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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">56K6HspCqS4qY5k4BbKgXhf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001600011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: uma coorte com 24 anos de seguimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lenine Angelo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo Arteaga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>274</fpage>
      <lpage>280</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O benef&#237;cio da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) tem sido questionado, sendo escassas as pesquisas sobre este assunto no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Descrever a indica&#231;&#227;o, a resposta cl&#237;nica, as complica&#231;&#245;es e a sobrevida relacionadas ao implante de marcapasso em pacientes portadores de CMH. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 39 pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (41% do sexo masculino) submetidos a implante de marcapasso, no per&#237;odo de maio de 1980 a novembro de 2003. RESULTADOS: Houve 27 portadores da forma obstrutiva e 12 portadores da forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva com m&#233;dia de idade de 46,4 anos (14-77 anos) seguidos por 6,4 &#177; 4,1 anos. As principais indica&#231;&#245;es para implante foram: bloqueio atrioventricular espont&#226;neo ou induzido (54%), refratariedade &#224; terap&#234;utica associada a gradiente elevado (33%), suporte para terapia medicamentosa por bradicardia (8%) e preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (5%). Houve melhora na classe funcional de 2,41&#177;0,87 para 1,97&#177;0,92 (p = 0,008), bem como redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de sintomas referidos, sem ter havido diferen&#231;a na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia medicamentosa. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos relacionados ao procedimento que, apesar de demonstrar-se seguro, n&#227;o foi isento de complica&#231;&#245;es (6 pacientes - 15,4%). Ocorreram tr&#234;s &#243;bitos durante o seguimento, todos em pacientes mulheres, portadoras de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e com evid&#234;ncias de deteriora&#231;&#227;o funcional. Observou-se uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o de piora cl&#237;nica com surgimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter. CONCLUS&#195;O: A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial em pacientes com CMH foi bem-sucedida, com evid&#234;ncias de al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico em pacientes portadores da forma obstrutiva. N&#227;o se observou melhora funcional para a forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>estudos de coortes</kwd>
        <kwd>avalia&#231;&#227;o de resultados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> MARCAPASSO</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Uma coorte com 24 anos de seguimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lenine Angelo Alves Silva; Edmundo Arteaga Fern&#225;ndez; Martino Martinelli Filho; Roberto Costa; S&#233;rgio Siqueira; Barbara Maria Ianni; Charles Mady</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de S&#227;o Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo - SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O benef&#237;cio da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) tem sido questionado, sendo escassas as pesquisas sobre este assunto no Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Descrever a indica&#231;&#227;o, a resposta cl&#237;nica, as complica&#231;&#245;es e a sobrevida relacionadas ao implante de marcapasso em pacientes portadores de CMH. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 39 pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (41% do sexo masculino) submetidos a implante de marcapasso, no per&#237;odo de maio de 1980 a novembro de 2003. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve 27 portadores da forma obstrutiva e 12 portadores da forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva com m&#233;dia de idade de 46,4 anos (14-77 anos) seguidos por 6,4 &#177; 4,1 anos. As principais indica&#231;&#245;es para implante foram: bloqueio atrioventricular espont&#226;neo ou induzido (54%), refratariedade &#224; terap&#234;utica associada a gradiente elevado (33%), suporte para terapia medicamentosa por bradicardia (8%) e preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (5%). Houve melhora na classe funcional de 2,41&#177;0,87 para 1,97&#177;0,92 (p = 0,008), bem como redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de sintomas referidos, sem ter havido diferen&#231;a na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia medicamentosa. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos relacionados ao procedimento que, apesar de demonstrar-se seguro, n&#227;o foi isento de complica&#231;&#245;es (6 pacientes - 15,4%). Ocorreram tr&#234;s &#243;bitos durante o seguimento, todos em pacientes mulheres, portadoras de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e com evid&#234;ncias de deteriora&#231;&#227;o funcional. Observou-se uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o de piora cl&#237;nica com surgimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial em pacientes com CMH foi bem-sucedida, com evid&#234;ncias de al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico em pacientes portadores da forma obstrutiva. N&#227;o se observou melhora funcional para a forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, estudos de coortes, avalia&#231;&#227;o de resultados (cuidados de sa&#250;de).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de car&#225;ter gen&#233;tico autoss&#244;mico dominante e manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica variada, caracterizada anatomicamente por hipertrofia ventricular na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ou sist&#234;micas que possam justific&#225;-la<sup>1</sup>. Na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, destacam-se o desenvolvimento de arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares (destaque para a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidentes vasculares cerebrais e morte s&#250;bita.</p>
