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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jmSKRKyRTtZvRjvJSv7SwCD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001600009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial em adultos e fatores associados em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Augusto Moura da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alcione Miranda dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco das Chagas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Mesquita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mesquita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Nivaldo de Jesus S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nina</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Jos&#233; da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nicodemo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>260</fpage>
      <lpage>266</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e seus fatores de risco s&#227;o pouco conhecidos nas regi&#245;es menos desenvolvidas. OBJETIVO: Estimar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o &gt; 18 anos em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA e fatores associados, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7). M&#201;TODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA, de fevereiro a mar&#231;o de 2003, em 835 pessoas com idade &gt; 18 anos que responderam a um question&#225;rio estruturado em domic&#237;lio. Foram medidos press&#227;o arterial (PA), peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Avaliaram-se outros fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados &#224; HA foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o de Poisson, com estimativa da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncias (RP) e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. RESULTADOS: A idade variou entre 18 e 94 anos (m&#233;dia de 39,4 anos), sendo 293 (35,1%) pessoas normotensas e 313 (37,5%) pr&#233;-hipertensas. A preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 27,4% (IC95% 24,4% a 30,6%), maior no sexo masculino (32,1%) que no feminino (24,2%). Na an&#225;lise ajustada permaneceram independentemente associados &#224; HA: sexo masculino (RP 1,52 IC95% 1,25-1,84), idade &gt; 30 anos, sendo RP=6,65, IC95% 4,40-10,05 para idade &gt; 60 anos, sobrepeso (RP 2,09 IC95% 1,64-2,68), obesidade (RP 2,68 IC95% 2,03-3,53) e diabete (RP 1,56 IC95% 1,24-1,97). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de controle do sobrepeso, obesidade e diabete, sobretudo em mulheres e pessoas com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos para a redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#202;MICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial em adultos e fatores associados em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio Barbosa; Antonio Augusto Moura da Silva; Alcione Miranda dos Santos; Francisco das Chagas Monteiro J&#250;nior; M&#225;rcio Mesquita Barbosa; Marcelo Mesquita Barbosa; Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto; Nivaldo de Jesus S. Soares; Vinicius Jos&#233; da Silva Nina; Jos&#233; Nicodemo Barbosa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA)/UDI Hospital, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> No Brasil, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e seus fatores de risco s&#227;o pouco conhecidos nas regi&#245;es menos desenvolvidas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial na popula&#231;&#227;o &gt; 18 anos em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA e fatores associados, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee</italic> (JNC 7). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Realizou-se estudo transversal em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA, de fevereiro a mar&#231;o de 2003, em 835 pessoas com idade &gt; 18 anos que responderam a um question&#225;rio estruturado em domic&#237;lio. Foram medidos press&#227;o arterial (PA), peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Avaliaram-se outros fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores associados &#224; HA foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o de Poisson, com estimativa da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncias (RP) e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade variou entre 18 e 94 anos (m&#233;dia de 39,4 anos), sendo 293 (35,1%) pessoas normotensas e 313 (37,5%) pr&#233;-hipertensas. A preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 27,4% (IC95% 24,4% a 30,6%), maior no sexo masculino (32,1%) que no feminino (24,2%). Na an&#225;lise ajustada permaneceram independentemente associados &#224; HA: sexo masculino (RP 1,52 IC95% 1,25-1,84), idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 anos, sendo RP=6,65, IC95% 4,40-10,05 para idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos, sobrepeso (RP 2,09 IC95% 1,64-2,68), obesidade (RP 2,68 IC95% 2,03-3,53) e diabete (RP 1,56 IC95% 1,24-1,97). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de controle do sobrepeso, obesidade e diabete, sobretudo em mulheres e pessoas com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos para a redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o / epidemiologia, fatores de risco, Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as causas modific&#225;veis de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular precoce, a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; uma das mais importantes no mundo e fator de risco independente para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>1,2</sup>. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos apontam que n&#237;veis elevados de PA aumentam o risco de doen&#231;a vascular encef&#225;lica (DVE)<sup>2</sup>, doen&#231;as arteriais coronarianas (DAC)<sup>3,4</sup>, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC)<sup>5</sup>, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC)<sup>6,7</sup> e acometimento vascular (AV)<sup>8</sup>. No Brasil, em 2003, 27,4% das mortes foram por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo a principal a DVE em mulheres<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Kearney e cols.<sup>10</sup> estimaram em 26,4% em 2000 a preval&#234;ncia de HA no mundo, correspondendo a 972 milh&#245;es de hipertensos. No Brasil, a SBH estima que haja 30 milh&#245;es de hipertensos (30% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta). Das pessoas com mais de 60 anos, 60% t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o<sup>11</sup>. Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre HA foram realizados especialmente nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste brasileiras, com estimativas acima de 25%<sup>12,13</sup>. Em 2005, em Campo Grande - MS, a preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 41,1%<sup>14</sup>. Os fatores associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o detectados de forma mais consistente nos estudos brasileiros s&#227;o sobrepeso e/ou obesidade, baixa escolaridade e ra&#231;a negra<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Informa&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;vel sobre a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o nas diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil &#233; essencial para o desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas de preven&#231;&#227;o e controle. Al&#233;m do mais, &#233; importante conhecer os fatores de risco para a hipertens&#227;o, que podem variar de acordo com as localidades estudadas. O presente trabalho realizado em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - Maranh&#227;o, Nordeste do Brasil, em 2003, teve por objetivo estimar a preval&#234;ncia da HA e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares em pessoas com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com uma &#225;rea de 828,01 km<sup>2</sup>, a cidade de S&#227;o Lu&#237;s possui uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 870.028 habitantes, distribu&#237;dos em 202.231 domic&#237;lios particulares permanentes. H&#225; predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino com 463.628 mulheres (53,2%); a faixa et&#225;ria predominante &#233; a de 10 a 19 anos, com 208.309 habitantes (23%); a concentra&#231;&#227;o populacional &#233; maior na &#225;rea urbana com 837.584 habitantes (96,2%); e a taxa de alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com 10 anos de idade ou mais &#233; de 93,1% (Censo 2000 - IBGE)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa, aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, constituiu-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional, realizado na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA, de fevereiro a mar&#231;o de 2003, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos por meio de estudo amostral representativo por conglomerados. A idade variou de 18 a 94 anos. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi ter 18 anos completos ou mais e residir no domic&#237;lio sorteado.</p>
    <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra, consideramos preval&#234;ncia estimada para a doen&#231;a de 25%, precis&#227;o relativa de 5 % e n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 99%, resultando 497 pessoas. Para avaliar os fatores de risco, considerou-se poder de 80%, probabilidade de erro tipo I de 5%, raz&#227;o expostos/n&#227;o expostos de 1 para 1, preval&#234;ncia em n&#227;o-expostos de 10% e raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncias de 2, resultando em tamanho amostral m&#237;nimo de 438 indiv&#237;duos. Como a amostragem foi por conglomerados, trabalhou-se com efeito de desenho em torno de 2. A amostra final constituiu-se de 835 pessoas.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente foi realizado sorteio de 70 setores censit&#225;rios e conseguidos os mapas dos setores sorteados junto ao IBGE; em seguida, os setores foram divididos em sub-setores menores com mais de 20 domic&#237;lios e sorteados dois desses. Sete outros setores foram utilizados como amostra para realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo piloto.</p>
    <p>No primeiro sub-setor sorteado dentro do setor iniciou-se por uma das esquinas sorteadas. Utilizou-se amostragem sistem&#225;tica, sendo visitadas as cinco primeiras casas &#224; direita do entrevistador que se encontrava de frente para a rua. Quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel completar os cinco domic&#237;lios no primeiro sub-setor, partiu-se para o segundo sub-setor sorteado, obedecendo-se &#224; mesma rotina. Nos cinco domic&#237;lios visitados do setor era esperado encontrarmos 12 pessoas, com idade <underline>&gt;</underline>18 anos, em cada setor. No caso de domic&#237;lio fechado, foi considerada perda caso, ap&#243;s duas visitas posteriores em hor&#225;rios diferentes, n&#227;o tenha se podido colher as informa&#231;&#245;es. As casas n&#227;o habitadas foram desprezadas. Em cada casa foi realizado o censo domiciliar e todas as pessoas com idade igual ou maior a 18 anos foram entrevistadas, independente ou n&#227;o de parentesco.</p>
    <p>A equipe de pesquisa foi constitu&#237;da por um epidemiologista, um cardiologista e duas estudantes de medicina. Como entrevistadores participaram 40 estudantes de medicina e/ou enfermagem ap&#243;s sele&#231;&#227;o e treinamento com supervis&#227;o dos pesquisadores. A todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados foi apresentado termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, assinado em caso de concord&#226;ncia. Um question&#225;rio estruturado sobre os fatores de risco coronariano (hipertens&#227;o arterial, sedentarismo, diabete, tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool) e caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas (sexo, idade, cor, escolaridade, renda familiar, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, rela&#231;&#227;o de trabalho) foi aplicado a todos os adultos maior ou igual a 18 anos residentes no domic&#237;lio selecionado. Os indiv&#237;duos entrevistados tiveram peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e press&#227;o arterial medidos pelos entrevistadores.</p>
    <p>Para realizar a an&#225;lise dos dados referentes &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, foi utilizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta pelo JNC7<sup>17</sup>. Press&#227;o normal foi considerada quando a PAS (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica) foi menor do que 120 mmHg e a PAD (press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) menor que 80 mmHg, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o quando a PAS ficou entre 120 a 139 mmHg e a PAD entre 80 e 89 mmHg, est&#225;gio I de hipertens&#227;o quando a PAS ficou entre 140 a 159 mmHg e a PAD entre 90 e 99 mmHg e est&#225;gio II de hipertens&#227;o quando a PAS foi maior ou igual a 160 mmHg e a PAD maior ou igual a 100 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados estetosc&#243;pios e tensi&#244;metros aner&#243;ides devidamente comparados com o padr&#227;o. A aferi&#231;&#227;o foi feita com as pessoas sentadas, bra&#231;o direito apoiado sobre uma mesa &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, certificando-se que o paciente n&#227;o estivesse com a bexiga cheia, n&#227;o houvesse praticado exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e n&#227;o tivesse ingerido bebidas alco&#243;licas, caf&#233;, alimentos ou fumado at&#233; 30 minutos antes da medida. A art&#233;ria braquial foi localizada pela palpa&#231;&#227;o. O manguito foi colocado firmemente a cerca de 2 a 3 cm acima da fossa anticubital, centralizando a bolsa de borracha sobre a art&#233;ria braquial. O crit&#233;rio para determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi o momento do aparecimento do primeiro som (Fase I de Korotkoff) que se intensifica com o aumento da velocidade de desinsufla&#231;&#227;o; j&#225; a determina&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi o desaparecimento do som (Fase V de Korotkoff). Quando os batimentos persistiram at&#233; o n&#237;vel 0, determinou-se a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica no abafamento dos sons (Fase IV de Korotkoff). Foram realizadas duas aferi&#231;&#245;es, uma logo ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o e outra no m&#237;nimo 15 minutos depois de aplicado o question&#225;rio. A menor press&#227;o arterial foi a considerada.</p>
