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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">b9qfvp8FnpbvVCXnDSMDFJR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular encef&#225;lico cardioemb&#243;lico na doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Silvestre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Rodriguez de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hasslocher-Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FIOCRUZ</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Evandro Chagas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>306</fpage>
      <lpage>310</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEi) cardioemb&#243;lico &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica importante da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, no entanto, ainda n&#227;o foram definidos sua incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco associados a este evento. OBJETIVO: Definir estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de uma complica&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente e incapacitante da doen&#231;a de Chagas, o AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico. M&#201;TODOS: No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 1990 a mar&#231;o de 2002, 1.043 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas foram recrutados e acompanhados at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2003 em um estudo prospectivo e observacional de coorte. Por meio da regress&#227;o de Cox foi desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se correlacionou com a incid&#234;ncia anual desse evento: 4-5 pontos, &gt; 4%; 3 pontos, 2% a 4%; 2 pontos, 1% a 2 %; e 0-1 ponto, &lt; 1%. Foram avaliadas a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de duas coortes de tratamento: grupo 1, 52 pacientes em uso de varfarina por 14 &#177; 14 meses, mantendo INR 2-3; e grupo 2, 104 pacientes em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) 200 mg/dia, por 22 &#177; 21 meses. RESULTADOS: No grupo 1, a taxa anual de sangramento maior necessitando hemotransfus&#227;o foi de 1,9%, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de AVEi. Por meio da regress&#227;o de Cox foram identificadas 4 vari&#225;veis independentes associadas ao evento (disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, aneurisma apical, altera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e idade &gt; 48 anos) sendo desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se relacionou com a incid&#234;ncia anual desse evento. No grupo 2, n&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, e a incid&#234;ncia anual de AVEi foi de 3,2%, todos em pacientes com 4-5 pontos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Por meio da an&#225;lise de risco-benef&#237;cio, varfarina estaria indicada aos pacientes com 4-5 pontos, cuja incid&#234;ncia de evento supera a taxa de sangramento maior. No subgrupo de 3 pontos, as taxas de evento e sangramento com anticoagulante se equivalem, sendo indicados AAS ou varfarina, conforme o risco individual de sangramento ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o. Nos pacientes com 2 pontos, com baixa incid&#234;ncia de AVEi, seriam recomendados AAS ou nenhuma profilaxia. Os pacientes com 0-1 ponto, com incid&#234;ncia do evento pr&#243;xima a zero, n&#227;o necessitam de profilaxia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>acidente cerebrovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> DOEN&#199;A DE CHAGAS</p>
    <p>Estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular encef&#225;lico cardioemb&#243;lico na doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andr&#233;a Silvestre de Sousa<sup>I, II</sup>; S&#233;rgio Salles Xavier<sup>I, II</sup>; Gabriel Rodriguez de Freitas<sup>II</sup>; Alejandro Hasslocher-Moreno<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Evandro Chagas &#150; FIOCRUZ/RJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico (AVEi) cardioemb&#243;lico &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica importante da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, no entanto, ainda n&#227;o foram definidos sua incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco associados a este evento. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Definir estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de uma complica&#231;&#227;o freq&#252;ente e incapacitante da doen&#231;a de Chagas, o AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 1990 a mar&#231;o de 2002, 1.043 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas foram recrutados e acompanhados at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2003 em um estudo prospectivo e observacional de coorte. Por meio da regress&#227;o de Cox foi desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se correlacionou com a incid&#234;ncia anual desse evento: 4-5 pontos, &gt; 4%; 3 pontos, 2% a 4%; 2 pontos, 1% a 2 %; e 0-1 ponto, &lt; 1%. Foram avaliadas a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de duas coortes de tratamento: grupo 1, 52 pacientes em uso de varfarina por 14 &#177; 14 meses, mantendo INR 2-3; e grupo 2, 104 pacientes em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) 200 mg/dia, por 22 &#177; 21 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No grupo 1, a taxa anual de sangramento maior necessitando hemotransfus&#227;o foi de 1,9%, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de AVEi. Por meio da regress&#227;o de Cox foram