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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LmKDYPjpR6RWhSCVCw3y4rM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho hemodin&#226;mico e resposta inflamat&#243;ria durante o uso do DAV-InCor como ponte para o transplante</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galantier</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ben&#237;cio</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leirner</surname>
            <given-names>Adolfo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cestari</surname>
            <given-names>Id&#225;gene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stolf</surname>
            <given-names>Noedir A. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>327</fpage>
      <lpage>334</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O transplante card&#237;aco enfrenta o grave problema da escassez de doadores. Estima-se que entre 20% e 40% dos pacientes falecem na fila de espera. Para esses pacientes, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria &#233;, muitas vezes, a &#250;nica possibilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia durante a espera do doador. No Brasil, n&#227;o existe nenhum programa regular de utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos como ponte para transplante. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho hemodin&#226;mico e a resposta inflamat&#243;ria durante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do DAV-InCor como ponte para transplante. M&#201;TODOS: Entre outubro de 2003 e abril de 2006, 11 pacientes, indicados em car&#225;ter de prioridade para o transplante card&#237;aco, evolu&#237;ram em choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio. O implante do DAV-InCor foi realizado em sete pacientes. O diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico foi cardiopatia chag&#225;sica em cinco pacientes e cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em dois. RESULTADOS: A assist&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi mantida nos sete pacientes por per&#237;odos entre 14 e 42 dias (m&#233;dia 26,2). O desempenho hemodin&#226;mico foi adequado, com a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, dos n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de O2 e do lactato. O transplante foi realizado em dois pacientes, os outros cinco faleceram por infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. CONCLUS&#195;O: O desempenho do DAV-Incor, no comportamento hemodin&#226;mico dos pacientes estudados, foi adequado para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma condi&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria satisfat&#243;ria durante o per&#237;odo estudado. Houve melhora dos par&#226;metros de perfus&#227;o tecidual e manuten&#231;&#227;o de sinais de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica. Houve alta incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es; contudo, n&#227;o foram demonstradas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo que comprometam a seguran&#231;a da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do mesmo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Transplante card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>circula&#231;&#227;o assistida</kwd>
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o auxiliar</kwd>
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>Desempenho hemodin&#226;mico e resposta inflamat&#243;ria durante o uso do DAV-InCor como ponte para o transplante</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Galantier; Luiz Felipe P. Moreira; Anderson Ben&#237;cio; Adolfo A. Leirner; Id&#225;gene Cestari; Edmar A. Bocchi; Fernando Bacal; Noedir A. G. Stolf</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O transplante card&#237;aco enfrenta o grave problema da escassez de doadores. Estima-se que entre 20% e 40% dos pacientes falecem na fila de espera. Para esses pacientes, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria &#233;, muitas vezes, a &#250;nica possibilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia durante a espera do doador. No Brasil, n&#227;o existe nenhum programa regular de utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos como ponte para transplante. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o desempenho hemodin&#226;mico e a resposta inflamat&#243;ria durante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do DAV-InCor como ponte para transplante. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre outubro de 2003 e abril de 2006, 11 pacientes, indicados em car&#225;ter de prioridade para o transplante card&#237;aco, evolu&#237;ram em choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio. O implante do DAV-InCor foi realizado em sete pacientes. O diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico foi cardiopatia chag&#225;sica em cinco pacientes e cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em dois. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A assist&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi mantida nos sete pacientes por per&#237;odos entre 14 e 42 dias (m&#233;dia 26,2). O desempenho hemodin&#226;mico foi adequado, com a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, dos n&#237;veis de satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de O<sub>2</sub> e do lactato. O transplante foi realizado em dois pacientes, os outros cinco faleceram por infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O desempenho do DAV-Incor, no comportamento hemodin&#226;mico dos pacientes estudados, foi adequado para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma condi&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria satisfat&#243;ria durante o per&#237;odo estudado. Houve melhora dos par&#226;metros de perfus&#227;o tecidual e manuten&#231;&#227;o de sinais de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica. Houve alta incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es; contudo, n&#227;o foram demonstradas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo que comprometam a seguran&#231;a da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do mesmo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Transplante card&#237;aco/mortalidade, circula&#231;&#227;o assistida/m&#233;todos, cora&#231;&#227;o auxiliar/utiliza&#231;&#227;o, cora&#231;&#227;o artificial/tend&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar dos crescentes avan&#231;os obtidos no manejo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, o tratamento definitivo permanece sendo o transplante card&#237;aco<sup>1</sup>. O principal obst&#225;culo para esse procedimento &#233; a escassez de doadores<sup>2,3</sup>. Em levantamento a respeito da fila de espera para o transplante card&#237;aco em uma institui&#231;&#227;o nacional, 41% dos 256 pacientes listados entre 1998 e 2004 faleceram antes do procedimento e o choque cardiog&#234;nico foi a principal causa do &#243;bito<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Internacionalmente, os dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular t&#234;m sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o e indica&#231;&#245;es bem estabelecidas, de forma que diferentes modelos t&#234;m sido utilizados, e a experi&#234;ncia internacional nesse campo soma milhares de casos<sup>5-11</sup>. Atualmente, al&#233;m da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos diversos dispositivos como "ponte" para o transplante, outras duas modalidades se destacam: a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos como "ponte" para uma futura recupera&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup>, baseada no conceito de remodelamento reverso do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco; e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o como terapia definitiva para alguns pacientes com contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ao transplante<sup>10</sup>. Segundo os dados da ISHLT, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2004, 78,3% dos casos de pacientes com suporte circulat&#243;rio tiveram esse procedimento indicado como ponte para transplante, enquanto 5,3% foram utilizados como ponte para recupera&#231;&#227;o e 11,9% como terapia definitiva<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a experi&#234;ncia com o emprego de dispositivos mec&#226;nicos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria no tratamento do choque cardiog&#234;nico &#233; pequena, constituindo-se apenas de relatos de casos isolados<sup>12,13</sup> ou de experimentos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de novos dispositivos<sup>14-16</sup>. Paralelamente, a expectativa de vida dos pacientes nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, em particular os de etiologia chag&#225;sica, &#233; muito limitada<sup>17</sup>, exigindo a implanta&#231;&#227;o de programas regulares de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica, especialmente como ponte para o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O dispositivo de Assist&#234;ncia Ventricular InCor (DAV-InCor) &#233; paracorp&#243;reo de acionamento pneum&#225;tico, que pode ser implantado em paralelo com a circula&#231;&#227;o esquerda e/ou direita, por meio de c&#226;nulas suturadas nas estruturas card&#237;acas e exteriorizadas por contra-abertura na regi&#227;o abdominal<sup>18,19</sup>. Apesar da localiza&#231;&#227;o externa, proporciona relativa mobilidade ao paciente, sendo capaz de manter a circula&#231;&#227;o por per&#237;odos prolongados. Em sua avalia&#231;&#227;o em modelo experimental em bezerros, demonstrou bom desempenho hemodim&#226;mico e capacidade de substituir adequadamente a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>14</sup>. Estudos experimentais cr&#244;nicos demonstraram a possibilidade da manuten&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo implantando em paralelo com a circula&#231;&#227;o por v&#225;rias semanas<sup>18</sup>, e sua primeira utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi realizada em 1993, com resultado favor&#225;vel<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; determinar a viabilidade e seguran&#231;a do implante do DAV-InCor como ponte para o transplante, avaliando o seu desempenho hemodin&#226;mico, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e as altera&#231;&#245;es da resposta inflamat&#243;ria dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi realizado em pacientes que estavam na fila de espera para o transplante card&#237;aco, e se apresentavam em quadro cl&#237;nico de choque cardiog&#234;nico. O implante do DAV-InCor foi indicado em pacientes que apresentavam choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio ao controle adequado da volemia, associado ao uso otimizado de terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, incluindo o uso de pelo menos dois agentes inotr&#243;picos endovenosos e ao eventual uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>Foram consideradas contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para a inclus&#227;o no estudo: idade superior a 65 anos; peso menor do que 40 kg; epis&#243;dio de embolia pulmonar ou trombose venosa de veia cava no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s; intuba&#231;&#227;o prolongada (per&#237;odo maior do que 48 horas); epis&#243;dio de reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas; seq&#252;ela neurol&#243;gica aguda ou cr&#244;nica de maior gravidade; insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ou cr&#244;nica, com n&#237;veis de creatinina acima de 2,5 mg/dl e/ou de ur&#233;ia acima de 100 mg/dl; disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica com bilirrubinas totais acima de 3 mg/dl; quadro infeccioso ativo e dist&#250;rbios hemorr&#225;gicos.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de Cient&#237;fica e de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Conep). Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>A escolha do tipo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria foi feita de acordo com os crit&#233;rios hemodin&#226;micos. Inicialmente, foi realizado o implante isolado de um sistema de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, sendo a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita manuseada farmacologicamente com o uso de agentes inotr&#243;picos e vasodilatadores da vasculatura pulmonar. Nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do ap&#243;s o implante do dispositivo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implante do dispositivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O dispositivo utilizado no presente estudo, DAV-InCor, foi o modelo desenvolvido pelo Centro de Tecnologia Biom&#233;dica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (CTB). Trata-se de um dispositivo paracorp&#243;reo, puls&#225;til, composto de uma unidade bombeadora, com duas c&#226;maras separadas por uma membrana flex&#237;vel confeccionada com v&#225;rias camadas de uma poli&#233;ster poliuretana (Biomer<sup>&#174;</sup>). A c&#226;mara sang&#252;&#237;nea do DAV tem um volume de 65 ml, &#233; revestida internamente de v&#225;rias camadas de Biomer<sup>&#174;</sup> e possui duas v&#225;lvulas biol&#243;gicas para controle de fluxo, que est&#227;o posicionadas na conex&#227;o da bomba com as c&#226;nulas de entrada e sa&#237;da (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). O acionamento da bomba &#233; feito por um propulsor pneum&#225;tico que controla a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um pulso de press&#227;o positiva na c&#226;mara pneum&#225;tica.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O implante do dispositivo foi feito com uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea convencional em normotermia. Ap&#243;s a esternotomia, eram feitas duas incis&#245;es abdominais para exterioriza&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas. Inicialmente era realizada a sutura t&#233;rmino-lateral entre a aorta ascendente e o enxerto tubular. Em seguida era realizada, com suporte da CEC, a inser&#231;&#227;o e sutura da c&#226;nula no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Ap&#243;s a conex&#227;o das c&#226;nulas com o dispositivo, eram feitas manobras para retirada de ar e iniciado o funcionamento do dispositivo. O modo de acionamento preferencial foi sempre o de "demanda" ou "<italic>full to empty</italic>".</p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, na unidade de terapia intensiva, os pacientes recebiam infus&#227;o endovenosa cont&#237;nua de heparina e administra&#231;&#227;o de aspirina ou dipiridamol. Durante os tr&#234;s primeiros dias, os pacientes recebiam tamb&#233;m a administra&#231;&#227;o de aprotinina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica foi realizada durante os primeiros dias atrav&#233;s de cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar, para medidas de press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (PCP), press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAP), press&#227;o venosa central (PVC), d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC). O fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo do dispositivo era monitorizado continuamente pelo console do aparelho DAV-InCor, de onde era obtido o c&#225;lculo do fluxo indexado pela divis&#227;o entre o fluxo do dispositivo pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. O fluxo indexado atrav&#233;s do dispositivo era mantido sempre acima de 2,0 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de fal&#234;ncia ventricular direita era estabelecido de acordo com crit&#233;rios hemodin&#226;micos e acompanhado por estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Na preven&#231;&#227;o dessa complica&#231;&#227;o, todos os pacientes recebiam suporte inotr&#243;pico endovenoso e vasodilatadores pulmonares, destacando-se o emprego rotineiro de &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalat&#243;rio. Na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, o suporte farmacol&#243;gico era intensificado, com o emprego associado de agentes inotr&#243;picos endovenosos e de vasodilatadores pulmonares, como o milrinone, a nitroglicerina e a prostaciclina. O implante de um sistema de assist&#234;ncia ventricular direita deve ser realizado apenas nos casos que apresentem refratariedade ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, a satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio (SVO<sub>2</sub>), os n&#237;veis de lactato s&#233;rico, ur&#233;ia, creatinina, bilirrubinas e desidrogenase l&#225;tica foram dosados diariamente. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico central (BNP), das interleucinas (IL6 e IL8), do fator de necrose tumoral &#945; (TNF&#945;) e da prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) foram dosados nos tr&#234;s primeiros dias de seguimento, e posteriormente a cada semana. </p>
