreram. </p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com IC descompensada &#233; dependente de in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis, dentre elas a forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, a gravidade da doen&#231;a e o tratamento que vinha recebendo e aquele que receber&#225; durante e ap&#243;s a descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>6,7</sup>. Os pacientes com quadro de choque cardiog&#234;nico, os com insufici&#234;ncia renal, doen&#231;a de Chagas, os com grande comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico e aqueles mal orientados se encontram no grupo com pior evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>6-8</sup>. Nos estudos populacionais, ser internado para compensa&#231;&#227;o &#233; um indicador de maior gravidade e de pior progn&#243;stico<sup>9,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#192; nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, um hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, s&#227;o encaminhados esses pacientes com maior comprometimento card&#237;aco e quadros cl&#237;nicos mais acentuados e de dif&#237;cil controle<sup>11</sup>. S&#227;o internados somente os pacientes que ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o e medica&#231;&#227;o no pronto-socorro n&#227;o est&#227;o em condi&#231;&#245;es de ter alta.</p>
    <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o de nossos pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada foi muito grande, maior do que qualquer um descrito na literatura, em geral de quatro a cinco dias para os n&#227;o-graves, e em torno de nove dias para os mais graves<sup>12-18</sup>. No Rio de Janeiro, para pacientes atendidos no pronto-socorro de uma institui&#231;&#227;o privada, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 9,5 dias, e em Porto Alegre, num Hospital Escola como o nosso, foi de 11 dias, ambos tempos menores do que o nosso<sup>12,14</sup>. A maior gravidade de nossos casos pode explicar, em parte, esse longo tempo de perman&#234;ncia no hospital. </p>
    <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes &#233; aspecto crucial, pois est&#225; diretamente implicado no custo do tratamento. Os pacientes mais graves e com mais co-morbidades necessitam de tempo maior para compensa&#231;&#227;o e custar&#227;o mais. </p>
    <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 8,8% dos pacientes morreram durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o realizada para compensa&#231;&#227;o. Essa mortalidade &#233; alta e foi maior que a descrita no Registro ADHERE, no registrou Europeu de IC (Euro-Heart Failure Survey II) e no Brasil, conforme os dados divulgados pelo SUS<sup>5,17,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural da IC descompensada foi analisada no Registro ADHERE que acompanhou mais de 65 mil pacientes hospitalizados em 263 hospitais dos Estados Unidos<sup>18</sup>. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4,0%, bem inferior &#224; observada em nosso servi&#231;o. O Registro ADHERE mostrou que &#233; poss&#237;vel estratificar os pacientes com IC com base em dados corriqueiros da avalia&#231;&#227;o<sup>18</sup>. Os valores da ur&#233;ia, da press&#227;o arterial e da creatinina basais identificam os pacientes com menor e maior risco de morte. Os pacientes com ur&#233;ia acima de 86 mg/dL, com PA sist&#243;lica abaixo de 115 mmHg e com creatinina acima de 2,75 mg/dL foram identificados como os de maior risco de morrer durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para a compensa&#231;&#227;o da IC. Segundo essa estratifica&#231;&#227;o, verifica-se que a mortalidade dos pacientes de baixo risco foi de 2,2%, e a dos de alto risco, de 20,9%<sup>18</sup>. Comparando o perfil de nossos pacientes divididos segundo a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do estudo ADHERE com a dos pacientes do pr&#243;prio Registro, observa-se que nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; em geral mais grave do que aquela que participou do Registro ADHERE, pois 74,9% dos pacientes hospitalizados em nosso hospital tinham press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica inferior a 115 mmHg, enquanto no Registro ADHERE apenas 18,5% eram hipotensos<sup>18</sup>. Dessa forma, pelo menos em parte, a alta mortalidade observada entre nossos pacientes deve ser decorrente dessa maior gravidade.</p>