identificadas 4 vari&#225;veis independentes associadas ao evento (disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, aneurisma apical, altera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e idade &gt; 48 anos) sendo desenvolvido um escore de risco de AVEi, que se relacionou com a incid&#234;ncia anual desse evento. No grupo 2, n&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, e a incid&#234;ncia anual de AVEi foi de 3,2%, todos em pacientes com 4-5 pontos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Por meio da an&#225;lise de risco-benef&#237;cio, varfarina estaria indicada aos pacientes com 4-5 pontos, cuja incid&#234;ncia de evento supera a taxa de sangramento maior. No subgrupo de 3 pontos, as taxas de evento e sangramento com anticoagulante se equivalem, sendo indicados AAS ou varfarina, conforme o risco individual de sangramento ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o. Nos pacientes com 2 pontos, com baixa incid&#234;ncia de AVEi, seriam recomendados AAS ou nenhuma profilaxia. Os pacientes com 0-1 ponto, com incid&#234;ncia do evento pr&#243;xima a zero, n&#227;o necessitam de profilaxia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, acidente cerebrovascular / complica&#231;&#245;es, fatores de risco, progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas ainda &#233;, nos dias de hoje, um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na Am&#233;rica Latina, onde se encontram cerca de 16 a 18 milh&#245;es de pacientes infectados, 3 a 5 milh&#245;es dos quais no Brasil<sup>1</sup>. Cerca de 30% desses pacientes ir&#227;o desenvolver cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, a forma cl&#237;nica sintom&#225;tica mais prevalente e a maior determinante de sua gravidade<sup>2,3</sup>, que tem como principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, as taquicardias e as bradiarritmias, e os fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A real incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico isqu&#234;mico de origem emb&#243;lica (AVEi) na doen&#231;a de Chagas ainda n&#227;o foi adequadamente definida. Embora estudos preliminares tenham sugerido que esses eventos possam constituir fatores progn&#243;sticos relevantes, seu risco n&#227;o &#233; definitivamente conhecido na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dada a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e socioecon&#244;mica do AVEi, estudos que definam seu risco e proponham medidas preventivas ser&#227;o sempre muito valiosos. Dentro do modelo de AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico, o &#250;nico subgrupo com proposta bem estabelecida de profilaxia &#233; o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>6</sup>. Outro modelo j&#225; foi descrito, o da cardiomiopatia dilatada<sup>7-11</sup>, por&#233;m sem estudos prospectivos capazes de definir estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o. Em nosso meio, a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica pode contribuir de forma significativa para a g&#234;nese desse evento letal e definitivamente incapacitante, talvez por apresentar um risco elevado complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas, justificado por caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias da cardiopatia<sup>12-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo, realizado a partir dessas evid&#234;ncias, tem como objetivo propor estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o baseadas em uma an&#225;lise de risco-benef&#237;cio, que sejam mais adequadas a essa cardiopatia e suas particularidades.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo prospectivo e observacional de coorte, pacientes consecutivos admitidos no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 1990 a mar&#231;o de 2002, com sorologias positivas para doen&#231;a de Chagas (imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta &gt; 1:80 e ELISA &gt; 1,2), sendo acompanhados at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2003, com per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de seguimento de um ano.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a evid&#234;ncia de outra cardiopatia n&#227;o-chag&#225;sica ou a op&#231;&#227;o de desligamento da coorte por motivos pessoais ou viagem com o tempo de seguimento inferior a um ano.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um mesmo protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (eletrocardiografia de repouso com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e DII longo), radiol&#243;gica (radiografia de t&#243;rax) e ecocardiogr&#225;fica (utilizando cortes convencionais e suas varia&#231;&#245;es, com o objetivo de identificar altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares espec&#237;ficas da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, especialmente o aneurisma apical).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram mantidos em acompanhamento ambulatorial, utilizando medica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas direcionadas a sintomas ou presen&#231;a de cardiopatia: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, betabloqueadores, diur&#233;ticos, digitais e antiarr&#237;tmicos.</p>
