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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Yjgjr89SgYsN3DcLxf8359f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica evolutiva do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos jovens e adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pabis</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyague</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Itiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Julio C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Woitowicz</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Katherine Athayde Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Paran&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>321</fpage>
      <lpage>326</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A regenera&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) &#233; mais evidente em animais jovens; entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se &#233; acompanhada de melhora funcional. OBJETIVO: Realizar a an&#225;lise funcional pela ecocardiografia (eco) de ratos jovens e adultos submetidos a IM. M&#201;TODOS: Setenta e dois animais foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo: 35 ratos jovens (grupo J) com 28 dias, e 37 ratos adultos (grupo A) com 153 dias. Os ratos foram subdivididos em dois subgrupos: infartado (JI e AI) e controle (JC e AC). Os animais foram avaliados por meio de ecocardiograma no 7&#186; e 30&#186; dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e dos volumes sist&#243;lico (VSF) e diast&#243;lico (VDF) finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de estudo somente animais com FE menor que 40%. RESULTADOS: Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos VDF e VSF entre infartados e controles, observou-se aumento significativo nos animais adultos infartados nas duas fases analisadas. Nos animais jovens, apenas o VSF, no 7&#186; dia, foi significativamente maior. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o intragrupo, observou-se aumento do VDF e do VSF nos dois subgrupos jovens, proporcional ao crescimento, e somente aumento do VDF no grupo adulto infartado. Houve melhora da FE nos ratos jovens, enquanto nos ratos adultos a FE permaneceu diminu&#237;da em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os ratos jovens infartados apresentaram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e dos volumes ventriculares ap&#243;s 30 dias do infarto, enquanto nos ratos adultos houve aumento do VDF sem melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EXPERIMENTAL</p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica evolutiva do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos jovens e adultos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francisco Cesar Pabis<sup>I</sup>; Nelson Itiro Miyague<sup>I</sup>; Julio C&#233;sar Francisco<sup>I</sup>; Vin&#237;cius Woitowicz<sup>I</sup>; Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto<sup>I</sup>; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s<sup>II</sup>; Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Paran&#225;, PR - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A regenera&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) &#233; mais evidente em animais jovens; entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se &#233; acompanhada de melhora funcional. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Realizar a an&#225;lise funcional pela ecocardiografia (eco) de ratos jovens e adultos submetidos a IM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Setenta e dois animais foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo: 35 ratos jovens (grupo J) com 28 dias, e 37 ratos adultos (grupo A) com 153 dias. Os ratos foram subdivididos em dois subgrupos: infartado (JI e AI) e controle (JC e AC). Os animais foram avaliados por meio de ecocardiograma no 7&#186; e 30&#186; dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e dos volumes sist&#243;lico (VSF) e diast&#243;lico (VDF) finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de estudo somente animais com FE menor que 40%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos VDF e VSF entre infartados e controles, observou-se aumento significativo nos animais adultos infartados nas duas fases analisadas. Nos animais jovens, apenas o VSF, no 7&#186; dia, foi significativamente maior. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o intragrupo, observou-se aumento do VDF e do VSF nos dois subgrupos jovens, proporcional ao crescimento, e somente aumento do VDF no grupo adulto infartado. Houve melhora da FE nos ratos jovens, enquanto nos ratos adultos a FE permaneceu diminu&#237;da em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os ratos jovens infartados apresentaram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e dos volumes ventriculares ap&#243;s 30 dias do infarto, enquanto nos ratos adultos houve aumento do VDF sem melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ratos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes adultos e pedi&#225;tricos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio mostra-se distinta, assim como suas etiologias<sup>1,2</sup>. Em adultos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) submetidos a reperfus&#227;o arterial coronariana, apenas uma pequena parcela dos pacientes apresenta recupera&#231;&#227;o plena da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; no entanto, em crian&#231;as com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular importante secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas, observa-se melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>1-3</sup>. A prolifera&#231;&#227;o de novos cardiomi&#243;citos pode ser um dos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o, que precisa ser mais bem entendida.</p>
