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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QcBBhkrQNgRhg7ShRMYq8gb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e do duplo produto de repouso ap&#243;s treinamento resistido em idosas hipertensas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Terra</surname>
            <given-names>Denize Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Helo&#237;sa Thomaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;dia M. Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Moreno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vinhal</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael M. Ritti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Martins da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Distrito Federal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>299</fpage>
      <lpage>305</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Em raz&#227;o das controv&#233;rsias existentes na literatura quanto aos poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios do treinamento resistido (TR) sobre a press&#227;o arterial de repouso (PA) e por causa da escassez de estudos com indiv&#237;duos idosos e hipertensos, o TR &#233; pouco recomendado como forma de tratamento n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o arterial. OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos do TR progressivo sobre a press&#227;o arterial de repouso (PA), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e o duplo produto (DP) em idosas hipertensas controladas. M&#201;TODOS: Vinte mulheres idosas (66,8 &#177; 5,6 anos de idade) sedent&#225;rias, controladas com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, realizaram 12 semanas de TR, compondo o grupo do treinamento resistido (GTR). Vinte e seis idosas (65,3 &#177; 3,4 anos de idade) hipertensas controladas n&#227;o realizaram exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos durante a pesquisa, constituindo o grupo-controle. RESULTADOS: Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos valores de repouso da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e do DP ap&#243;s o TR. N&#227;o foram encontradas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e na FC de repouso ap&#243;s o TR em ambos os grupos. A magnitude da queda no GTR foi de 10,5 mmHg, 6,2 mmHg e 2.218,6 mmHg x bpm para a PAS, PAM e o DP, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O TR progressivo reduziu a PAS, PAM e o DP de repouso de idosas hipertensas, controladas com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOGERIATRIA</p>
    <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e do duplo produto de repouso ap&#243;s treinamento resistido em idosas hipertensas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Denize Faria Terra<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rcio Rabelo Mota<sup>I</sup>; Helo&#237;sa Thomaz Rabelo<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;dia M. Aguiar Bezerra<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Moreno Lima<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233; Garcia Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Pedro Henrique Vinhal<sup>I</sup>; Raphael M. Ritti Dias<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Martins da Silva<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia (UCB), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Em raz&#227;o das controv&#233;rsias existentes na literatura quanto aos poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios do treinamento resistido (TR) sobre a press&#227;o arterial de repouso (PA) e por causa da escassez de estudos com indiv&#237;duos idosos e hipertensos, o TR &#233; pouco recomendado como forma de tratamento n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar os efeitos do TR progressivo sobre a press&#227;o arterial de repouso (PA), a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e o duplo produto (DP) em idosas hipertensas controladas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Vinte mulheres idosas (66,8 &#177; 5,6 anos de idade) sedent&#225;rias, controladas com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, realizaram 12 semanas de TR, compondo o grupo do treinamento resistido (GTR). Vinte e seis idosas (65,3 &#177; 3,4 anos de idade) hipertensas controladas n&#227;o realizaram exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos durante a pesquisa, constituindo o grupo-controle. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos valores de repouso da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) e do DP ap&#243;s o TR. N&#227;o foram encontradas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e na FC de repouso ap&#243;s o TR em ambos os grupos. A magnitude da queda no GTR foi de 10,5 mmHg, 6,2 mmHg e 2.218,6 mmHg x bpm para a PAS, PAM e o DP, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O TR progressivo reduziu a PAS, PAM e o DP de repouso de idosas hipertensas, controladas com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, exerc&#237;cio, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, envelhecimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, o treinamento resistido (TR) tem sido recomendado como importante componente em programas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos para indiv&#237;duos idosos<sup>1</sup>. Dentre os benef&#237;cios decorrentes do TR, os aumentos da for&#231;a e massa musculares est&#227;o bem evidenciados na literatura<sup>2-5</sup>. Adicionalmente, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que indiv&#237;duos que realizam 30 minutos ou mais de TR por sess&#227;o possam apresentar um risco reduzido em 23% para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares fatais, quando comparados aos que n&#227;o realizam esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Existem controv&#233;rsias na literatura quanto aos poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios cr&#244;nicos do TR