    <p>Um dado importante a se observar &#233; que, apesar da maior mortalidade geral de nossos pacientes, quando se analisa o grupo de pacientes com maior gravidade e se compara com a observada no Registro ADHERE, a mortalidade n&#227;o diferiu substancialmente, tendo sido a dos nossos pacientes numericamente menor do que a do estudo americano (14,0% versus 15,3%), sugerindo assim que nosso tratamento, al&#233;m de correto, est&#225; reduzindo a mortalidade de popula&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando comparamos nossos dados com os do registro Europeu de IC descompensada, esses achados se repetem<sup>17</sup>. No registro Europeu, a mortalidade geral dos pacientes com IC descompensada foi de 6,7%, tendo &#237;ndices diferentes conforme a forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a<sup>17</sup>. Dentre os pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica que descompensaram, a mortalidade foi de 5,8%, e entre aqueles com IC aguda (DeNovo) foi de 8,1%. Quando comparados de modo geral esses dados percebe-se que a mortalidade em nosso hospital foi maior, mas no mesmo Registro Europeu a mortalidade entre os pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico foi de 39,6%<sup>17</sup>. Dessa forma, a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes tem um papel muito importante no progn&#243;stico, como tamb&#233;m na mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Como tratamos pacientes muito graves, a maioria necessitando de suporte inotr&#243;pico, a mortalidade de 8,8% n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o elevada, considerando-se a gravidade dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>O mesmo provavelmente se aplica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de 2002 do SUS, que mostraram uma mortalidade de 6,97%, menor do que a observada em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido poss&#237;vel avaliar a gravidade dos casos do SUS, pela abrang&#234;ncia dos dados divulgados pode-se supor que incluiu uma grande gama de pacientes e n&#227;o s&#243; aqueles de maior gravidade como em nossa casu&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>H&#225; poucas publica&#231;&#245;es com dados brasileiros, mas quando comparamos os resultados publicados &#224;queles que obtivemos, observamos que a mortalidade em nosso hospital, apesar da maior gravidade dos casos, foi menor que a apresentada nessas outras institui&#231;&#245;es. No Rio de Janeiro, entre os pacientes atendidos no pronto-socorro de uma institui&#231;&#227;o privada, a mortalidade foi de 10,6%, e em Porto Alegre, num Hospital Escola como o nosso, foi de 11%<sup>12,14</sup>. Essas diferen&#231;as na mortalidade provavelmente decorreram do crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o para interna&#231;&#227;o e do per&#237;odo de coleta dos dados, mas n&#227;o diferem substancialmente. </p>
    <p>Embora essa mortalidade que observamos seja ainda elevada, pudemos compar&#225;-la a dados de nossa pr&#243;pria institui&#231;&#227;o, de uma publica&#231;&#227;o anterior<sup>19</sup>. No primeiro estudo os pacientes analisados foram hospitalizados durante o ano de 1999. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi bastante semelhante &#224; atual, uma vez que os crit&#233;rios para interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o sofreram modifica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo. Comparando-se os dois estudos observa-se uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade hospitalar, que passou de 20% para os atuais 8,8%<sup>19</sup>. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o se deve provavelmente &#224; conduta mais agressiva no tratamento da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e &#224; maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tratados com inibidores da ECA e betabloqueadores na atualidade. De tal forma, embora a mortalidade hospitalar continue elevada, ela diminuiu substancialmente, quando se consideram os dados dos dois per&#237;odos de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante ressaltar que os dados do SUS n&#227;o mostram essa mesma redu&#231;&#227;o, havendo, em verdade, de 1992 para 2002, um aumento na mortalidade (5,41% para 6,97%)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade no primeiro ano de seguimento, observa-se que ela &#233; muito vari&#225;vel nos estudos publicados, variando de 16 a 55%, provavelmente refletindo a diferente gravidade das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, bem como o ano em que o estudo foi realizado, uma vez que o tratamento vem sendo continuamente aprimorado<sup>12-23</sup>. A mortalidade no primeiro ano de seguimento na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta foi de 25,8%, semelhante aos melhores resultados publicados. </p>
    <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a do que observamos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade hospitalar, quando comparamos os dados de dois per&#237;odos de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, observamos uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade durante o primeiro ano de seguimento, tendo ela passado de mais de 50% para os atuais 25,8%. Esse resultado foi semelhante ao observado na Espanha, onde a mortalidade no per&#237;odo de 1991 a 1996 era de 24%, tendo passado para 16% em 2000 e 2001<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao lado da alta mortalidade, os pacientes com IC apresentam altos &#237;ndices de re-interna&#231;&#245;es, e, de modo geral, cerca de 30% dos pacientes que necessitaram ser