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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GpsDwmNSmtpCtXw4TckQtpM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de mudan&#231;a na qualidade de vida ap&#243;s um evento coronariano agudo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Emiliane N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maestri</surname>
            <given-names>R&#250;bia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albarr&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Camila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>252</fpage>
      <lpage>259</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A verifica&#231;&#227;o de desfechos complementares torna-se relevante para os pacientes com instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico cr&#244;nico. OBJETIVO: Identificar preditores de melhora na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCASST) sem supradesnivelamento. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes consecutivamente internados em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica foram prospectivamente avaliados com o Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) na interna&#231;&#227;o e em seis meses. O desfecho analisado foi a varia&#231;&#227;o do escore SAQ - qualidade de vida, resultante da diferen&#231;a entre o escore em seis meses e o da interna&#231;&#227;o. Verificaram-se as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas associadas &#224; melhora da qualidade de vida (an&#225;lise univariada), assim como seus preditores (multivariada). RESULTADOS: Os hipertensos apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o do escore SAQ - qualidade de vida menor quando comparados aos n&#227;o-hipertensos [8,3(0-25) vs 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,05], assim como pacientes com dislipidemia, quando comparados aos n&#227;o-dislipid&#234;micos [8,3(0-25) vs 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,02]. Pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o maior no escore em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesnivelamento de ST [16,6(0-33,3) vs 8,3(-8,3-25); P=0,03]. Ajustada para as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a SCASST, est&#225; associada com maior varia&#231;&#227;o no escore SAQ - qualidade de vida (+8,47 pontos; P=0,005) e, a dislipidemia com piora (-7,2 pontos; P=0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; associada &#224; melhora da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de, mais pronunciada naqueles pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia. A dislipidemia est&#225; associada &#224; piora desse desfecho em seis meses.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HEMODIN&#194;MICA - ADULTOS</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preditores de mudan&#231;a na qualidade de vida ap&#243;s um evento coronariano agudo </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Emiliane N. Souza; Alexandre S. Quadros; R&#250;bia Maestri; Camila Albarr&#225;n; Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A verifica&#231;&#227;o de desfechos complementares torna-se relevante para os pacientes com instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana e tratamento farmacol&#243;gico cr&#244;nico. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar preditores de melhora na qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCASST) sem supradesnivelamento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Pacientes consecutivamente internados em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica foram prospectivamente avaliados com o Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) na interna&#231;&#227;o e em seis meses. O desfecho analisado foi a varia&#231;&#227;o do escore SAQ - qualidade de vida, resultante da diferen&#231;a entre o escore em seis meses e o da interna&#231;&#227;o. Verificaram-se as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas associadas &#224; melhora da qualidade de vida (an&#225;lise univariada), assim como seus preditores (multivariada). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os hipertensos apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o do escore SAQ - qualidade de vida menor quando comparados aos n&#227;o-hipertensos [8,3(0-25) vs 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,05], assim como pacientes com dislipidemia, quando comparados aos n&#227;o-dislipid&#234;micos [8,3(0-25) vs 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,02]. Pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o maior no escore em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesnivelamento de ST [16,6(0-33,3) vs 8,3(-8,3-25); P=0,03]. Ajustada para as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a SCASST, est&#225; associada com maior varia&#231;&#227;o no escore SAQ - qualidade de vida (+8,47 pontos; P=0,005) e, a dislipidemia com piora (-7,2 pontos; P=0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; associada &#224; melhora da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de, mais pronunciada naqueles pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia. A dislipidemia est&#225; associada &#224; piora desse desfecho em seis meses.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria, qualidade de vida, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o aumento de sobrevida e envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento do paciente com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) deve incluir melhora da funcionalidade f&#237;sica e retardo da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, al&#233;m do al&#237;vio dos sintomas, visando ao seu retorno &#224; vida di&#225;ria<sup>1</sup>. A tend&#234;ncia em focar o manejo da doen&#231;a somente nos achados cl&#237;nicos pode n&#227;o corresponder &#224;s expectativas do paciente, que se preocupa com as limita&#231;&#245;es que a doen&#231;a imp&#245;e &#224;s suas atividades di&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Assim, a verifica&#231;&#227;o de desfechos complementares em pacientes com DAC torna-se relevante para os pacientes e para a sociedade<sup>2</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado de sa&#250;de pelo Question&#225;rio de Angina de Seattle (QAS)<sup>3</sup> &#233; uma metodologia freq&#252;entemente utilizada, englobando a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de (QVRS), limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento, freq&#252;&#234;ncia e estabilidade dos sintomas. Essas mensura&#231;&#245;es auxiliam a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de respostas ao tratamento, identifica&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as no quadro cl&#237;nico e potenciais problemas, e constituem-se em informa&#231;&#245;es complementares &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Estudos realizados em pacientes com DAC demonstraram que o QAS &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias que melhoram a capacidade funcional, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia e a instabilidade dos sintomas<sup>4,5</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do SAQ &#233; v&#225;lida tanto para a verifica&#231;&#227;o de desfechos quanto para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para eventos cardiovasculares<sup>6,7</sup>, sendo considerado mais sens&#237;vel &#224;s mudan&#231;as na qualidade de vida em pacientes com DAC do que os instrumentos gen&#233;ricos como Short Form 36<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O QAS, no entanto, tem tido