sobre a press&#227;o arterial de repouso (PA). H&#225; estudos que demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD)<sup>7-10</sup>, redu&#231;&#227;o apenas da PAS<sup>11</sup>, redu&#231;&#227;o apenas da PAD<sup>12</sup>, ou ainda estudos que n&#227;o encontraram altera&#231;&#245;es na PAS ap&#243;s o TR<sup>13,14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, em duas metan&#225;lises foi observado que n&#227;o existem aumentos significativos da PA ap&#243;s TR<sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Um outro problema &#233; a escassez de estudos conduzidos em indiv&#237;duos idosos e hipertensos. De acordo com a revis&#227;o de literatura realizada, foram encontrados apenas tr&#234;s estudos com idosos<sup>7,10,14 </sup>e dois com hipertensos<sup>12,13 </sup>que realizaram o TR. O conhecimento dessas altera&#231;&#245;es &#233; importante, pois tem sido demonstrado que a redu&#231;&#227;o de apenas 5 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diminui em 40% o risco de acidentes vasculares cerebrais e em 15% o risco de IAM<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante disso, &#233; fundamental a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas analisando os efeitos do TR em indiv&#237;duos idosos e hipertensos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de 12 semanas de TR sobre a PA, FC e o DP de repouso, em idosas hipertensas controladas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por idosas volunt&#225;rias com idade superior a 60 anos, moradoras das cidades sat&#233;lites de &#193;guas Claras, Ceil&#226;ndia, Gama, Samabaia, Santa Maria e Taguatinga, do Distrito Federal. O recrutamento das idosas foi feito por meio de visitas aos locais e centros de conviv&#234;ncia dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, tais como igrejas, grupos de artesanato, casas de dan&#231;a/forr&#243; etc. Todas as idosas foram convidadas a participar da pesquisa, seja fazendo parte do grupo controle, seja do grupo experimental. Contudo, apenas aquelas que se dispuseram a participar da pesquisa e que se enquadravam nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram selecionadas. </p>
    <p>A amostra foi composta por 52 idosas hipertensas (65,9 &#177; 4,5 anos de idade) controladas com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, das quais 23 foram submetidas ao TR, constituindo o grupo do treinamento resistido (GTR). O grupo-controle (GC), composto por 29 volunt&#225;rias com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes, mas independente da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, foi instru&#237;do a n&#227;o modificar suas atividades habituais. As idosas foram instru&#237;das a n&#227;o alterar a medica&#231;&#227;o ao longo do estudo.</p>
    <p>Antes do treinamento, todas as participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, contendo todos os procedimentos a serem desenvolvidos. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da UCB, conforme o Processo n&#186; 05/2007.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade igual ou superior a 60 anos; hist&#243;rico de sedentarismo h&#225;, pelo menos, seis meses antes da pesquisa (IPAQ vers&#227;o longa); e hipertens&#227;o arterial previamente diagnosticada e controlada (PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg) com o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Antes de come&#231;ar a interven&#231;&#227;o, todas as participantes apresentaram libera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio resistido. Al&#233;m disso, todas elas realizaram um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo em esteira, como medida de seguran&#231;a, para verificar se apresentavam problemas card&#237;acos. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o considerados foram contra-indica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios resistidos, tais como: hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-controlada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente, limita&#231;&#245;es articulares importantes, entre outras enfermidades que pudessem comprometer as respostas cardiovasculares, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es graves no eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas hemodin&#226;micas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A PAS, PAD, PAM (calculada pela f&#243;rmula PAD &#150; 0,33 x PAS-PAD), FC e o DP (PAS X FC) foram mensurados em repouso antes e ap&#243;s 12 semanas de TR. As vari&#225;veis foram aferidas ap&#243;s 5, 15 e 20 minutos de repouso. A m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s medidas foi considerada para estabelecer os valores de repouso. Para minimizar qualquer poss&#237;vel efeito agudo sobre as vari&#225;veis, as medidas foram realizadas 48 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido.</p>
    <p>Para aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA e FC, utilizou-se o aparelho digital autom&#225;tico Microlife<italic>&#174;</italic>, modelo BP 3AC1-1, validado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brit&#226;nica de Cardiologia para medidas de repouso<sup>17</sup>. As medidas foram realizadas sempre pelo mesmo pesquisador e no mesmo per&#237;odo do dia.</p>
    <p>Os procedimentos para a medida de PA foram baseados no VII Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (2003)<sup>18</sup>, que recomenda a posi&#231;&#227;o sentada do indiv&#237;duo com os p&#233;s descruzados e apoiados no ch&#227;o, e o bra&#231;o apoiado no n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Programa de treinamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Previamente ao TR, as volunt&#225;rias foram submetidas a um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o aos exerc&#237;cios com dura&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s semanas, para aprendizado da t&#233;cnica correta de execu&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o, realizaram-se testes de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1-RM). N&#227;o foram realizados testes para os exerc&#237;cios abdu&#231;&#227;o de ombros com halter, abdominal, extens&#227;o de tronco e panturrilha livre em p&#233;. Para execu&#231;&#227;o dos testes, cada indiv&#237;duo realizou, no m&#225;ximo, cinco tentativas em cada exerc&#237;cio com um intervalo de 3-5 minutos entre elas. O peso m&#225;ximo levantado em uma &#250;nica repeti&#231;&#227;o foi identificado como a carga m&#225;xima. </p>