    <p>Na fase gestacional e por um curto tempo ap&#243;s o nascimento, o crescimento dos cardiomi&#243;citos se faz por hiperplasia e, posteriormente, por hipertrofia<sup>4,5</sup>, o que pode contribuir para melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o em jovens. Anversa e cols. sugerem que os cardiomi&#243;citos s&#227;o constantemente renovados, mesmo em adultos, por&#233;m isso n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para total recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com a hip&#243;tese de que o cora&#231;&#227;o de animais jovens submetidos ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, com disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, apresenta melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, este estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi elaborado para comparar a evolu&#231;&#227;o funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos jovens e adultos submetidos &#224; ligadura cir&#250;rgica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra inicial do estudo foi de 168 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar (<italic>Rattus Novergicus Albinus Rodentia Mammalia</italic>): 98 ratos jovens com 28 dias de vida e 70 ratos adultos com 153 dias. A amostra final foi de 72 ratos, 35 jovens e 37 adultos. </p>
    <p>Os ratos jovens (grupo J) e adultos (grupo A) foram subdivididos em dois subgrupos: 1) infartados denominados JI e AI; e 2) controles denominados JC e AC. O grupo experimental foi submetido ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio por meio da ligadura cir&#250;rgica da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e o grupo controle, &#224; cirurgia simulada (CS; <italic>sham operation</italic>). </p>
    <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o das cirurgias e do ecocardiograma, os animais foram anestesiados com dose basal de quetamina (Ketalar<sup>&#174;</sup>) de 50 mg/kg/peso e de xilazina (Xylazina<sup>&#174;</sup>) de 10 mg/kg/peso por via intramuscular. Para certifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito anest&#233;sico, foi observada a aus&#234;ncia de reflexo neuromuscular. Nos ratos jovens foi usada uma dose menor de quetamina, correspondendo, em m&#233;dia, &#224; metade da dose do adulto.</p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ato cir&#250;rgico, procedeu-se &#224; intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica utilizando respirador a volume modelo Harvard<sup>&#174;</sup> 683, com 68 ciclos por minuto, com oxig&#234;nio a 21%. O IM foi realizado conforme descrito por Tarnavski e cols.<sup>7</sup>. Para a cirurgia simulada, as mesmas etapas cir&#250;rgicas foram realizadas, com exce&#231;&#227;o da ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. </p>
    <p>Os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados no 7&#186; e no 30&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Na imagem para-esternal longitudinal foi realizado a planimetria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson para obten&#231;&#227;o do VDF e do VSF, e a FE foi calculada pelo <italic>software</italic> do aparelho<sup>8</sup>. O VDF foi obtido no pico da onda R do eletrocardiograma, e o VSF, no menor di&#226;metro do VE, ambos auxiliados pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica fechadas. Os volumes foram medidos em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, e em seguida foi calculada a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica desses valores. A comprova&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi obtida pelas imagens longitudinal e transversa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 40% no ecocardiograma do 7&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Portanto, ratos do grupo de infartados que apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior que 40% foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>Os exames e as medidas foram realizados no aparelho de ecocardiografia Agilent (modelo Sonos 5500; Andover, MA), equipado com transdutores S12 MHz e L15 MHz, modelo 21390&#170;, Agilent, Palo Alto, CA. O equipamento possui capacidade de 120 quadros por segundo (Hertz). </p>
    <p>Alguns animais foram randomizados para eutan&#225;sia durante o estudo. </p>
    <p>Os ratos receberam cuidados em concord&#226;ncia com os "Princ&#237;pios de cuidados com animais de laborat&#243;rio", respeitando-se os "Princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos na experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal" (Cobea). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Animal da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados foi utilizado o programa computacional Statistica v.10. Os resultados foram expressos por m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos estudo e controle foi aplicado o teste<italic> t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias. Nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, foi usado o teste <italic>t </italic>de Student para amostras dependentes. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilks e a condi&#231;&#227;o de homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias foi avaliada pelo teste de L&#232;vene. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 0,05, corrigido por Bonferroni. Sendo assim, valores de p &lt; 0,025 indicaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade do estudo foi de 34,5%. Nos subgrupos infartados foram exclu&#237;dos 18 (33,9%) ratos jovens e oito (17,3%) ratos adultos que apresentaram FE maior que 40% no 7&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e 12 ratos com problemas de identifica&#231;&#227;o. Setenta e dois ratos compuseram a amostra final do estudo, 35 jovens e 37 adultos. </p>
    <p>O peso m&#233;dio dos animais jovens no in&#237;cio do estudo foi de 186,4 &#177; 35,5 g, sem diferen&#231;a entre os subgrupos (JI e JC). Houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa do peso no ecocardiograma de 30 dias, p &lt; 0,01, com valores de 265,3 &#177; 8,7 g para J1 e 312,3 &#177; 17,4 g para JC. </p>