pouca utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. A maioria dos estudos que avaliaram a QVRS em pacientes com DAC inst&#225;vel &#233; derivada de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, e pacientes atendidos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria apresentam caracter&#237;sticas diferentes. Recentemente, o estudo ICTUS<sup>9</sup> demonstrou que a estrat&#233;gia intervencionista precoce pode n&#227;o melhorar a sobrevida, ressaltando ainda mais a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o desses desfechos dentro do contexto do tratamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; identificar preditores de melhora da qualidade de vida na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASST) em uma coorte representativa dos pacientes atendidos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, ap&#243;s seis meses da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes atendidos no setor de emerg&#234;ncia da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e internados com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de SCASST no per&#237;odo de janeiro a junho de 2004 foram eleg&#237;veis para este estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram doen&#231;a valvar severa, miocardiopatia dilatada de origem n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, transplante card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio, miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas como senilidade, doen&#231;a de Alzheimer, Parkinson, seq&#252;elas de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), dist&#250;rbios psiqui&#225;tricos, neoplasia, gestantes ou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica compat&#237;vel com choque cardiog&#234;nico, defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica, participa&#231;&#227;o em estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados multic&#234;ntricos, assim como recusa em participar ou impossibilidade de prosseguir no estudo.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados prospectivamente, sendo verificadas as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e a terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da na alta. O QAS<sup>3</sup> foi aplicado em at&#233; 48 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e o termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informa&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado em todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Defini&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A SCASST foi caracterizado como angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Angina inst&#225;vel foi definida como dor t&#237;pica ou equivalente anginoso, com tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 5 minutos, e in&#237;cio dos sintomas em at&#233; 96 horas antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, com ou sem dor tor&#225;cica em repouso. Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi definido por eletrocardiograma (ECG) normal ou invers&#227;o da onda T ou infradesnivelamento do segmento ST associado &#224; dor tor&#225;cica ou eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de biomarcadores de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica10,11. Os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com o escore de risco TIMI12, sendo considerados de baixo risco aqueles com um escore de 0 a 2, m&#233;dio risco, de 3 a 5, e alto risco, de 6 ou 7. Esses dados e as demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas foram coletados nos registros do prontu&#225;rio e atrav&#233;s de entrevista com o paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos e seguimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de foi realizada pelo Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), um question&#225;rio doen&#231;a-espec&#237;fico, composto de cinco dom&#237;nios. A varia&#231;&#227;o do escore de qualidade de vida entre o sexto m&#234;s e a entrevista inicial do pacientes foi o desfecho principal do estudo (delta SAQ5 = SAQ5 6 meses - SAQ5 interna&#231;&#227;o). Foram tamb&#233;m analisados e registrado os dom&#237;nios 1 (limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica) e 3 (freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina). Os question&#225;rios foram aplicados por um dos investigadores, sendo tamb&#233;m avaliados os seguintes desfechos cl&#237;nicos: angina recorrente, IAM e nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea). Os escores do SAQ s&#227;o formados para cada dom&#237;nio, atribuindo-se um n&#250;mero ordinal a cada resposta, iniciando com o n&#250;mero 1 para a resposta que implica o menor n&#237;vel de funcionalidade.</p>
    <p>A seguir, &#233; somado com as demais respostas do dom&#237;nio. O escore &#233; transformado de 0 a 100, mediante a subtra&#231;&#227;o pelo menor n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel das respostas do dom&#237;nio, dividindo-se pela varia&#231;&#227;o e multiplicando-se por 100. Quanto maior o escore, melhor a capacidade funcional, menores os sintomas e melhor a qualidade de vida. O dom&#237;nio limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica (D1) utiliza quest&#245;es que contemplam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades di&#225;rias. As quest&#245;es que analisam a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina (D3) verificam a periodicidade com que surgem os sintomas. E as quest&#245;es que abordam qualidade de vida em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de (D5) verificam, junto ao paciente, a sua satisfa&#231;&#227;o de viver como portador de DAC e o medo de morrer subitamente ou ter um ataque card&#237;aco. Define-se qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de como a varia&#231;&#227;o do impacto que a doen&#231;a causa na vida do paciente, manifestado por ele mesmo<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados com SPSS 12.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas com freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por meio da mediana e percentis 25 e 75. Para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e ANOVA, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, conforme fossem respeitados ou n&#227;o os pressupostos param&#233;tricos. Para compara&#231;&#227;o do SAQ - D5 na interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s seis meses, foi usado o teste de Wilcoxon. Para correla&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (r<sub>s</sub>). Diagramas de dispers&#227;o foram utilizados para demonstrar graficamente essas correla&#231;&#245;es. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas foram submetidas a an&#225;lise univariada e, posteriormente, a regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para identificar associa&#231;&#245;es com a varia&#231;&#227;o na QVRS. Os dados assumem valores similares ou pr&#243;ximos porque s&#227;o origin&#225;rios de um instrumento com pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima por dom&#237;nio, no qual n&#227;o h&#225; liberdade para o escore assumir qualquer valor. As vari&#225;veis independentemente associadas ou aquelas que sugeriram associa&#231;&#227;o com melhora em seis meses foram inclu&#237;das no modelo. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada para identificar preditores de melhora na qualidade de vida em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Para todos os testes, foi considerado estatisticamente significativo um P<underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 350 pacientes inicialmente eleg&#237;veis, foram exclu&#237;dos 62. As causas da exclus&#227;o foram: randomiza&#231;&#227;o para estudos cl&#237;nicos multic&#234;ntricos (30), senilidade ou alguma defici&#234;ncia f&#237;sica (oito), recusa em participar (tr&#234;s), impossibilidade de prosseguir no estudo (quatro). De um total de 305 pacientes, oito (2,6%) morreram e 16 (5,1%) n&#227;o foram encontrados no per&#237;odo do seguimento. Para fins de an&#225;lise comparativa, estes &#250;ltimos foram exclu&#237;dos, totalizando 281 pacientes na amostra.</p>