hospitalizados para a compensa&#231;&#227;o necessitam ser re-internados no primeiro ano de seguimento<sup>9,10</sup>. A gravidade da cardiopatia e o tratamento prescrito t&#234;m um papel fundamental nessas re-hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. Numa popula&#231;&#227;o grave como a que estudamos, a taxa foi alta, com mais de 50% dos pacientes necessitando consultas na emerg&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a alta. Nesse aspecto, nossos dados n&#227;o diferiram substancialmente dos descritos na literatura. Quando se comparados os dados dos dois per&#237;odos em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o observa-se ter havido uma redu&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m nessas re-interna&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O estudo mais aprofundado dos pacientes permite identificar popula&#231;&#245;es com maior ou menor risco. Empregando-se a an&#225;lise multivariada, p&#244;de-se identificar que os pacientes com IC e doen&#231;a de Chagas e insufici&#234;ncia renal foram aqueles com maior mortalidade<sup>12,13,17-19,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo, que vimos observando, provavelmente &#233; decorrente do tratamento mais agressivo prescrito na fase de compensa&#231;&#227;o, bem como da pol&#237;tica de nosso Estado e de nossas institui&#231;&#245;es (Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas e Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o) que fornecem os medicamentos mensalmente aos pacientes. Os pacientes t&#234;m alta de nossa enfermaria com prescri&#231;&#227;o de dose plena do inibidor da ECA, do BRA e do betabloqueador, fato que deve tamb&#233;m determinar sua melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o, especialmente se lembrarmos que isso n&#227;o era feito nos anos 1990 com a mesma intensidade. Considerando-se que a principal causa das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es &#233; o tratamento inadequado, quer por n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia quer por prescri&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-otimizada, esses achados indicam que medidas de orienta&#231;&#227;o e o in&#237;cio precoce do tratamento poderiam ter grande impacto nas despesas da Previd&#234;ncia e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes que n&#227;o passariam tanto tempo no hospital. </p>
    <p>Enfim, apesar dos avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da IC, a morbidade e a mortalidade da doen&#231;a continuam altas. No nosso estudo, um ter&#231;o (85/263) dos pacientes morreu no primeiro ano de seguimento, e dos que tiveram alta, aproximadamente 50% (123/240) necessitaram consultas de emerg&#234;ncia no pronto-socorro. Pouco mais de 30% (76/240) dos pacientes necessitaram ser re-internado antes de completar um ano ap&#243;s a alta. Embora os n&#250;meros sugiram que o progn&#243;stico da IC esteja melhorando com o tratamento moderno, tamb&#233;m sinalizam que a IC &#233; doen&#231;a que continua evoluindo com alta morbidade e mortalidade, merecendo toda a aten&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto </p>
        <p> Rua Piave, 103, Vila Inah </p>
        <p> 05620-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br">pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pbarreto@cardiol.br">pbarreto@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 26/11/2007; revisado recebido em 10/01/2008; aceito em: 14/01/2008.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hospital readmissions and death from Heart Failure: rates still alarming</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Patients who require hospitalization because of decompensated HF represent a group of the most seriously ill individuals who evolve with high mortality and hospital readmission rates. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the current natural course of HF by analyzing mortality and readmission rates in this new era of neurohormonal blockage. METHODS: We followed the progress of 263 patients with a mean EF of 27.1%, admitted for decompensated HF between January 2005 and October 2006. Patients readmitted were only those whose health status precluded discharge after assessment and drug treatment in the Emergency Department. Patients were classified as HF-FC III/IV, mean age was 59.9&#177;15.2 years, most were men, and 63.1% required inotropic drugs for cardiac compensation in the acute phase. RESULTS: Average hospital stay was 25.1&#177;16.7 days. During hospitalization, 23 (8.8%) patients died. After discharge, over an average follow-up period of 370 days, of the 240 patients who were discharged 123 (51.2%) returned to the Emergency Department 1 to 12 times (total number of visits: 350); 76 of them were readmitted, and the average length of readmission stay was 23.5&#177;18.0 days. Over the first year of follow-up, 62 (25.8%) patients died. CONCLUSIONS: HF remains a condition associated with high mortality and high hospital readmission rates. At the end of the first year, 44.5% of these patients had not needed to visit the ER or had died, which indicates that we should provide HF patients with the best possible care in an attempt to change the natural course of this increasingly frequent syndrome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure, congestive</kwd>