    <p>Duas subpopula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de tratamento foram estudadas separadamente: pacientes em uso de anticoagulante oral de acordo com as normas vigentes (fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, trombo intracavit&#225;rio ou evento cardioemb&#243;lico pr&#233;vio) e pacientes em uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) (hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou aqueles com aneurisma apical associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, esta &#250;ltima indica&#231;&#227;o consensual dos pesquisadores).</p>
    <p>Foram definidos como eventos todos os casos de AVEi ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio definidos como do tipo cardioemb&#243;lico, segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment</italic> (TOAST)<sup>16</sup>. Tomografia computadorizada (TC) de cr&#226;nio com e sem contraste e Doppler de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais foram realizados sempre que poss&#237;vel na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do evento.</p>
    <p>Todos os casos classificados pelos cardiologistas do grupo foram retrospectivamente avaliados de forma cega por um neurologista, aplicando a classifica&#231;&#227;o de TOAST, sendo estabelecida a concord&#226;ncia interobservador. Em caso de discord&#226;ncia, prevaleceu a an&#225;lise do neurologista.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um banco de dados com todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas foi constru&#237;do utilizando-se o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 11.0.</p>
    <p>O grau de concord&#226;ncia interobservador para o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico do evento cardioemb&#243;lico segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de TOAST foi avaliado pela estat&#237;stica <italic>kappa</italic>, sendo definida concord&#226;ncia substancial quando &#954; estiver entre 0,61 e 0,8, e concord&#226;ncia quase perfeita quando &#954; for maior que 0,8.</p>
    <p>Regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para an&#225;lise uni e multivariada dos preditores de risco, permitindo a cria&#231;&#227;o de escores com subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de risco. A acur&#225;cia do modelo criado foi avaliada por meio da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (estat&#237;stica C).</p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em todos os testes foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 1990 a mar&#231;o de 2003, foram acompanhados 1.043 pacientes, com seguimento completo em 84% dos casos (875 pacientes). O tempo de seguimento foi de 65,6 + 44 meses (5,5 anos). A m&#233;dia de idade da coorte geral foi de 45,8 + 11,7 anos, com leve preponder&#226;ncia do sexo feminino (53,4%).</p>
    <p>Foram identificados 36 eventos evolutivos, com diagn&#243;stico de AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico em 31 pacientes, conferindo incid&#234;ncia de 3% ou 0,56% ao ano. TC de cr&#226;nio foi realizada em 30 casos (83,3%) e Doppler de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais, em 21 (58,3%).</p>
    <p>A concord&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico de AVEi entre cardiologistas e neurologista foi considerada substancial, com coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,76 + 0,13.</p>
    <p>Por meio da regress&#227;o de Cox foi constru&#237;do um modelo preditivo de AVEi e definido um escore de pontos para cada uma das vari&#225;veis independentes selecionadas, derivado dos coeficientes de regress&#227;o da an&#225;lise multivariada: 2 pontos para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e 1 ponto para as demais (aneurisma apical, altera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#224; eletrocardiografia e idade &gt; 48 anos). Foi elaborado um escore de risco, atribuindo a cada paciente 0 a 5 pontos, de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia de cada um dos quatro fatores de risco identificados. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o descritos valores dos coeficientes de regress&#227;o, escore de pontos, erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia, p e raz&#227;o de risco, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC desse modelo foi igual a 0,90 (IC 95% de 0,86 a 0,94). A incid&#234;ncia de AVEi &#233; ascendente &#224; medida que aumenta o escore de pontos, o que pode ser visualizado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0306-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0306-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Coortes de tratamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A varfarina foi utilizada por 52 pacientes (20 casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, 6 de <italic>flutter </italic>atrial, 18 de AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico e 15 com trombos intracavit&#225;rios), objetivando manter INR entre 2 e 3, com tempo de seguimento de 13,99 + 14,12 meses. A taxa de sangramento maior, necessitando hemotransfus&#227;o, foi de 1,9% (n = 1), com efic&#225;cia em evitar AVEi de 100%.</p>