    <p>Foram estudados 281 pacientes, e os dados relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na varia&#231;&#227;o do escore em rela&#231;&#227;o a g&#234;nero, idade, cor ou escolaridade. Pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o maior no escore em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com IAMSST [16,6(0-33,3) vs 8,3(-8,3-25); P=0,03]. Quanto aos fatores de risco para DAC, os hipertensos apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o menor do escore, quando comparados aos n&#227;o-hipertensos [8,3(0-25) vs 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,05]. Da mesma forma, pacientes com dislipidemia, quando comparados aos n&#227;o-dislipid&#234;micos [8,3(0-25) vs 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,02]. Pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por angioplastia coronariana percut&#226;nea (ACTP) ou cir&#250;rgica (CRM), em at&#233; 30 dias do evento agudo (ACTP n=77 e CRM n=41), apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o maior no escore quando comparados ao grupo de pacientes que n&#227;o foi revascularizado [16,6(0-33,3) vs 8,3(0-25); P=0,01]. A severidade da doen&#231;a, descrita por n&#250;mero de vasos afetados, foi verificada apenas nos pacientes revascularizados em at&#233; 30 dias da interna&#231;&#227;o (n=118). Quando comparadas as vari&#225;veis severidade da doen&#231;a e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em 30 dias, n&#227;o foi evidenciada diferen&#231;a significativa na varia&#231;&#227;o do escore qualidade de vida. A maioria dos pacientes [209 (74,4%)] apresentou um risco moderado para o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares em 30 dias, seguido por 47 pacientes (16,7%) que apresentaram um risco baixo. Essa e as demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, foram avaliados eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) que resultaram em re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o: angina recorrente [40(14,2%)], IAM [7(2,5%)] e nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o [2(0,7)].</p>
    <p>Quanto aos demais dom&#237;nios do SAQ, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref> mostra a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as varia&#231;&#245;es dos escores SAQ-Limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica (D1) e SAQ-Qualidade de vida (r<sub>s</sub>=0,26; P&lt;0,01). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">figura 2</xref> mostra a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as varia&#231;&#245;es dos escores SAQ -Frequ&#234;ncia da angina (D3) e SAQ - Qualidade de vida (r<sub>s</sub>=0,41; P&lt;0,01).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref> demonstra as medianas e a varia&#231;&#227;o do escore SAQ - Qualidade de vida na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e em seis meses. Na interna&#231;&#227;o, a mediana foi 33,3 (25-50), e no sexto m&#234;s o escore modificou para 50 (33,3-66,6), P&lt;0,01.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>: g&#234;nero masculino, idade maior ou igual a 65 anos, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, dislipidemia, medicamentos prescritos na alta como &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, betabloqueador, estatina, inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em at&#233; 30 dias da alta.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nesta an&#225;lise, a presen&#231;a de dislipidemia associou-se com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no escore de qualidade de vida (-7,2 pontos; P=0,01). Em contrapartida, pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio apresentaram aumento no escore (+8,47 pontos; P&lt;0,01).</p>
    <p>Por an&#225;lise multivariada, os preditores independentes de qualidade de vida foram dislipidemia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM). A melhora da QVRS variou com o tipo de RM, e os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia tiveram melhora mais pronunciada (+1,77 pontos; P=0,07), conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Do total de pacientes que apresentaram algum evento cardiovascular [49(17,4%)], apenas 12 foram revascularizados em at&#233; 30 dias (ACTP n=9 e CRM n=3). Os pacientes que necessitaram de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (n=2) haviam sido submetidos a ACTP e, dentre os pacientes que re-internaram por angina recorrente, oito haviam sido revascularizados (ACTP n=6 e CRM n=2). Quando comparados aos pacientes n&#227;o-revascularizados, esses apresentaram um risco 2,8 vezes maior de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo do que aqueles revascularizados (IC 95% 1,47 - 5,55; P=0,003).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo representam parte de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de um centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;ria em cardiologia e os dados mostram, por meio de um instrumento doen&#231;a-espec&#237;fico, os preditores de qualidade de vida ap&#243;s seis meses de um evento coronariano agudo, ajustado para as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e a terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preditores de qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a vari&#225;vel associada &#224; maior varia&#231;&#227;o no escore de qualidade de vida foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, seja por ACTP seja por CRM. Semelhante aos nossos resultados, em um estudo realizado por Kim e cols.<sup>4</sup>, pacientes com SCASST tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram melhores escores quando comparados &#224;queles tratados de forma conservadora. Quanto &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, Zhang e cols.<sup>13</sup> realizaram um estudo comparando pacientes com DAC multiarterial, submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, avaliando a limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina e qualidade de vida, observou-se melhora nos escores para ambas as estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em seis meses (varia&#231;&#227;o de 13,6 a 34,7 pontos; P&lt;0,001). No entanto, pacientes revascularizados cirurgicamente apresentaram escores maiores do que aqueles submetidos a ACTP. Em se tratando de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, estudos realizados comparando a estrat&#233;gia intervencionista precoce com a estrat&#233;gia conservadora<sup>14,15</sup> demonstraram uma significativa melhora da limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, dos sintomas anginosos e da QVRS.</p>