    <p>A altura e o peso dos investigados foram realizados em uma balan&#231;a PL-180 Adulto Filizola (Balan&#231;a com Antrop&#244;metro), descal&#231;os, em bipedesta&#231;&#227;o e com o m&#237;nimo de roupa poss&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi medida a meia dist&#226;ncia entre a crista il&#237;aca e a reborda costal, usando-se fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica. Atividade f&#237;sica regular foi definida como a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s vezes na semana, durante ao menos 30 minutos por dia. Considerou-se tabagista todo indiv&#237;duo que declarou ser fumante no momento da entrevista, independentemente da quantidade de cigarros. Foram considerados consumidores de bebida alco&#243;lica todos aqueles que referiram fazer uso de bebida, independentemente do tipo e quantidade. Quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia de uso, foram consideradas as seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: n&#227;o bebe; bebe raramente, semanalmente e diariamente. A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura abdominal alterada foi considerada &gt; 102 em homens e &gt; 88 em mulheres, conforme o NCEP ATP III (National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III)<sup>18</sup>. A cor da pele foi anotada conforme observada pelo entrevistador. A renda familiar foi classificada em &gt;5, 3 a 5, 2 a 3, &gt;1 a &lt;2 e &#163;1 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos. A escolaridade foi avaliada em anos de freq&#252;&#234;ncia &#224; escola e categorizada em <underline>&gt;</underline> 12, 9 a 11, 5 a 8 e &#163; 4 anos. Quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o no trabalho os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados em desempregados, assalariados, aut&#244;nomos e empres&#225;rios. A situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal foi classificada em casados(as), uni&#227;o consensual e sem companheiro(a). A hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o foi perguntada ao indiv&#237;duo. Foram considerados diab&#233;ticos aqueles em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais e/ou insulina.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram processados e analisados no EPI INFO 2000 e Stata 9.0. Inicialmente, para avaliarmos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco estudados e a preval&#234;ncia de H&#193;, empregou-se o modelo de regress&#227;o de Poisson<sup>19</sup>. Estudos demonstram que quando a preval&#234;ncia do evento for superior a 10%, o uso do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a estima&#231;&#227;o do <italic>odds ratio</italic> promove uma superestima&#231;&#227;o do risco<sup>19</sup>. Foram calculadas as raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia pelo m&#233;todo robusto e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. Todas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p &lt; 0,20 na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada foram selecionadas para a an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel. Na an&#225;lise ajustada foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis por passos (<italic>stepwise</italic>) com elimina&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada. Ficaram no modelo final apenas aquelas vari&#225;veis associadas a um valor de P &lt; 0,10.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliadas 835 pessoas da cidade de S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA, sendo 340 (40,7%) homens e 495 (59,3%) mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade 39,4 (&#177; 16,6) anos.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 27,4% (IC 95% 24,4% a 30,6%), sendo essa preval&#234;ncia maior no sexo masculino (32,1%) do que no feminino (24,2%).</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o dispostos os porcentuais da amostra em cada n&#237;vel de classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, segundo sexo. Dentre os avaliados, 293 (35,1%) indiv&#237;duos apresentaram n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos dentro da faixa normal. N&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial inclu&#237;dos na faixa pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o foram encontrados em 313 (37,5%) dos entrevistados. Na categoria de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio I, foram encontrados 87 (10,4%). Na categoria de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio II, foram registrados 38 (4,6%). Estavam em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva 104 indiv&#237;duos (12,5%) que, portanto, eram hipertensos, mas n&#227;o puderam ter sua hipertens&#227;o classificada como est&#225;gio I ou II. Maior porcentual de mulheres usava medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e foi observado maior porcentual de homens nas faixas de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e nos est&#225;gios I e II de hipertens&#227;o arterial (P&lt;0,001 pelo teste do Qui-quadrado).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0260-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. 2</xref>) foram associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial: sexo masculino, idade igual ou maior a 30 anos, ser casado(a), consumir &#225;lcool diariamente, sobrepeso/obesidade, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura alterada, maior pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e diabete. Baixa renda familiar, desemprego e consumir &#225;lcool raramente foram fatores protetores para hipertens&#227;o arterial. As maiores preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o foram observadas naqueles com escolaridade <underline>&gt;</underline> 12 e &lt; 4 anos, enquanto as menores preval&#234;ncias foram observadas nos grupos com escolaridade intermedi&#225;ria. Cor da pele, tabagismo e hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o estiveram associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0260-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise ajustada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>) permaneceram independentemente associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o: sexo masculino (RP 1,52 IC95% 1,25-1,84), idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 anos, sobrepeso (RP 2,09 IC95% 1,64-2,68), obesidade (RP 2,68 IC95% 2,03-3,53) e diabete (RP 1,56 IC95% 1,24-1,97).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0260-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Admite-se que em todo o mundo aproximadamente exista um bilh&#227;o de hipertensos. Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica mais ou menos 50 milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o hipertensas<sup>13</sup>. Segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>11</sup>, de 2006, utilizando-se o crit&#233;rio atual para diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial (PAS <underline>&gt;</underline>140 e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg), as taxas de preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana adulta brasileira em estudos selecionados variam de 22,3% a 44%, estimando-se valores entre 15,0% e 47,8% entre os homens, e 15,0% e 41,1% entre as mulheres. (Araraquara 1990 - 43%; S&#227;o Paulo 1990 - 22%; Piracicaba 1991 - 33%, Porto Alegre 1994 - 26%, Cotia 1997 - 44%, Catanduva 2001 - 32%, Cavange 2003 - 36,5% e Rio Grande do Sul 2004 - 33,7%)<sup>11</sup>. No nosso trabalho, verificamos 27,4% de hipertensos entre os indiv&#237;duos avaliados, sendo a preval&#234;ncia entre os homens de 32,1%, e entre as mulheres de 24,2%.</p>