    <p>AAS foi prescrito para 113 pacientes ao longo do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, com dose m&#233;dia de 200 mg/dia. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 22,8 + 22,6 meses, sem complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Por ocasi&#227;o da exclus&#227;o dos pacientes que iniciaram o uso de AAS ap&#243;s o evento, foram identificados 5 pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com AVEi, todos eles do subgrupo de alto risco, com 4-5 pontos. A incid&#234;ncia de AVEi entre todos os pacientes em uso de AAS foi de 4,8% (3,2% ao ano), e no subgrupo de 4-5 pontos foi de 18% (13,3% ao ano).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise de risco-benef&#237;cio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por meio da an&#225;lise de risco-benef&#237;cio, a varfarina estaria indicada aos pacientes com 4-5 pontos, cuja incid&#234;ncia de evento (4,4% ao ano) supera a taxa de sangramento maior, que, nessa coorte, foi de aproximadamente 2% ao ano. No subgrupo de 3 pontos, as taxas de evento e sangramento com anticoagulante se equivalem, sendo indicados AAS ou varfarina, conforme o risco individual de sangramento ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o. Nos pacientes com 2 pontos, com baixa incid&#234;ncia de AVEi (1,22% ao ano), seriam recomendados AAS ou nenhuma profilaxia. Os pacientes com 0-1 ponto, com incid&#234;ncia do evento pr&#243;xima a zero, n&#227;o necessitam de profilaxia. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> foi resumida a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de profilaxia, com a incid&#234;ncia de AVEi em cada um dos subgrupos de risco.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0306-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico nesta coorte de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas foi de 0,56% ao ano, no per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 5,5 anos. Esse valor parece ser inferior ao descrito na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, em que a incid&#234;ncia de AVEi foi de 1,1% a 1,8% ao ano<sup>7-11</sup>. No entanto, esses estudos inclu&#237;ram apenas pacientes de mais alto risco, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada a grave. Ao se analisar esse subgrupo espec&#237;fico da coorte, pode-se inferir que a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica apresenta maior potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas, visto que a incid&#234;ncia de AVEi em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada a grave nessa cardiopatia foi de 3,25% ao ano. Na verdade, a simples presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, independentemente do grau de acometimento mioc&#225;rdico, foi relacionada a elevada incid&#234;ncia de AVEi (2,64% ao ano). Al&#233;m disso, particularidades dessa cardiopatia, como a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares espec&#237;ficas, principalmente o aneurisma apical, seria um fator de risco importante para os eventos cardioemb&#243;licos<sup>14</sup>, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, o que nos faz sugerir que as indica&#231;&#245;es formais de profilaxia de AVEi n&#227;o podem ser simplesmente extrapoladas para a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
    <p>Tanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (de qualquer grau) como a presen&#231;a de aneurisma apical foram selecionadas como vari&#225;veis independentes de AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico nessa coorte de pacientes chag&#225;sicos. As outras vari&#225;veis selecionadas foram idade superior a 48 anos, que traduz maior tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, e altera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#224; eletrocardiografia, provavelmente caracterizando pacientes nos quais o processo inflamat&#243;rio da miocardite chag&#225;sica &#233; mais ativo.</p>
    <p>O modelo criado com essas quatro vari&#225;veis e transformado em escore de pontos permitiu caracterizar subpopula&#231;&#245;es de risco crescente de AVEi, o que pode ser visibilizado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>. Pacientes com 4-5 pontos teriam incid&#234;ncia t&#227;o alta quanto 4,4% ao ano, contrapondo-se a indiv&#237;duos com incid&#234;ncia pr&#243;xima a zero, com 0-1 ponto.</p>
    <p>Analisando as coortes de tratamento, observa-se que n&#227;o houve casos de AVEi na vig&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, o que nos permite concluir que a efic&#225;cia da varfarina em evitar o evento foi de 100%. No entanto, esse benef&#237;cio se d&#225; &#224; custa de um risco de sangramento maior, que, nessa coorte e na literatura<sup>17</sup>, est&#225; em torno de 2% ao ano. Assim, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral estaria indicada como profilaxia apenas em subgrupos de alto risco de eventos cardioemb&#243;licos, caracterizados pelos pacientes com 4-5 pontos. Pacientes em uso de AAS n&#227;o apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas; no entanto, essa droga n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto o anticoagulante, visto que ocorreram 5 eventos em pacientes em uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios, sendo todos pacientes de alto risco (4-5 pontos), nenhum deles com indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pelas normas vigentes<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, 75 pacientes foram caracterizados como de alto risco (4-5 pontos), correspondendo a 7,3% do total da coorte, em que foram diagnosticados 14 AVEi (45% dos eventos). Dessa forma, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de 7,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o de chag&#225;sicos permitiria evitar cerca de 45% dos AVEi cardioemb&#243;licos. Se fossem anticoagulados pacientes de risco moderado e alto (3-5 pontos), 80,6% dos eventos seriam evitados (25 AVEi) &#224; custa de n&#250;mero maior de tratamentos: 17,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com 3 pontos deve ser muito bem ponderada, visto que o risco de sangramento &#233; semelhante &#224; incid&#234;ncia do evento, devendo ser indicada apenas em pacientes com baixo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e possibilidade de adequado controle do INR.</p>