        <kwd>natural history of diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Hospital readmissions and death from Heart Failure - rates still alarming</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Juliano Novaes Cardoso; Paulo Cesar Morgado; Robson Tadeu Munhoz; Marcelo Ochiai Eid; Mucio Tavares Oliveira Jr; Airton Roberto Scipioni; Jose Antonio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Clinicas da FMUSP, Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Patients who require hospitalization because of decompensated HF represent a group of the most seriously ill individuals who evolve with high mortality and hospital readmission rates.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> We sought to evaluate the current natural course of HF by analyzing mortality and readmission rates in this new era of neurohormonal blockage.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We followed the progress of 263 patients with a mean EF of 27.1%, admitted for decompensated HF between January 2005 and October 2006. Patients readmitted were only those whose health status precluded discharge after assessment and drug treatment in the Emergency Department. Patients were classified as HF-FC III/IV, mean age was 59.9&#177;15.2 years, most were men, and 63.1% required inotropic drugs for cardiac compensation in the acute phase.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Average hospital stay was 25.1&#177;16.7 days. During hospitalization, 23 (8.8%) patients died. After discharge, over an average follow-up period of 370 days, of the 240 patients who were discharged 123 (51.2%) returned to the Emergency Department 1 to 12 times (total number of visits: 350); 76 of them were readmitted, and the average length of readmission stay was 23.5&#177;18.0 days. Over the first year of follow-up, 62 (25.8%) patients died.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> HF remains a condition associated with high mortality and high hospital readmission rates. At the end of the first year, 44.5% of these patients had not needed to visit the ER or had died, which indicates that we should provide HF patients with the best possible care in an attempt to change the natural course of this increasingly frequent syndrome.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Heart failure, congestive; natural history of diseases; mortality; hospitalization</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a disease known to progress with high morbidity and mortality<sup>1</sup>. Epidemiological studies have shown that HF patients suffer a significant deterioration in their quality of life and progress worse than do those with many types of cancer<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Treatment with neurohormonal blockers has changed the course of the disease by reducing the high mortality and readmission rates, and improving HF patients' quality of life<sup>3,4</sup>. This improvement has been well demonstrated in clinical trials and controlled studies, but it is unknown if this is also the case in real life, in patients at institutions, outpatient clinics, and medical offices<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, however, SUS data have shown that the clinical progress of HF patients has not changed significantly, at least when it comes to hospital mortality and the number of patients admitted each year. On the contrary, mortality seems to be increasing<sup>5</sup>. We point out that the difficulty of patients in reaching a physician for guidance, lack of ongoing follow-up at outpatient clinics and health centers, lack of a policy for systematic medicine distribution, and even the lack of the appropriate medicines to be administered to HF patients, all contribute significantly to maintaining the disease's natural course.</p>
      <p>With the hopes of better understanding these issues, we assessed the progress of the patients admitted to our institution in 2005 and 2006. We should point out that only the most severe cases are admitted to our institution. Those patients whose condition improves after being seen and medicated at the Emergency Department are discharged, whereas patients with symptomatic hypotension, low cardiac output, and those with very marked clinical signs of congestive heart failure (anasarca) and little possibility for discharge are admitted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2005 to October 2006, 263 consecutive admissions of patients with HF and systolic dysfunction (mean EF 27.1%) at the Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; were prospectively analyzed. All patients were classified as NYHA HF-FC III or IV, most of them FC IV.</p>