    <p>O TR de 12 semanas, com uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia semanal de tr&#234;s vezes em dias alternados, foi realizado em tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de 12, 10 e 8 repeti&#231;&#245;es. A intensidade do treinamento foi periodizada ao longo do programa de treinamento. Nas quatro semanas iniciais, a intensidade foi de 60% de 1-RM, nas quatro semanas subseq&#252;entes de 70% de 1-RM e nas &#250;ltimas quatro semanas de 80% de 1-RM. O m&#233;todo de treinamento adotado foi o alternado por segmento com os exerc&#237;cios feitos de forma aleat&#243;ria, contanto que o exerc&#237;cio <italic>leg press</italic> fosse o &#250;ltimo a ser realizado. </p>
    <p>Os exerc&#237;cios que compuseram o programa de treinamento foram: puxada costas, extens&#227;o de joelhos, supino vertical na m&#225;quina, cadeira abdutora, flex&#227;o de joelhos, abdu&#231;&#227;o de ombros com halter, panturrilha livre em p&#233;, abdominal, extens&#227;o de tronco e <italic>leg press</italic> 45&#186;. Utilizaram-se os aparelhos de muscula&#231;&#227;o da marca Righetto<sup>&#174;</sup>, da linha HighOn. A velocidade de execu&#231;&#227;o utilizada foi 2:2 e o intervalo de recupera&#231;&#227;o de 60 segundos nas primeiras oito semanas e de 90 segundos nas &#250;ltimas quatro. Previamente e logo ap&#243;s cada sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, foram realizados exerc&#237;cios de alongamento para os principais grupos musculares solicitados nos treinamentos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A tabula&#231;&#227;o dos resultados foi feita pelos autores do trabalho no programa Excel 2003. Previamente ao in&#237;cio da an&#225;lise dos dados, fez-se uma an&#225;lise descritiva detalhada com o prop&#243;sito de determinar poss&#237;veis erros na digita&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram utilizados dois programas estat&#237;sticos: Statistica 5.0 e SPSS 13.</p>
    <p>A normalidade e a homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia dos dados foram checadas pelos testes de Shapiro-Wilks<sup>19</sup> e Levene<sup>20</sup>, respectivamente. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares e da medica&#231;&#227;o utilizada entre GTR e GC. O teste t de <italic>student</italic> foi utilizado para verificar diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre o GTR e o GC.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos dados, consideraram-se as seguintes vari&#225;veis dependentes: PAS (vari&#225;vel quantitativa cont&#237;nua), PAD (vari&#225;vel quantitativa cont&#237;nua), PAM (vari&#225;vel quantitativa cont&#237;nua), FC (vari&#225;vel quantitativa cont&#237;nua) e DP (vari&#225;vel quantitativa cont&#237;nua). As vari&#225;veis independentes foram: grupo (vari&#225;vel qualitativa nominal) e tempo (vari&#225;vel qualitativa ordinal)<sup>21</sup>. Para analisar o efeito do treinamento em todas as vari&#225;veis, exceto o duplo produto, foi utilizada a ANOVA <italic>two-way</italic><sup>20</sup> (grupo vs. treinamento). Na vari&#225;vel DP, observou-se diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no momento pr&#233;-treinamento, e optou-se pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ANCOVA <italic>two-</italic>way<sup>22</sup> (grupo vs. treinamento). Para ambas as an&#225;lises, quando verificado o valor de F significante, utilizou-se o teste <italic>post hoc</italic> de Newman-keuls<sup>23</sup>para localiza&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Para todas as an&#225;lises, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de p &lt; 0,05. Os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do GTR e GC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis avaliadas. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Das 23 idosas pertencentes ao GTR, 20 completaram o TR sem apresentar nenhum problema causado pela interven&#231;&#227;o. Os motivos da desist&#234;ncia inclu&#237;ram problemas familiares e cirurgia de ves&#237;cula imediata. No GC, tr&#234;s volunt&#225;rias sa&#237;ram do estudo por problemas familiares. Portanto, a amostra final foi composta por 20 idosas no GTR e de 26 no GC.</p>
    <p>A ader&#234;ncia ao TR foi de 96% no GTR. No GC, a ader&#234;ncia durante a pesquisa foi de 98%. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>De acordo com os resultados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, o TR reduziu, significativamente, os valores de repouso da PAS (intera&#231;&#227;o tempo vs. grupo: F = 11,5; p &lt; 0,01), da PAM (intera&#231;&#227;o tempo vs. grupo: F = 6,7; p &lt; 0,01) e do DP (intera&#231;&#227;o tempo vs. grupo: F = 18,4; p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o foram encontradas redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na PAD e na FC de repouso do GTR e do GC.</p>