    <p>&#192; observa&#231;&#227;o isolada da incid&#234;ncia geral de AVEi na coorte (0,56% ao ano), pode-se inferir que uma proposta de preven&#231;&#227;o desse evento teria baixo impacto sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, como a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de Chagas permanece elevada em nosso meio, seriam esperados a cada ano entre 16 e 28 mil novos casos de AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico relacionados a essa doen&#231;a. Se forem considerados subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de risco, como pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada a grave, que correspondem a 15% do total de chag&#225;sicos<sup>4</sup>, poderiam ser esperados entre 97 e 162 mil novos casos de AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico a cada ano, em nosso Pa&#237;s. A maioria desses casos n&#227;o seria identificada pelas normas vigentes de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; no entanto, quase metade desses casos poderiam ser evitados com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de escore proposto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diante do exposto, faz-se necess&#225;ria a busca de novas propostas de preven&#231;&#227;o do AVEi cardioemb&#243;lico, muitas vezes incapacitante e de alto risco, que sejam especificamente direcionadas &#224;s particularidades da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, caracterizada por elevado potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas. A partir dessa an&#225;lise de risco-benef&#237;cio, indica-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de varfarina (INR 2-3) em pacientes de alto risco (4-5 pontos) e de AAS ou varfarina nos de risco intermedi&#225;rio (3 pontos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Andrea Silvestre de Sousa pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Andr&#233;a Silvestre de Sousa </p>
        <p> Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#150; IPEC &#150; Av. Brasil, 4365 &#150; Manguinhos </p>
        <p> 21045-900 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="asilvestre@cardiol.br">asilvestre@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 26/09/06; revisado recebido em 26/02/07; aceito em 08/10/07</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevention strategies of cardioembolic ischemic stroke in Chagas' disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The cardioembolic (CE) ischemic stroke is an important clinical manifestation of chronic chagasic cardiopathy; however, its incidence and the risk factors associated to this event have yet to be defined. OBJECTIVE: To determine prevention strategies for a common and devastating complication of Chagas' disease, the cardioembolic (CE) ischemic stroke. METHODS: 1,043 patients with Chagas' disease were prospectively evaluated from 03/1990 to 03/2002 and followed up to 03/2003. Cox regression was performed to create the CE risk score that was related with the annual incidence of this event: 4-5 points - &gt;4%; 3 points - 2-4%; 2 points - 1-2%; 0-1 points - &lt;1%. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of two treatment cohorts: (1) 52 patients who used warfarin (INR 2-3) for 14&#177;14 months; (2) 104 patients who used acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (200 mg/d) for 22&#177;21 months. RESULTS: In group (1), the risk of a major bleeding that needed blood transfusion was 1.9% a year, without CE. Cox regression was used to identify 4 independent variables associated to the event (systolic dysfunction, apical aneurysm, primary alteration of ventricular repolarization and age &gt; 48 years) and an CE risk score was developed, which was associated with the annual incidence of this event. In group (2) there were no bleeding complications and the annual incidence of CE was 3.2%, all of them in patients with 4-5 points. CONCLUSION: Based on the risk-benefit analysis, warfarin prophylaxis for cardioembolic stroke in Chagas' disease is recommended for patients with a score of 4-5 points, in whom the risk of CE overweighs the risk of a major bleeding. With a 3-point score, the risks of bleeding and CE are the same, so the medical decision of using either warfarin or ASA has to be an individual one. In patients with a low risk of CE (2-point score) either ASA or no therapy can be chosen. The prophylaxis is not necessary in patients with 0-1 point scores, in whom the stroke incidence is near zero.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas' cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>cerebrovascular accident</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Prevention strategies of cardioembolic ischemic stroke in Chagas' disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andr&#233;a Silvestre de Sousa<sup>I, II</sup>; S&#233;rgio Salles Xavier<sup>I, II</sup>; Gabriel Rodriguez de Freitas<sup>II</sup>; Alejandro Hasslocher-Moreno<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica Evandro Chagas &#150; FIOCRUZ/RJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The cardioembolic (CE) ischemic stroke is an important clinical manifestation of chronic chagasic cardiopathy; however, its incidence and the risk factors associated to this event have yet to be defined.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine prevention strategies for a common and devastating complication of Chagas' disease, the cardioembolic (CE) ischemic stroke.