    <p>O conhecimento mais apurado da CMH possibilitou o desenvolvimento de abordagens mais racionais, desde o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico at&#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos invasivos de tratamento, entre os quais a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso em pacientes portadores de CMH n&#227;o se limita &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es por refratariedade de sintomas em pacientes com gradiente elevado, abrange tamb&#233;m as indica&#231;&#245;es convencionais de suporte por bradicardia, impostas pelas mais diversas etiologias, estendendo-se &#224;s, n&#227;o raras, associa&#231;&#245;es de CMH com dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, s&#227;o escassos os dados quanto &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial em pacientes portadores de CMH; al&#233;m disso, &#233; desconhecida a evolu&#231;&#227;o daqueles que recebem implante de marcapasso. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de relatar a experi&#234;ncia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do HCFMUSP (InCor) no manuseio e seguimento de pacientes portadores de CMH submetidos a implante de marcapasso nos &#250;ltimos 24 anos, descrevendo as principais indica&#231;&#245;es, a resposta cl&#237;nica ao implante, a sobrevida e as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao uso da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte de an&#225;lise retrospectiva e descritiva, em que foram revisados 129 prontu&#225;rios provenientes da base de dados da Unidade de Marcapasso e da coorte de 613 pacientes portadores de CMH, acompanhados na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Miocardiopatias do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do HCFMUSP. Foram identificados 39 pacientes portadores de CMH que realizaram implante de marcapasso entre maio de 1980 e novembro de 2003. O levantamento de dados foi iniciado em fevereiro de 2004 e encerrado em setembro de 2004. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel. O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi de 6,4 &#177; 4,1 anos.</p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios, e no ano de 2004 avaliaram-se todos os pacientes. Nos casos de &#243;bito, as informa&#231;&#245;es foram colhidas com familiares ou por meio do atestado de &#243;bito. Houve perda de seguimento de dois pacientes, um em 1997, que se encontrava em classe funcional I, foi acompanhado por 17 anos e havia implantado marcapasso por BAVT p&#243;s-miectomia. A outra paciente, cujo seguimento foi perdido em 1999, era acompanhada havia cinco anos e se encontrava em classe funcional III, com sinais de progress&#227;o para a fase dilatada da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas pelo software SPSS for Windows<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 13.0. Para as an&#225;lises de amostras n&#227;o relacionadas (compara&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes portadores da forma obstrutiva da CMH - FO vs. a forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva - FNO), foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Nas an&#225;lises de amostras relacionadas, para os dados quantitativos, utilizou-se o teste t de Student quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis atendia &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado quando os pr&#233;-requisitos de normalidade n&#227;o puderam ser assumidos. Para a an&#225;lise dos dados qualitativos, al&#233;m das distribui&#231;&#245;es de freq&#252;&#234;ncia, foram feitas compara&#231;&#245;es entre antes e depois do implante por meio da distribui&#231;&#227;o de qui-quadrados (teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mcnemar). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (valor de p) era atingida quando o valor de alpha fosse <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes na data do implante foi de 46&#177;15 anos (variando de 14-76). Dezesseis pacientes (41%) eram do sexo masculino. Do total, 20 (51%) apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), e 16 (41%) apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, no in&#237;cio do seguimento. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram sexo, idade, classe funcional, motivo do implante e modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, sintomas (s&#237;ncope e pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, dispn&#233;ia, palpita&#231;&#245;es e precordialgia), tempo de seguimento, resposta cl&#237;nica, complica&#231;&#245;es e sobrevida relacionada ao implante.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o e compara o perfil de pacientes de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em 24 anos de seguimento, 39 pacientes portadores de CMH foram submetidos a implante de marcapasso. Houve predom&#237;nio da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, correspondendo a 59% do total. Dos 39 pacientes, 27(69%) apresentavam a FO, e 12 (31%), a FNO.</p>
    <p>Como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, 82% dos pacientes apresentavam classe funcional maior ou igual a II da New York Heart Association, e mais da metade encontrava-se em classe funcional III ou IV.</p>
    <p>Dispn&#233;ia (82%), palpita&#231;&#245;es (59%) e precordialgia (51%) foram os sintomas mais freq&#252;entes, a despeito da terapia otimizada. A s&#237;ncope e a pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope foram referidas por 18 pacientes (45%) e foi motivo de indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de marcapasso, quando associado a gradiente elevado, em sete pacientes (26%).</p>
    <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico mostrou hipertrofia septal m&#233;dia de 19,5&#177;4 mm. Observa-se ainda que esses pacientes apresentavam, no in&#237;cio do estudo, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (m&#233;dia de 46,9 &#177; 9 mm). Nos pacientes portadores da FO, o gradiente m&#233;dio encontrado foi de 88,4 &#177; 41 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Mesmo quando se comparam os pacientes portadores da FO com os n&#227;o-portadores da FNO, percebe-se que as duas popula&#231;&#245;es apresentam caracter&#237;sticas bastante semelhantes, diferindo na classe funcional III/IV (59% na FO vs. 33% na FNO) e na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, com predom&#237;nio nos pacientes com a FNO (30% - FO vs. 64% - FNO, p = 0,032); essa diferen&#231;a, no entanto, deve-se &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es especiais para a FNO como ser&#225; visto adiante.</p>
    <p>Betabloqueadores e bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio constitu&#237;ram a base do tratamento cl&#237;nico, utilizados isolados ou em associa&#231;&#227;o em 72% da popula&#231;&#227;o, com boa taxa de ader&#234;ncia. Essa base foi mantida durante todo o seguimento, associada ao uso de antiarr&#237;tmico, quando necess&#225;rio. O destaque ficou para a maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes orais em virtude da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Tamb&#233;m observamos maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos, em especial na popula&#231;&#227;o portadora da forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indica&#231;&#245;es do marcapasso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es de implante de marcapasso s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> e foram organizadas em quatro grupos:</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; Dist&#250;rbios por bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (BAVT) em 21 pacientes (espont&#226;neos ou adquiridos);</p>
    <p>&#149; Sintomas refrat&#225;rios e relacionados ao gradiente em 13 pacientes;</p>
    <p>&#149; Suporte medicamentoso por bradicardia em 3 pacientes;</p>