    <p>A magnitude da queda com o treinamento no GTR foi de 10,5 mmHg para a PAS, 6,2 mmHg para a PAM e 2218,6 mmHg x bpm para o DP, representando redu&#231;&#245;es de 9,2%, 7,4% e 33,0% para a PAS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;f. 1</xref>), PAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;f. 2</xref>) e DP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;f. 3</xref>), respectivamente.</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Apesar de os valores pr&#233;-treino das vari&#225;veis dos grupos experimental e controle n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre si, exceto para o DP (p &lt; 0,01), ap&#243;s o treinamento, os valores do GTR foram significativamente menores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC para a PAS (114,7 &#177; 9,2 vs. 123,3 &#177; 13,5 mmHg; p &lt; 0,01), PAM (83,5 &#177; 8,1 vs. 89,8 &#177; 8,8 mmHg; p &lt; 0,01) e DP (6.816,2 &#177; 1.392,0 vs. 9.140,7 &#177; 1.446,6; p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que 12 semanas de TR promoveram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na PAS, PAM e no DP de repouso em idosas hipertensas controladas. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante destacar que n&#227;o ocorreu nenhum efeito adverso durante as sess&#245;es de treinamento de for&#231;a, o que demonstrou a seguran&#231;a desse tipo de treinamento para a popula&#231;&#227;o idosa hipertensa.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o relevantes, pois a redu&#231;&#227;o na PA ap&#243;s o TR promoveu mudan&#231;a na categoria da classifica&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do grupo experimental, de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o para normal, reduzindo, conseq&#252;entemente, os riscos de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>18</sup>. Tem sido sugerido que a redu&#231;&#227;o de apenas 5 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial diminui em 40% o risco de acidentes vasculares cerebrais e em 15% o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>16</sup>. No presente estudo, os benef&#237;cios podem ter sido ainda maiores, j&#225; que as redu&#231;&#245;es encontradas, em repouso, apresentaram valores superiores a 5 mmHg na PAS e PAM. </p>
    <p>A magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS ap&#243;s o TR encontrada neste estudo &#233; superior aos valores encontrados na literatura (-3,2 mmHg)<sup>10,15,24,25</sup>, sendo semelhante a alguns valores obtidos com o treinamento aer&#243;bio<sup>25</sup>. Os valores de PAS e PAD com o treinamento aer&#243;bio variaram entre -20,0 a + 9,0 mmHg para a PAS<sup>25</sup>. N&#227;o foram encontrados valores m&#233;dios para a PAM e o DP. </p>
    <p>Os nossos resultados de redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS de repouso v&#227;o de encontro aos resultados de v&#225;rios estudos<sup>7-10</sup>, o que indica que o TR, realmente, exerce um efeito hipotensor sobre os valores de repouso da PAS e da PAM. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que alguns autores n&#227;o observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS ap&#243;s o TR<sup>13,14,26,27</sup>. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAD, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo e em outros estudos<sup>11,14,26</sup> n&#227;o indicaram redu&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o programa de TR. Todavia, a redu&#231;&#227;o na PAD ap&#243;s o TR foi verificada por outros estudos<sup>10,12</sup>. Essas controv&#233;rsias podem ser atribu&#237;das, pelo menos em parte, a dois fatores: &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da amostra e ao programa de treinamento realizado.</p>
    <p>Este foi o &#250;nico estudo que analisou os efeitos do TR em idosas hipertensas controladas. Al&#233;m disso, o programa do treinamento utilizado neste estudo foi periodizado, ou seja, houve varia&#231;&#227;o de intensidade durante o programa. &#201; poss&#237;vel que esse modelo de prescri&#231;&#227;o promova adapta&#231;&#245;es diferenciadas das observadas ap&#243;s o treinamento n&#227;o-periodizado. Todavia, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos que comprovem essa hip&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram investigados os mecanismos envolvidos na diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s o TR. Embora nenhum estudo na literatura tenha investigado esses mecanismos, acredita-se que o controle da PA ap&#243;s um programa de TR possa ser resultado do somat&#243;rio dos efeitos agudos de v&#225;rias sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a<sup>28,29</sup>. Nesse sentido, existe um estudo que investigou os mecanismos envolvidos na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio de for&#231;a realizado a 40% e a 80% 1-RM<sup>30</sup>. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio &#233; ocasionada, principalmente, pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. A redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, por sua vez, &#233; mediada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o no volume de eje&#231;&#227;o (possivelmente pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso) e pelo aumento na FC (ocasionado pelo aumento da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica). Todavia, no presente estudo n&#227;o foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o na FC, sugerindo que a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA induzida pelo TR seja ocasionada por outros mecanismos ainda n&#227;o esclarecidos. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante destacar que apenas um estudo<sup>30</sup> foi realizado com indiv&#237;duos jovens normotensos, e talvez os mecanismos de controle de PA em idosos possam ser diferenciados por causa da idade e da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<sup>31</sup>. Dessa forma, sugere-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos que analisem os mecanismos envolvidos na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em idosos ap&#243;s o TR. </p>
