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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SL6ncMcPkBrzjCpJjbJTzBx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001700002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001700002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O polimorfismo VNTR no gene codificador do antagonista do receptor da interleucina-1 est&#225; associado com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arman</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soylu</surname>
            <given-names>Ozer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furman</surname>
            <given-names>Andrzej</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ercelen</surname>
            <given-names>Nesrin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aydogan</surname>
            <given-names>Hakki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coker</surname>
            <given-names>Ajda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tezel</surname>
            <given-names>Tuna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Marmara</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Engenharia </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="">Turquia</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>293</fpage>
      <lpage>298</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) &#233; a aterosclerose das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que transportam o sangue para o cora&#231;&#227;o. A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria. As varia&#231;&#245;es g&#234;nicas das citocinas - como as associadas &#224; fam&#237;lia IL1 - fazem parte da patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos da fam&#237;lia IL1 (VNTR do IL1RN, posi&#231;&#245;es -511 e +3953 do IL1B) e a DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o turca. M&#201;TODOS: Um total de 427 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana e em seguida divididos da seguinte forma: 170 no grupo controle e 257 no grupo de pacientes com DAC. Os sujeitos com DAC foram divididos em dois subgrupos: 91 no grupo de Doen&#231;a Coronariana em um &#250;nico vaso (Single Vessel Disease - SVD) e 166 no grupo Doen&#231;a Coronariana em m&#250;ltiplos vasos (Multiple Vessel Disease - MVD). Os gen&#243;tipos de IL1RN e IL1B (-511, +3953) foram determinados por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (RCP), seguida de an&#225;lise da digest&#227;o por enzima de restri&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes nas distribui&#231;&#245;es de gen&#243;tipos de IL1RN e IL1B (-511 e +3953) entre os sujeitos com DAC e os controles, ou entre sujeitos com MVD e controles. No entanto, observou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o significante no gen&#243;tipo IL1RN 2/2 entre sujeitos portadores de SVD e controles (P= 0,016, x2: 10,289, OR: 2,94IC 95% 1,183 - 7,229). Tampouco foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante nas freq&#252;&#234;ncias dos alelos de IL1RN e IL1B (-511 e +3953) entre os sujeitos com DAC e controles, os sujeitos com MVD e controles, ou ainda os sujeitos SVD e controles. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#227;o foi observada nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o na freq&#252;&#234;ncia al&#233;lica e nem na distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica dos polimorfismos de IL1RN e IL1B entre sujeitos com DAC e grupos controle. No entanto, o gen&#243;tipo IL1RN 2/2 pode representar um fator de risco para sujeitos com SVD na popula&#231;&#227;o turca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Interleucina 1</kwd>
        <kwd>repeti&#231;&#245;es mini-sat&#233;lites</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Turquia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2009</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR</p>
    <p>O polimorfismo VNTR no gene codificador do antagonista do receptor da interleucina-1 est&#225; associado com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ahmet Arman; Ozer Soylu; Ahmet Yildirim; Andrzej Furman; Nesrin Ercelen; Hakki Aydogan; Ajda Coker; Tuna Tezel</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Departamento de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Marmara, Hospital Dr. Siyami Ersek; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Ambientais, Universidade Bogazici; Departamento de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica, Hospital Americano; Departamento de Biologia, Artes e Ci&#234;ncias da Universidade Marmara, Istambul, Turquia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) &#233; a aterosclerose das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que transportam o sangue para o cora&#231;&#227;o. A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria. As varia&#231;&#245;es g&#234;nicas das citocinas &#150; como as associadas &#224; fam&#237;lia IL1 &#150; fazem parte da patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos da fam&#237;lia IL1 (VNTR do IL1RN, posi&#231;&#245;es -511 e +3953 do IL1B) e a DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o turca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um total de 427 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana e em seguida divididos da seguinte forma: 170 no grupo controle e 257 no grupo de pacientes com DAC. Os sujeitos com DAC foram divididos em dois subgrupos: 91 no grupo de Doen&#231;a Coronariana em um &#250;nico vaso (Single Vessel Disease - SVD) e 166 no grupo Doen&#231;a Coronariana em m&#250;ltiplos vasos (Multiple Vessel Disease - MVD). Os gen&#243;tipos de IL1RN e IL1B (-511, +3953) foram determinados por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (RCP), seguida de an&#225;lise da digest&#227;o por enzima de restri&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes nas distribui&#231;&#245;es de gen&#243;tipos de IL1RN e IL1B (-511 e +3953) entre os sujeitos com DAC e os controles, ou entre sujeitos com MVD e controles. No entanto, observou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o significante no gen&#243;tipo IL1RN 2/2 entre sujeitos portadores de SVD e controles (P= 0,016, x2: 10,289, OR: 2,94IC 95% 1,183 - 7,229). Tampouco foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante nas freq&#252;&#234;ncias dos alelos de IL1RN e IL1B (-511 e +3953) entre os sujeitos com DAC e controles, os sujeitos com MVD e controles, ou ainda os sujeitos SVD e controles. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> N&#227;o foi observada nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o na freq&#252;&#234;ncia al&#233;lica e nem na distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica dos polimorfismos de IL1RN e IL1B entre sujeitos com DAC e grupos controle. No entanto, o gen&#243;tipo IL1RN 2/2 pode representar um fator de risco para sujeitos com SVD na popula&#231;&#227;o turca.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Interleucina 1, repeti&#231;&#245;es mini-sat&#233;lites, aterosclerose coronariana, popula&#231;&#227;o, Turquia / epidemiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria que afeta as art&#233;rias grandes ou m&#233;dias e causa gangrena, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a coronariana. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca causada pela aterosclerose das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias<sup>1</sup>. Fatores como crescimento e coagula&#231;&#227;o, citocinas, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e seus efeitos nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais (CE) e c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculos lisos (SMC- Smooth Muscle Cells) foram estudados para maior compreens&#227;o dos processos da aterosclerose<sup>2</sup>. A inflama&#231;&#227;o das paredes da art&#233;ria desencadeia a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias prim&#225;rias como a Interleucina-1&#946; (IL-1&#946;), o Fator de Necrose Tumoral &#945; (TNF&#945;), que pode induzir a citocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria secund&#225;ria (IL-6), a quimiocina (IL-8) e a produ&#231;&#227;o da mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o (E-selectina)<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fam&#237;lia IL-1 tem tr&#234;s membros muito bem estudados, dois agonistas - IL-1&#945; e IL-1&#946; - e o antagonista IL-1Ra. A IL-1Ra inibe a a&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria induzida pela IL-1 ao bloquear a liga&#231;&#227;o de IL-1 ao receptor tipo I da IL-1 (IL-1RI)<sup>4</sup>. IL-1Ra se expressa pelo gene IL1RN, que apresenta uma varia&#231;&#227;o de comprimento dentro do intron 2<sup>5</sup> causada por n&#250;mero vari&#225;vel de repeti&#231;&#245;es em tandem (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats - VNTR) com 86 pares de bases (bp).<sup>6</sup> De acordo com o n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es de 86 bp h&#225; seis alelos correspondentes &#224;s repeti&#231;&#245;es 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6<sup>6-7</sup>. Os polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;dio &#250;nico (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms - SNPs) foram determinados na posi&#231;&#227;o promotora -511 C/T<sup>8</sup> e no exon 5 na posi&#231;&#227;o +3953 C/T do gene IL1B<sup>9</sup>. Considera-se que estes polimorfismos dos genes IL1RN e IL1B exer&#231;am influ&#234;ncia sobre a express&#227;o g&#234;nica<sup>8-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>H&#225; v&#225;rios relatos demonstrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre VNTR e SNPs nos genes da fam&#237;lia IL1 e as doen&#231;as. Foi demonstrado que o gen&#243;tipo 2/2 da IL1RN &#233; significantemente associado com a doen&#231;a coronariana em um &#250;nico vaso (SVD) na popula&#231;&#227;o de Sheffield, na Inglaterra<sup>10</sup>. Foi observada grande import&#226;ncia entre o alelo 2 do IL1RN e a DAC em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2<sup>11</sup>. O alelo 2 do IL1RN tem tamb&#233;m um efeito protetor sobre a reestenose ap&#243;s angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronariana (PTCA)<sup>12</sup>. Por&#233;m, nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o foi demonstrada entre os SNPs da IL1B e a DAC<sup>10,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a exist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre polimorfismos nos genes IL1RN (VNTR) e IL1B (-511, +3953) e DAC na Turquia. Nossos resultados demonstraram que nem a distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica dos SNP de IL1B (+3953) e nem de IL1B (-511), assim como a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de seus alelos, s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis &#224; DAC. Por&#233;m, os portadores do gen&#243;tipo IL1RN 2/2 podem ser suscet&#237;veis &#224; SVD na popula&#231;&#227;o turca. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sujeitos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi selecionada entre pacientes que se submeteram &#224; angiografia coronariana no Hospital Dr. Siyami Ersek entre 2003 e 2006. As indica&#231;&#245;es para arteriografia coronariana em nossa cl&#237;nica seguem as indica&#231;&#245;es para angiografia coronariana<sup>14</sup>. De acordo com os resultados da angiografia coronariana,<sup>12,15</sup> os participantes que apresentassem estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 70 % em pelo menos uma das grandes art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias eram considerados pacientes com DAC (n= 257); os demais que apresentassem estenose <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 % seriam aceitos como grupo normal (n= 170). O grupo DAC foi dividido em dois subgrupos: Doen&#231;a coronariana em vaso &#250;nico (SVD - n= 91) e Doen&#231;a coronariana em m&#250;ltiplos vasos (MVD - n= 166).