    <p>&#149; Preven&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 2 pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do implante, 24 pacientes (62%) se encontravam em estimula&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular seq&#252;encial (DDD). Treze pacientes (33%) em modo unicameral ventricular (VVI), e um paciente (3%) em modo atrioventricular seq&#252;encial com estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial (DDD biatrial) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Todos os pacientes portadores da forma obstrutiva, cuja indica&#231;&#227;o foi refratariedade dos sintomas (13 pacientes), foram seguidos de forma prospectiva e tiveram seus marcapassos programados com intervalo AV curto (aproximadamente 100 ms), com programa&#231;&#227;o ajustada por eletro e ecocardiografia, com o objetivo de garantir o m&#225;ximo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Apesar de dois pacientes terem sido encaminhados para implante de marcapasso com estimula&#231;&#227;o biatrial, somente em um foi poss&#237;vel esse modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Um paciente (3%) foi submetido a implante de marcapasso atriobiventricular (DDD biventricular) ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de miectomia, por ter desenvolvido BAVT e fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato.</p>
    <p>Na data da &#250;ltima consulta, por causa do aumento nos casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, somente 16 pacientes (41%) encontravam-se em estimula&#231;&#227;o no modo atrioventricular seq&#252;encial. Verificaram-se ainda: 18 (46%) em modo unicameral ventricular, 1 (3%) em atrioventricular biatrial e 1 (3%) em atriobiventricular. Dois pacientes (5%) encontravam-se com o marcapasso inibido (um, por n&#227;o haver evidenciado melhora objetiva na estimula&#231;&#227;o; outro por apresentar flutter atrial com resposta ventricular elevada). Um paciente encontrava-se com o marcapasso programado em modo DDI (estimula&#231;&#227;o dupla c&#226;mara sem deflagra&#231;&#227;o ventricular pelo &#225;trio) em raz&#227;o de paroxismos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resposta cl&#237;nica ao tratamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref> apresenta o estado funcional antes, ap&#243;s o implante e na data da &#250;ltima consulta (os dados de p&#243;s-implante se referem em m&#233;dia aos primeiros tr&#234;s a seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observa-se melhora na classe funcional para a popula&#231;&#227;o total. O peso dessa diferen&#231;a &#233; decorrente da mudan&#231;a de classe observada para os portadores da forma obstrutiva da CMH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>) e pode estar diretamente relacionado &#224; queda do gradiente observado no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-implante (diminui&#231;&#227;o observada de 88,4 mmHg para 34 mmHg).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A melhora de classe funcional observada ap&#243;s o implante de marcapasso e mantida at&#233; a data da &#250;ltima consulta refletiu-se diretamente no alivio sintom&#225;tico. Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante em todos os itens analisados, como demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Antes do implante de marcapasso, 41% da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada apresentava fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter, e, ao t&#233;rmino do seguimento, essa propor&#231;&#227;o chegou a 59%. Destes, aproximadamente 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o com a FO apresentava fibrila&#231;&#227;o/flutter atrial no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, quase que dobrou o n&#250;mero de pacientes com essas arritmias, chegando a 59%.</p>
    <p>Para os pacientes com a FNO, aproximadamente 67% apresentavam essas arritmias. Essa preval&#234;ncia elevada, no entanto, se deveu basicamente &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de marcapasso. Embora o papel da abla&#231;&#227;o ou "modifica&#231;&#227;o" do n&#243; atrioventricular, associado ao implante de marcapasso como forma de tratamento para as formas refrat&#225;rias de CMH, n&#227;o se encontre bem estabelecido, este tem sido proposto na literatura<sup>4-6</sup>. Metade dos pacientes foi encaminhada para abla&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular e implante de marcapasso, em decorr&#234;ncia de FA/<italic>flutter</italic> sintom&#225;ticos e refrat&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao marcapasso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram observadas em seis casos (15%). Um paciente apresentou estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica que foi corrigida por programa&#231;&#227;o; um paciente apresentou deslocamento de eletrodo e necessitou de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; e outro evoluiu com dor cr&#244;nica na loja do marcapasso, que foi controlada com medica&#231;&#227;o. Evolu&#231;&#227;o para s&#237;ndrome do marcapasso ocorreu em um caso, levando ao implante de eletrodo atrial com mudan&#231;a de modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizada abla&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His e implante de marcapasso unicameral em um paciente, que necessitou de nova cirurgia para implante de pr&#243;tese com sensor de freq&#252;&#234;ncia para corrigir d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico. A principal complica&#231;&#227;o foi associada &#224; troca de gerador por recall do fabricante. Esse paciente teve que ser submetido a v&#225;rias reopera&#231;&#245;es para troca de gerador, retirada do sistema por extrus&#227;o do gerador e reimplante do sistema.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sobrevida ap&#243;s o implante</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve tr&#234;s &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo, mulheres, com idade entre 20 e 40 anos, portadoras de FA/<italic>flutter</italic> e em fase dilatada da doen&#231;a. Duas delas portadoras da FNO, uma por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (choque cardiog&#234;nico) e outra por embolia pulmonar. A terceira paciente apresentava a FO e teve indica&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso por gradiente, refratariedade e s&#237;ncope de repeti&#231;&#227;o; essa paciente que desenvolveu <italic>flutter</italic> atrial vinha fazendo uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, e a causa de &#243;bito foi acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref> tra&#231;a um comparativo da curva de sobrevida em raz&#227;o do tempo de seguimento, entre pacientes portadores da FO e da FNO. Apesar de o trabalho n&#227;o ter poder suficiente para analisar a sobrevida desses pacientes, observa-se um distanciamento entre as curvas de sobrevida. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a para o risco de &#243;bito entre os grupos, no per&#237;odo analisado (p = 0,225).