    <p>Um achado importante do presente estudo foi a redu&#231;&#227;o do DP ap&#243;s o TR, uma vez que n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos na literatura que tenham verificado a resposta do DP ap&#243;s o TR. A redu&#231;&#227;o do DP em repouso tem uma import&#226;ncia significativa, uma vez que diminui o risco de problemas cardiovasculares<sup>31</sup>. Assim, parece que o TR pode proporcionar diminui&#231;&#227;o do trabalho cardiovascular. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o, por sua vez, parece ser mediada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAS, haja vista que n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na FC.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, como os betabloqueadores. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o permite determinar o efeito isolado do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a PA, FC e o DP, mas, sim, o efeito da associa&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio com a medica&#231;&#227;o. Por sua vez, a inclus&#227;o de idosas medicadas proporciona maior aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica dos resultados encontrados, pois sabe-se que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos utiliza na terap&#234;utica o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos medicados entre o GTR e GC, o que diminui as chances de a altera&#231;&#227;o na PA ter ocorrido por causa, exclusivamente, dos efeitos dos f&#225;rmacos. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o do treinamento em diferentes intensidades. Por esse motivo, n&#227;o se pode atribuir a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA de repouso a nenhuma das intensidades realizadas. Para isso, seria necess&#225;rio um grupo para cada intensidade de exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m do GC. Contudo, o ponto forte do estudo &#233; o fato de tratar-se de um treinamento de 12 semanas de dura&#231;&#227;o, que contempla uma popula&#231;&#227;o pouco explorada, como &#233; o caso das idosas hipertensas, controladas com medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O TR reduziu a PAS, PAM e o DP de repouso de idosas hipertensas, controladas com medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o pode diminuir o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e de doen&#231;as coronarianas. Dessa forma, o TR pode ser utilizado como terapia n&#227;o-medicamentosa n&#227;o s&#243; para a preven&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m como tratamento e controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Apesar da resist&#234;ncia em prescrever o TR para a popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, esse tipo de treinamento parece ser seguro e eficaz em idosos hipertensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Mestrado de Denize Faria Terra pela Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Denize Faria Terra </p>
        <p> Rua do S&#237;mbolo, 131/61 &#150; Morumbi </p>
        <p> 05713-570 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="denizeft@yahoo.com.br">denizeft@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 20/02/08; revisado recebido em 18/03/08; aceito em 01/04/08</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Reduction of arterial pressure and double product at rest after resistance exercise training in elderly hypertensive women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Due to the existing controversies in literature about the potential benefits of resistance exercise training (RT) on arterial blood pressure (BP) at rest, and the lack of studies conducted with elderly hypertensive individuals, RT is seldom recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for arterial hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effect of progressive RT on BP, HR, and RPP in elderly women with controlled hypertension. METHODS: 20 elderly women (66.8 &#177; 5.6 years of age), with a sedentary lifestyle, monitored with anti-hypertensive medication, participated in a 12-week RT program (resistance training group - RTG). Twenty-six elderly women (65.3 &#177; 3.4 years of age) with controlled hypertension did not engage in physical exercise during the study period, and composed the control group. RESULTS: After RT, there was a significant reduction in SBP, MBP, and DP values at rest. No significant drops in DBP and HR values at rest were observed after RT in both groups. The reduction in the RTG was 10.5 mmHg, 6.2 mmHg, and 2218.6 mmHg x bpm for SBP, MBP, and RPP, respectively. CONCLUSION: Progressive RT reduced SBP, MBP, and RPP values at rest of hypertensive elderly women who were on anti-hypertensive treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>physical fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Reduction of arterial pressure and double product at rest after resistance exercise training in elderly hypertensive women</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Denize Faria Terra<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rcio Rabelo Mota<sup>I</sup>; Helo&#237;sa Thomaz Rabelo<sup>I</sup>; L&#237;dia M. Aguiar Bezerra<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Moreno Lima<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233; Garcia Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Pedro Henrique Vinhal<sup>I</sup>; Raphael M. Ritti Dias<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Martins da Silva<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Stricto-Sensu Graduate Program in Physical Education at the Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia (UCB),Bras&#237;lia, DF, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Due to the existing controversies in literature about the potential benefits of resistance exercise training (RT) on arterial blood pressure (BP) at rest, and the lack of studies conducted with elderly hypertensive individuals, RT is seldom recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify the effect of progressive RT on BP, HR, and RPP in elderly women with controlled hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 20 elderly women (66.8 &#177; 5.6 years of age), with a sedentary lifestyle, monitored with anti-hypertensive medication, participated in a 12-week RT program (resistance training group - RTG). Twenty-six elderly women (65.3 &#177; 3.4 years of age) with controlled hypertension did not engage in physical exercise during the study period, and composed the control group.