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 1,043 patients with Chagas' disease were prospectively evaluated from 03/1990 to 03/2002 and followed up to 03/2003. Cox regression was performed to create the CE risk score that was related with the annual incidence of this event: 4-5 points - &gt;4%; 3 points &#150; 2-4%; 2 points &#150; 1-2%; 0-1 points - &lt;1%. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of two treatment cohorts: (1) 52 patients who used warfarin (INR 2-3) for 14&#177;14 months; (2) 104 patients who used acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (200 mg/d) for 22&#177;21 months.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In group (1), the risk of a major bleeding that needed blood transfusion was 1.9% a year, without CE. Cox regression was used to identify 4 independent variables associated to the event (systolic dysfunction, apical aneurysm, primary alteration of ventricular repolarization and age &gt; 48 years) and an CE risk score was developed, which was associated with the annual incidence of this event. In group (2) there were no bleeding complications and the annual incidence of CE was 3.2%, all of them in patients with 4-5 points.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Based on the risk-benefit analysis, warfarin prophylaxis for cardioembolic stroke in Chagas' disease is recommended for patients with a score of 4-5 points, in whom the risk of CE overweighs the risk of a major bleeding. With a 3-point score, the risks of bleeding and CE are the same, so the medical decision of using either warfarin or ASA has to be an individual one. In patients with a low risk of CE (2-point score) either ASA or no therapy can be chosen. The prophylaxis is not necessary in patients with 0-1 point scores, in whom the stroke incidence is near zero.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Chagas' cardiomyopathy; cerebrovascular accident/complications; risk factors; prognosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chagas' disease currently remains an important public health problem in Latin America, where there are around 16 to 18 million infected patients, of which 3 to 5 million are in Brazil<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Around 30% of these patients will develop the chronic Chagasic cardiopathy, the most prevalent symptomatic clinical form and the most important determinant of its severity<sup>2,3</sup>, which has heart failure, tachy- and bradyarrhythmias and thromboembolic events as the main clinical manifestations<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The actual incidence of the cardioembolic ischemic stroke (CE) in Chagas' disease has not been adequately defined. Although preliminary studies have suggested that these events can constitute relevant prognostic factors, their risk is not definitely known in chronic chagasic cardiopathy<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering the clinical and socioeconomic importance of the cardioembolic ischemic stroke, studies that define its risk and propose preventive measures will always be very important. Within the model of cardioembolic stroke, the only subgroup with a well-established proposal of prophylaxis is the atrial fibrillation one<sup>6</sup>. Another model that has been described, the dilated cardiomyopathy model<sup>7-11</sup>, has not presented prospective studies capable of defining prevention strategies. In our country, the chronic chagasic cardiopathy can significantly contribute to the genesis of this lethal and certainly incapacitating event, maybe due to its highly emboligenic nature, justified by the innate characteristics of the cardiopathy<sup>12-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering such evidence, the present study was carried out aiming at proposing prevention strategies based on a risk-benefit analysis that are more adequate for this cardiopathy and its features.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Consecutive patients admitted during the period of March 1990 to March 2002 who presented positive serology for Chagas' disease (direct immunofluorescence &gt; 1:80 and ELISA &gt; 1.2) were included in this prospective and observational cohort study. The patients were followed until March 2003, with a minimum follow-up period of 1 year.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were the evidence of another, non-chagasic cardiopathy or the patient's decision to withdraw from the study due to personal reasons or trip, with a follow-up period &lt; 1 year.</p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to the same clinic-epidemiological, electrocardiographic (12-lead electrocardiogram at rest with long DII derivation), radiographic (chest X-ray) and echocardiographic (using conventional cuts and their variations, aiming at the identification of segmental alterations that are specific for the chagasic cardiopathy, especially the apical aneurism) evaluation protocol.</p>
      <p>The patients were followed on an outpatient basis, using specific medications directed at the symptoms or the presence of the cardiopathy: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, beta-blockers, diuretics, digitalis and anti-arrhythmic drugs.</p>
      <p>Two specific treatment subpopulations were studied separately: patients using oral anticoagulation drugs according to the current guidelines (atrial fibrillation or flutter, intracavitary thrombus or previous cardioembolic event) and patients using acetylsalicylic acid (hypertensive patients, patients with diabetes and metabolic syndrome or those with apical aneurism associated to systolic dysfunction, the latter being a consensual indication of the researchers).</p>