    <p>Foram colhidas amostras para determina&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e neuro-humoral. Essas amostras foram colhidas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (sexta hora), nos tr&#234;s primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e uma vez por semana a partir do s&#233;timo dia. As amostras foram processadas e o soro separado por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o para ent&#227;o ser armazenado a -80&#186;C at&#233; a sua determina&#231;&#227;o. As determina&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos das interleucinas 6 e 8 e do TNF&#945; foram realizadas em processador automatizado de ensaios de quimiluminesc&#234;ncia modelo IMMULITE&#174;, com kits IMMULITE&#174; da empresa DPC Medlab&#174; apropriados. A determina&#231;&#227;o da PCR foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo imunoturbidim&#233;trico com detec&#231;&#227;o ultra-sens&#237;vel, enquanto a determina&#231;&#227;o quantitativa de BNP, por m&#233;todo de radioimunoensaio automatizado em aparelho ADVIA&#174; da empresa Bayer&#174;.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas medidas em duplicata somente para valores considerados discrepantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras medidas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito foram submetidos a exame de necr&#243;psia, no intuito de identificar e documentar as principais complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao m&#233;todo. Os dispositivos foram avaliados, no momento de transplante ou da necropsia, para identificar-se a presen&#231;a de trombos em seu interior, bem como da adequada mobilidade das pr&#243;teses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo estat&#237;stico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos dados hemodin&#226;micos e laboratoriais, utilizamos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de medidas repetidas, complementada pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Bonferroni. Na an&#225;lise dos valores dos n&#237;veis dos marcadores de resposta inflamat&#243;ria, utilizamos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia n&#227;o-param&#233;trica de Friedman, completada pelo teste de Dunn. Nas vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os valores s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. As vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica s&#227;o apresentadas em mediana, com as varia&#231;&#245;es interquartis. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica estabelecido para este estudo foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de outubro de 2003 a abril de 2006, 29 pacientes foram indicados em car&#225;ter de prioridade para o transplante card&#237;aco. Desses pacientes, 11 evolu&#237;ram em choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio &#224; terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica e ao implante de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. O implante do DAV-InCor foi realizado em sete desses pacientes; em dois casos n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o por indisponibilidade do equipamento e em dois pacientes, por falta de preenchimento do consentimento informado. O diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico foi cardiopatia chag&#225;sica em cinco (71%) e cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica em dois (29%) dos sete pacientes estudados. Cinco pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A idade variou entre 34 e 54 anos (m&#233;dia de 39,5 anos). As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos sete pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os pacientes estavam em uso de dobutamina e bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e tr&#234;s (42,8%) estavam em uso de milrinone. O tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes inotr&#243;picos variou entre 5 e 81 dias (m&#233;dia 26,2&#177;9,9). O IC m&#233;dio no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio era de 1,72 (&#177;0,22) l/min/m<sup>2</sup> e a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar m&#233;dia era de 2,43(&#177;0,72) unidades Wood.</p>
    <p>Os sete pacientes foram submetidos ao implante do DAV-InCor &#224; esquerda, sem a necessidade de implante de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria &#224; direita. N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es intra-operat&#243;rias em nenhum dos pacientes. Houve necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para revis&#227;o de hemostasia em tr&#234;s pacientes (42,8%).</p>
    <p>Em seis pacientes (85,7%), foi poss&#237;vel a retirada do tubo orotraqueal nas primeiras 24 horas de seguimento. Esse fato possibilitou a realimenta&#231;&#227;o e a movimenta&#231;&#227;o precoce desses pacientes, situa&#231;&#227;o que foi mantida at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es que motivaram a descontinuidade dessas fun&#231;&#245;es. Em quatro pacientes (57,1%) foi poss&#237;vel realizar o desmame de agentes inotr&#243;picos endovenosos.</p>
    <p>A assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi mantida nos sete pacientes por per&#237;odos que variaram de 14 a 42 dias, com m&#233;dia de 24,2 (&#177;9,98) dias. O transplante card&#237;aco foi realizado em dois pacientes, no 21&#186; dia e no 31&#186; dia ap&#243;s o implante (28,6%), sendo considerado como desfecho final positivo. Os outros cinco pacientes (71,4%) faleceram em uso do DAV-InCor por infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas as varia&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos durante os primeiros dias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Um aumento significante do IC foi observado em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; queda significativa das press&#245;es capilar pulmonar e venosa central.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito foi controlada em todos os pacientes, sem a necessidade do implante de um novo DAV &#224; direita, mediante o uso de agentes inotr&#243;picos, como a dobutamina e o milrinone, e do uso cont&#237;nuo de &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalat&#243;rio. Esse fato ocorreu tanto nos cinco pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica como nos dois portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig.2</xref> apresenta a normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lactato e da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio nos primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Paralelamente, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de ur&#233;ia e bilirrubinas, que se mantiveram elevados, especialmente nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram para fal&#234;ncia org&#226;nica; no entanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre esses marcadores e o desempenho do dispositivo.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Um paciente (14,2%) apresentou hem&#243;lise significativa caracterizada clinicamente por icter&#237;cia, com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de hemoglobina livre de 125 mg/dl, presen&#231;a de hemoglobin&#250;ria e n&#237;veis de DHL de 1744 U/l durante quadro de SIRS, posteriormente houve queda da hemoglobina livre para 32 mg/dl e DHL para 684 U/l. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram sinais leves de hem&#243;lise, com n&#237;veis de hemoglobina livre de at&#233; 40 mg/dl, todos eles associados &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos n&#237;veis de BNP, mesmo nos pacientes em que foi poss&#237;vel o desmame de agentes inotr&#243;picos.</p>
    <p>Os resultados das determina&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores de resposta inflamat&#243;ria (TNF-&#945;, interleucinas IL6 e IL8) e da PCR, realizadas ao longo do per&#237;odo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nos sete pacientes, s&#227;o apresentados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig.3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig04">4</xref>. Embora n&#227;o tenham sido observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas dos tr&#234;s primeiros marcadores de resposta inflamat&#243;ria, pode-se notar a eleva&#231;&#227;o pontual dos valores dessas vari&#225;veis em alguns pacientes, logo ap&#243;s o implante do DAV e ap&#243;s a primeira semana de seguimento. Por sua vez, o estudo do PCR mostra uma eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de seus valores durante todo o per&#237;odo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Esse fato ocorreu, principalmente, nos quatro pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig04">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Quatro pacientes (57,1%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, sendo dois (28,7%) de origem respirat&#243;ria e dois de corrente sang&#252;&#237;nea, levando a quadro s&#233;ptico. Esses pacientes evolu&#237;ram com piora das fun&#231;&#245;es renal e hep&#225;tica, fato que colaborou com o quadro final de fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