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After RT, there was a significant reduction in SBP, MBP, and DP values at rest. No significant drops in DBP and HR values at rest were observed after RT in both groups. The reduction in the RTG was 10.5 mmHg, 6.2 mmHg, and 2218.6 mmHg x bpm for SBP, MBP, and RPP, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Progressive RT reduced SBP, MBP, and RPP values at rest of hypertensive elderly women who were on anti-hypertensive treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; exercise; physical fitness; aging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Over the past years, resistance training (RT) has been recommended as an important component of physical exercise programs for elderly people<sup>1</sup>. Among the benefits of RT, increases in muscle strength and mass are very well documented in literature<sup>2-5</sup>. Additionally, there is evidence that individuals who engage in 30 minutes or more of RT per session may have a 23% reduction in the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and fatal cardiovascular diseases, when compared to those who do not exercise<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, there is no consensus in literature as to the potential chronic benefits of RT on arterial blood pressure (BP) at rest. There are studies showing reductions in systolic arterial pressure (SBP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DBP)<sup>7-10</sup>, reductions in only SBP values<sup>11</sup>, reduction in only DBP values<sup>12</sup>, or yet, studies that have not identified changes in SBP after RT<sup>13,14</sup>. Moreover, two meta-analyses determined that there are no significant increases in BP after RT<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The small number of studies conducted with elderly and hypertensive individuals adds to the problem. According to the literature reviewed, there are only three studies conducted with elderly people<sup>7,10,14</sup> and two studies with hypertensive individuals<sup>12,13</sup> who were engaged in RT. Knowledge of these changes is important, since it has been shown that a reduction of merely 5 mmHg in arterial pressure is sufficient for a 40% reduction in the risk of cerebrovascular accidents, and a 15% reduction in the risk of AMI<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Consequently, it is critical to conduct research analyzing the effects of RT in elderly and hypertensive individuals. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-week RT program on BP, HR, and rate-pressure product (RPP) at rest in elderly women with controlled hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population consisted of elderly female volunteers over 60 years of age who lived in satellite cities of the Federal District, such as &#193;guas Claras, Ceil&#226;ndia, Gama, Samabaia, Santa Maria, and Taguatinga. The women were recruited at sites and centers of social interaction of this population, such as churches, handcraft groups, dance/<italic>forr&#243; </italic>(a type of popular Northeastern Brazilian dance) places, etc. All the elderly women were invited to enroll in our research, either as part of the control group or the experimental group. However, only those willing to participate in the research project and who met the inclusion criteria were selected.</p>
      <p>The sample consisted of 52 hypertensive women (65.9 &#177; 4.5 years of age) who had their hypertension controlled with medication; 23 of them were enrolled in the RT program forming the resistance-training group (RTG). The control group (CG), consisting of 29 voluntary women with similar characteristics, but independent from the study population, was instructed to not change their regular activities. The participants were instructed to not change their medication throughout the study.</p>
      <p>Before starting the training program, all participants signed the Informed Consent Form, which explained all the procedures to be carried out. This study was approved by UCB's Research Ethics Committee (Process No. 05/2007).</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were: 60 years of age or older; history of a sedentary lifestyle for at least 6 months before the study (IPAQ long version); previously diagnosed blood hypertension (BP&lt;140/90 mmHg) controlled with anti-hypertensive agents. Before starting the training program, all participants presented a release document signed by their physicians allowing them to engage in the resistance exercise training. Additionally, as an extra safety measure, all of them performed a maximal treadmill stress test to check for cardiac problems.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were medical contraindications to resistance training exercises, such as: non-controlled arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, major joint impairments, among other diseases that could compromise cardiovascular responses, besides severe exertion electrocardiographic abnormalities.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SBP, DBP, MBP, (calculated as per the DBP &#150; 0.33 x SBP-DBP formula), HR, and RPP (SBP X HR) measurements were taken at rest before and after the 12 weeks of RT. The variables were measured after 5, 15, and 20 minutes of rest. The mean value of the three measurements was considered to establish values at rest. In order to minimize any potential acute effect on the variables, measurements were taken 48 hours after the last session of resistance training.</p>
      <p>BP and HR measurements were taken with the automatic digital <italic>Microlife&#174;</italic> device, BP 3AC1-1 model, validated according to the British Association of Cardiology specifications for measurements taken at rest<sup>17</sup>, always by the same researcher and at the same time of the day.</p>