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do fator de risco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dados sobre idade, sexo, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, tabagismo, e hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o foram obtidos pelo preenchimento de um question&#225;rio. Peso, altura, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram medidos. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi calculado pelas medidas de peso e altura. A presen&#231;a de Diabetes Melito (DM) foi definida por n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos repetidos em jejum &gt; 126 mg/dl, pelo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antidiabetes ou ambos. Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total (TC), lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (HDL) e lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL) foram determinados por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos, e tamb&#233;m medidos por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos ap&#243;s precipita&#231;&#227;o com sulfato de dextrano<sup>16</sup>. Todos os pacientes&#150;inclusive o grupo controle &#150; foram informados sobre o estudo, e todos assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Genotipagem</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de 427 participantes e mantidas em tubos com EDTA. O isolamento gen&#244;mico de DNA foi feito usando-se o kit GENTRA DNA. Amplificamos a regi&#227;o VNTR no &#237;ntron 2 do gene IL1RN, do IL1B (-511) e do IL1B (nas regi&#245;es +3953 do exon 5 conforme descrito anteriormente)<sup>17</sup>. Os gen&#243;tipos do gene IL1RN foram determinados pelo tamanho das unidades de repeti&#231;&#227;o dos produtos da PCR. O gen&#243;tipo de IL1B (-511) foi determinado com base no tamanho dos produtos de digest&#227;o da PCR com Aval, e o gen&#243;tipo de IL1B (+3953) nos produtos de digest&#227;o com Taq I.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os testes x<sup>2</sup> e U de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para a compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos de sujeitos segundo os fatores de risco para DAC. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias dos alelos e dos gen&#243;tipos entre casos e controles foram comparadas pelo modelo de Hardy-Weinberg usando a an&#225;lise x<sup>2</sup>. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos de IL1RN e IL1B nos grupos controle e de casos. Os resultados foram expressos por OR (odds ratio) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95%. O modelo final foi ajustado para idade, sexo, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, tabagismo e hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o. As freq&#252;&#234;ncias dos alelos e a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos entre os casos e os controles foram comparadas e os valores calculados pelo teste x<sup>2</sup>. A probabilidade para valores de p&lt;0,05 (bicaudal) foi considerada estatisticamente significante. O software SPSS 11.5 foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de Marmara na Turquia, e preserva todos os direitos dos participantes. Todas as aprova&#231;&#245;es foram emitidas pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de refer&#234;ncia para os grupos controle e DAC est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela I</xref>. Diferen&#231;as significantes entre DAC e controles com rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo (P= &lt;0,001), hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (P= 0,014), Diabetes (P&lt;0,001), hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o (P= &lt;0,001) e tabagismo (P= &lt;0,001) est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos alelos de VNTR do IL1RN est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. Dos seis gen&#243;tipos no gene de IL1RN quatro foram observados nos sujeitos com DAC e nos sujeitos controle. Entre estes gen&#243;tipos, apenas IL1RN 2/2 apresentou diferen&#231;a significante entre os sujeitos com SVC e os sadios (P= 0,016, x<sup>2</sup>: 10,289, 3 GL, OR: 2,94IC 95% 1,183-7.229). No entanto, nenhuma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante foi observada entre os dois controles e DAC (P= 0,262) e entre MVD e controles (P= 0,257). A distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica entre SVD e MVD tamb&#233;m se mostrou estatisticamente significante (P= 0,003, x<sup>2</sup>: 13,806, 3 GL, OR: 5,22IC 95% 1,995-14,195). Nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o foi identificada entre controles e casos para as freq&#252;&#234;ncias al&#233;licas de IL1RN: DAC (P= 0,211), MVD (P= 0,247), SVD (P= 0,423); (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos alelos de IL1B (-511) nos grupos DAC, SVD, MVD e controle est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. O gen&#243;tipo de IL1B -511 n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos DAC e controle (P= 0,242), SVD e controle (P= 0,712) e MVD e controle (P= 0,142). Da mesma forma, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes na distribui&#231;&#227;o al&#233;lica entre os controles e DAC (P= 0,442), SVD (P= 0,098), e MVD (P= 0,142) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de alelos de IL1B +3953 nos grupos DAC, SVD, MVD e controle est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>. Quando o gen&#243;tipo de IL1B +3953 foi comparado entre os grupos, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos controle e DAC (P= 0,629), SVD (P= 0,907) e MVD (P= 0,472). Da mesma forma, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes na distribui&#231;&#227;o de alelos entre os controles e DAC (P= 0,569), SVD (P= 0,750), e MVD (P= 0,591) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observou-se que a homozigose para o alelo IL1RN 2 &#233; significante entre SVD e grupos controle (x<sup>2</sup>: 7,510, P= 0,010, OR: 3,253, IC 95%: 1,349-7,844). Esta associa&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, n&#227;o &#233; identificada em heterozigotos para o alelo IL1RN 2 (P=0,757). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref>). Uma associa&#231;&#227;o significante foi ainda encontrada em homozigotos para o alelo IL1RN 2 entre os grupos MVD e SVD (x<sup>2</sup>: 7,160, P= 0,011, OR: 2,838, IC 95%: 1,278-6,299); (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o efeito relativo do polimorfismo da fam&#237;lia IL1 sobre o risco de DAC n&#227;o p&#244;de ser observado em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla incluindo os efeitos dominantes, recessivos e co-dominantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A DAC &#233; a maior causa de mortalidade e morbidade nos Estados Unidos, nos pa&#237;ses europeus, e tamb&#233;m na Turquia<sup>18</sup>. A etiologia e os processos de desenvolvimento da DAC n&#227;o s&#227;o bem conhecidos; por&#233;m, j&#225; est&#225; demonstrado que tanto os processos inflamat&#243;rios quando a gen&#233;tica desempenham um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose<sup>2</sup>. Muitos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos j&#225; investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e os polimorfismos de genes de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias<sup>19</sup>. Uma das citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias candidatas associadas &#224; susceptibilidade de DAC &#233; a IL-1&#946;, que afeta a maioria das c&#233;lulas e est&#225; envolvida em casos de imunidade, sepse, infec&#231;&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Opostamente, a IL-1Ra age como um agente anti-inflamat&#243;rio que inibe a a&#231;&#227;o de IL-1<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Francis e cols.<sup>10</sup> identificaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo IL-1RN 2/2 e SVD na popula&#231;&#227;o caucasiana de Sheffield, no Reino Unido, mas n&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o londrina. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significante foi observada para MVD em nenhum dos grupos populacionais<sup>10</sup>. Outros relatos tampouco encontraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre o alelo IL1RN 2 e SVD ou entre o alelo IL1RN 2 e CAD<sup>21,13</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado anteriormente que o alelo IL1RN 2 mant&#233;m associa&#231;&#227;o significante com DAC em pacientes com diabete do tipo 2<sup>11</sup>. O alelo IL1RN 2 tem, ainda, um efeito protetor sobre a reestenose ap&#243;s PTCA<sup>12</sup> e h&#225; relatos da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de IL1RN 2 e aterosclerose da car&#243;tida<sup>22</sup>. Foi tamb&#233;m relatado que o risco de futuro infarto de mioc&#225;rdio aumentou com o alelo IL1RN 2 e altos n&#237;veis de PCR em pacientes jovens<sup>23</sup>. Em nosso estudo, observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre SVD e o gen&#243;tipo IL1RN 2/2 (P= 0,016, OR: 2,94IC 95% 1,183-7,229); por&#233;m, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre os alelos IL1RN e DAC (P= 0,211) ou MVD (P= 0,247) ou SVD (P=0,423). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica indicou que os homozigotos portadores de IL1RN2 apresentavam diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos SVD e controle (x<sup>2</sup>: 7,510, P= 0,010, OR: 3,253, IC 95%: 1,349-7,844). Indiv&#237;duos homozigotos para o alelo IL1RN 2 t&#234;m probabilidade 3,25 vezes maior para apresentar SVD do que indiv&#237;duos portadores dos outros gen&#243;tipos. No entanto, a heterozigose para IL1RN 2 n&#227;o demonstrou a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o (P=0,757). Os homozigotos para IL1RN 2 demonstraram diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos MVD e SVD (x<sup>2</sup>: 7,160, P= 0,011, OR: 2,838, IC 95%: 1,278-6,299). Indiv&#237;duos com alelo IL1RN 2 em homozigose t&#234;m probabilidade 2,83 vezes maior para SVD do que para MVD. No entanto, a heterozigose na express&#227;o de IL1RN 2 n&#227;o demonstrou a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o (P=0,234; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma influ&#234;ncia estatisticamente significante nos polimorfismos da fam&#237;lia IL1 (efeitos dominantes, recessivos e co-dominantes) sobre o risco para DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">Tabela 6</xref>). Muito embora os polimorfismos da fam&#237;lia IL1 n&#227;o tenham demonstrado efeito direto com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAC, podem modular alguns dos processos para o desenvolvimento da DAC.</p>
    <p>Parece haver um equil&#237;brio entre a IL-1 e a prote&#237;na IL-1Ra, exceto no caso de doen&#231;as autoimunes<sup>24</sup>. Os resultados referentes &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do alelo IL1RN 2 na express&#227;o de IL-1Ra s&#227;o controversos. J&#225; foi relatado que o alelo IL1RN 2 est&#225; associado a n&#237;veis aumentados de IL-1Ra in vitro,<sup>25-27</sup>, a n&#237;veis reduzidos na colite ulcerativa, mas a n&#237;veis semelhantes para doen&#231;as intestinais inflamat&#243;rias em pacientes sul-africanos<sup>28</sup>. Estes resultados implicam que o papel do polimorfismo de IL1RN 2 ao afetar a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na IL-1Ra depende do tipo de c&#233;lula e da origem &#233;tnica.</p>
    <p>Foi sugerido anteriormente que a IL-1&#946; pode desempenhar um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose pelo est&#237;mulo das c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular. Foram tamb&#233;m detectados n&#237;veis aumentados de mRNA para IL-1&#946; em placas ateroscler&#243;ticas<sup>29</sup>. Os polimorfismos na express&#227;o do gene IL-1B podem afetar a gravidade ou a susceptibilidade a diferentes doen&#231;as. Foram demonstrados dois importantes SNPs no gene IL1B: uma substitui&#231;&#227;o C&gt;T na posi&#231;&#227;o &#150;511 da regi&#227;o promotora e uma substitui&#231;&#227;o C&gt;T no exon 5 na posi&#231;&#227;o +3953 <sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Resultados controversos e diferentes foram relatados para os efeitos do polimorfismo de IL1B (-511) sobre a produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-1Ra e de IL-1&#946;:indiv&#237;duos com alelo 2 de IL1B (-511) apresentam n&#237;veis mais altos de IL-1Ra<sup>26</sup>. A produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-1&#946; induzida por LPS apresentou-se aumentada de 2 a 3 vezes por um alelo T na posi&#231;&#227;o -511<sup>30</sup>. N&#227;o se observou rela&#231;&#227;o significante entre os alelos -511 de IL1B e DAC<sup>10,13</sup>. No entanto, Iacoviello e cols.