      <p>We evaluated clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients admitted due to HF. Patients were followed for mortality during hospitalization and over the first year of follow-up. After discharge, we also assessed the number of times each patient needed to be seen at the Emergency Department and how many were readmitted. These patients are still being followed today.</p>
      <p>Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula: GFR (mL/min/1.73 sqm) = 186 x (Serum creatinine [mg/dL])<sup>-1.154</sup> x (Age)<sup>-0.203</sup> x (0.742 for females) x (1.1210 for Afro-descendents).</p>
      <p>Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation values, whereas categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. Patient characteristics were compared as to mortality at the end of the follow-up period. Continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, whereas for the categorical variables we used the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Mortality predictors were determined by uni- and multivariate analysis using Cox's Proportional Hazards method. Based on follow-up data, a Kaplan-Meier survival curve and an event curve were built, showing the number of visits to the Emergency Department.</p>
      <p>A significance level of &lt;0.05 was adopted and the P values shown are bi-tailed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient age ranged from 17 to 94 years (mean age, 59.9), most were men (165 &#150; 62.7%), and 166 (63.1%) patients needed inotropic support to compensate heart failure.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the major characteristics of the study population. The most frequent etiology was ischemic heart disease, followed by hypertensive and Chagasic heart disease. Dobutamine was the most commonly used inotropic agent. Acute renal failure was detected in 121 (46.0%) patients during hospital stay. The B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level was determined in 78 patients, with a mean value of 1637.3 &#177; 1235.6 pg/mL. Mean systolic blood pressure was 103.6 mmHg at baseline.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the comparison between baseline characteristics of the patients who died and those who survived at the end of the follow-up period.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients needed prolonged hospitalization for compensation (average of 25.1 days). In this advanced HF patient cohort, mortality during hospitalization was 8.8% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The mean follow-up period was 370 days, and among those 240 patients who were discharged, 62 (25.8%) died and 123 (51.2%) returned to the Emergency Room 1 to 12 times (total number of visits to the ER: 350). Of those who returned, 102 needed to be readmitted and stayed for an average 23.5 &#177; 18.0 days in the hospital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows data on the progress of the total number of patients, indicating how many times they visited the Emergency Department and new admissions. Most patients returned to the Emergency Department after being discharged from the hospital, and more than half were readmitted.</p>
      <p>The multivariate analysis identified the markers of seriousness of the disease in this study population as being renal dysfunction (glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) and Chagas' Disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the event-free Kaplan-Meier curve for mortality, whereas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the curve of returning visits to the Emergency Department, where the yet high incidence of events is shown.</p>
      <p>Over this period, 117 (44.5%) patients did not experience any event, required no emergency visit to the hospital, or died.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data obtained at the hospital, and over the follow-up period, on these patients admitted for cardiac compensation at a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, have documented that, even with the currently available treatment of HF, which includes ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, hydralazine and nitrate, beta-blockers and spironolactone, morbidity and mortality rates are still high. Over the first year of follow-up, 117 (44.5 %) patients either did not need emergency care or died.</p>
      <p>The progress of patients with decompensated HF depends on multiple variables, including the presenting form of the disease, patient characteristics, severity of the disease, and current and future treatment during and after cardiac decompensation<sup>6,7</sup>. Patients with cardiogenic shock, renal failure, Chagas' disease, severe myocardial impairment, and those who do not receive proper guidance compose the group with the worst clinical progression<sup>6-8</sup>. In populational studies, hospital admittance for decompensated HF is an indicator of greater seriousness and worse prognosis<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with greatest cardiac impairment and most marked and difficult-to-control clinical conditions are referred to our institution, a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo<sup>11</sup>. Only those patients whose conditions do not improve after being evaluated and medicated at the ER are admitted.</p>