      <p>The procedures to measuring BP were based on the VII Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (2003)<sup>18</sup>, which recommends that the individual be seated, with feet on the floor and with the arm supported at heart level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise training program</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Before RT, volunteers underwent a three-week-long period of adaptation to the exercises in order to learn the correct technique of the movements.</p>
      <p>After the process of adaptation, one-repetition-maximum tests were performed (1-RM). No tests were performed for shoulder weight abduction, abdominal crunch, trunk extension, and standing calf exercises. Each individual had a maximum of five attempts to perform each exercise with an interval of 3 to 5 minutes between each attempt. The maximum weight lifted in one single repetition was defined as their maximum load.</p>
      <p>The RT program performed during 12 weeks, three times per week on alternate days, consisted of three series of 12, 10, and 8 repetitions. Intensity training varied at different stages of the program. In the first four weeks, the intensity was 60% of 1-RM; in the following four weeks, 70% of 1-RM, and in the last four weeks, 80% of 1-RM. The training method chosen was alternate segments with exercises performed at random, provided the leg press was the last one to be performed.</p>
      <p>The training program consisted of the following exercises: lateral pull down, knee extension, chest press, leg abductor chair, knee flexion, shoulder abduction (w/dumbbell), standing calf raise, abdominal exercises, trunk extension, and 45-degree leg press. The strength training equipment used for muscular development was <italic>Righetto</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>, HighOn line. The speed execution of the exercises was 2:2 with a 60-second rest interval during the first eight weeks, and 90 seconds during the last four weeks. Before and right after each session, stretching exercises targeting all the major muscle groups involved in the training program were performed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tabulation of results was carried out by the author of the study using the 2003 version of Excel software. Before beginning data analysis, a descriptive detailed examination was carried out aimed at finding potential errors in recording of the results. Two statistical software packages were used for the statistical analysis: Statistica 5.0 and SPSS 13.</p>
      <p>The normality and homogeneity of data variance were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilks<sup>19</sup> and Levene<sup>20</sup> tests, respectively. The Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and of the medication used between RTG and CG. Student's t test was used to assess the differences in clinical characteristics between RTG and CG.</p>
      <p>For data analysis purpose, the following were considered dependent variables: SBP (continuous quantitative variable), DBP (continuous quantitative variable), MBP (continuous quantitative variable), HR (continuous quantitative variable) and RPP (continuous quantitative variable); and as independent variables: group (nominal qualitative variable) and time (ordinal qualitative variable)<sup>21</sup>. The effect of training on all variables except the double product was analyzed using the Two-way ANOVA test<sup>20</sup> (group x training). As to the DP variable, a difference was observed between the groups before the training, and the Two-way ANCOVA test was chosen for the analysis<sup>22</sup> (group x training). For both analyses, when the F value was significant, the <italic>post hoc</italic> Newman-keuls test<sup>23</sup> was used to identify differences.</p>
      <p>The significance level adopted for all analyses was p&lt;0.05. All values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of RTG and CG. No differences between the groups were observed in the variables evaluated.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 23 elderly women in RTG, 20 completed the training program with no problems resulting from the intervention. Reasons for abandoning the program included family problems and gallbladder surgery to be performed within a short time. Three CG participants left the study due to family problems. Therefore, the final sample consisted of 20 elderly women in RTG and 26 in CG.</p>
      <p>Compliance with RT was 96% in RTG. As to CG, compliance during the study was 98%. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> displays the results.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>According to the results in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, RT significantly reduced the SBP values at rest (time x group interaction: F=11.5; P&lt;0.01), MBP (time x group interaction: F=6.7; P&lt;0.01), and RPP (time x group interaction: F=18.4; P&lt;0.01). No significant reductions were found in DBP and HR values at rest of RTG and CG.</p>
      <p>In the RTG, the drop with training was of 10.5 mmHg in SBP, 6.2 mmHg in MBP, and 2218.6 mmHg x bpm in RPP, representing reductions of 9.2%, 7.4%, and 33.0% in SBP values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">Chart 1</xref>), MBP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02-body2">Chart 2</xref>), and RPP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr03-body2">Chart 3</xref>), respectively.</p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="qdr02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="qdr03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0299-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Although the pre-training values in the variables of both groups had shown no differences except for RPP (P&lt;0.01), post-training values were significantly lower in RTG as compared to CG for SBP (114.7 &#177; 9.2 <italic>vs</italic> 123.3 &#177; 13.5 mmHg; P&lt;0.01), MBP (83.5 &#177; 8.1 <italic>vs.</italic> 89.8 &#177; 8.8 mmHg; P&lt;0.01), and RPP (6816.2 &#177; 1392.0 <italic>vs.</italic> 9140.7 &#177; 1446.6; P&lt;0.01). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this study have shown that 12 weeks of RT promoted significant reductions in SB, MBP, and RPP values at rest in elderly people with controlled hypertension. Moreover, it is important to stress that no adverse effects occurred during the resistance training sessions, which shows that this type of training is safe for the hypertensive elderly population.</p>