    <p>Spertus e cols.<sup>16</sup> compararam pacientes submetidos a ACTP ou CRM, estratificados pelo risco de reestenose quanto ao SAQ - escore de freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina e qualidade de vida. Nos pacientes de baixo risco para reestenose n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos escores do SAQ, enquanto naqueles com risco intermedi&#225;rio observou-se melhora no escore de freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina em pacientes com CRM comparado com ACTP (96,5&#177;1,1 vs 90,3&#177;0,8, p&lt;0,001) em um ano. Da mesma forma, no escore de qualidade de vida (90,7&#177;1,1 vs 84,9&#177;0,8). No grupo de alto rico para reestenose, tamb&#233;m foi constatada que a CRM &#233; fator determinante de melhora da freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina e da qualidade de vida. Diante desses resultados, em pacientes revascularizados, principalmente por CRM, observa-se maior capacidade funcional, diminui&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e, conseq&#252;entemente, melhor conviv&#234;ncia com uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, que requer esfor&#231;os com vistas a retardar sua evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, a dislipidemia surge como preditor de piora do escore. Como poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para esse achado, devem-se considerar as modifica&#231;&#245;es de h&#225;bitos alimentares, necess&#225;rias para o controle desse fator de risco da coronariopatia. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de dietas rigorosas, o uso de medicamentos e seus efeitos colaterais, bem como o controle peri&#243;dico dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol alteram a percep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Os esfor&#231;os diet&#233;ticos para controle da hipercolesterolemia, muitas vezes ineficazes, podem causar certa frustra&#231;&#227;o. Corrobora essas infer&#234;ncias um estudo realizado por Lalonde e cols.<sup>17</sup>, comparando pacientes com e sem dislipidemia, na aus&#234;ncia de DAC, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores de qualidade de vida, mostrou que os pacientes com dislipidemia apresentaram escores menores (-3,3 pontos; P=0,02). Nossos resultados apresentam semelhan&#231;a com os estudos citados, quando na an&#225;lise multivariada aparece a revascularizac&#227;o, em at&#233; 30 dias, como preditora de melhora na qualidade de vida, e pacientes tratados com CRM tendem a apresentar uma varia&#231;&#227;o maior no escore do que aqueles tratados com ACTP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Varia&#231;&#227;o dos escores SAQ - Qualidade de vida em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e demais dom&#237;nios do SAQ</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas na varia&#231;&#227;o do escore de qualidade de vida, em seis meses. Apesar de a idade ter sido considerada preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com DAC, em um ano<sup>7</sup>, e determinante de modifica&#231;&#245;es na qualidade de vida<sup>18</sup>, os pacientes deste estudo, com 65 anos ou mais, apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o similar aos demais. Conaway e cols.<sup>19</sup>, tendo em vista o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana e a preval&#234;ncia da DAC, realizaram um estudo mostrando que pacientes maiores de 75 anos submetidos a CRM, apesar da lenta recupera&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina e qualidade de vida, comparados aos pacientes mais jovens. A varia&#231;&#227;o do escore qualidade de vida foi a mesma para homens e mulheres neste estudo. No entanto, em pesquisa realizada por Norris e cols.<sup>20</sup>, foi verificado que mulheres com DAC relatam piores escores de qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de do que os homens, ap&#243;s um ano da cinecoronariografia. Apesar de os pacientes de cor branca constitu&#237;rem a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o dos estudos, &#233; sabido que pacientes de cor negra recebem menos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do que os brancos (52,5% vs 66%; P&lt;0,01) e, mesmo n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre os pacientes brancos e os negros, esses apresentam piora no estado funcional de sa&#250;de<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s comorbidades associadas &#224; DAC, a hipertens&#227;o arterial e a dislipidemia foram as mais prevalentes, apresentando taxas maiores que a de outros estudos. Esse achado possivelmente pode ser explicado pelo est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado da DAC, nos pacientes estudados, que resultou em um evento agudo. A terap&#234;utica institu&#237;da mostrou-se como determinante para o desfecho. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais dom&#237;nios do SAQ, a varia&#231;&#227;o da limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, estabilidade e freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina no per&#237;odo de seguimento est&#227;o diretamente relacionadas com a qualidade de vida. Na medida em que aumenta a varia&#231;&#227;o dos escores, caracterizando melhora da capacidade f&#237;sica e dos sintomas anginosos, a varia&#231;&#227;o do escore de qualidade de vida tamb&#233;m melhora.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eventos cardiovasculares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A taxa de ECVM neste estudo foi de 17,4%. Os eventos avaliados foram aqueles que apresentam maior signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, al&#233;m de &#243;bito, que excluiu pacientes em raz&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o do escore como desfecho, angina recorrente que pode evoluir para IAM ou necessitar de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia, IAM e a necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Os resultados mostraram que, entre os pacientes revascularizados em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a SCASST, a necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi observada naqueles submetidos a ACTP. Esses dados s&#227;o concordantes com a literatura<sup>22</sup> que demonstra maior necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes tratados pela estrat&#233;gia percut&#226;nea do que em pacientes com CRM, no per&#237;odo de um ano.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante, contudo, considerar a ades&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica medicamentosa que se faz necess&#225;ria ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, o que pode representar um alto custo para o paciente, prejudicando a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Spertus e cols.<sup>23</sup> realizaram estudo com o objetivo de verificar o impacto da dificuldade do paciente em manter o cuidado com a sa&#250;de, ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, por meio do estado funcional de sa&#250;de. Em pacientes que referiram tal dificuldade foram observados piora dos escores do SAQ, independentemente das estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de stents farmacol&#243;gicos que, quando comparados aos stents convencionais, diminuem as taxas de reestenose na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por ACTP<sup>24,25</sup>. Em nosso estudo, os pacientes tratados com ACTP receberam stents convencionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; essencial ter mecanismos para identificar pacientes cujas interven&#231;&#245;es, tais como revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica mais agressiva, s&#227;o indicadas. Embora todos os pacientes devam modificar h&#225;bitos, com vistas ao controle dos fatores de risco, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e tabagismo, alguns necessitam de um manejo cl&#237;nico mais intensivo. Mesmo que os resultados mostrem benef&#237;cios na qualidade de vida com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em pacientes com SCASST, devem-se levar em conta a severidade da doen&#231;a, o risco cir&#250;rgico e a concord&#226;ncia do paciente. Os achados deste trabalho s&#227;o &#250;teis na medida em que podem auxiliar no manejo cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, na identifica&#231;&#227;o de potenciais problemas, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e respostas ao tratamento, devido ao manejo farmacol&#243;gico cr&#244;nico<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes estudados encontravam-se em fases distintas da evolu&#231;&#227;o da DAC, pois alguns deles j&#225; haviam apresentado IAM e RM pr&#233;via, com clara indica&#231;&#227;o para a abordagem intervencionista, e, em outros, era a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Importante mencionar tamb&#233;m que o SAQ apresenta um consider&#225;vel grau de subjetividade, o que, por vezes, dificulta o entendimento pelo paciente. A qualidade de vida pode tamb&#233;m sofrer influ&#234;ncia de fatores socioecon&#244;micos e/ou &#233;tnicos e raciais que n&#227;o foram objeto de an&#225;lise no presente estudo. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos cardiovasculares, esses foram verificados pelo relato do paciente ou familiar, ao t&#233;rmino do seguimento. A verifica&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel pode ter sofrido vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o de ou desconhecimento do diagn&#243;stico pelo informante e a n&#227;o-comprova&#231;&#227;o do evento, quando o paciente procurou assist&#234;ncia em outro hospital.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos dados permitem concluir que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 30 dias da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar est&#225; associada &#224; melhora de qualidade de vida e a dislipidemia est&#225; associada &#224; piora desse desfecho em seis meses. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, estabilidade e freq&#252;&#234;ncia da angina com qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Emiliane N. de Souza pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / FUC.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 Unidade de Pesquisa, Santana </p>
        <p> 90620-001, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="sleite@cardiologia.org.br">sleite@cardiologia.org.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:sleite.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br%20" ext-link-type="email">sleite.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br </ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/05/07; revisado recebido 27/09/2007; aceito em 10/03/08.</p>
  </body>
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          <date>
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          <fpage>1773</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <volume>346</volume>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of quality of life change after an acute coronary event</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The assessment of quality of life (QOL), identifying functional capacity and frequency of angina and other cardiac symptoms, are key issues in the treatment of chronic patients or in those with disease instability. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of quality of life (QOL) improvement in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). METHODS: Patients hospitalized in a cardiology reference hospital were assessed with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at the time of admission and after 6 months. The analyzed outcome was the variation of the QOL score, resulting from the difference between the score after six months and the score at the time of admission. Differences between patients with or without 6-month QOL improvements regarding the demographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients presented lower improvement in QOL scores when compared to non-hypertensive ones [8,3(0-25) vs. 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,05], as well as patients with dyslipidemia, when compared to non-dyslipidemic ones [8,3(0-25) vs. 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,02]. Patients with unstable angina presented greater improvements in QOL in relation to those with NSTE myocardial infarction [16.6(0-33.3) vs. 8.3(-8,3-25); P=0,03]. By multivariate analysis, myocardial revascularization in the first 30-days was associated with the greater improvement in the QOL score (8.47 points; P=0,005). On the other side, the presence of dyslipidemia at the baseline evaluation was an independent predictor of worse QOL scores (-7.2 points; P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Myocardial revascularization was associated with improvement in the 6-month QOL scores, while dyslipidemia was associated with worse scores.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of life</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Predictors of quality of life change after an acute coronary event</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Emiliane N. Souza; Alexandre S. Quadros; R&#250;bia Maestri; Camila Albarr&#225;n; Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The assessment of quality of life (QOL), identifying functional capacity and frequency of angina and other cardiac symptoms, are key issues in the treatment of chronic patients or in those with disease instability.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To identify predictors of quality of life (QOL) improvement in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Patients hospitalized in a cardiology reference hospital were assessed with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at the time of admission and after 6 months. The analyzed outcome was the variation of the QOL score, resulting from the difference between the score after six months and the score at the time of admission. Differences between patients with or without 6-month QOL improvements regarding the demographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Hypertensive patients presented lower improvement in QOL scores when compared to non-hypertensive ones [8,3(0-25) vs. 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,05], as well as patients with dyslipidemia, when compared to non-dyslipidemic ones [8,3(0-25) vs. 16,6(0-33,3); P=0,02]. Patients with unstable angina presented greater improvements in QOL in relation to those with NSTE myocardial infarction [16.6(0-33.3) vs. 8.3(-8,3-25); P=0,03]. By multivariate analysis, myocardial revascularization in the first 30-days was associated with the greater improvement in the QOL score (8.47 points; P=0,005). On the other side, the presence of dyslipidemia at the baseline evaluation was an independent predictor of worse QOL scores (-7.2 points; P=0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Myocardial revascularization was associated with improvement in the 6-month QOL scores, while dyslipidemia was associated with worse scores.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary arteriosclerosis; quality of life; myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the increased survival and aging of the population, the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) must include improvement in the physical functionality and delay the disease progression, in addition to symptom relief, aiming at the patients' return to their daily routine<sup>1</sup>. The tendency to focus the disease management solely on the clinical findings may not correspond to the patients' expectations, who worry about the limitations that the disease imposes to their activities of daily living.</p>