    <p>Dois pacientes (28,5%) apresentaram sangramento digestivo com necessidade de interrup&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria da terap&#234;utica anticoagulante. Um desses pacientes apresentou acidente vascular emb&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do DAV-InCor, realizada por ocasi&#227;o de sua retirada, mostrou evid&#234;ncias de trombose parcial na via de entrada do dispositivo em um dos pacientes que apresentou sangramento digestivo cinco dias antes do &#243;bito. Nesse paciente, havia presen&#231;a de material sanguinolento em est&#244;mago e al&#231;as intestinais. O exame de necropsia dos cinco pacientes que faleceram durante o emprego do DAV-InCor demonstrou sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e hep&#225;tica e dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos para assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria &#233; uma pr&#225;tica bem estabelecida internacionalmente. No Brasil, no entanto, existe uma falta de experi&#234;ncia nessa &#225;rea, apesar da exist&#234;ncia de um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes que se beneficiariam de programas organizados para utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, apresentamos uma op&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular, puls&#225;til e de posicionamento para-corp&#243;reo para utiliza&#231;&#227;o como ponte para realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplante. O desempenho hemodin&#226;mico do dispositivo foi satisfat&#243;rio, sobretudo no que diz respeito &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequado e da drenagem das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, demonstrado pela normaliza&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de lactato e da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio, bem como das outras medidas hemodin&#226;micas.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos r&#237;gidos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo, os pacientes selecionados se encontravam em condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica bastante avan&#231;ada, haja vista a grande incid&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico encontrada (100%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados do registro da ISHLT<sup>11</sup>, em que apenas 4,5% dos pacientes v&#227;o a transplante em uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Outros dados que corroboram com a gravidade cl&#237;nica dos pacientes, s&#227;o os n&#237;veis elevados da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica e do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico central (BNP) no momento do implante do dispositivo.</p>
    <p>A resposta neuro-humoral foi avaliada neste estudo por meio da determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis do pept&#237;deo BNP. A libera&#231;&#227;o de BNP na circula&#231;&#227;o &#233; proporcional a distens&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos, causada pela sobrecarga volum&#233;trica, e, portanto, reflete um estado de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. V&#225;rios autores t&#234;m descrito o BNP como um bom marcador para a condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>20</sup>. O implante de DAV determina uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de carga para o mioc&#225;rdio e recupera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, revertendo a situa&#231;&#227;o de desequilibro vol&#234;mico no interior dos ventr&#237;culos, podendo normalizar a condi&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral. Dessa forma, a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de BNP poderia ser um adequado marcador, n&#227;o somente do momento ideal para implante do dispositivo, mas tamb&#233;m da efic&#225;cia do tratamento e eventualmente da poss&#237;vel recupera&#231;&#227;o<sup>21</sup>. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve normaliza&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de BNP, apesar de uma tend&#234;ncia de queda, fato que poderia ser explicado pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da distens&#227;o ventricular &#224; direita.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, situa&#231;&#227;o bastante temida, uma vez que seu aparecimento determina uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes<sup>22,23</sup>, foi manuseada com agentes inotr&#243;picos e vasodilatadores pulmonares. N&#227;o houve necessidade de implante de assist&#234;ncia ventricular direita em nenhum caso, e em quatro pacientes foi poss&#237;vel o desmame de agentes inotr&#243;picos com manuten&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos adequados atrav&#233;s do dispositivo. No entanto, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das press&#245;es de enchimento (PCP e PVC), esses valores n&#227;o chegaram aos n&#237;veis normais e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de bilirrubinas e de ur&#233;ia, o que pode representar a manuten&#231;&#227;o de um estado de hipertens&#227;o venosa nos territ&#243;rios hep&#225;tico e renal, favorecendo um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o desses &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
    <p>As outras complica&#231;&#245;es apresentadas em nosso estudo s&#227;o as mesmas relatadas pela literatura internacional, na experi&#234;ncia com outros modelos. A incid&#234;ncia de sangramento cir&#250;rgico foi de 42,8% e de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos de 14,2%, &#224; semelhan&#231;a da literatura internacional. A incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento varia, na literatura, entre 20% e 60%, independentemente do tipo de dispositivo e da etiologia de indica&#231;&#227;o do implante<sup>24,25</sup>. Os dados sugerem que as causas para o sangramento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio s&#227;o multifatoriais, e podem incluir disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica pr&#233;via, disfun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, terapia anticoagulante pr&#233;via, anemia e desequil&#237;brio entre coagula&#231;&#227;o e fibrin&#243;lise em dire&#231;&#227;o a fibrin&#243;lise.</p>
    <p>J&#225; o aparecimento de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos sintom&#225;ticos tardios varia na literatura entre 20% e 40%<sup>26</sup>. Claramente existe uma tend&#234;ncia inicial para sangramento enquanto tardiamente essa tend&#234;ncia se reverte para a trombose, e nem mesmo os modelos mais novos e com maior desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico est&#227;o isentos desse problema, e todos eles necessitam de alguma forma de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e/ou antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria a partir de determinado momento, dependendo do protocolo adotado<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>O controle adequado da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo bastante sutil, uma vez que a import&#226;ncia desse controle n&#227;o se restringe &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o contra fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos. Ele tamb&#233;m &#233; importante para minimizar o desencadeamento da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, na tentativa de diminuir a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e a les&#227;o dos elementos figurados do sangue, diminuindo o grau de hem&#243;lise e degrada&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas. O contato do sangue com os biomateriais empregados nos dispositivos pode desencadear um aumento da resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, j&#225; ativada pela condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica dos pacientes, por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o de sistemas de resposta celular e de prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas. Os principais sistemas envolvidos