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atualmente, o implante de marcapasso permanece como indica&#231;&#227;o no manuseio de pacientes portadores da FO de CMH que se mant&#234;m sintom&#225;ticos apesar da terap&#234;utica otimizada<sup>5,7</sup>, mesmo diante das evid&#234;ncias de efeito placebo<sup>8,9</sup>. J&#225; o benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico do marcapasso para a forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva tem sido menos estudado em virtude das fortes evid&#234;ncias de aus&#234;ncia de melhora ou at&#233; mesmo do aumento do risco de deteriora&#231;&#227;o funcional<sup>10</sup>, embora haja autores que preconizem a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial para esse grupo de pacientes<sup>11</sup>. Os mecanismos envolvidos nas modifica&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas e hemodin&#226;micas da terap&#234;utica com marcapasso n&#227;o s&#227;o o escopo deste artigo e podem ser consultados na literatura existente<sup>12-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observou-se uma taxa elevada de dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, com a necessidade de implante de marcapasso por BAVT espont&#226;neo em mais de 15% dos casos. Os dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o podem ser justificados pelo perfil dos pacientes estudados e pelas terap&#234;uticas aplicadas, al&#233;m de ser uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente selecionada e de evolu&#231;&#227;o potencialmente mais grave.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope esteve presente em quase 31% (n = 12) dos pacientes, no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante, e somente em 10% (n = 4) no seguimento p&#243;s-implante, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante (p = 0,008). Para a FO, foi respons&#225;vel pela indica&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso em 26% (n = 7) dos pacientes. Destes, somente tr&#234;s voltaram a apresentar s&#237;ncope ap&#243;s o implante, sugerindo que essa terapia possa ser efetiva nesse subgrupo (gradiente elevado + s&#237;ncope).</p>
    <p>Dos pacientes portadores da forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva que apresentaram s&#237;ncope pr&#233;-implante (n = 4), somente um voltou a apresentar s&#237;ncope, associada ao reaparecimento de flutter atrial.</p>
    <p>Embora a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular unicameral de ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito esteja associada &#224; melhora funcional no paciente portador da forma obstrutiva, o efeito m&#225;ximo da estimula&#231;&#227;o &#233; conseguido com a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular seq&#252;encial, e esta s&#243; p&#244;de ser realizada em aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes e foi mantida em menos da metade na data da &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o (44%), por causa da elevada incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<italic>/flutter</italic>. Entende-se, dessa forma, que n&#227;o se p&#244;de atingir o m&#225;ximo de benef&#237;cio da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca desejado. O panorama geral sugere benef&#237;cio do m&#233;todo, quando se avalia al&#237;vio dos sintomas, e melhora na classe funcional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">5</xref>). Uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada identifica que, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-implante imediato, h&#225; uma substancial melhora na classe funcional, que perde for&#231;a no seguimento em longo prazo, mantendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a popula&#231;&#227;o total (p = 0,008).</p>
    <p>Para os portadores da FNO, o seguimento cl&#237;nico n&#227;o mostrou que o benef&#237;cio do al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico observado no p&#243;s-implante imediato pudesse ser mantido em longo prazo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>). As justificativas envolvidas na melhora cl&#237;nica nos primeiros meses p&#243;s-implante n&#227;o foram avaliadas, e o efeito placebo surge como principal hip&#243;tese. Observa-se que a for&#231;a da melhora cl&#237;nica &#233; reflexo da melhora funcional dos pacientes portadores da FO. Se o efeito placebo fosse o &#250;nico respons&#225;vel pela melhora, essa popula&#231;&#227;o provavelmente teria apresentado deteriora&#231;&#227;o funcional ao longo do tempo ou retorno &#224;s classes funcionais pr&#233;vias (como ocorrido na FNO), fato n&#227;o observado. Esses dois achados corroboram dados j&#225; observados na literatura, em que se observa o efeito ben&#233;fico da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na FO sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria, e demonstra claramente a aus&#234;ncia de melhora, em longo prazo, nos pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Estudos como o PIC Study demostraram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a estimula&#231;&#227;o AV seq&#252;encial e o al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico, bem como a prefer&#234;ncia pelo paciente por este modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o e melhora na qualidade de vida<sup>17</sup>. Em nossa coorte, apesar de esse item n&#227;o ter especificamente sido avaliado, e de se tratar de um grupo com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas diferentes, observaram-se tanto a melhora de classe funcional como o al&#237;vio dos sintomas, de forma significativa, o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, se reflete na melhora da qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>Pode-se questionar ainda que a melhora observada no grupo de portadores da FO esteve relacionada a outros fatores que n&#227;o a indica&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica especificamente relacionada ao gradiente, por&#233;m esse contexto n&#227;o p&#244;de ser objeto de estudo. O que p&#244;de ser comprovado &#233; que a terapia medicamentosa, baseada em betabloqueadores e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, praticamente n&#227;o foi alterada. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico dos pacientes portadores da FO n&#227;o se encontre somente relacionado &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o pelo marcapasso, podendo coexistir outros fatores que interferiram na evolu&#231;&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel desses pacientes. Para os pacientes cujo marcapasso esteve associado &#224; miectomia, n&#227;o se observou mudan&#231;a na classe funcional no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante comparado &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o na data da &#250;ltima consulta, assim n&#227;o se pode atribuir melhora cl&#237;nica &#224; co-interven&#231;&#227;o, assim como tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se pode excluir aus&#234;ncia de melhora em raz&#227;o da co-interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No Trial M-pathy, o mais cl&#225;ssico estudo a demonstrar a evid&#234;ncia de efeito placebo, na estimula&#231;&#227;o como forma de tratamento para pacientes refrat&#225;rios, portadores da FO, a ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos relacionados ao implante de marcapasso foi observada em 35% dos pacientes, um percentual de complica&#231;&#245;es bastante elevado<sup>9</sup>. A an&#225;lise da freq&#252;&#234;ncia e dos tipos de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionados ao implante de marcapasso em portadores de CMH no nosso estudo (aproximadamente 15%), entretanto, coincide com achados da literatura de que o implante de marcapasso definitivo n&#227;o &#233; isento de risco. Por&#233;m, os riscos observados, diferentemente do observado no M-pathy, n&#227;o diferiram dos observados na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>18</sup>. Portanto, o implante de marcapasso n&#227;o deve ser evitado sob o argumento de maior risco de complica&#231;&#227;o que para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