    <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA pode ser realizada de acordo com diversas diretrizes publicadas por entidades nacionais ou internacionais. Optamos pela classifica&#231;&#227;o utilizada pelo JNC7<sup>17</sup> que divide os pacientes em quatro categorias: normal, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio I e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio II. &#201; importante essa nova classifica&#231;&#227;o de "pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o" porque a modifica&#231;&#227;o de estilo de vida j&#225; &#233; indicada pelos m&#233;dicos conforme o JNC7<sup>17</sup>, em raz&#227;o de a morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular se iniciar j&#225; nessa fase ou com menores valores da PA. Em nosso trabalho a maior preval&#234;ncia foi de pr&#233;-hipertensos (37,5%), mostrando que j&#225; temos uma indica&#231;&#227;o para atuar nos pacientes com PA entre 130x139 mmHg e 80x89 mmHg retardando o in&#237;cio da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em Salvador, em 1999/2000, avaliando-se 1.439 adultos na faixa et&#225;ria &gt; 20 anos, considerando-se hipertens&#227;o PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 29,9%, menor nos homens (27,4%) do que nas mulheres (31,7%)<sup>13</sup>, enquanto em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s a preval&#234;ncia foi maior entre os homens (32,1%) do que entre as mulheres (24,2%). Considerando-se a idade, a preval&#234;ncia em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s foi de 70,7% acima dos 60 anos, enquanto em Salvador foi de 72,5% e 73,3% para mulheres e homens, respectivamente. Em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, a maior preval&#234;ncia foi em negras e pardas, enquanto em Salvador a preval&#234;ncia n&#227;o variou segundo a cor. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a diferente forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o do quesito cor da pele seja respons&#225;vel pela diferen&#231;a observada nesse aspecto, j&#225; que a cor da pele foi observada pelo entrevistador em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s e auto-referida em Salvador.</p>
    <p>Idade acima de 30 anos e sobrepeso/obesidade foram fatores de risco para hipertens&#227;o, dados semelhantes aos encontrados por Lessa e cols.<sup>20</sup>. Em Salvador, obesidade abdominal foi fator de risco para hipertens&#227;o arterial em mulheres, enquanto em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s esse fator n&#227;o permaneceu associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o na an&#225;lise ajustada. Em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s o diabete foi fator de risco para hipertens&#227;o, enquanto em Salvador o diabete foi associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o apenas entre as mulheres<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada a hipertens&#227;o predominou nos extremos de escolaridade, menor ou igual a quatro anos (39,1%) e maior ou igual a 12 anos (39,2%). J&#225; em Salvador, a escolaridade elevada foi fator de risco para hipertens&#227;o somente para homens ap&#243;s o ajuste. A maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade nos extremos da escolaridade pode estar indicando o poss&#237;vel in&#237;cio da invers&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e maior escolaridade, fato que j&#225; ocorreu nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em Pelotas, em 2000, avaliando-se 1.968 adultos na faixa et&#225;ria de 20 a 69 anos, considerando-se hipertens&#227;o PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 160 e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 95 mmHg, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 23,6%. Usando-se o mesmo crit&#233;rio empregado em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg), a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 37,2%, portanto mais elevada do que a observada em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s. Da mesma maneira como em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 anos e obesidade foram fatores de risco para hipertens&#227;o em Pelotas<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em Campo Grande-MS, em 2005, 892 pessoas acima de 18 anos foram avaliadas. Foi usado o mesmo crit&#233;rio para hipertens&#227;o empregado em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 e/ou PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg). A preval&#234;ncia de HA foi de 41,4%. Como em S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevaram-se com a idade; a maior preval&#234;ncia foi nos homens, nos com sobrepeso e obesos<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Comparando-se os fatores de risco em quatro cidades brasileiras, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s - MA, Salvador - BA, Pelotas - RS e Campo Grande - MS, observou-se que alguns fatores de risco foram comuns, especialmente a idade mais elevada, sobrepeso e/ou obesidade, enquanto outros foram diferentes entre as cidades, como diabete e sexo.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios fatores de estilo de vida parecem influenciar diretamente nos n&#237;veis de PA, sendo mais importantes a obesidade, consumo de &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica e dieta<sup>11</sup>. Em nosso trabalho o consumo de &#225;lcool n&#227;o determinou aumento da press&#227;o arterial na an&#225;lise ajustada. Maior consumo de &#225;lcool se associou com obesidade (P = 0,006), maior idade (P &lt; 0,001) e sexo masculino (P &lt; 0,001). Dessa forma, o maior risco de hipertens&#227;o associado ao consumo di&#225;rio de &#225;lcool desapareceu na an&#225;lise ajustada por causa do confundimento exercido por essas vari&#225;veis. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal alterada esteve associada com a hipertens&#227;o na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada, mas a associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significante ap&#243;s o ajuste.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, o desemprego foi fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para a hipertens&#227;o na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada. Os desempregados tiveram menor preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (7,1%) dos que os aut&#244;nomos (18,9%) e empres&#225;rios (12,6%) (P &lt; 0,001), eram mais jovens (P &lt; 0,001) e predominantemente do sexo feminino (P = 0,002), tendo, portanto, menor exposi&#231;&#227;o a esses fatores de risco para hipertens&#227;o. Isso explica porque o menor risco de hipertens&#227;o nos desempregados desapareceu na an&#225;lise ajustada. A ocorr&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica e hipertens&#227;o observada na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada pode indicar que os hipertensos est&#227;o realizando mais atividade f&#237;sica, possivelmente por recomenda&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. A hist&#243;ria familiar n&#227;o foi fator de risco para hipertens&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel que, como a hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o foi baseada no relato do indiv&#237;duo, tenha havido subestimativa da hipertens&#227;o nos familiares.</p>