nessa resposta s&#227;o: cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o/fibrin&#243;lise; sistema complemento e citocinas relacionadas &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o celular. </p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com DAV, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos das citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias TNF alfa, IL-6 e IL-8 n&#227;o t&#234;m papel bem definido. Os dados de literatura indicam que citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e fatores de complemento est&#227;o elevados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de pacientes que implantam DAV. O suporte circulat&#243;rio parece estar associado a um melhor progn&#243;stico quando h&#225; mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis nos n&#237;veis desses mediadores<sup>28-30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de interleucinas IL6 e IL8 e TNF-&#945;, demonstrando uma manuten&#231;&#227;o na resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica elevada. Por sua vez, o estudo da PCR mostra uma eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de seus valores no per&#237;odo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, podendo corresponder ao aparecimento de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, ou ainda estar relacionado a um aumento da resposta inflamat&#243;ria pelo contato do sangue com a superf&#237;cie de contato do dispositivo.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m verificamos uma incid&#234;ncia alta de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, superior aos &#237;ndices internacionais<sup>31,32</sup>, que pode estar relacionada &#224; gravidade cl&#237;nica dos pacientes estudados ou at&#233; mesmo com as altera&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas causadas pelo suporte circulat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Com base nos dados apresentados, podemos concluir que o desempenho do DAV-InCor foi adequado na manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma condi&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria satisfat&#243;ria durante o per&#237;odo de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial dos pacientes estudados, houve alta incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, compat&#237;veis com a experi&#234;ncia internacional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes &#233; a principal limita&#231;&#227;o encontrada neste estudo, limitando o poder estat&#237;stico dos resultados e impedindo o estabelecimento de fatores causais para as principais complica&#231;&#245;es. A elevada incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas compromete tamb&#233;m a avalia&#231;&#227;o definitiva dos achados de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perspectivas futuras</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de programas regulares de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria e a exist&#234;ncia de grande n&#250;mero de pacientes que se beneficiariam da utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos fazem que seja necess&#225;rio o est&#237;mulo a outros centros na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de suporte circulat&#243;rio, no sentido de aumentar a experi&#234;ncia com esses pacientes.</p>
    <p>Paralelamente, o elevado custo dos dispositivos existentes no mercado internacional faz que devamos continuar a investiga&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos nacionais, seja pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos com um n&#250;mero maior de casos, de estudos com outros dispositivos, seja por estudos comparativos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jo&#227;o Galantier pela Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) &#150; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Galantier </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="galantier@terra.com.br">galantier@terra.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dcimorerira@incor.usp.br">dcimorerira@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo enviado em 27/06/2007; revisado recebido em 13/01/2008; aceito em 22/02/2008</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hemodynamic performance and inflammatory response during the use of VAD-InCor as a bridge to transplant</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiac transplantation faces the serious problem of lack of donors and it is estimated that 20 to 40% of the patients die while waiting for heart transplantation. For these patients, the use of mechanical circulatory assist devices is the only choice of survival while waiting for a donor. In Brazil, the experience with mechanical circulatory support is limited and there is no regular program regarding the use of these devices as a bridge to heart transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemodynamic performance and the systemic inflammatory response during the clinical use of the InCor-type ventricular assist device (VAD-InCor) as a bridge to heart transplantation. METHODS: Between October 2003 and April 2006, 11 patients in the waiting list for heart transplantation presented hemodynamic deterioration due to refractory cardiogenic shock. Seven of these patients were submitted to VAD-InCor implantation for left ventricular assistance. The etiologic diagnosis was Chagas' disease in 5 patients and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 2. RESULTS: The duration of left ventricular assistance ranged from 14 to 42 days (mean 26.2 days). During this period, the hemodynamic performance of the DAV-InCor was adequate to support a normal hemodynamic state. There was normalization of central venous oxygen saturation and serum lactate. Two patients were submitted to heart transplantation, while the other 5 patients died under assistance due to infection and multiple organ failure. CONCLUSION: The performance of the VAD-InCor, in the hemodynamic behavior of the studied patients, was adequate for the maintenance of a satisfactory circulatory state during the studied period. There was improvement in the tissue perfusion parameters and maintenance of systemic inflammatory response signs. There was a high incidence of complications; however, complications related to the device, which could compromise the safety of its use, were not demonstrated.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>assisted circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>heart assist devices</kwd>
        <kwd>heart, artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Hemodynamic performance and inflammatory response during the use of VAD-InCor as a bridge to transplant</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Galantier; Luiz Felipe P. Moreira; Anderson Ben&#237;cio; Adolfo A. Leirner; Id&#225;gene Cestari; Edmar A. Bocchi; Fernando Bacal; Noedir A. G. Stolf</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Cardiac transplantation faces the serious problem of lack of donors and it is estimated that 20 to 40% of the patients die while waiting for heart transplantation. For these patients, the use of mechanical circulatory assist devices is the only choice of survival while waiting for a donor. In Brazil, the experience with mechanical circulatory support is limited and there is no regular program regarding the use of these devices as a bridge to heart transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the hemodynamic performance and the systemic inflammatory response during the clinical use of the InCor-type ventricular assist device (VAD-InCor) as a bridge to heart transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between October 2003 and April 2006, 11 patients in the waiting list for heart transplantation presented hemodynamic deterioration due to refractory cardiogenic shock. Seven of these patients were submitted to VAD-InCor implantation for left ventricular assistance. The etiologic diagnosis was Chagas' disease in 5 patients and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 2.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The duration of left ventricular assistance ranged from 14 to 42 days (mean 26.2 days). During this period, the hemodynamic performance of the DAV-InCor was adequate to support a normal hemodynamic state. There was normalization of central venous oxygen saturation and serum lactate. Two patients were submitted to heart transplantation, while the other 5 patients died under assistance due to infection and multiple organ failure.