    <p>O acidente vascular cerebral esteve presente em quase 12% da popula&#231;&#227;o, um percentual elevado, considerando-se a faixa et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o, mas que encontra justificativa no tipo de doen&#231;a, nas comorbidades associadas e na terap&#234;utica de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adotada.</p>
    <p>Em nenhum momento, conseguiu-se atribuir &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca efeito de causalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#243;bitos observados, que estiveram, sim, associados &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o funcional.</p>
    <p>Outra quest&#227;o &#233; se os &#243;bitos ocorridos poderiam ter sido evitados com implante de desfibrilador. Apesar de serem pacientes de alto risco para morte s&#250;bita arritmog&#234;nica, as causas foram outras, bem documentadas e n&#227;o decorrentes de arritmia ventricular. Portanto, o cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel muito provavelmente n&#227;o teria influ&#234;ncia no desfecho &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste trabalho se devem &#224; disponibilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es em prontu&#225;rio e &#224; impossibilidade de se realizarem an&#225;lises comparativas entre a melhora ou n&#227;o de sintomas percebidos pelos pacientes, com medidas objetivas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional. Em se tratando de uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva e descritiva, os desfechos de al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico e mudan&#231;as na classe funcional podem ter sofrido interfer&#234;ncia de outras vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o a estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Entende-se, entretanto, que essas limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o interferiram no objetivo principal do trabalho.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados sugerem, ainda que com restri&#231;&#245;es, o efeito ben&#233;fico da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na forma obstrutiva sintom&#225;tica e refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento medicamentoso, e demonstram claramente a aus&#234;ncia de melhora, em longo prazo, nos portadores da forma n&#227;o-obstrutiva.</p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial pode ser utilizada de forma segura em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, que necessitem de suporte cronotr&#243;pico, bem como naqueles portadores da forma obstrutiva que permanecem refrat&#225;rios &#224; terapia medicamentosa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Lenine Angelo Alves Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Mauro, 56 / 83 - Sa&#250;de </p>
        <p> 04055-040 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lenine_angelo@yahoo.com.br">lenine_angelo@yahoo.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lenine@cardiol.br">lenine@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/05/07; revisado recebido em 28/08/07; aceito em 25/03/08</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a cohort with 24 years of follow-up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The benefits of heart stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients have been questioned. Research work available in Brazil on those benefits is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To describe the indication, clinical response, complications and survival time related to pacemaker implant in HCM patients. METHODS: Thirty-nine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients were studied (41% males) and submitted to pacemaker implant from May, 1980 through November, 2003. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients presented obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 12, non-obstructive. Mean age was 46.4 years of age (range 14 - 77), with follow-up of 6.4 &#177; 4.1 years. Major indications for implant were: spontaneous or induced atrioventricular block (54%), refractoriness to therapeutic conduct associated to high gradient (33%), support for drug therapy to treat bradychardia (8%), and atrial fibrillation prevention (5%). Functional class was shown to improve from 2.41&#177;0.87 to 1.97&#177;0.92 (p = 0.008), and symptoms referred were reduced. No change was made in drug therapy administration. No procedure-related deaths were reported. Although shown to be safe, the procedure was not free from complications (6 patients - 15.4%). Three deaths occurred in the follow-up period - the three of them were atrial fibrillation female patients, with evidence of functional deterioration. A close association was observed between clinical condition worsening and the onset of atrial fibrillation or flutter. CONCLUSION: Cardiac pacing in HCM patients was successful, with evidence of symptoms relief in obstructive HCM patients. No functional improvement was observed in non-obstructive patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac pacing</kwd>
        <kwd>artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>outcome assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>cohort studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body><p><bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold></p><p><fn id="top-body2"><label><bold>Cardiac pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A cohort with 24 years of follow-up</bold></label><p><bold>Lenine Angelo Alves Silva; Edmundo Arteaga Fern&#225;ndez; Martino Martinelli Filho; Roberto Costa; S&#233;rgio Siqueira; Barbara Maria Ianni; Charles Mady</bold></p></fn></p><p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de S&#227;o Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p><p>Mailling Address</p><p><bold>SUMMARY</bold></p><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> The benefits of heart stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients have been questioned. Research work available in Brazil on those benefits is scarce.</p><p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the indication, clinical response, complications and survival time related to pacemaker implant in HCM patients.</p><p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-nine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients were studied (41% males) and submitted to pacemaker implant from May, 1980 through November, 2003.</p><p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty-seven patients presented obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 12, non-obstructive. Mean age was 46.4 years of age (range 14 - 77), with follow-up of 6.4 &#177; 4.1 years. Major indications for implant were: spontaneous or induced atrioventricular block (54%), refractoriness to therapeutic conduct associated to high gradient (33%), support for drug therapy to treat bradychardia (8%), and atrial fibrillation prevention (5%). Functional class was shown to improve from 2.41&#177;0.87 to 1.97&#177;0.92 (p = 0.008), and symptoms referred were reduced. No change was made in drug therapy administration. No procedure-related deaths were reported. Although shown to be safe, the procedure was not free from complications (6 patients - 15.4%). Three deaths occurred in the follow-up period - the three of them were atrial fibrillation female patients, with evidence of functional deterioration. A close association was observed between clinical condition worsening and the onset of atrial fibrillation or flutter</p><p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Cardiac pacing in HCM patients was successful, with evidence of symptoms relief in obstructive HCM patients. No functional improvement was observed in non-obstructive patients.