    <p>A baixa renda familiar foi fator de risco para hipertens&#227;o na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada. Entretanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o desapareceu na an&#225;lise ajustada para confundimento. Os indiv&#237;duos de maior renda familiar (&gt; cinco sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos) tiveram maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade (14,8%) do que os de menor renda familiar (8,1%), P &lt; 0,001, al&#233;m de serem mais velhos (P &lt; 0,001). Dessa forma, o desaparecimento da associa&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise ajustada se deveu ao fato dos indiv&#237;duos de maior renda familiar apresentarem maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o por serem mais velhos e ter maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade.</p>
    <p>Este estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es por n&#227;o analisar algumas outras vari&#225;veis que podem estar associadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o, como a dieta. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a possibilidade de ocorrer causalidade reversa, o que constrange a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de resultados de estudos transversais.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante que mais estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre HA sejam realizados em nosso pa&#237;s para se detectar se os fatores de risco diferem entre os diferentes locais, o que os resultados do presente estudo sugerem, e para que se possa planejar melhor interven&#231;&#245;es mais eficazes. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de controle de sobrepeso, obesidade e diabete, sobretudo em mulheres e pessoas com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos para a redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio Barbosa </p>
        <p> Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa UDI Hospital </p>
        <p> Av. Carlos Cunha, 2000, Jaracati </p>
        <p> 65076-820 - S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="josebbarbosa@uol.com.br">josebbarbosa@uol.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:ceudi@udihospital.com.br%20" ext-link-type="email">ceudi@udihospital.com.br </ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/11/07; revisado recebido em 23/01/08; aceito em 24/03/08</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of arterial hypertension and associated factors in adults in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) and its risk factors in the less developed regions of Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and its associated factors in the population &gt; 18 years in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) criteria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA, from February to March 2003, with 835 individuals &gt;18 years who completed a structured household questionnaire. Measurements of arterial pressure (AP), weight, height and waist circumference were taken, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed. The Poisson regression method was used for the identification of factors associated with AH, with an estimate of the prevalence ratio (PR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Age varied from 18 and 94 years (mean age was 39.4 years), 293 (35.1%) individuals were normotensive and 313 (37.5%) were pre-hypertensive. The AH prevalence was 27.4% (95% CI - 24.4% to 30.6%), and it was higher among men (32.1%) than among women (24.2%). In the adjusted analysis, the following remained independently associated with AH: male gender (PR 1.52, 95% CI, 1.25-1.84), age &gt; 30 years, with PR=6.65, 95% CI, 4.40-10.05 for &gt;60 years of age, overweight (PR 2.09 95% CI 1.64-2.68), obesity (PR 2.68, 95% CI, 2.03-3.53) and diabete (PR 1.56, 95% CI, 1.24-1.97). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the need to control overweight, obesity and diabete, especially among women and individuals &gt; 30 years of age in order to reduce the prevalence of arterial hypertension.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prevalence of arterial hypertension and associated factors in adults in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio Barbosa; Antonio Augusto Moura da Silva; Alcione Miranda dos Santos; Francisco das Chagas Monteiro J&#250;nior; M&#225;rcio Mesquita Barbosa; Marcelo Mesquita Barbosa; Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto; Nivaldo de Jesus S. Soares; Vinicius Jos&#233; da Silva Nina; Jos&#233; Nicodemo Barbosa</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (UFMA)/UDI Hospital, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Little is known about the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) and its risk factors in the less developed regions of Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and its associated factors in the population &gt; 18 years in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study was conducted in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA, from February to March 2003, with 835 individuals &gt;18 years who completed a structured household questionnaire. Measurements of arterial pressure (AP), weight, height and waist circumference were taken, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed. The Poisson regression method was used for the identification of factors associated with AH, with an estimate of the prevalence ratio (PR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Age varied from 18 and 94 years (mean age was 39.4 years), 293 (35.1%) individuals were normotensive and 313 (37.5%) were pre-hypertensive. The AH prevalence was 27.4% (95% CI - 24.4% to 30.6%), and it was higher among men (32.1%) than among women (24.2%). In the adjusted analysis, the following remained independently associated with AH: male gender (PR 1.52, 95% CI, 1.25-1.84), age <underline>&gt;</underline>30 years, with PR=6.65, 95% CI, 4.40-10.05 for <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years of age, overweight (PR 2.09 95% CI 1.64-2.68), obesity (PR 2.68, 95% CI, 2.03-3.53) and diabetes (PR 1.56, 95% CI, 1.24-1.97).