      <p>Thus, the verification of complementary outcomes in patients with CAD becomes relevant for the patients and for society<sup>2</sup>. The evaluation of the patient's health status through the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ)<sup>3</sup> is a frequently employed assessment tool, encompassing the health-related quality of life (HRQL), physical limitations, satisfaction with the treatment, frequency and stability of symptoms.</p>
      <p>These measurements help to monitor the responses to treatment, identification of changes in the clinical picture as well as potential problems and comprise information that are complementary to decision-making in the clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Studies carried out in patients with CAD have demonstrated that the SAQ is useful in the assessment of strategies that improve the functional capacity, the frequency and instability of symptoms<sup>4,5</sup>. The use of the SAQ is valid to verify outcomes as well as for the identification of risk factors for cardiovascular events<sup>6,7</sup>, being considered more sensitive to changes in quality of life of patients with CAD than generic tools such as the Short Form 36<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the SAQ has been scarcely used in daily clinical practice. Most of the studies that evaluated HRQL in patients with unstable CAD originated from randomized clinical assays and the patients treated at daily clinical practice present different characteristics. Recently, the ICTUS<sup>9</sup> study demonstrated that the early interventionist strategy might not improve survival, further emphasizing the importance of the assessment of these outcomes within the context of treatment.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of the present study is to identify quality of life improvement predictors in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST segment (STS) elevation, in a cohort representative of the patients treated at daily clinical practice, after 6 months of hospital admission.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients treated at the Emergency Unit (EU) of our Institution and admitted with a clinical diagnosis of Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTEACS) from January to June 2004 were eligible for this study. The exclusion criteria were severe valvular disease, dilated myocardiopathy of non-ischemic origin, previous heart transplantation, hypertrophic myocardiopathy, neurological alterations such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, encephalic vascular accident (EVA) sequelae, psychiatric disorders, neoplasia, pregnancy or hemodynamic instability compatible with cardiogenic shock, physical impairment, participation in randomized multicentric clinical studies, as well as refusal in participating or impossibility to continue participating in the study.</p>
      <p>The patients were evaluated prospectively and the demographic and clinical characteristics as well as the therapy instituted at the hospital discharge were verified. The SAQ<sup>3</sup> was applied up to 48 hours of hospital admission. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of our institution and all individuals included in the study signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Definitions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The NSTEACS was characterized as unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with no ST segment elevation. Unstable angina was defined as typical angina pain or anginous equivalent, with a minimum duration of 5 minutes and symptom onset in up to 96 hours before hospital admission, with or without chest pain at rest. Acute myocardial infarction with no STS elevation was defined by a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) or T-wave inversion or ST segment depression associated to chest pain or serum elevation of myocardial injury biomarkers<sup>10,11</sup>. The patients were stratified according to the TIMI<sup>12</sup> risk score and the patients with scores 0 to 2 were considered low-risk; from 3 to 5, medium-risk; and 6 or 7, high risk. These data and the other clinical characteristics were obtained from the patients' medical files and through interviews with the patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcomes and follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The measurement of health-related quality of life was carried out through the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), a disease-specific questionnaire that consists of five domains. The variation of the quality of life score between the sixth month and the patients' initial interviews was the main outcome of the study ( SAQ5=SAQ5 6 months - SAQ5 admission). The domains 1 (physical limitation) and 3 (frequency of angina) were also analyzed and recorded. The questionnaires were applied by one of the investigators and the following clinical outcomes were also evaluated: recurrent angina, AMI and new revascularization (surgical or percutaneous). The SAQ scores are formed for each domain, by attributing an ordinal number to each response, starting with number 1 for the response that implies the lowest level of functionality. After that, the other domain responses are added to it. The score is transformed to 0 to 100, through the subtraction by the lowest possible number of the domain responses, dividing it by the variation and multiplying by 100. The higher the score, the better the functional capacity is, the fewer the symptoms and the better the quality of life is.</p>
      <p>The physical limitation domain (D1) uses questions that concern the performance of activities of daily living. The questions that analyze the frequency of angina (D3) verify the periodicity of the symptoms. The questions that deal with HRQL (D5) verify, together with the patient, his or her satisfaction in living as a CAD patient and the fear of sudden death or of having a heart attack. The HRQL is defined as the variation of the impact that the disease causes in the patient's life, manifested by the patient him or herself<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data were analyzed with the program SPSS version 12.0. The categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies and the continuous variables were expressed as medians and 25 and 75 percentiles. To analyze the difference between the groups, the Chi-square test was used for the categorical variables and ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for the continuous variables, according to the presupposed parametric relationship.</p>
      <p>For the comparison of the SAQ-D5, at admission and after six months, Wilcoxon's test was used. For the correlations between the continuous variables, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used (r<sub>s</sub>). Diagrams of dispersion were used to graphically demonstrate these correlations. The clinical and therapeutic variables were submitted to the univariate analysis and later, to the multiple linear regression in order to identify associations with the HRQL variation. The data adopt similar or close values because they originate from a tool with a minimum and maximum score per domain, in which there is no freedom for the score to take up any value.</p>