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The performance of the VAD-InCor, in the hemodynamic behavior of the studied patients, was adequate for the maintenance of a satisfactory circulatory state during the studied period. There was improvement in the tissue perfusion parameters and maintenance of systemic inflammatory response signs. There was a high incidence of complications; however, complications related to the device, which could compromise the safety of its use, were not demonstrated.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart transplantation/mortality; assisted circulation/methods; heart assist devices/utilization; heart, artificial/trends</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the recent advances in the management of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), the definitive treatment remains the cardiac transplantation<sup>1</sup>. The main obstacle to this procedure is the lack of donors<sup>2,3</sup>. According to a report regarding the waiting list for cardiac transplantation in a national institution, 41% of 256 listed patients between 1998 and 2004 died before the procedure and cardiogenic shock was the main cause of death<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Internationally, the ventricular-assist devices (VAD) have had their use and indication well established and consequently, different models have been used and the international experience in this field amounts to thousands of cases<sup>5-11</sup>. Currently, in addition to the use of several devices as a "bridge" to transplant, other modalities that are worth mentioning are: the use of devices as a "bridge" to a future recovery<sup>9</sup>, based on the concept of reverse remodeling of the cardiac muscle; and the use as definitive therapy for some patients with contraindications to transplantation<sup>10</sup>. According to the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT), in te period between January 2002 and December 2004, 78.3% of the patients with circulatory support had this procedure indicated as a bridge to transplantation, whereas 5.3% were used as a bridge to recovery and 11.9% as the definitive therapy<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the experience with the use of mechanical circulatory-assist devices in the treatment of cardiogenic shock is small and comprises only isolated case reports<sup>12,13</sup> or experiments related to the development of new devices<sup>14-16</sup>. In parallel, the life expectancy of the patients in this situation, particularly those of Chagasic etiology, is very limited<sup>17</sup>, requiring the implementation of regular programs of mechanical circulatory assistance, especially as a bridge to cardiac transplantation.</p>
      <p>The InCor Ventricular Assist Device (VAD-InCor) is paracorporeal and has a pneumatic start, which can be implanted in parallel with the left and/or right circulation, through cannulae sutured to the cardiac structures and exteriorized through a counter-opening in the abdominal region<sup>18,19</sup>. Despite the external positioning, it provides relative mobility to the patient, being capable of maintaining the circulation for longer periods. During its assessment in an experimental calf model, it showed good hemodynamic performance and the capacity to adequately substitute left ventricular function<sup>14</sup>. Experimental studies have demonstrated the possibility of maintaining this device implanted in parallel with circulation for several weeks<sup>18</sup> and its first clinical use was carried out in 1993, with a favorable result<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine the viability and safety of the implant of the VAD-InCor as a bridge to transplantation, evaluating its hemodynamic performance, the clinical evolution and the alterations of the inflammatory response of the patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out with patients in the waiting list for cardiac transplantation, and presented a clinical picture of cardiogenic shock. The implantation of the VAD-InCor was indicated in patients who presented cardiogenic shock that was refractory to the adequate control of volemia, associated to the optimized use of medication therapy, including the use of at least two inotropic IV agents and the eventual use of the intra-aortic balloon.</p>
      <p>The contraindications to the inclusion in the study were: age older than 65 years; weight &lt; 40 kg; episode of pulmonary embolism or vena cava thrombosis in the last month; prolonged intubation (more than 48 hrs); episode of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the last 24 hours; acute neurological sequela or severe chronic one; acute or chronic renal failure, with creatinine levels &gt; 2.5 mg/dl and/or urea &gt; 100 mg/dl; liver dysfunction with total bilirubin &gt; 3 mg/dl; active infectious picture and hemorrhagic disorders. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Scientific Committee of the institution and the National Commission for Ethics in Research (Conep). All patients signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>The choice of circulatory assist type was carried out according to the hemodynamic criteria. Initially, the isolated implant of a left ventricular assist system was performed, with the right ventricular dysfunction being managed pharmacologically, with the use of inotropic agents and vasodilators of the pulmonary vasculature. No patient was excluded after the device implantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Device implantation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The device used in the present study, VAD-InCor, was the model developed by the Center of Biomedical Technology (CTB) of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (The Heart Institute). It is a paracorporeal, pulsatile device that consists of a pumping unit, with two chambers separated by a flexible membrane made of several layers of polyurethane polyether (Biomer<sup>TM</sup>). The blood chamber of the VAD has a volume of 65 ml; its internal lining consists of several layers of Biomer<sup>TM</sup> and has two biological valves for flow control, which are positioned at the pump connection with the entry and exit cannulae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). The pump start is carried out by a pneumatic propulsion mechanism that controls the use of a positive pressure pulse in the pneumatic chamber.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The implantation of the device was carried out with the use of conventional extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in normothermia. After the sternotomy, two abdominal incisions were made to exteriorize the cannulae. Initially, the lateroterminal suture was performed between the ascending aorta and the tubular graft. Subsequently, with ECC support, the insertion and suture of the cannula in the apex of the left ventricle was performed. After the connection of the cannulae with the device, maneuvers were made to remove the air and the device was started. The preferred mode of functioning was always "on demand" or "full to empty".</p>
      <p>During the immediate postoperative period at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the patients receive continuous heparin IV infusion and were administered aspirin or pyridamol. During the first three days the patients also received aprotinin.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The hemodynamic monitoring was carried out during the first days through a pulmonary artery catheter, for the measurement of the pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output and cardiac index (CI). The blood flow of the device was monitored continuously by the console of the VAD-InCor device, from where the calculation of the indexed flow by the division of the device flow by the body surface was obtained. The indexed flow obtained through the device was always maintained &gt; 2.0 l/min/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of right ventricular failure was established according to the hemodynamic criteria and followed by echocardiographic studies. To prevent such complication, all the patients received inotropic support IV and pulmonary vasodilators, with the routine use of inhaled nitric oxide. In the presence of right ventricular dysfunction, the pharmacological support was intensified, with the associated use of inotropic agents IV and pulmonary vasodilators, such as milrinone, nitroglycerin and prostacyclin. The implantation of a right ventricular assist system must be carried out only in cases that are refractory to the optimized pharmacological treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory assessment and systemic inflammatory response evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the immediate postoperative period, the central venous oxygen saturation (SVO<sub>2</sub>), the levels of serum lactate, urea, creatinine, bilirubin and lactic dehydrogenase were measured daily. Serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), interleukins (IL6 and IL8), tumor necrosis factor-&#945; (TNF&#945;) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in the three first days of follow-up and afterward, every week.</p>