</p><p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiac pacing, artificial; cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic; outcome assessment (health care); cohort studies.</p><p><bold>Introduction</bold></p><p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is inherited in an autosomal heart disease dominant fashion, with a high degree of clinical variability. Anatomically, it is characterized by ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of cardiac or systemic diseases that could justify it<sup>1</sup>. As the condition advances the following are to be pointed out: the development of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation in particular), heart failure, cerebrovascular accidents and sudden death.</p><p>Deeper knowledge on HCM contributed for the development of more rational approaches - from genetic counseling to the use of invasive treatment methods, among them cardiac pacing.</p><p>The use of a pacemaker in HCM patients is not circumscribed to the indications for symptoms refractoriness in high gradient patients. It also applies to conventional bradychardia support indications demanded by a number of etiologies, and include the non-rare associations between HCM and atrioventricular conduction disorders<sup>2,3</sup>.</p><p>Data are scarce in regard to cardiac pacing in HCM patients in Brazil. Additionally, the progression of patients who had pacemaker implant is not known. The present study was conducted with the purpose to report the experience at the Clinics Hospital Heart Institute, University of S&#227;o Paulo, at S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (HC-FMUSP - InCor). It describes the management and the follow-up of HCM patients submitted to pacemaker transplant in the last 24 years, and includes major indications, clinical response to implant, survival time, and complications related to the use of cardiac pacing.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold></p><p>A prospective and descriptive analysis cohort study, with 129 medical records reviewed from the Pacemaker Unit data base; additional 613 HCM patients under follow-up at the Myocardiopathy Clinical Unit at the Heart Institute (HC-FMUSP). Thirty-nine patients were identified for HCM. Pacemaker implant was performed between May, 1980 and November, 2003. Data collection started in February, 2004 and was closed in September, 2004. No patients who had implantable cardioverter-defribillator (ICD) were included. Clinical follow-up time frame was 6.4&#177;4.1 years.</p><p>Clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data were obtained from medical records. All patients were reevaluated in 2004. Whenever death occurred, information was obtained from family members or death certificate. Two patients were lost to follow-up: one in 1997 - Functional Class I male, after a 17 year-follow-up, who had his pacemaker implanted due to post-myectomy total atrioventricular block (TAVB). The other patient was lost to follow-up in 199, after a 5-year follow-up. The female patient was Functional Class III, with indications of progression towards the dilated phase of heart failure.</p><p><bold>Statistical analysis</bold></p><p>Statistical analysis was carried out through SPSS for Windows&#174; Version 13.0. Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-related samples analysis (comparison with obstructive HCM [OHCM] patients versus non-obstructive [NOHCM] patients. Student t test was used for related sample analysis quantitative data whenever variables distribution were assumed to be normal. Wilcoxon test was used whenever pre-requisites could not be assumed to be normal. For qualitative data analysis, in addition to frequency distribution comparisons before and after implant were carried out through chi-square distribution (Mcnemar's non-parametric test). Statistic significance (p value) was reached whenever alpha value was <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p><p><bold>Results</bold></p><p>Patients' mean age at the time of implant was 46&#177;15 years of age (14 - 76 range). Sixteen patients (41%) were males. From all patients, 20 (51%) presented Functional Class III or IV heart failure (New York Heart Association - NYHA classification) and 16 (41%) presented atrial fibrillation at early follow-up. Variables analysis included gender, age, functional class, reason for implant and stimulation mode, echocardiographic data, symptoms (syncope and pre-syncope group, dyspnea, palpitations and precordial pain), time of follow-up, clinical response, complications and implant-related survival period.</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t1-body2">Table 1</xref> summarizes population data and compares patients' profiles in the presence or absence of gradient in left ventricle outflow tract.</p><p content-type="asset"><table-wrap id="en_11t1-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p>Thirty-nine HCM patients were submitted to pacemaker implant in 24 years of follow-up. Female patients predominated, with a total of 59% of total population. Out of the 39 patients 27 (69%) presented OHCM and 12 (31%) NOHCM.</p><p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t1-body2">Table 1</xref>, 82% of patients were classified in Functional Class II or higher (NYHA). Over 50% of patients were Functional Class III or IV.</p><p>Despite optimized therapy, dyspnea (82%), palpitations (59%) and precordial pain (51%) were the most commonly found symptoms. Syncope and pre-syncope were referred by 18 patients (45%) and were the reason for pacemaker implant indication whenever associated to high gradient in 7 patients (26%).</p><p>Echocardiographic data showed 19.5&#177;4 mm mid-portion septal hypertrophy. Those patients were also observed to present increased left atrium at the time the study started (average size 46.9&#177;9 mm). Mean gradient found in OHCM patients was 88.4&#177;41mmHg.</p><p>When OHCM patients were compared to NOHCM patients both populations had quite similar characteristics, with differences being functional class III/IV (59% OHCM versus 33% NOHCM), and atrial fibrillation, with NOHCM patients predominating (30% - OHCM versus 64% - NOHCM, p = 0.032). The difference is due to special indications for NOHCM, as discussed later.</p><p>Clinical treatment was based on beta-blockers and calcium channels blockers, either isolatedly or in association, for 72% of the population. Compliance was high. The same conduct was kept along follow-up time associated to the use of an anti-arrhythmic whenever required. It should be mentioned that oral anticoagulants were more often used due to atrial fibrillation. Diuretics were also seen to be used more often, in particular for non-obstructive patients.