      <p>The length of stay for compensation of our advanced HF patients was quite extensive, longer than any other cases found in medical literature, in general 4 to 5 days for moderately serious and approximately 9 days for highly serious cases<sup>12-18</sup>. In Rio de Janeiro, patients seen at the ER of a private institution remained in the hospital 9.5 days, and in Porto Alegre, at a teaching hospital such as ours, the length of stay was 11 days. In both cases, the length of stay was shorter than at our hospital<sup>12,14</sup>. The greater seriousness in our cases may partially explain such a prolonged stay.</p>
      <p>The length of stay for stabilization of decompensated HF patients is crucial, since it directly affects treatment costs. More seriously ill patients and those more prone to develop co-morbidities need a longer time for compensation and their treatment will cost more.</p>
      <p>In this study population, 8.8% of the patients died during hospitalization for compensation. This mortality rate is high and was higher than that recorded in the ADHERE Registry, in the European HF registry (Euro-Heart Failure Survey II), and in Brazil, according to data published by SUS<sup>5,17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The natural course of decompensated HF was analyzed in the ADHERE Registry, which followed more than 65,000 patients admitted to 263 hospitals in the United States<sup>18</sup>. Among that population, in-hospital mortality was 4.0%, much lower than that recorded at our institution. The ADHERE Registry showed that it is possible to stratify HF patients based on routine evaluation data<sup>18</sup>. Baseline urea, blood pressure, and creatinine values identify patients at lower and higher risk of death. Patients with urea levels over 86 mg/dl, systolic AP under 115 mmHg, and creatinine over 2.75 mg/dl were identified as those at higher risk of dying during hospitalization for HF compensation. According to this stratification, mortality among low-risk patients was 2.2%, and 20.9% among high-risk patients<sup>18</sup>. In comparing the profile of our patients, classified as per the ADHERE study, with that of the patients of the Registry itself, in general our population is more seriously ill than the group recorded in the ADHERE Registry. Seventy-nine per cent of the patients admitted to our hospital had systolic arterial pressure under 115 mmHg, whereas in the ADHERE Registry, only 18.5% were hypotensive<sup>18</sup>. Therefore, at least partially, the high mortality recorded among our patients is likely the result of more serious disease. It is noteworthy that, despite the greater mortality in our study population, when one analyzes the group of more seriously ill patients and compares it with that recorded in the ADHERE Registry, mortality did not differ significantly, and among our patients it was even numerically lower than that of the North-American study (14.0% vs 15.3%), suggesting not only that our treatment is correct, but also that it reduces mortality in such a severely ill population (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0335-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>These findings were repeated when comparing our data with those of the European decompensated HF registry<sup>17</sup>. In the European registry, the overall mortality of patients with decompensated HF was 6.7%, with different rates according to the presenting form of the disease<sup>17</sup>. Among patients with chronic HF who suffered decompensation, mortality was 5.8%, and among those with acute (DeNovo) HF, it was 8.1%. When these data were compared, the mortality rate at our hospital was greater, but in the European Registry mortality among cardiogenic shock patients was 39.6%<sup>17</sup>. Therefore, during hospitalization, patients' clinical status plays a very important role in prognosis as well as in mortality. Considering that we treat very seriously ill patients, most of them requiring inotropic support, an 8.8% mortality rate is not so high.</p>
      <p>The same applies to SUS data from 2002 which showed a mortality rate of 6.97%, lower than that observed at our Institution<sup>5</sup>. Although it has not been possible to evaluate the seriousness of the SUS cases due to the comprehensive data involved, it is possible to suppose that a wide range of patients is included and not only the most severely ill, as is the case in our group.</p>