      <p>Samples were collected for the determination of the systemic inflammatory and neurohumoral responses. These samples were collected in the preoperative period, in the immediate postoperative period (6<sup>th</sup> hour), on the first three postoperative days and once a week from the 7<sup>th</sup> day on.</p>
      <p>The samples were processed and the serum was separated by centrifuging and stored at -80&#186;C until the measurements were performed. The measurements of serum levels of interleukins 6 and 8 and TNF&#945; were carried out in an automated chemiluminescence assay analyzer model IMMULITE<sup>TM</sup>, with appropriate IMMULITE<sup>TM</sup> kits manufactured by DPC Medlab<sup>TM</sup>. C-reactive protein measurements were carried out by a immunoturbidimetric method with ultra-sensitive detection, whereas the quantitative determination of BNP was carried out by automated radioimmunoassay in an ADVIA<sup>TM</sup> equipment manufactured by Bayer<sup>TM</sup>.</p>
      <p>Measurements were carried out in duplicate only when sample values were considered discrepant in relation to the other measurements.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anatomopathological analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients that died were submitted to necropsy in order to identify and document the main complications associated to the method. The devices were evaluated at the moment of the transplantation or the necropsy, to identify the presence of thrombi inside, as well as the adequate mobility of the prostheses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the hemodynamic and laboratory data was carried out with the repeated measures analysis of variance, complemented by Bonferroni <italic>t</italic> test.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the values of inflammatory response markers was carried out with Friedman's non-parametric analysis of variance, complemented by Dunn's test.</p>
      <p>For the variables of normal distribution, values are presented as means and standard deviations or with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The variables of asymmetric distribution are presented as medians, with interquartile variations. The level of significance for the present study was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the period of October 2003 to April 2006, 29 patients were referred as priority recipients for cardiac transplantation. Of these patients, 11 presented cardiogenic shock refractory to the pharmacological therapy and the implantation of the intra-aortic balloon. The implantation of the VAD-InCor was carried out in 7 of these patients; in two cases, it was not possible to perform it due to the unavailability of the equipment and in two patients, due to the lack of informed consent form.</p>
      <p>The etiological diagnosis was Chagasic cardiopathy in 5 (71%) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 2 (29%) of the seven patients studied. Five patients were males and age varied from 34 to 54 years (mean of 39.5 years). The general characteristics of the 7 patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All patients used dobutamine and intra-aortic balloon and three of them (42.8%) used milrinone. The time of use of inotropic agents varied from 5 to 81 days (mean 26.2&#177;9.9). The mean CI in the preoperative period was 1.72 (&#177;0.22) L/min/m<sup>2</sup> and the mean pulmonary vascular resistance was 2.43(&#177;0.72) Wood units.</p>
      <p>The seven patients were submitted to the VAD-InCor implantation to the left, without the need to implant circulatory assist to the right. None of the patients presented intraoperative complications, but three patients (42.8%) needed surgical re-intervention for revision of hemostasis. </p>
      <p> The removal of the orotracheal tube in the first 24 hours of follow-up was carried out in six patients (85.7%). This fact allowed the feeding and early ambulation of these patients, a situation that was maintained until the occurrence of complications that motivated the discontinuation of these functions. Four patients (57.1%0 could not be weaned from the IV inotropic agents.</p>
      <p>The mechanical circulatory assist to the left ventricle was maintained in the seven patients for periods that varied from 14 to 42 days, with a mean of 24.2 (&#177;9.98) days. The cardiac transplantation was carried out in two patients, on the 21<sup>st</sup> day and the 31<sup>st</sup> day after the implantation (28.6%), being considered a positive final outcome. The other five patients (71.4%) died using the VAD-InCor due to systemic infection or multiple-organ failure. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> presents the variations of the hemodynamic parameters during the first three postoperative days. A significant increase in the CI was observed in association to a significant decrease in the pulmonary capillary and central venous pressures.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The right ventricle dysfunction was controlled in all patients, without the need to implant a new VAD-InCor to the right, with the use of inotropic agents such as dobutamine and milrinone and the continuous use of inhaled nitric oxide. This fact occurred in the five patients with a diagnosis of Chagasic cardiomyopathy as well as in the two patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the normalization of lactate plasma levels and the central venous oxygen saturation on the first postoperative days. Concurrently, there were no significant alterations in urea and bilirubin levels, which remained elevated, especially in patients that presented organ failure; however, it was not possible to establish a statistical correlation between these markers and the device performance.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>One patient (14.2%) presented significant hemolysis characterized by jaundice, with serum free hemoglobin levels of 125 mg/dl, presence of hemoglobinuria and LDH levels of 1,744 U/l during a picture of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS); later the free hemoglobin decreased to 32 mg/dL and DHL to 684 U/l. Three patients presented slight signs of hemolysis, with free hemoglobin levels of up to 40 mg/dl, all of them associated to hemodialysis.</p>
      <p>There was no significant decrease in BNP levels, even in patients in whom it was possible to perform the weaning of inotropic agents.</p>
      <p>The results of the measurements of inflammatory response markers (TNF-&#945;, interleukins IL6 and IL8) and CRP, performed during the postoperative follow-up period in the seven patients, are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>. Although no significant alterations were observed in the first three inflammatory response markers, a punctual increase can be observed in these variables in some of the patients, soon after the implantation of the VAD and after the first week of follow-up. A significant elevation in CRP levels could be observed throughout the postoperative follow-up period. This fact occurred mainly in the four patients that developed infectious complications in the postoperative period.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0327-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Four patients (57.1%) presented infectious complications with two (28.7%) being of respiratory origin and two in the bloodstream, leading to a septic picture. These patients developed worsening of the renal and liver function, a fact that contributed to the final picture of multiple-organ failure. </p>
      <p>Two patients (28.5%) presented digestive bleeding, with the need to temporarily interrupt the anticoagulant therapy. One of these patients presented an embolic vascular accident.</p>