</p><p><bold>Indications for pacemaker implant</bold></p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the indications for pacemaker implant. They have been organized in 4 groups:</p><p content-type="asset"><table-wrap id="en_11t2-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p>&#149;Atrioventricular conduction block disorders (Total atrioventricular block - TAVB) - 21 patients (spontaneous or acquired);</p><p>&#149;Gradient-related refractory symptoms - 13 patients;</p><p>&#149;Drug support due to bradychardia - 3 patients;</p><p>&#149;Atrial fibrillation prevention - 2 patients.</p><p><bold>Stimulation mode</bold></p><p>After implant, 24 patients (62%) were under sequence atrioventricular stimulation (DDD) pacing mode. Thirteen patients (33%) were under unichamber ventricular mode (VVI), and one patient (3%) under biatrial stimulation (Biatrial DDD) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="en_11f1-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig></p><p>All OHCM patients whose indication was symptoms refractoriness (13 patients) had a prospective follow-up period and their pacemaker program for short AV interval (approximately 100ms), with ECG and ECHO adjusted programming in order to ensure maximum ventricular stimulation.</p><p>Although 2 patients were sent for pacemaker implant under biatrial stimulation, that mode could be applied to one of them only. One patient (3%) was submitted to atriobiventricular pacemaker implant (Biventricular DDD) after myectomy surgery due to the onset of TAVB and heart failure immediately after surgery.</p><p>As a result of an increase in atrial fibrillation cases, only 16 patients (41%) were under DDD pacing on their last visit. Eighteen patients (46%) were under ventricular unichamber pacing, and one (3%) under biatrial atrioventricular pacing. Two patients (5%) presented pacemaker inhibition (one did not show evidence of objective improvement at stimulation; the other presented atrial flutter with high ventricular response). One patient had his pacemaker programmed for DDI stimulation mode (double chamber, no ventricular stimulation via atrium) due to atrial fibrillation paroxysms.</p><p><bold>Clinical response to treatment</bold></p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> presents functional state before and after implant, as well as on the day of last visit (in average, post-implant data refer to the first 3 to 6 months after surgery).</p><table-wrap id="tab3-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>Total population was observed to show functional class improvement. The relevance of such difference is due to the change in class that could be observed for OHCM patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>), and may be directly related to post-implant gradient reduction (reduction from 88.4 mmHg down to 34 mmHg).</p><table-wrap id="tab4-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>Functional class improvement after pacemaker implant - kept to last visit day - was reflected directly on symptoms relief. The reduction was statistically significant at all components under analysis, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="tab5-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap><p>Before pacemaker implant, 41% of the population under analysis presented atrial fibrillation or flutter. At the end of the follow-up, 59%. From those, approximately 30% of the OHCM patients presented atrial fibrillation/flutter atrial in the pre-implant period. The number of patients presenting those arrhythmias practically doubled, along the course of observation, reaching 59%.</p><p>Among NOHCM patients, approximately 67% presented those arrhythmias. Such high prevalence, however, was basically due to the specific indication of the pacemaker. Although the role played by ablation or "modification" in the atrioventricular node associated to pacemaker implant as a treatment conduct for refractory HCM is not yet fully understood, it has been suggested in the literature<sup>4-6</sup>. Fifty percent of patients was referred for atrioventricular node ablation and pacemaker implant due to symptomatic, refractory AF/flutter.</p><p><bold>Complications associated to pacemaker</bold></p><p>Six complications were observed (15%). One patient presented frenic stimulation that was corrected through programming; one patient presented electrode dislocation, and surgery correction was required; a third patient developed chronic pain at pacemaker site, which was corrected with drug administration. Pacemaker syndrome was observed in one patient, resulting in atrial electrode implant and change in stimulation mode. Bundle of His ablation and unichamber pacemaker implant were performed in one patient, who needed a new surgery for the implant of a prosthesis with a frequency sensor to correct chronotropic deficit. The major complication was associated to generator change due to manufacturer's recall. The patient had to be submitted to a number of new surgeries to change the generator, to withdraw the system through generator extrusion and for system reimplantation.</p><p><bold>Post-implant survival</bold></p><p>Three deaths occurred in the post-implant survival period. In the 20-40-year-old range, the female patients presented AF/flutter and were in the dilated phase of the disease. Two of them were NOHCM patients - one due to heart failure (cardiogenic shock) and the other due to pulmonary embolus. The third patient presented OHCM, and had the indication for pacemaker implant due to gradient, refractoriness and recurring syncope. The same patient developed atrial flutter, had been on oral anticoagulant, and the cause of death was hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident.</p><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f2-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows a survival curve comparison when follow-up time was considered among both OHCM and NOHCM patients. Although this paper does not have enough data to perform an analysis of those patients' survival time, a gap between survival curves can be observed. No difference was observed for the risk of death in the different groups in the period under analysis (p=0.225).</p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="en_11f2-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig></p><p><bold>Discussion</bold></p><p>To our days, pacemaker implant has been the indication for the management of OHCM patients who are kept symptomatic despite optimized therapeutics<sup>5,7</sup>,even considering the placebo effect body of evidence<sup>8,9</sup>.</p><p>The therapeutic benefits of pacemakers on non-obstructive patients have been less extensively investigated due to strong evidence of the absence of improvement, or even of increased risk of functional deterioration<sup>10</sup>, although some authors recommend cardiac pacing for this group of patients<sup>11</sup>. The mechanisms involved in the electrophysiologic and hemodynamic changes in pacemaker therapeutics are not the scope of the present article and may be found in the literature available<sup>12-16</sup>.</p><p>A high rate of atrioventricular conduction system disorders was observed, with the need of pacemaker implant due to spontaneous TAVB in over 15% of cases. Conduction system disorders may be explained by the profile of patients under study and by applied therapeutics, in addition to the carefully screened population presenting potentially more serious progression of the condition.