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> These findings suggest the need to control overweight, obesity and diabetes, especially among women and individuals <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 years of age in order to reduce the prevalence of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension / epidemiology; risk factors; Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Among the modifiable causes of early cardiovascular morbidity/mortality, Arterial Hypertension (AH) is one of the most important worldwide and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease<sup>1,2</sup>. Epidemiological studies point out that high levels of AP raise the risk for Encephalic Vascular Disease (EVD)<sup>2</sup>, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)<sup>3,4</sup>, Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)<sup>5</sup>, Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)<sup>6,7</sup> and Vascular Involvement (VI)<sup>8</sup>. In Brazil, in 2003, 27.4% of the deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases, and the leading cause was EVD among women<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Kearny et al<sup>10</sup> estimated the worldwide prevalence of AH to be 26.4% in the year 2000, which corresponded to 972 million hypertensive individuals. The SBH (Brazilian Society of Hypertension) estimates that there 30 million hypertensive people in Brazil (30% of the adult population). Among individuals above 60 years of age, 60% are hypertensive<sup>11</sup>. Epidemiological studies on AH conducted especially in Brazil's south and southeast regions indicate a rate above 25%<sup>12,13</sup>. In 2005, in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, the prevalence of AH was 41.1%<sup>14</sup>. The risk factors associated with hypertension more consistently found in the Brazilian studies were overweight and/or obesity, low level of schooling and black skin color<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reliable information on hypertension prevalence in the different regions of Brazil is essential for the development of prevention and control policies. Moreover, it is important to know the risk factors for hypertension which can vary according to the sites studied. This study, which was conducted in 2003 in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o, in northeast Brazil, intended to estimate the prevalence of AH and its association with other cardiovascular risk factors in subjects 18 years of age or over.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With an area of 828.01 sq km, the city of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s has a population of 870,028 inhabitants living in 202,231 permanent private households. Women compose the majority of the population (463,628 females - 53.2%); most inhabitants are in the 10-19 age bracket (208,309 - 23%); population concentration is greater in cities (837,584 inhabitants - 96.2%); and the literacy rate among individuals aged 10 years and over is 93.1% (Censo 2000 - IBGE)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The research, which was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</italic>, consisted of a population-based cross-sectional study, conducted with the adult population of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Maranh&#227;o, aged 18 years or over, from February to March 2003, through representative cluster sampling. Age ranged from 18 to 94 years. The inclusion criteria were to be 18 years of age or over and be a resident of the selected household.</p>
      <p>In order to determine the size of the sample, we considered 25% to be the estimated prevalence of the disease, with a 5% relative accuracy and a 99% confidence level, which resulted in 497 subjects. In order to assess the risk factors, the power of the study was considered to be 80%, the type-I error probability was 5%, the exposed/non-exposed ratio was 1:1, the prevalence in those non-exposed was 10%, and the prevalence ratio was 2, which resulted in a minimum sample size of 438 subjects. As we chose to work with a cluster sampling technique, the design effect was approximately 2. The final sample consisted of 835 subjects.</p>
      <p>Initially, 70 census sectors were drawn and maps of these sectors were obtained with IBGE; next, the sectors were subdivided into smaller sub-sectors with more than 20 households each, from which two households were randomly drawn. Seven other sectors were used as a sample to conduct a pilot study.</p>
      <p>In the first sub-sector, the survey was started at one of the corners. Systematic sampling was used, and the first five households at the right-hand side of the interviewer who was facing the street were visited. When it was not possible to complete the five households in the first sub-sector, visits to the second sub-sector were started following the same procedure. In the five households visited, we expected to find 12 people aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years, in each sector. A closed house was considered a loss when, after 2 visits at different times of the day, no information could be obtained. Empty houses were excluded. Household census was performed at each house, and all members aged 18 years or over were interviewed irrespective of kinship.</p>
      <p>The survey team consisted of an epidemiologist, a cardiologist and two medical students. The interviews were conducted by 40 medical and/or nursing students, who had been previously selected and trained under the supervision of the researchers. All selected individuals were asked to sign the informed consent form to confirm they were in agreement. A structured questionnaire on coronary risk factors (arterial hypertension, sedentarism, diabetes, smoking status, alcohol consumption) and socio-demographic characteristics (sex, age, skin color, schooling, family income, marital status and occupational status) was applied to all adults aged 18 years or over living in the selected household. Interviewed individuals had their weight, height, waist circumference and arterial pressure measured by the interviewers.</p>
      <p>The classification proposed by JNC7<sup>17</sup> was used to analyze data relative to systemic arterial hypertension. Blood pressure was considered normal when the SAP (systolic arterial pressure) value was lower than 120 mmHg, and the DAP (diastolic arterial pressure) value was lower than 80 mmHg. Pre-hypertension was considered when SAP ranged from 120 to 139 mmHg, and DAP from 80 and 89 mmHg; stage I hypertension when SAP was between 140 and 159 mmHg, and DAP between 90 and 99 mmHg; and stage II hypertension when SAP was equal to 160 mmHg and DAP greater than or equal to 100 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Duly calibrated aneroid tensiometers and stethoscopes were used. Measurements were performed with the patient seated, with the right forearm on a table level with the heart, checking to see whether his/her bladder was full, whether he/she had performed physical exercises, had drunk any alcoholic beverages, coffee, eaten or smoked up to 30 minutes before the measurement. The brachial artery was located by palpation. The cuff was firmly attached approximately 2 to 3 cm above the antecubital fossa, centering the rubber bulb over the brachial artery. The criterion to determine the systolic pressure was the moment the first Korotkoff sound (Korotkoff's Phase I) appears, which becomes stronger with the increasing speed at which the cuff is deflated, whereas the determination of the diastolic pressure was the disappearance of the sound (Korotkoff's Phase V). As the heart beats continued until level 0, the diastolic pressure was determined at the muffling of the sounds (Korotkoff's Phase IV). Two measurements were performed: one right after the identification of the patient, and the other at least fifteen minutes after the questionnaire had been applied. The lowest arterial pressure was recorded.</p>