<sup>31</sup> indicaram que o gen&#243;tipo de IL1B (-511) 1/1 (C/C) demonstrou estar associado ao IM em idade jovem<sup>31</sup>. Na mesma linha, Zhang e cols.<sup>32</sup> relataram que o polimorfismo de IL1B (-511) se mostrou associado &#224; severidade da doen&#231;a coronariana na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa<sup>32</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o detectamos nenhum risco de DAC relacionado ao polimorfismo de IL1B (-511) na popula&#231;&#227;o turca. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes nas freq&#252;&#234;ncias dos alelos 1 e 2 ou dos gen&#243;tipos 1/1 e 2/2 de IL1B (-511) entre os grupos SVD e controle ou MVD e controle ou DAC e controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Outro polimorfismo na express&#227;o do gene de IL1B est&#225; localizado na posi&#231;&#227;o +3953 no exon 5. Considera-se que influencie a express&#227;o de IL-1&#946;. Resultados diferentes foram relatados sobre o efeito do alelo de IL1B (+3953) sobre a produ&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na de IL-1&#946;. Alguns estudos demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre IL1B (+3953) e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados de IL-1&#946;<sup>9,30</sup>. Outros, por&#233;m, n&#227;o detectaram nenhum efeito sobre os n&#237;veis de IL-1<sup>33-35</sup>. N&#227;o h&#225; estudos dispon&#237;veis sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DAC e o polimorfismo do gene de IL1B (+3953). Tampouco se registrou rela&#231;&#227;o entre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do alelo ou a distribui&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo de IL1B (+3953) e DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o brit&#226;nica<sup>10</sup>. A mesma aus&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e o polimorfismo de IL1B (+3953) foi observada na popula&#231;&#227;o turca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que homozigotos com o alelo 2 do gene IL-1RN podem estar sob fator de risco para SVD. Resultados controversos foram obtidos para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IL1RN 2 e DAC em estudos e locais diferentes, o que demonstra que a origem &#233;tnica e a localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica desempenham um papel importante para que esta associa&#231;&#227;o ocorra.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presente pesquisa teve o apoio do Fundo de Pesquisa da Universidade Marmara e subven&#231;&#227;o parcial do Hospital Americano na Turquia. Nossos agradecimentos ao Professor Philip E. Auron, do Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Duquesne, pela revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do texto.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Ahmet Arman </p>
        <p> Department of Engineering, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus </p>
        <p> 34722, Istanbul,Turkey </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aarman@eng.marmara.edu.tr">aarman@eng.marmara.edu.tr</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 28/08/07; revisado recebido em 24/01/08; aceito em 14/02/08</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene VNTR polymorphism is associated with coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the atherosclerosis of coronary arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Cytokine gene variations such as those associated with the IL1 family are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between IL1 family polymorphisms (IL1RN VNTR, IL1B positions -511 and +3953) and CAD in Turkish population. METHODS: 427 individuals were submitted to coronary angiography and were grouped as 170 control subjects and 257 CAD patients. The CAD subjects were divided into two subgroups: 91 Single Vessel Disease (SVD) and 166 Multiple Vessel Disease (MVD) subjects. The genotypes of IL1RN and of IL1B (-511, +3953) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction digestion analysis. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in IL1RN and IL1B (-511 and +3953) genotype distributions between CAD and control subjects or MVD and control subjects. However, significant association was seen in IL1RN 2/2 genotype between SVD and control subjects (P= 0.016, x2: 10.289, OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.183-7.229). Similarly, no statistically significant difference was found in IL1RN and IL1B (-511 and +3953) allele frequencies between CAD and control subjects, MVD and control subjects or SVD and control subjects. CONCLUSION: No association was found in either allele frequency or genotype distribution of IL1RN and IL1B polymorphisms between CAD and the control groups. However; IL1RN 2/2 genotype may be a risk factor for SVD in the Turkish population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Interleukin 1</kwd>
        <kwd>mini-satellite repeats</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>population</kwd>