      <p>The independently associated variables or those that suggested an association with improvement at 6 months were included in the model. The multivariate analysis was carried out to identify predictors of health-related quality of life improvement. For all tests, a P<underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 350 initially eligible patients, 62 were excluded from the study. The causes for exclusion were: randomization to multicentric clinical studies (30), dementia or some type of physical disability (8), refusal to participate (3), impossibility to continue participating in the study (4). Of a total number of 305 patients, 08 (2.6%) died and 16 (5.1%) were lost to follow-up. The latter were excluded from the comparative analysis, totaling 281 patients in the sample.</p>
      <p>Therefore, a group of 281 patients were studied and the data related to their clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_08t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. There was no difference regarding the score variation in relation to gender, age, ethnicity or level of schooling. Patients with unstable angina presented a higher variation in the score when compared to those with AMI and STS [16.6(0-33.3) vs. 8.3(-8.3-25); P=0.03]. As for the risk factors for CAD, the hypertensive individuals presented a lower score variation, when compared to the non-hypertensive ones [8.3(0-25) vs. 16.6(0-33.3); P=0.05] and likewise, in patients with dyslipidemia, when compared to non-dyslipidemic ones [8.3(0-25) vs. 16.6(0-33.3); P=0.02]. Patients submitted to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCA) or myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) up to 30 days after the acute event (PCA n=77 and MRS n=41), presented a higher score variation when compared to the group of patients that did not undergo revascularization [16.6(0-33.3) vs. 8.3(0-25); P=0.01]. The disease severity, described by the number of affected vessels, was verified only in patients that were revascularized up to 30 days of admission (n=118). When disease severity and myocardial revascularization within 30 days were compared, no significant difference was observed in the quality of life score variation between the two variables. Most of the patients [209 (74.4%)] presented moderate risk for the development of cardiovascular events within 30 days, followed by 47 patients (16.7%) that presented low risk.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_08t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>This and the other clinical characteristics did not present any association with the outcome.</p>
      <p>During the follow-up period, major cardiovascular events (MCVE) that resulted in re-hospitalization were evaluated: recurrent angina [40(14.2%)], AMI [7(2.5%)] and new revascularization [2(0.7)].</p>
      <p>As for the other domains of the SAQ, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the correlation between the score variations of the SAQ-Physical limitation (D1) and SAQ-Quality of life (r<sub>s</sub>=0.26; P&lt;0.01). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the correlation between the score variations of the SAQ-Frequency of angina (D3) and SAQ-Quality of life (r<sub>s</sub>=0.41; P&lt;0.01).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the medians and the score variation of the SAQ - Quality of life at hospital admission and after 6 months. At admission, the median was 33.3 (25-50) and after six months, the score changed to 50 (33.3-66.6), P&lt;0.01.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The characteristics included in the multiple linear regression model are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>: male gender, age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, medications prescribed at the hospital discharge such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), betablockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and myocardial revascularization up to 30 days of discharge.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In this analysis, the presence of dyslipidemia associated with a decrease in the quality of life score (-7.2 points; P=0.01). On the other hand, patients submitted to myocardial revascularization showed an increase in the score (+8.47 points; P&lt;0.01).</p>
      <p>At the multivariate analysis, the independent quality of life predictors were dyslipidemia and myocardial revascularization (MR). The improvement in the HRQL varied with the type of MR, with patients that were submitted to surgery presenting a more marked improvement (+1.77 points; P=0.07), as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0252-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the total of patients that presented some type of cardiovascular event [49 (17.4%)], only 12 were revascularized in up to 30 days (PCA n=9 and MRS n=3). The patients that needed a new revascularization (n=2) had been submitted to PCA and among the patients that were re-admitted due to recurrent angina, 8 had been revascularized (PCA n=6 and MRS n=2). When compared to non-revascularized patients, these presented a 2.8-fold higher risk of re-hospitalization within the period than the revascularized ones (95% CI: 1.47 - 5.55; P=0.003).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients included in the present study represent part of a population treated at a tertiary reference center in Cardiology and the data show, through the use of a disease-specific tool, the quality of life predictors 6 months after an acute coronary event, adjusted for the clinical characteristics and the established therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Health-related quality of life predictors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present study, the variable associated with the highest variation in the quality of life score was the myocardial revascularization up to 30 days after the hospital admission, either by PCA or MRS. Similar to our results, a study performed by Kim et al<sup>4</sup>, showed that patients with NSTEACS, treated by intervention, presented better scores when compared to those treated conservatively. As for the myocardial revascularization strategies, Zhang et al<sup>13</sup> carried out a study comparing patients with multiarterial CAD, submitted to percutaneous or surgical revascularization, evaluating the physical limitation, frequency of angina and quality of life, and observed improvement in the scores for both revascularization strategies within 6 months (variation of 13.6 to 34.7 points; P&lt;0.001). However, patients that were surgically revascularized presented higher scores than those submitted to PCA. Regarding the percutaneous revascularization, studies carried out comparing the early interventionist strategy with the conservative strategy<sup>14,15</sup> demonstrated a significant improvement in the physical limitation, anginous symptoms and HRQL. .</p>