    <p>No grupo adulto n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos pesos entre os subgrupos nas duas fases analisadas, assim como na compara&#231;&#227;o evolutiva dos subgrupos. O peso m&#233;dio dos animais no s&#233;timo dia foi de 343,4 &#177; 24,4 g e no trig&#233;simo dia 364,2 &#177; 22,4 g. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) dos animais jovens foi de 270 &#177; 66 bpm aos sete dias e 203 &#177; 36 bpm aos 30 dias, e no grupo adulto 204 &#177; 27 e 191 &#177; 27 bpm, aos sete e 30 dias, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre infartados e controles do mesmo grupo nos dois per&#237;odos estudados, e nem evolutivamente nos mesmos subgrupos. </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do VDF dos ratos jovens no subgrupo infartado foi similar ao subgrupo controle, nos dois per&#237;odos analisados. O VSF foi significativamente maior no subgrupo infartado, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o subgrupo controle com sete dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,01), conseq&#252;entemente, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se significativamente diminu&#237;da nesse per&#237;odo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise evolutiva dos animais jovens, realizada com a amostra pareada, observou-se aumento significativo no VDF e no VSF entre o 7&#186; e 30&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, relacionado com o crescimento dos animais. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do subgrupo infartado aumentou significativamente (p &lt; 0,01), enquanto no subgrupo controle houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa, p &lt; 0,01 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os subgrupos infartado e controle nos ratos adultos, o VDF com 30 dias e o VSF com sete e 30 dias foram significativamente maiores no subgrupo infartado, p &lt; 0,05, p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,01, respectivamente. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se significativamente diminu&#237;da nas duas fases analisadas, p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise evolutiva dos ratos adultos, apenas o VDF do subgrupo infartado aumentou significativamente (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparando-se os dois subgrupos infartados, o VDF aos sete dias (JI 0,371 &#177; 0,179 ml e AI 0,802 &#177; 0,112 ml) e aos 30 dias (JI 0,557 &#177; 0,148 ml e AI 0,919 &#177; 0,196 ml), foi significativamente diferente, com p &lt; 0,001 nos per&#237;odos analisados. A mesma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi observada na compara&#231;&#227;o do VSF aos sete dias (JI 0,270 &#177; 0,143 ml e AI 0,588 &#177; 0,113 ml) e aos 30 dias (JI 0,347 &#177; 0,160 ml e AI 0,668 &#177; 0,225 ml).</p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois subgrupos infartados no 7&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. No 30&#186; dia, houve uma melhora acentuada no subgrupo jovem, enquanto no adulto ela permaneceu inalterada (p = 0,013). O subgrupo jovem infartado alcan&#231;ou o valor limite de normalidade para este estudo de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, com trinta dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, observou-se que o cora&#231;&#227;o do rato jovem infartado mostrou recupera&#231;&#227;o significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica quando comparado com o cora&#231;&#227;o de rato adulto. </p>
    <p>Os ratos de 28 dias de vida, considerados jovens, alcan&#231;aram no final do estudo desenvolvimento ponderal e card&#237;aco similar aos ratos adultos que iniciaram a pesquisa com 153 dias de vida. </p>
    <p>Durante o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos animais foi monitorada com tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. No 7&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o n&#250;mero de batimentos foi significativamente maior no grupo de ratos jovens; por&#233;m, no 30&#186; dia, os n&#250;meros foram semelhantes.</p>
    <p>Como os animais foram anestesiados, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o era a real, visto que a associa&#231;&#227;o de xilazina e quetamina produz bradicardia<sup>9,10</sup>. Entretanto, os valores m&#233;dios obtidos nos ratos adultos foram semelhantes aos de outros estudos que utilizaram os mesmos anest&#233;sicos<sup>9</sup>. A dose menor aplicada nos ratos jovens pode ser a causa da maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia nesses animais com sete dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; por&#233;m, esse procedimento foi fundamental para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, visto que muitos dos ratos jovens morreram no in&#237;cio do experimento, quando se tentou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dose total sugerida.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade geral do estudo assemelha-se &#224; de outros autores. No entanto, a mortalidade do grupo jovem isoladamente foi mais alta (49,3%)<sup>11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a indu&#231;&#227;o de infarto significativo foi mais dif&#237;cil nos ratos jovens, por isso a exclus&#227;o do estudo por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o superior a 40% foi maior nesse grupo.</p>
    <p>Como a extens&#227;o do infarto n&#227;o pode ser controlada, o m&#233;todo para an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o neste estudo foi o de Simpson, porque permite que a &#225;rea deformada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo seja inclu&#237;da no c&#225;lculo dos volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico<sup>8,12,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>O volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do rato adulto mostrou-se aumentado quando comparado com os seus pares n&#227;o-infartados. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o ocorre em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da perda de elementos contr&#225;teis e da arquitetura normal da parede ventricular, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til da regi&#227;o afetada e conseq&#252;entemente, preju&#237;zo da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>13,14</sup>. </p>