        <kwd>Turkey</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene VNTR polymorphism is associated with coronary artery disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ahmet Arman; Ozer Soylu; Ahmet Yildirim; Andrzej Furman; Nesrin Ercelen; Hakki Aydogan; Ajda Coker; Tuna Tezel</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Departamento de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Marmara, Hospital Dr. Siyami Ersek; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Ambientais, Universidade Bogazici; Departamento de Gen&#233;tica M&#233;dica, Hospital Americano; Departamento de Biologia, Artes e Ci&#234;ncias da Universidade Marmara, Istambul, Turquia</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the atherosclerosis of coronary arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Cytokine gene variations such as those associated with the IL1 family are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between IL1 family polymorphisms (IL1RN VNTR, IL1B positions -511 and +3953) and CAD in Turkish population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 427 individuals were submitted to coronary angiography and were grouped as 170 control subjects and 257 CAD patients. The CAD subjects were divided into two subgroups: 91 Single Vessel Disease (SVD) and 166 Multiple Vessel Disease (MVD) subjects. The genotypes of IL1RN and of IL1B (-511, +3953) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction digestion analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No significant difference was found in IL1RN and IL1B (-511 and +3953) genotype distributions between CAD and control subjects or MVD and control subjects. However, significant association was seen in IL1RN 2/2 genotype between SVD and control subjects (P= 0.016, x2: 10.289, OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.183-7.229). Similarly, no statistically significant difference was found in IL1RN and IL1B (-511 and +3953) allele frequencies between CAD and control subjects, MVD and control subjects or SVD and control subjects.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> No association was found in either allele frequency or genotype distribution of IL1RN and IL1B polymorphisms between CAD and the control groups. However; IL1RN 2/2 genotype may be a risk factor for SVD in the Turkish population.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Interleukin 1; mini-satellite repeats; coronary arteriosclerosis; population; Turkey / epidemiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that affects medium or large arteries causing gangrene, stroke and heart diseases. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a multifactorial heart disease caused by atherosclerosis of coronary arteries<sup>1</sup>. Growth and clotting factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules and their effects on vascular Endothelial Cells (EC) and Smooth Muscle Cells (SMC) were studied for insight into atherosclerotic processes<sup>2</sup>. Inflammation in the artery wall triggers the production of primary proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1&#946; (IL-1&#946;), Tissue Necrosis Factor &#945; (TNF&#945;) which can induce the secondary proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6), the chemokine (IL-8), and adhesion molecule (E-selectin) production<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The IL-1 family has three well-studied members, two agonists, IL-1&#945; and IL-1&#946;, and the antagonist IL-1Ra. IL-1Ra inhibits IL-1-induced inflammation action by blocking the binding of IL-1 to IL-1 Type I Receptor (IL-1RI)<sup>4</sup>. IL-1Ra is expressing from IL1RN gene which has a length variation within intron 2<sup>5</sup> caused by 86 bp Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR)<sup>6</sup>. According to the number of 86 bp repeats, there are six alleles corresponding to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 repeats<sup>6-7</sup>. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been determined at promoter position -511 C/T<sup>8</sup> and in exon 5 at position +3953 C/T of IL1B gene<sup>9</sup>. These polymorphisms in IL1RN and IL1B genes are thought to influence gene expression<sup>8-9</sup>. </p>
      <p>There are various reports showing a relationship between VNTR and SNPs on the IL1 gene family and diseases. IL1RN genotype 2/2 has been found to be significantly associated with Single Vessel Disease (SVD) in Sheffield English population<sup>10</sup>. Significant relevance was found between IL1RN allele 2 and CAD with Type 2 diabetes<sup>11</sup>. Also IL1RN allele 2 has a protective effect on restenosis after Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)<sup>12</sup>. But no association was found between IL1B SNPs and CAD<sup>10,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in IL1RN (VNTR) and IL1B (-511, +3953) genes are associated with CAD in Turkey. Our results showed that neither IL1B (+3953) nor IL1B (-511) SNP genotype distributions and allele frequencies are susceptible to CAD, but people carrying IL1RN 2/2 genotype may be susceptible to SVD in the Turkish population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Subjects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study population was selected from patients undergoing coronary angiography at Dr. Siyami Ersek Hospital between 2003-2006. Indications for coronary arteriography in our clinic are based on guidelines for coronary angiography<sup>14</sup>. According to coronary angiography results<sup>12,15</sup> participants who presented <underline>&gt;</underline> 70 % stenoses in at least one of the major coronary arteries were considered as CAD (n= 257) and the remainders who presented <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 % stenosis were accepted in the normal group (n= 170). CAD group was divided into two subgroups: SVD (only one coronary artery stenosis; n= 91) and Multiple Vessel Disease (MVD; more than one coronary artery stenosis; n= 166).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Risk factor assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Age, gender, family history of CAD, smoking habit, history of hypertension were obtained by filling a questionnaire form. Weight, height, Systolic (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressures (DBP) were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight measurements. The presence of <italic>Diabetes Mellitus</italic> (DM) was defined by repeated fasting glucose level &gt; glucose 126 mg/dl, the use of antidiabetic drugs or both. Total Cholesterol (TC) and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were determined enzymatically, and also measured enzymatically after dextrane sulfate magnesium precipitation<sup>16</sup>. Information about the study was given to all patients and control group, the informed consent was received from each of them.