      <p>Spertus et al<sup>16</sup> compared patients submitted to PCA or MRS stratified by the risk of re-stenosis regarding the SAQ-angina frequency score and quality of life. In patients with low risk for re-stenosis, there was no difference regarding the SAQ scores, whereas in those with intermediate risk, an improvement in the frequency of angina score was observed in patients with MRS compared to PCA (96.5&#177;1.1 vs. 90.3&#177;0.8, p&lt;0.001) within a year and likewise, in the quality of life score (90.7&#177;1.1 vs. 84.9&#177;0.8). In the group with high risk for re-stenosis, it was also observed that MRS is a determinant factor for angina frequency and quality of life improvement. Considering these results, a better functional capacity, symptom improvement and, consequently, better adaptation to living with a chronic disease that requires efforts aiming at delaying its evolution, are observed in revascularized patients, mainly by MRS.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, dyslipidemia showed to be a score worsening predictor. As possible explanations for this finding, one must consider the changes in eating habits, necessary for the control of this risk factor of coronariopathy. The prescription of strict diets, the use of medications and their side effects, as well as the regular control of serum cholesterol levels alter the patients' perception of health and quality of life. The dietary efforts to control the hypercholesterolemia, many times ineffective, can result in a certain frustration. A study by Lalonde et al<sup>17</sup>, comparing patients with and without dyslipidemia in the absence of CAD, corroborates these inferences regarding the quality of life scores, by showing that patients with dyslipidemia had lower scores (-3.3 points; P=0.02). Our results were similar to those of the aforementioned studies, given that the multivariate analysis shows that revascularization up to 30 days is a predictor of quality of life improvement and the patients treated by MRS tend to present a lower score variation than those treated by PCA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Variation of the SAQ-Quality of life scores in relation to the demographic and clinical characteristics and other SAQ domains</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the demographic characteristics, no significant differences were observed in the quality of life score variation, after six months. Although age was considered a mortality predictor in patients with CAD in one year<sup>7</sup> and a determinant of quality of life alterations<sup>18</sup>, the patients in the present study who were 65 years or older presented a variation that was similar to the ones younger than 65. Conaway et al<sup>19</sup>, taking into account the aging of the North-American population and the prevalence of CAD, carried out a study showing that patients older than 75 submitted to MRS, despite the slow physical recovery, did not present differences regarding the frequency of angina and quality of life, when compared to the younger patients. The quality of life score variation was the same for men and women in this study. However, a study carried out by Norris et al<sup>20</sup>, showed that women with CAD reported worse HRQL scores than men, one year after the coronary angiography. Although the Caucasian patients constitute the majority of the study populations, it is known that Black patients are receptors of fewer revascularization procedures when compared to Caucasians (52.5% vs. 66%; P&lt;0.01) and, even with no difference in mortality between Caucasian and Black patients, the latter present a worsening in the functional health status<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the comorbidities associated to CAD, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most prevalent ones, with higher rates than the ones reported by other studies. This finding can possibly be explained by the more advanced CAD stage of the studied patients, which resulted in an acute event. The established therapy showed to be a determinant for the outcome. Regarding the other SAQ domains, the variation in physical limitation, stability and frequency of angina in the follow-up period are directly associated with the quality of life.</p>
      <p>As the score variation increases, characterizing improvement in the physical capacity and anginous symptoms, the quality of life score variation also improves.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiovascular Events</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The rate of MCVE in the present study was 17.4%. The assessed events were those that presented higher clinical significance, in addition to death, which excluded patients due to the use of the score variation such as outcome, recurrent angina that can develop into AMI or necessity of emergency revascularization, AMI and necessity of a new revascularization. The results showed that, among the revascularized patients up to 30 days after the NSTEACS, the necessity of a new revascularization was observed in those submitted to PCA. These data are in agreement with the literature<sup>22</sup>, which demonstrates a higher need for a new revascularization in patients treated by the percutaneous strategy when compared to those treated by MRS, within a one-year period.</p>
      <p>However, it is important to consider the adherence to the pharmacological therapy that is necessary after the percutaneous revascularization, which can represent a high cost for the patient, impairing the treatment optimization. Spertus et al<sup>23</sup> carried out a study with the objective of verifying the impact of the difficulty presented by the patient in maintaining health care measures after coronary revascularization, through the functional health status. Worsening in the SAQ scores was observed in patients that reported such difficulty, regardless of the revascularization strategies.</p>
      <p>Another aspect to be considered is the use of pharmacological stents, which, when compared to conventional stents, decrease the rates of re-stenosis in the revascularization by PCA<sup>24,25</sup>. In the present study, the patients treated with PCA received conventional stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is vital to have mechanisms to identify patients whose interventions, such as revascularization or more aggressive pharmacological therapy, are indicated.</p>
      <p>Although all patients must modify habits, aiming at the control of risk factors, some need a more intensive clinical management. Even if the results showed benefits for the quality of life with the surgical revascularization in patients with ST segment (STS) elevation, one must consider the disease severity, the surgical risk and the patient's consent. The findings of this study are useful as they can help the clinical management of patients, the identification of potential problems, mainly regarding the destabilization of the disease, the monitoring of clinical changes and treatment responses, due to the chronic pharmacological management<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The studied patients were at distinct phases of CAD evolution, as some of them had already presented previous AMI and MRS, with a clear indication for the interventionist approach whereas, for others, it was the first manifestation of the disease. It is also worth mentioning that the SAQ presents a considerable degree of subjectivity, which sometimes impairs its understanding by the patient. The quality of life can also be influenced by socioeconomic and/or ethnic and racial factors, which were not analyzed in the present study. Regarding the cardiovascular events, these were verified through the reports made by the patient or his/her family, at the end of the follow-up period. The corroboration of this variable might have undergone a bias due to the omission or lack of knowledge of the diagnosis by the informer and the lack of evidence to confirm the event, when the patient sought assistance at another hospital.</p>
      <p>Our data allow us to conclude that the revascularization up to 30 days after the hospital admission is associated with improvement in the quality of life and that dyslipidemia is associated to a worsening in this outcome within 6 months. It was also demonstrated that there is a correlation between physical limitation, stability and frequency of angina with quality of life.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Emiliane N. de Souza, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / FUC</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