    <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; um dos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, e est&#225; relacionada ao remodelamento ventricular<sup>14,15</sup>. O aumento do di&#226;metro ventricular produz maior estresse da parede ventricular e desencadeia mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o como hipertrofia e hiperplasia<sup>14,16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos ratos jovens, o VDF foi semelhante entre infartados e controles. Essa evolu&#231;&#227;o difere do grupo de ratos adultos em que os valores dos infartados foram significativamente superiores aos controles com trinta dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Esse fato provavelmente se deve aos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o como hiperplasia e hipertrofia e &#224; menor expans&#227;o do infarto, que s&#227;o mais evidentes nos animais jovens e que podem ter interferido na menor dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular<sup>13,18,19</sup>. </p>
    <p>A n&#227;o-dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular no 7&#186; dia pode ser em decorr&#234;ncia da hipertrofia e do aumento da capacidade de contra&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas n&#227;o infartadas. No estudo de Litwin e cols.<sup>13</sup>, foi observado que dois ratos infartados apresentaram volumes menores que seus controles entre 11 observados, por&#233;m sem relato da causa desse achado. Esse mesmo fato sucedeu entre os ratos jovens, mas sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>O volume sist&#243;lico final no grupo jovem infartado foi significativamente maior que o do grupo controle no 7&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no 30&#186; dia. O bloqueio da dilata&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tamb&#233;m pode ser devido aos mecanismos de hiperplasia, hipertrofia e menor expans&#227;o do infarto nesta faixa et&#225;ria<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estabelecidos para este estudo s&#227;o menores do que os utilizados por outros autores<sup>19,21</sup>, pois o objetivo era que os animais n&#227;o tivessem apenas o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mas tamb&#233;m uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O valor de 40% como ponto de corte para a FE mostrou-se adequado, pois os ratos com FE menor que 40% aos sete dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio apresentavam infarto importante. Por sua vez, nenhum rato controle apresentou FE menor que 40%.</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o dos ratos adultos infartados apresentou-se significativamente mais baixa nos dois per&#237;odos analisados. No grupo jovem, no entanto, houve aumento na evolu&#231;&#227;o, aproximando-se dos valores dos controles jovens. A capacidade diferenciada de prolifera&#231;&#227;o e de hipertrofia celular em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos jovens pode ser um dos mecanismos de recupera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade desses animais<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>A regenera&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco continua controversa, mesmo com evid&#234;ncias da forma&#231;&#227;o de novos cardiomi&#243;citos no cora&#231;&#227;o adulto. Assim, a persist&#234;ncia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o baixa nos ratos adultos infartados, provavelmente ocorreu pela inadequada hipertrofia compensat&#243;ria das &#225;reas n&#227;o-infartadas e pela menor reposi&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos<sup>16,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>A piora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m pode ser decorrente da depress&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica em regi&#245;es distantes do infarto<sup>13,23,24</sup>. Sugere-se que nos ratos adultos com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica ocorra uma despropor&#231;&#227;o entre o desenvolvimento de novos capilares e a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pode estar relacionada &#224; depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til dos cardiomi&#243;citos pela maior dist&#226;ncia para a difus&#227;o do oxig&#234;nio<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na anatomia patol&#243;gica em modelo experimental de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, foi verificado que o rato jovem apresenta maior capacidade de replica&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas quando comparado ao rato adulto<sup>26</sup>. Gould e cols.<sup>27</sup> observaram que os animais com idade de dois meses apresentaram melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o do que os animais com 10 e 12 meses.</p>
    <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos s&#227;o constantemente renovados para repor as perdas por morte e apoptose. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o cora&#231;&#227;o de adulto cont&#233;m pequena popula&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos com capacidade de prolifera&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o suficiente para repor o n&#250;mero de cardiomi&#243;citos perdidos no infarto. A menor reposi&#231;&#227;o nos animais velhos poderia explicar a maior propens&#227;o &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em situa&#231;&#245;es adversas<sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nos ratos jovens h&#225; maior atividade de s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas necess&#225;rias para a progress&#227;o do ciclo celular e replica&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos e o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pode ser o est&#237;mulo para o cardiomi&#243;cito re-entrar no ciclo celular<sup>6,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi o m&#233;todo escolhido por ser um exame n&#227;o-invasivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros card&#237;acos, o que permite que o cora&#231;&#227;o seja analisado seriadamente. Nos ratos, no entanto, esse procedimento tem limita&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; que necessita de anestesia para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, com risco para o animal. Al&#233;m disso, a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de todos os cortes nem sempre &#233; poss&#237;vel. </p>