      <p>The height and weight were measured using a Filizola PL-180 Adult Scale (scale with anthropometer). Patients were barefoot, standing on both feet and wearing minimum clothing.</p>
      <p>The waist circumference was measured half-way between the iliac crest and rib margin using a non-elastic measuring tape. Regular physical activity was defined as the practice of physical exercises at least three times per week, during at least 30 minutes per day. A smoker was defined as the individual who declared himself a smoker at the moment of the interview, irrespective of the quantity of cigarettes smoked. Consumers of alcohol beverages were those who reported drinking, irrespective of the type and quantity of drinks. As to the frequency of alcohol consumption, the following situations were considered: patient does not drink; drinks rarely, weekly and daily. Waist circumference &gt; 102 in men and &gt; 88 in women were considered as altered, according to NCEP ATP III (National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III)<sup>18</sup>. Skin color was recorded as per the interviewer's observation. Family income was classified as &gt;5, 3 to 5, 2 to 3, &gt;1 to &lt;2, and <underline>&lt;</underline> 1 minimum wages. Schooling was evaluated according to the number of years of schooling and categorized as <underline>&gt;</underline> 12, 9 to 11, 5 to 8, and <underline>&lt;</underline> 4 years. As to occupation, individuals were classified as unemployed, salaried workers, self-employed and businesspeople. Marital status was classified as married, consensual union and without a partner. The subject was asked to inform about his/her family history of hypertension. Diabetic individuals were considered as those who used oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin.</p>
      <p>Data were processed and analyzed using EPI INFO 2000 and Stata 9.0 software. Poisson's regression was initially used to evaluate the association between the study risk factors and the prevalence of AH<sup>19</sup>. Studies have shown that when the prevalence of the event is greater than 10%, the use of the logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratio results in overestimation of the risk<sup>19</sup>. The prevalence ratios were calculated according to the robust method and its respective 95% confidence interval. The level of significance used was 5%. All variables presenting p&lt;0.20 in the non-adjusted analysis were selected for the multivariable analysis. For the adjusted analysis, we used the method of stepwise variable selection with backward elimination. Only those variables associated with a P&lt;0.10 value remained in the final model.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eight hundred and thirty-five inhabitants of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o, were evaluated, 340 of them men (40.7%) and 495 women (59.3%); their mean age was 39.4 (&#177; 16.6) years.</p>
      <p>AH prevalence was 27.4% (95% CI - 24.4% to 30.6%), and this prevalence was higher among men (32.1%) than among women (24.2%).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the percentages of the sample in each level of classification of arterial pressure, per gender. Among the individuals evaluated, 293 (35.1%) presented pressure levels within normal ranges. Pre-hypertension levels were detected in 313 (37.5%) of the respondents. Eighty-seven individuals (10.4%) were classified within the Stage I hypertension category. Thirty-eight individuals (4.6%) were classified within the Stage II hypertension category. One hundred and four individuals (12.5%) were on antihypertensive medication. These individuals were hypertensive, but could not have their hypertension classified as Stage I or II. A higher percentage of women used antihypertensive medication, and a higher percentage of men within the pre-hypertension and Stages I and II arterial hypertension was observed (P&lt;0.001 as per the chi-square test).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0260-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the non-adjusted analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_09t2-body2">Table 2</xref>), the following items were associated with arterial hypertension: male gender, age equal to or over 30 years, being married, daily consumption of alcohol, overweight/obesity, altered waist circumference, greater physical activity and diabetes. Low family income, unemployment and rare consumption of alcohol were protective factors against arterial hypertension. The highest prevalence of hypertension was detected among those individuals who went to school for <underline>&gt;</underline> 12 and &lt;4 years, whereas the lowest prevalence was observed among groups with intermediate levels of schooling. Skin color, smoking status and family history of hypertension were not associated with hypertension.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_09t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0260-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the adjusted analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>), the following items remained independently associated with hypertension: male gender (PR 1.52, 95% CI, 1.25-1.84), age <underline>&gt;</underline>30 years, overweight (PR 2.09, 95% CI, 1.64-2.68), obesity (PR 2.68, 95% CI, 2.03-3.53) and diabetes (PR 1.56, 95% CI, 1.24-1.97).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0260-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is estimated that approximately 1 billion people worldwide have hypertension. In the United States, an estimated 50 million people suffer from high blood pressure<sup>13</sup>. According to the 5th Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension<sup>11</sup> (2006) and using the current criterion for diagnosing arterial hypertension (SAP <underline>&gt;</underline>140 and/or DAP <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg), the prevalence rates among the Brazilian adult urban population in selected studies ranged from 22.3% to 44%, with values estimated to be between 15.0% and 47.8% among men, and 15.0% and 41.1% among women. (Araraquara 1990 - 43%; S&#227;o Paulo 1990 - 22%; Piracicaba 1991 - 33%, Porto Alegre 1994 - 26%, Cotia 1997 - 44%, Catanduva 2001 - 32%, Cavange 2003 - 36.5% and Rio Grande do Sul 2004 - 33.7%)<sup>11</sup>. In this study, 27.4% of the individuals evaluated were found to be hypertensive, and the prevalence among men was 32.1% and 24.2% among women.</p>
      <p>Classification of AP values can be made according to several published national or international guidelines. We chose the classification system proposed by the JNC7 (Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure)<sup>17</sup> which divides patients into four categories: normal, pre-hypertension, stage I hypertension, and stage II hypertension. The establishment of the new "pre-hypertension" category is important because physicians already recommend lifestyle changes according to the JNC7<sup>17</sup>, since cardiovascular morbidity/mortality starts at this stage or at even lower AP values. In our study, the greatest prevalence was detected among pre-hypertensive patients (37.5%), showing that there is an indication to treat patients with an AP between 130x139 mmHg and 80x89 mmHg, thus delaying the onset of hypertension.</p>