      <p> The assessment of the VAD-InCor, carried out at the time of its removal, showed evidence of partial thrombosis at the entry pathway of the device in one of the patients that presented digestive bleeding five days before death. There was presence of blood in the stomach and intestinal loops of this patient. The necropsy of the five patients who died during the use of the VAD-InCor showed signs of pulmonary and hepatic congestion and dilation of the cardiac chambers in all patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of circulatory assist devices is a well-established worldwide practice. In Brazil, however, there is lack of experience in this area, despite the high number of patients that could benefit from programs organized to promote the use of such devices.</p>
      <p> In the present study, we presented a choice of a ventricular assist device, pulsatile and paracorporeal, to be used as a bridge to heart transplantation. The hemodynamic performance of the device was satisfactory, especially regarding the maintenance of adequate cardiac output and drainage in the cardiac chambers, demonstrated by the normalization of lactate levels and central venous oxygen saturation, as well as of the other hemodynamic measurements.</p>
      <p>In spite of the strict inclusion criteria of the study, the selected patients were in a very advanced clinical state, considering the high incidence of use of the intra-aortic balloon (100%) in comparison to the data of the ISHLT<sup>11</sup>, in which only 4.5% of the patients are referred to transplantation while using an intra-aortic balloon. Other data that corroborate the clinical severity of the patients are the elevated levels of systemic inflammatory response and BNP levels at the moment of the device implantation.</p>
      <p> The neurohumoral response was evaluated in the present study through the determination of the BNP levels. The release of BNP in the circulation is proportional to the ventricular distension caused by the volumetric overload, and therefore, it reflects a state of hemodynamic decompensation.</p>
      <p>Several authors have described the BNP as good marker for the hemodynamic state of the patient with HF<sup>20</sup>. The implantation of the VAD determines a decrease in the myocardium load and hemodynamic recovery, reversing the situation of volemic imbalance within the ventricles, which can normalize the neurohumoral state.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the determination of BNP levels could be an adequate marker, not only of the ideal moment for the device implantation, but also of the treatment efficacy and eventually, of the possible recovery<sup>21</sup>. In the present study, there was no normalization in BNP levels, despite a tendency to decrease, which could be explained by the maintenance of the ventricular distension to the right.</p>
      <p>In our study, the right ventricular dysfunction, a much feared disorder as it determines a worse evolution of these patients<sup>22,23</sup>, was managed with inotropic agents and pulmonary vasodilators. There was no need for right VDA implantation in any of the cases and four patients were weaned from the inotropic agents with the maintenance of adequate flow through the device. However, despite the significant decrease in the filling pressures (PCP and CVP), these values did not reach normal levels and there was no normalization in bilirubin and urea levels, which can represent the maintenance of a state of venous hypertension in the hepatic and renal sites, favoring the increase in the incidence of dysfunction in these organs.</p>
      <p>The other complications presented in our study are the same reported by the international literature, in their experience with other models. The incidence of surgical bleeding was 42.8% and of thromboembolic events, 14.2%, similarly to what is reported in the literature. The incidence of reoperation due to bleeding varies, in the literature, from 20% to 60%, regardless of the type of device and the etiology of the indication for transplantation<sup>24,25</sup>. The data suggest that the causes of postoperative bleeding are multifactorial and can include previous hepatic dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, previous anticoagulant therapy, anemia and a shift in the coagulation/fibrinolysis balance towards fibrinolysis.</p>
      <p>The onset of late symptomatic thromboembolic phenomena varies from 20% to 40% in the literature<sup>26</sup>. Clearly, there is an initial tendency to bleeding whereas later, this tendency reverts to thrombosis and not even the newer models with higher technological development are free from this problem and all of them need some type of anticoagulation and/or platelet aggregation from a certain moment on, depending on the adopted protocol<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The adequate control of anticoagulation is a very subtle process, as the importance of this control is not restricted to the protection against thromboembolic phenomena.</p>
      <p>It is also important to minimize the triggering of the systemic inflammatory response, in an attempt to decrease the release of pro-inflammatory factors and the injury to figured blood elements, decreasing the degree of hemolysis and platelet degradation.</p>
      <p> The contact of blood with biomaterials used in the devices can trigger an increase in the systemic inflammatory response, already activated by the hemodynamic state of the patients, through the activation of cell response and plasma protein systems.</p>
      <p>The main systems involved in this response are: coagulation cascade/fibrinolysis; complement system and cytokines related to cell activation.</p>
      <p> In patients with VAD, the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF&#945;, IL-6 and IL-8 do not have a well-established role. The literature data suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines and complement factors are elevated in the preoperative period in patients that underwent VAD implantation. The circulatory support seems to be associated to a better prognosis when there are favorable changes in the levels of these mediators<sup>28-30</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, there were no significant alterations in the levels of interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 and TNF&#945;, demonstrating the maintenance of an elevated systemic inflammatory response. The CRP levels, however, showed a significant elevation in the postoperative follow-up period, which can correspond to the onset of infectious complications or be associated to an increase in the inflammatory response due to the contact of the blood with the contact surface of the device.</p>
      <p>We also observed a high incidence of infectious complications, higher than that reported by the literature<sup>31,32</sup>, which can be related to the clinical severity of the studied patients or even to immunological alterations caused by the circulatory support.</p>
      <p>Based on the data presented herein, we can conclude that the performance of the VAD-InCor was adequate in maintaining a satisfactory circulatory state during the circulatory assist period. There was a high incidence of complications during the clinical and laboratory evolution of the studied patients, which is compatible with the international experience.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The small sample size is the main limitation of the present study, limiting the statistical power of the results and preventing the determination of causal factors for the main complications. The high incidence of infectious complications also influences the final assessment of the systemic inflammatory response findings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Future perspectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The absence of regular programs of circulatory assist and the high number of patients that would benefit from the use of such devices make it necessary to stimulate other centers to use circulatory support devices, aiming at increasing the experience with this type of patient.</p>
      <p>In parallel, the elevated cost of the existing devices in the international market encourages us to continue researching national devices, either by studies with larger sample sizes, studies with other devices, or by comparative studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESP and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jo&#227;o Galantier, from Divis&#227;o de Cirurgia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) &#150; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