    <p>No grupo de ratos jovens controle observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na evolu&#231;&#227;o. Sabe-se que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da quetamina associada &#224; xilazina, al&#233;m de interferir na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diminui sensivelmente os par&#226;metros da contratilidade card&#237;aca<sup>30</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma dose menor da droga nesse grupo com sete dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o pode ter ocasionado essa diferen&#231;a. Entretanto, essas diferen&#231;as encontradas n&#227;o modificam o resultado final do estudo, pois o subgrupo jovem infartado recebeu o mesmo tratamento durante os procedimentos, e com trinta dias todos foram anestesiados como os ratos adultos.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os processos adaptativos do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ainda precisam ser mais bem compreendidos. Este estudo mostra que o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no rato jovem apresenta uma melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do que no rato adulto. Novos estudos, no entanto, precisam ser realizados, com o intuito de verificar se a melhora funcional dos ratos jovens &#233; acompanhada de recupera&#231;&#227;o celular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Francisco Cesar Pabis, pela Pont&#237;fica Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Francisco Cesar Pabis </p>
        <p> Rua Itai&#243;polis, 254, ap. 302, Am&#233;rica </p>
        <p> 89.204-100, Joinville, SC - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="francisco09@uol.com.br">francisco09@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 17/06/07; revisado recebido em 03/04/08; aceito em 09/04/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial infarction evolution in young and adult rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The regeneration of cardiomyocytes after a myocardial infarction (MI) is more evident in young animals; however, it is not known whether it is associated with functional improvement. OBJECTIVE: To perform the functional analysis by echocardiography (echo) of young adult rats submitted to MI. METHODS: Seventy-two animals were included in the study: 35 young rats (group Y) that were 28 days old and 37 adult rats (group A) that were 153 days old. The rats were subdivided in two subgroups: infarcted (YI and AI) and control (YC and AC). The animals were assessed by echocardiogram on the 7thand 30th postoperative days for the analysis of the ejection fraction (EF) and the final systolic (FSV) and diastolic volume (FDV) of the left ventricle. Only animals with EF &lt; 40% were included in the study. RESULTS: The comparison of the FDV and FSV between infarcted and control animals showed that there was a significant increase in infarcted adult animals at the two analyzed phases. Among young animals only the FSV was significantly higher on the 7th day. The intragroup evolution analysis showed an increase in FDV and FSV in the two young subgroups, which was proportional to growth and only increase in FDV in the infarcted adult group. There was an improvement in EF in young rats, whereas EF remained decreased in adult rats when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: The infarcted young rats presented improvement in the systolic function and ventricular volumes 30 days after the infarction, whereas the adult rats presented increased FDV with no improvement in systolic function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical evolution</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial infarction evolution in young and adult rats</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Francisco Cesar Pabis<sup>I</sup>; Nelson Itiro Miyague<sup>I</sup>; Julio C&#233;sar Francisco<sup>I</sup>; Vin&#237;cius Woitowicz<sup>I</sup>; Katherine Athayde Teixeira de Carvalho<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto<sup>I</sup>; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s<sup>II</sup>; Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), Paran&#225;, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The regeneration of cardiomyocytes after a myocardial infarction (MI) is more evident in young animals; however, it is not known whether it is associated with functional improvement.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To perform the functional analysis by echocardiography (echo) of young adult rats submitted to MI.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Seventy-two animals were included in the study: 35 young rats (group Y) that were 28 days old and 37 adult rats (group A) that were 153 days old. The rats were subdivided in two subgroups: infarcted (YI and AI) and control (YC and AC). The animals were assessed by echocardiogram on the 7thand 30th postoperative days for the analysis of the ejection fraction (EF) and the final systolic (FSV) and diastolic volume (FDV) of the left ventricle. Only animals with EF &lt; 40% were included in the study.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The comparison of the FDV and FSV between infarcted and control animals showed that there was a significant increase in infarcted adult animals at the two analyzed phases. Among young animals only the FSV was significantly higher on the 7th day. The intragroup evolution analysis showed an increase in FDV and FSV in the two young subgroups, which was proportional to growth and only increase in FDV in the infarcted adult group. There was an improvement in EF in young rats, whereas EF remained decreased in adult rats when compared to controls.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The infarcted young rats presented improvement in the systolic function and ventricular volumes 30 days after the infarction, whereas the adult rats presented increased FDV with no improvement in systolic function.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Echocardiography; myocardial infarction; clinical evolution; rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical evolution of adult and pediatric patients with ventricular dysfunction due to myocardial ischemic disease shows to be distinct, as well as its etiologies<sup>1,2</sup>. Among adults with myocardial infarction (MI) submitted to coronary artery reperfusion, only a small number of patients presents full recovery of the cardiac function; however, in children with significant ventricular dysfunction secondary to ischemic diseases, a better evolution is observed<sup>1-3</sup>. The proliferation of new cardiomyocytes can be one of the compensation mechanisms that needs to be better understood.</p>