      <p> Events were defined as all the cases of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack defined as the cardioembolic type, according to the TOAST<sup>16</sup> classification. Computed tomography (CT) of the skull with and without contrast and Doppler of the carotid and vertebral arteries were performed whenever possible in the presence of the event.</p>
      <p>All the cases classified by the group cardiologists were retrospectively evaluated by a neurologist blinded to the cases, applying the TOAST classification and establishing the inter-observer concordance. In case of discordance, the neurologist's evaluation was the one considered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A database with the variables studied was constructed using the SPSS software, version 11.0.</p>
      <p>The degree of inter-observer concordance for the etiological diagnosis of the cardioembolic event according to the TOAST classification was evaluated by <italic>kappa</italic> statistics, with substantial concordance being defined when &#954; is between 0.61 and 0.8 and almost perfect concordance when &#954; is &gt; 0.8.</p>
      <p>Cox regression was used for the uni- and multivariate analysis of the risk predictors, allowing the construction of scores with specific risk subgroups. The accuracy of the constructed model was evaluated through the area under the ROC curve (Statistics C). The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 1,043 patients were followed during the period of March 1990 to March 2003, with complete follow-up in 84% of the cases (875 patients). The time of follow-up was 65.6&#177;44 months (5.5 years). The mean age of the general cohort was 45.8&#177;11.7 years, with a slight predominance of the female sex (53.4%).</p>
      <p>Thirty-six evolution events were identified, with a diagnosis of cardioembolic stroke in 31 patients, resulting in an incidence of 3% or 0.56% per year. Skull CT was performed in 30 cases (83.3%) and Doppler of the carotid and vertebral arteries was performed in 21 patients (58.3%).</p>
      <p>The concordance regarding the etiological diagnosis of ischemic stroke between the cardiologists and the neurologist was considered to be substantial, with a correlation coefficient of 0.76&#177;0.13.</p>
      <p>Cox regression was used to construct a predictive model of CE ischemic stroke and a score of points was defined for each one of the independent variables selected, derived from the coefficients of regression of the multivariate analysis: 2 points for the systolic dysfunction and 1 point for the others (apical aneurism, primary alteration of the ventricular repolarization at the ECG and age &gt; 48 years). A risk score was created, attributing to each patient 0 to 5 points, according to the presence or absence of each one of the identified risk factors. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> describes the values of the coefficients of regression, score of points, standard error (SD), p and hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval. The area under the ROC curve of this model was 0.90 (95%CI of 0.86 to 0.94). The incidence of CE ischemic stroke rises as the score of points increases, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0306-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0306-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Treatment cohorts</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 52 patients used warfarin (20 cases of atrial fibrillation, 18 cases of CE stroke and 15 cases with intracavitary thrombi), aiming at keeping INR values between 2 and 3, with a follow-up time of 13.99&#177;14.12 months. The higher incidence of bleeding, which necessitated blood transfusion, was 1.9% (n=1), with 100% efficacy in preventing the CE stroke.</p>
      <p>ASA was prescribed to 113 patients during the follow-up period, with a mean dose of 200 mg/dia. The mean follow-up period was 22.8&#177;22.6 months, with no hemorrhagic complications. When the patients who initiated ASA use after the event were excluded, we identified 5 patients who evolved with CE ischemic stroke, all in the high-risk subgroup, with a score of 4-5 points. The incidence of CE ischemic stroke in all patients using ASA was 4.8% (3.2% a year) and 18% (13.3% a year) in the subgroup of patients with a score of 4-5 points.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Risk-benefit analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the risk-benefit analysis, warfarin would be indicated to patients with a score of 4-5 points in whom the incidence of event (4.4% a year) outweighs the higher incidence of bleeding, which was approximately 2% a year in this cohort. In the subgroup with a score of 3 points, the incidence of the event and of bleeding with anticoagulant drugs is equivalent, with ASA or warfarin being indicated according to the individual risk of bleeding or embolization. Patients with a score of 2 points, with a low incidence of CE ischemic stroke (1.22% a year), should receive ASA or no prophylaxis. Patients with a score of 0-1 points, with a near-zero incidence of event, do not need prophylaxis. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> summarizes prophylaxis recommendation, including the incidence of CE ischemic stroke in each risk subgroup.