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Genotyping</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples were taken from 427 participants and kept in tubes with EDTA. Genomic DNA isolation was done using GENTRA DNA isolation kit. We have amplified vntr region in intron 2 of IL1RN gene, IL1B (-511) and IL1B (+3953 exon 5 regions as described previously<sup>17</sup>. Genotypes of IL1RN gene were determined by repeating unit size of PCR products. IL1B (-511) genotype was done based on the size of digested PCR products with AvaI, and IL1B (+3953) genotype was determined based on the digested PCR products with Taq I.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mann-Whitney U and x<sup>2</sup> tests were used for the comparison of two groups of individuals according to CAD risk factors. Allele and genotype frequencies among cases and controls were compared with Hardy-Weinberg predictions using x<sup>2 </sup>&#150;analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to assess the distribution of IL1RN, IL1B genotypes in the control groups and cases. The results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The final model was adjusted for age, gender, family history of CAD, smoking habit, history of hypertension. Allele frequencies and genotype distribution among cases and controls were compared and values were calculated by x<sup>2</sup> test. Probability for p&lt;0.05 values (2-sided) were considered statistically significant. SPSS 11.5 software program was used for all statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ethics approval</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This research was approved by the ethics committee of Marmara University in Turkey. All human subjects' rights in this research are protected and any necessary approval was secured from the ethics committee.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Baseline characteristics of control and CAD groups can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>. Significant difference between CAD and control subjects for gender (P= &lt;0.001), family history of CAD (P= 0.014), Diabetes (P&lt;0.001) History of Hypertension (P= &lt;0.001) and current smoking (P= &lt;0.001) can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Genotype distribution and allele frequency of IL1RN VNTR are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. Four of six genotypes at IL1RN gene were observed in CAD and control subjects. Among all these genotypes, only IL1RN 2/2 is significantly different between SVD and healthy controls (P= 0.016, x<sup>2</sup>: 10.289, 3 df, OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.183-7.229). However, no significant difference was found between both controls and CAD (P= 0.262) and MVD vs control subjects (P= 0.257). Also, the genotype distribution between SVD and MVD was found to be statistically significant (P= 0.003, x<sup>2</sup>: 13.806, 3 df, OR: 5.22, 95% CI: 1.995-14.195). For IL1RN allele frequencies, no association was detected between control and cases: CAD (P= 0.211), MVD (P= 0.247), SVD (P= 0.423) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Genotype distribution and allele frequency of IL1B (-511) in CAD, SVD, MVD and control groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. The IL1B -511 genotype showed no significant difference between CAD and controls (P= 0.242), SVD and control (P= 0.712) and MVD and control (P= 0.142). Similarly, no significant differences were observed in allelic distribution between controls and CAD (P= 0.442), SVD (P= 0.098), and MVD (P= 0.142) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The allelic frequency and genotype distribution of IL1B +3953 in CAD, SVD and MVD and control groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. When genotype distribution of IL1B +3953 was compared among groups, no significant difference was observed between control groups and CAD (P= 0.629), SVD (P= 0.907), and MVD (P= 0.472). Also, no significant difference was observed in allelic distribution between controls and CAD (P= 0.569), SVD (P= 0.750) and MVD (P= 0.591) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Genotypes are expressed as number of patients (proportion in % within brackets), p values are from chi square test.</p>
      <p>Homozygosity for IL1RN 2 allele was found significant between SVD and control groups (x<sup>2</sup>: 7.510, P= 0.010, OR: 3.253, % 95 CI: 1.349-7.844), However, this association can not be seen in heterozygosity for IL1RN 2 allele (P=0.757) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). Also, significant association was found in homozygosity for IL1RN 2 allele between MVD and SVD groups (x<sup>2</sup>: 7.160, P= 0.011, OR: 2.838, % 95 CI: 1.278-6.299); (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). Additionally, the relative effect of the IL1 family polymorphism on the risk of CAD was not seen in a multiple logistic regression model including dominant, recessive and co-dominant effects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-05-0293-00002-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CAD is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States, European countries and also in Turkey<sup>18</sup>. The etiology and development processes of CAD are not well understood, but it has been shown that both inflammation and genetics play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis<sup>2</sup>. Many epidemiological studies have investigated the association between CAD and inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms<sup>19</sup>. One of the candidate proinflammatory cytokines associated with CAD susceptibility is IL-1&#946;, which affects the majority of cells and is involved in immunity, sepsis, infection and inflammation. In contrast, IL-1Ra acts as an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits the action of IL-1<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Francis <italic>et