</p><p>Approximately 31% of patients (n=12) presented pre-implant syncope. Only 10% (n=4) in the post-implant follow-up - a significant reduction (p=0.008). For OHCM patients, syncope was the indication for pacemaker implant in 26% (n=7) of patients. From those, only three had repeated syncope after implant, which suggests the therapy may be effective in this subgroup (high gradient + syncope).</p><p>From the non-obstructive patients who presented syncope pre-implant, in their turn (n=4), only one patient had repeated syncope, which was associated to a new-onset atrial flutter.</p><p>Although unichamber ventricular stimulation in right ventricle apex is associated to functional class improvement in OHCM patients, optimized effect from stimulation is obtained through sequence atrioventricular stimulation, which can only be performed in approximately 2/3 of patients. It was actually seen in less than 50% of patients on last evaluation day (44%) due to atrial fibrillation high incidence. It seems clear that maximum benefit from heart stimulation, as desired, was not reached. The general scenario suggests benefits from the method when symptoms relief and functional class improvement are evaluated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11_3a5-body2">Tables 3-5</xref>). A more detailed analysis reports that in the immediate post-implant period there is substantial functional class improvement. In the long run such improvement loses strength, and statistical significance is kept for total population (p=0.008).</p><p><table-wrap id="en_11_3a5-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p><fn id="en_11t4-body2"><p><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0274-00011-e01-en.jpg"/></p></fn></p>
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 <p>Clinical follow-up of NOHCM patients showed that symptom relief observed immediately post-implant could not be kept in the long term (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>). The reasons-why involved in clinical improvement in the first months post-implant were not evaluated. The placebo effect seems to be the first assumption. Functional class improvement among OHCM patients was observed to reflect on clinical improvement level. Should placebo effect be the only reason for improvement, then this population would probably have presented functional deterioration along time, or would have reverted to previous functional classes (as occurred among NOHCM patients), which was not observed. Those two findings confirm data previously observed in the literature, where beneficial effects from heart stimulation for the symptomatic, refractory OHCM condition, and clealy shows the absence of long-term improvement among patients who do not present obstruction.</p> <p>Studies such as PIC Study have shown the association between sequence AV stimulation and symptom relief, as well as patients' preference for this stimulation mode with subsequent living standard improvement.<sup>17</sup> Although this was not specifically evaluated in the present study, in addition to investigating a group with diverse clinical characteristics, the cohort presented significant functional class improvement as well as significant symptom relief, which ultimately reflects on better living standards.</p> <p>Whether the improvement observed in the OHCM group was associated to other factors rather than specifically gradient-related hemodynamic indication could be questioned, but such scenario could not be the object of study. What could be proven was that drug therapy based on beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers was practically unchanged. Symptomatic relief of OHCM patients may not be related to pacemaker stimulation only. Other factors may coexist and therefore interfere in a more favorable condition course for those patients. For those patients whose pacemaker was associated to myectomy no change was observed in functional class in pre-implant when compared to last visit evaluation. Therefore, clinical improvement may not be attributable to co-intervention, as the absence of improvement cannot be excluded as a result of co-intervention.</p> <p>In the Trial M-pathy, the most classical study in demonstrating the placebo effect evidence of stimulation as a treatment mode for OHCM refractory patients, the occurrence of adverse events associated to pacemaker implant was observed in 35% of patients - quite a high percentage for complications<sup>9</sup>. However, the analysis of types and frequency of pacemaker implant related complications among HCM patients in our study (approximately 15%), matches literature findings in that definitive pacemaker implant is not risk free. However, the risks observed - differently from what was observed in the M-pathy - did not differ from those observed in the general population<sup>18</sup>. Therefore, pacemaker implant should not be avoided under the argument of higher risk of complication for the general population.</p> <p>Cerebrovascular accident was present in approximately 12% of the study population -a high percentage when population age is taken into account, but explainable for the type of condition, associated comorbidities, and the anticoagulation therapy that was chosen.</p> <p>At no point in time was heart stimulation associated to the causal effect of death occurrences. Deaths were actually associated to functional deterioration.</p> <p>Another issue is whether death could be avoided through implant or the use of a defibrillator. Although those are high risk patients for arrythmogenic sudden death, other causes led to death, and they were well documented, not resulting from ventricular arrhythmia. Therefore, the implantable cardioverter-defribillator (ICD) most likely did not interfere in the death outcome.</p> <p><bold>Study limitations</bold></p> <p>Major limitations in the present work were related to the availability of medical records as well as the impossibility of carrying out comparative analyses on patients' perception of symptom improvement or the lack of it, with objective evaluation parameters for functional capacity evaluation. Since this is a retrospective, descriptive analysis, the symptom relief and functional class change outcomes may have been affected by other variables rather than heart stimulation. It is understood, however, that such limitations have not interfered in the major objective of the present work.</p>   <p><bold>Conclusion</bold></p> <p>Although facing restrictions, our study results suggest the beneficial effects of heart stimulation for symptomatic, drug treatment refractory OHCM. It also clearly shows the absence of long-term improvement for non-obstructive patients.</p> <p>Cardiac pacing may be used safely in HCM patients in need of chronotropic support, as well as OHCM patients who are shown to keep refractory to drug therapy.</p> <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p> <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p> <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p> <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p> <p><bold>Study Association</bold></p> <p>This study is not associated with any graduation. </p>   <p><bold>References</bold></p>                  </body>
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