      <p>In Salvador, in 1999/2000, the assessment of 1,439 adults over 20 years of age and considering hypertension as SAP <underline>&gt;</underline>140 and/or DAP <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg, revealed that the prevalence of hypertension was 29.9%, lower among men (27.4%) than among women (31.7%)<sup>13</sup>, whereas in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s the prevalence was higher among men (32.1%) than among women (24.2%). When age is taken in consideration, the prevalence in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s was 70.7% for patients over 60 years, whereas in Salvador it was 72.5% and 73.3% for men and women, respectively. In S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, the highest prevalence was among black and mulatto women, whereas in Salvador the prevalence did not vary according to skin color. It is possible that the different ways used for assessing skin color may account for the difference observed, as skin color was observed by the interviewer in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, and self-reported in Salvador.</p>
      <p>Age over 30 years and overweight/obesity were considered risk factors for hypertension, similar to the data recorded by Lessa et al<sup>20</sup> In Salvador, abdominal obesity was a risk factor for arterial hypertension in women, whereas in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, this factor did not remain associated with hypertension in the adjusted analysis. In S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, diabetes was a risk factor for arterial hypertension, whereas in Salvador, it was associated with hypertension only among women<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, in the non-adjusted analysis, hypertension prevailed at the extreme ends of schooling, i.e., lower than or equal to 4 years (39.1%) and higher than or equal to 12 years (39.2%) of schooling. In Salvador, a high level of schooling was a risk factor for hypertension only among men after the adjustment. The highest prevalence of obesity at the extreme ends of schooling may indicate the start of an inverse association between hypertension and higher schooling levels, which has already occurred in developing countries<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Pelotas, during the year 2000, the assessment of 1,968 adults aged 20-69 years and considering hypertension as SAP <underline>&gt;</underline>160 and/or DAP <underline>&gt;</underline>95 mmHg, showed that the prevalence of hypertension was 23.6%. Using the same criterion of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (SAP <underline>&gt;</underline>140 and/or DAP<underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg), the prevalence of hypertension was 37.2%, thus higher than that recorded in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s. As in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, in Pelotas, being <underline>&gt;</underline>30 years of age and obese were risk factors for hypertension<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Campo Grande (state of Mato Grosso do Sul), in 2005, 892 people &gt; 18 years of age were assessed. The same criterion for diagnosing hypertension used in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (SAP <underline>&gt;</underline>140 and/or DAP <underline>&gt;</underline>90 mmHg) was used in Campo Grande. The prevalence of AH was 41.4%. As in S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, pressure levels rose with age; the highest prevalence was among men, in those overweight and obese<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>By comparing risk factors in four Brazilian cities (S&#227;o Lu&#237;s-MA, Salvador-BA, Pelotas-RS, and Campo Grande-MS), some risk factors were observed in all cities, especially older age, overweight and/or obesity, whereas other risks, such as diabetes and gender, were different among the cities.</p>
      <p>Many lifestyle factors seem to directly influence AP levels, the most important of them obesity, alcohol consumption, physical activity and eating patterns<sup>11</sup>. In our study, alcohol consumption did not determine an increase of arterial hypertension in the adjusted analysis. Therefore, the greatest risk for hypertension associated with daily consumption of alcohol beverages disappeared in the adjusted analysis due to the confounding nature of these variables. The altered abdominal circumference was associated with hypertension in the non-adjusted analysis, but the association was not significant after the adjustment.</p>
      <p>In our study, unemployment was a protective factor against hypertension in the non-adjusted analysis. Unemployed individuals had a lower prevalence of obesity (7.1%) than those self-employed (18.9%) and those who operated their own businesses (12.6%) (P&lt;0.001), were younger (P&lt;0.001) and were predominantly women (P=0.002), so they were less exposed to these risk factors for hypertension. This explains why the lower risk for hypertension among unemployed individuals disappeared in the adjusted analysis. The association between physical activity and hypertension observed in the non-adjusted analysis may indicate that hypertensive individuals are more engaged in physical activities, probably following medical recommendations. Family history was not a risk factor for hypertension. It may well be the case that the family history of hypertension was underestimated, as it was based on the individual's report.</p>
      <p>Low family income was a risk factor for hypertension in the non-adjusted analysis. However, this association disappeared in the analysis adjusted for confounding variables. Individuals with higher family incomes (&gt;5 minimum wages) had a higher prevalence of obesity (14.8%) than those with lower family incomes (8.1%), P&lt;0.001, besides being older (P&lt;0.001). Thus, the disappearance of association in the adjusted analysis was due to the fact that the individuals with higher family incomes had a higher prevalence of hypertension because they were older and had a higher prevalence of obesity.</p>
      <p>This study had a few limitations as it did not analyze other variables that may be associated with hypertension, such as eating patterns. The possibility of reverse causality is another limitation that may restrict the interpretation of cross-sectional study findings.</p>
      <p>It is important that further epidemiological studies on AH be conducted in our country in order to detect if the risk factors differ according to locations, which is suggested by this study, and also to plan more effective interventions. The results suggest the need to control overweight, obesity and diabetes, especially among women and individuals <underline>&gt;</underline>30 years of age in order to reduce the prevalence of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