al<sup>10</sup></italic> found the association between IL-1RN 2/2 genotype and SVD in the UK Caucasian Sheffield population, but not in the London population. Also, no significant difference was found for MVD in either population group<sup>10</sup>. Other reports did not find any statistical significance between IL1RN 2 allele and SVD or IL1RN 2 allele and CAD<sup>21,13</sup>. Furthermore, it has been reported that IL1RN 2 allele is significantly associated with CAD in the Type 2 diabetes patients<sup>11</sup>. Also, IL1RN 2 allele has a protective effect on restenosis after PTCA<sup>12</sup> and an association between IL1RN 2 and carotid atherosclerosis was reported<sup>22</sup>. It was also reported that future Myocardial Infarction risk was increased with IL1RN 2 allele and high CRP levels in young patients<sup>23</sup>. In this study, we found an association between SVD and IL1RN 2/2 genotype (P= 0.016, OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 1.183-7.229), but no statistical association between IL1RN alleles and CAD (P= 0.211) or MVD (P= 0.247) or SVD (P=0.423). In addition, Genotype distribution analysis indicated that homozygous IL1RN 2 carrier was significantly different between SVD and control groups (x<sup>2</sup>: 7.510, P= 0.010, OR: 3.253, % 95 CI: 1.349-7.844). People with homozygous IL1RN allele 2 are 3.25 times more likely to have had SVD than people carrying the other genotypes. However, heterozygosity for IL1RN 2 carrier did not show this association (P=0.757). Also homozygous IL1RN 2 carrier was significantly different between MVD and SVD groups (x<sup>2</sup>: 7.160, P= 0.011, OR: 2.838, % 95 CI: 1.278-6.299). People carrying homozygous IL1RN allele 2 are 2.83 times more likely to have SVD than MVD. However, heterozygosity for IL1RN 2 carrier did not show that association (P=0.234; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). Futhermore, we could not find any statistically significant influence of IL1 family polymorphisms (dominant, recessive and co-dominant effects) on the risk of CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>). Even though IL1 family polymorphisms did not show any direct relative effect on risks of CAD, those polymorphisms may modulate some of processes for the development of CAD.</p>
      <p>There appears to be a balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra protein, except in the case of autoimmune diseases<sup>24</sup>. There are controversial results for the function of IL1RN 2 allele in IL-1Ra expression. It has been reported that IL1RN 2 allele is associated with increased IL-1Ra levels <italic>in vitro</italic><sup>25-27</sup>, decreased levels in Ulcerative colitis<sup>27</sup> but at similar levels for South African patients with inflammatory bowel disease<sup>28</sup>. The results above imply that IL1RN 2 polymorphism function in affecting IL-1Ra protein expression depends on cell type and ethnic origin.</p>
      <p>It has been suggested that IL-1&#946; may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by the stimulation of vascular SMC. Also, increased levels of IL-1&#946; mRNA was detected in atherosclerotic plaques<sup>29</sup>. The polymorphisms in IL-1B gene can affect severity or susceptibility to different diseases. Two important SNPs at -511 C/T in the promoter and +3953 C/T in exon 5 of IL1B gene are shown respectively<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Different controversial results have been reported for the effect of IL1B (-511) polymorphism on the production of IL-1Ra and IL-1&#946;. It has been reported that individuals who have IL1B (-511) allele 2 show higher levels of IL-1Ra<sup>26</sup>. LPS-induced IL-1&#946; production was increased 2-3 fold by a T allele at -511 position<sup>30</sup>. No significant relationship between -511 alleles of IL1B and CAD has been determined<sup>10,13</sup>. However, Iacoviello <italic>et al<sup>31</sup></italic> indicated that the IL1B (-511) 1/1 (C/C) genotype was associated with MI at young age<sup>31</sup>. Similarly, Zhang et al<sup>32</sup> reported that IL1B (-511) polymorphism was associated to the severity of coronary heart disease in the Chinese population<sup>32</sup>. However, we did not find any risk for CAD related to IL1B (-511) polymorphism in the Turkish population. No significant differences were found in the frequencies of allele 1 and 2 or the genotypes of 1/1 and 2/2 of IL1B (-511) between SVD and control or MVD and control or CAD and control groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Another polymorphism in the IL1B gene is located at position +3953 in exon 5 and thought to influence IL-1&#946; expression. Different results were reported on the effect of IL1B (+3953) allele on IL-1&#946; protein production. Some studies showed that an association was seen between IL1B (+3953) and increased plasma levels of IL-1&#946;<sup>9,30</sup>, but others found no affect on IL-1 levels<sup>33-35</sup>. No studies are available on the relationship between CAD and polymorphism in the IL1B gene (+3953). No association was seen between either IL1B (+3953) allele frequency or genotype distribution and CAD in the British population<sup>10</sup>. Similarly, no relationship was found between CAD and IL1B (+3953) polymorphism in the Turkish population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>The present study has shown that the homozygote carrier of IL-1RN allele 2 may be a risk factor for SVD. Controversial results were obtained for the association between IL1RN 2 and CAD from the different studies and different locations. This showed that ethnic background and different geographical locations play an important role for that association.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This research was supported by the FEN-YLS-100105-0068 grant by Marmara University Research Fund and by a partial grant from American Hospital in Turkey. Professor Philip E. Auron, Duquesne University Department of Biological Sciences, are acknowledged for their critical review of the manuscript.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