      <p>The number of publications with Brazilian data is small, but when we compare the results published with those obtained in our study, we observe that, despite the higher seriousness of the cases, mortality at our hospital was lower than that recorded at those institutions. In Rio de Janeiro, for patients seen at the ER of a private institution, mortality was 10.6%, and in Porto Alegre, at a teaching hospital such as ours, it was 11%s<sup>12,14</sup>. These differences in mortality rates are probably due to the admission screening criteria used and the period of data collection, but they do not differ significantly.</p>
      <p>Although the mortality rate recorded is still high, we were able to compare it with previously published data from our own institution<sup>19</sup>. In the first study, patients evaluated had been hospitalized during the year of 1999. The population under study at that time was quite similar to the current one, since admission criteria have not changed since then. By comparing both studies, a significant drop in hospital mortality rate is noted, decreasing from 20% to the current rate of 8.8%<sup>19</sup>. This decline is probably due to a more aggressive management of cardiac decompensation and to the greater proportion of patients currently on ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers. Therefore, although hospital mortality is still high, it has significantly decreased when data from both periods are considered. We highlight that the SUS data do not show the same reduction; on the contrary, from 1992 to 2002, there was an increase in mortality rates (from 5.41% to 6.97%)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mortality over the first year of follow-up varied significantly in the studies published, ranging from 16% to 55%, probably reflecting the different levels of disease seriousness of the study populations and the year when the study was conducted, since treatment has been continuously improving<sup>12-23</sup>. In our population, the mortality rate during the first year of follow-up after hospital discharge was 25.8%, similar to the best results published.</p>
      <p>Similarly, when we compared data from two periods at our institution, we observed an important decrease in mortality during the first year of follow-up (from more than 50% to the current 25.8%). This result was parallel to that recorded in Spain, where mortality from 1991 to 1996 was 24%, and was reduced to 16% in 2000 and 2001<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Along with mortality, HF patients have high rates of hospital readmission, and approximately 30% of those who required a new hospitalization for HF decompensation were readmitted during the first year of follow-up<sup>9,10</sup>. The seriousness of the heart disease and the treatment prescribed play a central role in these readmissions. In a seriously ill population such as the one we analyzed, the rate was high and more than 50% of the patients needed emergency care after being discharged from hospital. By comparing data from the two periods collected at our Institution, there was also a reduction in these readmissions.</p>
      <p>A more detailed study of patients allows us to identify populations at higher or lower risk. Multivariate analysis helped us identify that HF, Chagas' disease, and renal failure patients were those with the highest mortality rates<sup>12,13,17-19,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The superior long-term clinical progress we have observed is probably the result of a more aggressive treatment prescribed in the compensation phase, as well as the policies adopted by our State and our Institutions (Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas and Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o) which, on a monthly basis, provide the medications these patients need. Patients are discharged from our ward with a prescription for a full dose of ACE inhibitor, ARB, and beta-blocker, which should also result in better clinical progress, especially if we bear in mind that this was not common practice during the 1990's. Taking into consideration that the main cause of hospitalization is inadequate treatment due to lack of patient compliance or a non-optimized prescription, these findings indicate that guidance and an early start of treatment could have a significant impact on the Government's expenses with healthcare and on the quality of life of patients who would not spend such a long time in the hospital.</p>
      <p> In conclusion, despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment of HF, morbidity and mortality rates due to the disease are still high. In our study, one-third (85/263) of the patients died during the first year of follow-up, and of those who were discharged from treatment, approximately 50% (123/240) needed to be seen at the Emergency Department. A little over 30% (76/240) of the patients needed to be readmitted within one year after hospital discharge. Although the numbers may suggest that HF prognosis is improving with the current treatments available, they also signal that HF is a disease that continues to progress with high morbidity and mortality, and deserves the highest level of attention from cardiologists.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