      <p>During the gestational phase and for a short time after the birth, the growth of cardiomyocytes occurs by hyperplasia and, subsequently, by hypertrophy<sup>4,5</sup>, which can contribute to a better recovery in young individuals. Anversa and cols. suggest that the cardiomyocytes are constantly renewed, even in adult individuals; however, this is not enough for full function recovery<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering the hypothesis that the heart of young animals submitted to myocardial infarction, with significant left ventricle dysfunction, presents better recovery of the systolic function, this echocardiographic study was designed to compare the functional evolution of the heart of young and adult rats submitted to surgical ligature of the left coronary artery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The initial study sample consisted of 168 male Wistar rats (<italic>Rattus Norvegicus Albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia</italic>): 98 young rats (28 days old) and 70 adult rats (153 days old). The final sample consisted of 72 rats, being 35 young and 37 adult animals.</p>
      <p>The young (group Y) and adult (group A) rats were subdivided in two subgroups: 1) infracted animals, called YI and AI; and 2) controls, called YC and AC. The experimental group was submitted to myocardial infarction through surgical ligature of the left coronary artery and the control group, to sham operation.</p>
      <p>To undergo the surgery and echocardiogram, the animals were anesthetized with a basal dose of ketamine (Ketalar<sup>&#174;</sup>) of 50 mg/kg and xylazine (Xylazine<sup>&#174;</sup>) of 10 mg/kg, intramuscularly. In order to ascertain the anesthetic effect, the absence of neuromuscular reflex was observed. In young rats, a lower dose of ketamine was used, corresponding, on average, to half the adult dose.</p>
      <p>For the surgical procedure, the animals were submitted to orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, with a Harvard 683 volume respirator, with 68 cycles per minute, with 21% oxygen. The MI was carried out according to what was described by Tarnavski et al<sup>7</sup>. For the sham operation, the same surgical phases were performed, except for the ligature of the left coronary artery.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic studies were performed on the 7<sup>th</sup> and the 30<sup>th</sup> postoperative days. The parasternal longitudinal image was used for the planimetry of the left ventricle (LV) by the Simpson method to obtain the final diastolic volume (FDV) and the final systolic volume (FSV) and the ejection fraction (EF) was calculated by the equipment software<sup>8</sup>. The FDV was obtained at the R wave peak of the electrocardiogram and the FSV, at the smallest LV diameter, both aided by the visualization of the closed mitral and aortic valves.</p>
      <p>The volumes were measured in three consecutive cardiac cycles and after that, the arithmetic mean of these values was calculated. The myocardial infarction was established based on the longitudinal and transversal images of the LV.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular dysfunction was characterized by the presence of EF &lt; 40% at the echocardiogram on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day. Therefore, the rats from the infarcted group that presented EF&gt; 40% were excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <p>The assessments and measurements were carried out in an Agilent echocardiogram equipment (model Sonos 5500; Andover, MA), equipped with S12 MHz and L15 MHz transducers, model 21390&#170;, Agilent, Palo Alto, CA. The equipment has the capacity of 120 pictures per second (Hertz).</p>
      <p>Some animals were randomized for euthanization during the study.</p>
      <p>All animals received humane care throughout the study in accordance with the "Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in Research", following the "Ethical Principles in Animal Experimentation of the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation" (Cobea). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Animal Research of the Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Paran&#225;.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out with the software Statistica v.10. The results were expressed as means and standard deviations. The Student's t test was used to compare the study and the control groups for independent samples, considering the homogeneity of the variances. To compare the moments of evaluation, the Student's t test was used for dependent samples.</p>
      <p>The condition of data normality was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilks test and the condition of homogeneity of the variances was evaluated by Levene's test. The level of significance was set at 0.05, adjusted with Bonferroni correction. Thus, p values &lt; 0.025 indicated statistically significant differences.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mortality rate of the study was 34.5%. In the infarcted subgroups, 18 young rats (33.9%) and 8 (17.3%) adult rats were excluded, as they presented EF &gt; 40% on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day, as well as 12 rats with identification problems. The final sample consisted of 72 rats, being 35 young and 37 adult animals.</p>