      <p>Our results are relevant considering that the reduction in BP after RT may reduce the risks for cardiovascular events<sup>18</sup>. It has been suggested that the reduction of merely 5 mmHg in arterial blood pressure leads to a 40% reduction in the risk of cerebrovascular accidents, and a 15% reduction the risk of acute myocardial infarctions<sup>16</sup>. In this study, benefits could have been even greater since reductions observed at rest were greater than 5 mmHg for SAP and MAP.</p>
      <p>The reduction of SBP after RT observed in our study is greater than the values found in literature (-3.2 mmHg)<sup>10,15,24,25</sup>, and similar to some of the results achieved with aerobic training<sup>25</sup>. SBP and DBP values with aerobic training ranged from -20.0 to + 9.0 mmHg for SBP<sup>25</sup>. No mean values were found for MBP and RPP.</p>
      <p>Our results of reduced SBP at rest are consistent with the results of several studies<sup>7-10</sup>, thus indicating that RT may actually have a hypotensive effect on SBP and MBP values at rest. However, it is noteworthy that some authors did not observe a reduction in SBP values after RT<sup>13,14,26,27</sup>. As to DBP, the results found in this and other studies<sup>11,14,26</sup> have not indicated reductions in DBP values after a RT program. Nevertheless, a drop in DBP values after RT has been reported in other few studies<sup>10,12</sup>. These controversies can be attributed at least partially to two factors: the characteristics of the sample and the training program used.</p>
      <p>This is the only study that has analyzed the effects of RT in elderly women with controlled hypertension. Moreover, the intensity of the training program used in this study varied throughout the program. Perhaps this type of training leads to adaptations different from those observed after a non-varied training program. However, further studies are needed to corroborate this hypothesis.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms involved in the reduction of BP levels after RT have not been investigated. Although no one study in literature has investigated these mechanisms, it has been suggested that the control of BP after a RT program can be the result of a sum of acute effects from several strength exercise sessions<sup>28,29</sup>. In this sense, there is a study that has investigated the mechanisms involved in the drop of BP values after strength training performed at 40% and 80% 1-RM<sup>30</sup>. Results found have shown that the reduction in BP values after an exercise training session results mainly from the drop in cardiac output. The reduced cardiac output, on the other hand, is mediated by a reduced ejection fraction (probably due to a drop in venous return), and increased HR (caused by increased sympathetic nervous activity). In this study, however, no reduction was observed in HR, suggesting that the drop in BP induced by RT can be the result of other mechanisms not yet fully understood. Additionally, it is important to stress that the only study<sup>30</sup> performed was undertaken with young normotensive individuals, and it is likely that the mechanisms involved in controlling BP in elderly people are different due to age and the presence of health conditions such as systemic arterial hypertension<sup>31</sup>. Therefore, we suggest that further studies be conducted to analyze the mechanisms involved in reducing BP after RT in elderly people.</p>
      <p>An important finding in this study was the reduction of RPP after RT, since no studies were found in literature that verified the response of RPP after RT. The reduction of RPP at rest plays a significant role in reducing risks of cardiovascular problems<sup>31</sup>. Thus, it seems that RT can lead to a reduction in cardiovascular work. This reduction, on the other hand, seems to be mediated by the reduction in SBP, since no significant changes were observed in HR.</p>
      <p>A potential limitation of this study was the utilization of anti-hypertensive agents, such as beta-blockers. The use of medication does not allow the determination of the isolated effects of physical exercise on BP, HR, and RPP, but rather the effect of the association of exercise training and medication. On the other hand, the inclusion of elderly women who are on anti-hypertensive medication allows greater practical applicability of the results found, since it is known that most hypertensive individuals use drug therapy to control the condition. Additionally, no differences were observed between RTG and CG in the ratio of individuals medicated, which reduces the chances of any changes in BP having occurred due to drug effect alone. Another limitation in this study was that training was conducted at different intensities. For this reason, the reduction in BP values at rest cannot be attributed to any of the training intensities used. For this, besides the CG, a separate group would be needed for each exercise intensity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>RT reduced SBP, MBP, and RPP values at rest of elderly women with hypertension controlled with anti-hypertensive medication. This reduction in values can help reduce the risk of acute myocardial infarction and coronary diseases. Thus, RT can be used as a non-drug therapy, not only to prevent but also to treat and control systemic arterial hypertension. Despite the resistance to prescribe RT for elderly individuals, this type of training seems to be safe and effective for elderly hypertensive citizens.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Master submitted by Denize Faria Terra, from Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