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0306-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of CE ischemic stroke in this cohort of patients with Chagas' disease was 0.56% a year, in a mean follow-up period of 5.5 years. This value seems to be lower than that described for ischemic cardiopathy, where the incidence of CE ischemic stroke was 1.1 to 1.8% a year<sup>7-11</sup>. However, these studies included only higher-risk patients, with moderate to severe systolic dysfunction. If this specific subgroup of the cohort is analyzed, it can be inferred that chagasic cardiopathy has a higher emboligenic potential, considering that the incidence of CE ischemic stroke in patients with moderate to severe dysfunction in this cardiopathy was 3.25% a year. In fact, the simple presence of systolic dysfunction in chagasic cardiopathy, regardless of the degree of myocardial involvement, was related to a high incidence of CE ischemic stroke (2.64% a year). Additionally, innate characteristics of this cardiopathy, such as the presence of specific segmental alterations, mainly the apical aneurism, would be an important risk factor for cardioembolic events<sup>14</sup>, even in the absence of systolic dysfunction, which makes us suggest that the conventional forms of prophylaxis in CE ischemic stroke cannot be simply extended to chagasic cardiopathy.</p>
      <p>Not only the systolic dysfunction (of any degree), but also the presence of apical aneurism were selected as independent variables in CE ischemic stroke in this cohort of chagasic patients. The other selected variables were age &gt; 48 years, which translates into a longer time of disease evolution and probability of event occurrence and the primary alteration of ventricular repolarization at the ECG, probably characterizing patients in whom the inflammatory process of the chagasic myocarditis is more active.</p>
      <p>The model created with these four variables and transformed into a point score system allowed the characterization of subpopulations at increasing risk of CE stroke, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. Patients with a score of 4-5 points would have an incidence as high as 4.4% a year, in opposition to individuals with a score of 0-1 points and incidence close to zero.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the treatment cohorts, we observed that there was no case of CE ischemic stroke during oral anticoagulation therapy, which allowed us to conclude that the efficacy of warfarin in preventing the event was 100%. However, this benefit involves a higher risk of bleeding, which is around 2% a year in this cohort and in the literature<sup>17</sup>. Thus, oral anticoagulation would be indicated as prophylaxis only in subgroups with high risk of cardioembolic events, characterized by patients with a score of 4-5 points. Patients using ASA did not present hemorrhagic complications; however, this drug is not as effective as the anticoagulant drug, considering that 5 events occurred with patients using antiplatelet drugs, all of them being high-risk patients (score of 4-5 points) and none of them with indication for anticoagulation therapy under the current guidelines<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>A total of 75 patients were characterized as being high-risk (4-5 points), which corresponds to 7.3% of the total cohort, where 14 CE ischemic strokes were diagnosed (45% of the events). Therefore, the anticoagulation therapy in 7.3% of the chagasic population would prevent around 45% of the CE ischemic strokes. If moderate to high-risk patients (3-5 points) received anticoagulation therapy, 80.6% of the events would be prevented (25 CE ischemic strokes), at the cost of a higher number of treatments: 17.6% of the population. Nevertheless, the anticoagulation of patients with a score of 3 points must be carefully deliberated, considering that the risk of bleeding is similar to that of the event incidence and it must be indicated only for patients with low risk of hemorrhagic complications and possibility of adequate INR control.</p>
      <p>When taking into account the isolated general incidence of CE ischemic stroke in the cohort (0.56% a year), one could infer that a proposal for the prevention of this event would have a low impact on the population. However, as the prevalence of Chagas' disease remains elevated in our country, approximately 16,000 to 28,000 new cases of CE ischemic stroke, related to this disease, would be expected every year. If we consider the specific risk subgroups, such as patients with moderate to severe dysfunction, which correspond to 15% of the total number of chagasic patients<sup>4</sup>, one could expect between 97,000 and 162,000 new cases of CE ischemic stroke a year in our country. Most of these cases would not be identified by the current anticoagulation guidelines; however, almost half of these cases could be prevented using the proposed score system.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it is necessary to seek new prevention proposals for this very often incapacitating and high-risk event, the CE ischemic stroke, which are specifically directed at the innate characteristics of the chagasic cardiopathy, characterized by an elevated emboligenic potential. Based on this risk-benefit analysis, we suggest the use of warfarin (INR 2-3) for high-risk patients (4-5 points) and ASA or Warfarin for those with moderate risk (3 points).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Andrea Silvestre de Sousa, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