      <p>The mean weight of the young animals in the beginning of the study was 186.4 &#177; 35.5 g, with no difference between the subgroups (YI and YC). There was a significant difference in weight on the 30<sup>th</sup> day echocardiogram, with p&lt; 0.01, with values of 265.3 &#177; 8.7 g for YI and 312.3 &#177; 17.4 g for YC.</p>
      <p>In the adult group there was no difference in weight between the subgroups at the two analyzed moments, as well as in the comparison of evolution in the subgroups. The animals' mean weight on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day was 343.4 &#177; 24.4 g and 364.2 &#177; 22.4 g on the 30<sup>th</sup> day.</p>
      <p>The heart rate (HR) of the young animals was 270 &#177; 66 bpm on the 7<sup>th</sup> day and 203 &#177; 36 bpm on the 30<sup>th</sup> day, and in the adult group, it was 204 &#177; 27 and 191 &#177; 27 bpm, on the 7<sup>th</sup> and 30<sup>th</sup> days, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the comparison between the infarcted and control animals of the same group at the two analyzed periods as well as during the evolution in the same subgroups.</p>
      <p>The mean FDV in the young rats of the infarcted subgroup was similar to that of the control subgroup, in the two analyzed periods. The FSV was significantly higher in the infarcted subgroup, when compared to the control subgroup on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day (p &lt; 0.01); consequently, the ejection fraction was significantly decreased in this period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The analysis of evolution of the young animals carried out with the paired sample, showed a significant increase in the FDV and the FSV between the 7<sup>th</sup> and 30<sup>th</sup> postoperative days, associated with the animals' growth. The ejection fraction of the infarcted subgroup increased significantly (p &lt; 0.01), whereas there was a significant decrease in the control group, p &lt; 0.01 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The comparison between the infarcted and control subgroups of the adult animal group showed that the FDV on the 30<sup>th</sup> day and the FSV on the 7<sup>th</sup> and 30<sup>th</sup> days were significantly higher in the infarcted subgroup, with p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.01, respectively. The EF was significantly decreased in the two analyzed phases, with p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The evolution analysis showed that, in the adult rats, only the FDV of the infarcted subgroup increased significantly (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing the two infarcted subgroups, the FDV on the 7<sup>th</sup> day (YI 0.371 &#177; 0.179 ml and AI 0.802 &#177; 0.112 ml) and on the 30<sup>th</sup> day (YI 0.557 &#177; 0.148 ml and AI 0.919 &#177; 0.196 ml), was significantly different, with p &lt; 0.001 in the analyzed periods. The same statistical difference was observed when comparing the FSV on the 7<sup>th</sup> day (YI 0.270 &#177; 0.143 ml and AI 0.588 &#177; 0.113 ml) and on the 30<sup>th</sup> day (YI 0.347 &#177; 0.160 ml and AI 0.668 &#177; 0.225 ml).</p>
      <p>When comparing the EF, no significant difference was observed between the two infarcted groups on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day. On the 30<sup>th</sup> postoperative day, there was a marked improvement in the young subgroup, whereas the EF remained unaltered in adult group (p = 0.013).</p>
      <p>The young infarcted subgroup attained the normal range value for this EF study, on the 30<sup>th</sup> postoperative day (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0321-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It was observed in the present study that the heart of the young infarcted rat showed a significant recovery of the systolic cardiac function when compared to the adult rat heart. The 28-day-old rats, considered young, reached, at the end of the study, a weight and cardiac development that was similar to that of the adult rats that started the study at 153 days old.</p>
      <p>During the echocardiographic study, the heart rate of the animals was monitored with an echocardiographic tracing. On the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day, the number of beats was significantly higher in the group of young rats; however, on the 30<sup>th</sup> postoperative day, the numbers were similar.</p>
      <p>As the animals were anesthetized, the heart rate was not the actual one, considering that the association of xylazine and ketamine produces bradycardia<sup>9,10</sup>. However, the mean values obtained in the adult rats were similar to those of other studies that used the same anesthetics<sup>9</sup>. The smallest dose used in the young rats can be the cause of the higher HR in these animals on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day; however, this procedure was essential for the carrying out of the study, considering that many of young rats died at the beginning of the experiment, when there was an attempt to use the suggested total dose.</p>
      <p>The general mortality of the study is similar to that reported by other authors. However, the mortality in the young group, alone, was the highest (49.3%)<sup>11</sup>. Additionally, the induction of significant infarction was more difficult in the young rats; therefore, the exclusion from the study due to an EF &gt; 40% was higher in this group.</p>
      <p>As the extension of the infarction cannot be controlled, the Simpson method was used for the echocardiographic analysis of the EF in the present study, as it allows the deformed area of the left ventricle to be included in the calculation of the systolic and diastolic volumes<sup>8,12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The LV final diastolic volume in the adult rat was increased when compared to that of the non-infarcted pairs. This alteration occurs as a consequence of the loss of contractile elements and the normal architecture of the ventricular wall, with a decrease in the contractile capacity of the affected region and, consequently, systolic function impairment<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ventricular dilation is one of the compensatory mechanisms to maintain the cardiac output and it is related to ventricular remodeling<sup>14,15</sup>. The increase in ventricular diameter results in higher ventricular wall stress and triggers compensatory mechanisms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia<sup>14,16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In young rats, the FDV was similar between infarcted and control animals. This evolution was different in the group of adult rats, as the infarcted rats presented significantly higher values than the control animals on the 30<sup>th</sup> postoperative day. This fact is probably due to compensatory mechanisms such as hyperplasia and hypertrophy and to the lower infarction expansion, which are more evident in young animals and might have had an effect on the smaller dilation of the ventricular cavity<sup>13,18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The non-dilation of the ventricular cavity on the 7<sup>th</sup> day might be due to the hypertrophy and increased capacity of contraction of the non-infarcted areas.</p>
      <p>The study by Litwin et al<sup>13</sup> showed that two infarcted rats presented smaller volumes than their controls among 11 observed animals, although the cause of this finding was not reported. This same fact occurred among the young rats, but with no statistical significance.</p>
      <p>The final systolic volume in the young infarcted group was significantly higher than that of the control group on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day and did not show any statistical difference on the 30<sup>th</sup> day. The hindering of the systolic dilation can also be due to mechanisms of hyperplasia, hypertrophy and lower infarction expansion in this age range<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ejection fraction values established for this study are lower than the ones used by other authors<sup>19,21</sup>, as the objective was that the animals would have not only myocardial infarction, but also ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>A cutoff of 40% for the EF showed to be adequate, as the rats with EF&lt;40% on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day presented significant infarction. Moreover, no control rat had an EF &lt; 40%.</p>
      <p>The EF in the infarcted adult rats showed to be significantly lower in the two analyzed periods. In the young group, however, there was an increase during the evolution, which was close to the values presented by the young controls. The differentiated capacity of cell proliferation and hypertrophy in the hearts of young rats might be one of the mechanisms of contractility recovery of these animals<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The regeneration of the cardiac muscle remains controversial, even with evidence of the formation of new cardiomyocytes in the adult heart. Thus, the persistence of a low EF in infarcted adult rats probably occurred due to the inadequate compensatory hypertrophy of the non-infarcted areas and by the lower rate of cardiomyocyte replacement<sup>16,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The worsening in the cardiac function may also be due to the myocardial contractility depression in regions distant from the infarction<sup>13,23,24</sup>. It is suggested that, in the adult rats with myocardial hypertrophy, a disproportion between the development of new capillaries and the myocardial hypertrophy occurs. This anatomical alteration might be related to the depression of the contractile function of cardiomyocytes due to the longer distance for oxygen diffusion<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathological anatomy of an experimental model of myocardial infarction showed that the younger rat presented a higher capacity of cardiac cell replication when compared to the adult rat<sup>26</sup>. Gould et al<sup>27</sup> observed that the 2-month-old animals presented a better recovery than the 10- and 12-month-old animals.</p>
      <p>The cardiomyocytes are constantly renewed to replace the losses caused by death and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that the adult heart contains a small cardiomyocyte population with proliferation capacity, but that is not enough to replace the number of cardiomyocytes lost at the infarction. The poorer replacement rate in older animals could explain the higher tendency to present heart failure in adverse situations<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Younger rats present a higher protein synthesis activity, necessary for the progression of the cell cycle and replication of cardiomyocytes; the myocardial infarction can be the stimulus for the cardiomyocyte to re-enter the cell cycle<sup>6,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram was chosen as it is a non-invasive method of assessment of cardiac parameters, which allows the heart to be analyzed in series. In rats, however, this procedure has limitations, considering that it requires anesthesia, with risk for the animal. Additionally, the visualization of all cuts is not always possible.</p>
      <p>In the group of young control rats, a decrease in the ejection fraction was observed at the evolution. It is known that the use of ketamine associated to xylazine, in addition to interfering with HR, significantly decreases the parameters of cardiac contractility<sup>30</sup>. The use of a lower drug dose in this group on the 7<sup>th</sup> day of postoperative evolution might have resulted in this difference. However, these differences do not modify the final study outcome, as the young infarcted subgroup received the same treatment during the procedures and on the 30<sup>th</sup> day, all were anesthetized, as the adult rats.</p>
      <p> In conclusion, the adaptive processes of myocardial infarction remain to be further understood.</p>
      <p>The present study shows that the myocardial infarction in the young rat shows a better recovery of the cardiac function than in the adult rat. Further studies, however, are necessary to verify whether the functional improvement in young rats is accompanied by cell recovery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
