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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KcxGCrWZXKhXXTXF5GRP6Sv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001600005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de risco para acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Romerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cano</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia J. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Stevan Krieker</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Carlos B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Adib Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>234</fpage>
      <lpage>237</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) &#233; uma temida complica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), com incid&#234;ncia entre 1,3% e 4,3%. OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores preditores de AVE ap&#243;s CRM, na era moderna da cirurgia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Este &#233; um estudo caso-controle de 65 pares de pacientes, no qual o pareamento foi realizado por sexo, idade (+ 3 anos) e data da CRM (+ 3 meses). Os casos s&#227;o pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), que apresentaram AVE (definido como d&#233;ficit cl&#237;nico neurol&#243;gico at&#233; 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e confirmado por exame de imagem), e os controles aqueles submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com CEC sem AVE. RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise univariada revelou que o n&#250;mero de vasos revascularizados foi associado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE ap&#243;s a CRM (3 &#177; 0,8 vs. 2,76 &#177; 0,8, p = 0,01). Na an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica [OR: 6,1 (1,5 - 24), p = 0,009] e o diabete melito [OR: 3,1 (1,09 - 11), p= 0,03] foram determinantes de maior chance de AVE ap&#243;s CRM, e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &gt; 1 m&#234;s determinante de menor chance [OR: 0,1 (0,03 - 0,36), p = 0,003]. CONCLUS&#195;O: Hipertens&#227;o e diabete melito foram identificados como preditores independentes de AVE nas primeiras 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM. Em pacientes com tais fatores de risco, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o conhecimento dos mecanismos causadores da inj&#250;ria cerebral represente uma estrat&#233;gia capaz de diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de AVE ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Acidente cerebrovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - ADULTOS</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores de risco para acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; Carlos Romerio Ferro; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Oliveira; Marcelo Menezes Malta; Pl&#237;nio Barros Neto; Silvia J. F. Cano; Stevan Krieker Martins; Luis Carlos B. Souza; Adib Domingos Jatene; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) &#233; uma temida complica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), com incid&#234;ncia entre 1,3% e 4,3%. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Identificar fatores preditores de AVE ap&#243;s CRM, na era moderna da cirurgia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Este &#233; um estudo caso-controle de 65 pares de pacientes, no qual o pareamento foi realizado por sexo, idade (<bold><underline>+</underline></bold> 3 anos) e data da CRM (<bold><underline>+</underline></bold> 3 meses). Os casos s&#227;o pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), que apresentaram AVE (definido como d&#233;ficit cl&#237;nico neurol&#243;gico at&#233; 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e confirmado por exame de imagem), e os controles aqueles submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com CEC sem AVE. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A an&#225;lise univariada revelou que o n&#250;mero de vasos revascularizados foi associado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE ap&#243;s a CRM (3 &#177; 0,8 vs. 2,76 &#177; 0,8, p = 0,01). Na an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica [OR: 6,1 (1,5 - 24), p = 0,009] e o diabete melito [OR: 3,1 (1,09 - 11), p= 0,03] foram determinantes de maior chance de AVE ap&#243;s CRM, e o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &gt; 1 m&#234;s determinante de menor chance [OR: 0,1 (0,03 - 0,36), p = 0,003]. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o e diabete melito foram identificados como preditores independentes de AVE nas primeiras 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM. Em pacientes com tais fatores de risco, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o conhecimento dos mecanismos causadores da inj&#250;ria cerebral represente uma estrat&#233;gia capaz de diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de AVE ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Acidente cerebrovascular, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica / efeitos adversos, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) &#233; um tratamento eficaz em prolongar e melhorar a vida de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) &#233; uma temida complica&#231;&#227;o dessa cirurgia. Sua incid&#234;ncia, na d&#233;cada de 1960, era de at&#233; 9%<sup>2</sup>; e a despeito da melhora das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas dos &#250;ltimos anos, essa complica&#231;&#227;o tem atualmente incid&#234;ncia que varia de 1,3% a 4,3%<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;vios identificaram preditores de AVE ap&#243;s CRM, por&#233;m a baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia desse evento, a n&#227;o-uniformidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; inj&#250;ria cerebral e o tamanho das amostras s&#227;o fatores limitantes desses estudos<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que an&#225;lises de fatores de risco contempor&#226;neos s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para determinar quais s&#227;o realmente os preditores de AVE na era moderna da cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Realizamos um estudo caso-controle a fim de identificar fatores preditores de AVE ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo caso-controle de 65 pares de pacientes, no qual o pareamento foi realizado por sexo, idade (&#177; 3 anos) e data da CRM (&#177; 3 meses). Os casos s&#227;o pacientes (pts) submetidos &#224; primeira CRM eletiva com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), que apresentaram AVE (definido como d&#233;ficit cl&#237;nico neurol&#243;gico at&#233; 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e confirmado por exame de imagem), e os controles aqueles tamb&#233;m submetidos &#224; primeira CRM eletiva com CEC que n&#227;o sofreram AVE.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas avaliadas foram: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabete melito (DM), dislipidemia (DLP), tabagismo, AVE pr&#233;vio, les&#227;o de car&#243;tida pr&#233;via (<underline>&gt;</underline> 60%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pregressa, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (definida pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) ao ecocardiograma em: normal se FEVE &gt; 60%, discreta entre 50% e 60%, moderada de 40% a 50% e grave &lt; 40%), n&#250;mero de vasos revascularizados, tempo de CEC, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (creatinina <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,5 mg/dl), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) <underline>&lt;</underline>1 m&#234;s e &gt;1 m&#234;s, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) pr&#233;via.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto as categ&#243;ricas em valores percentuais.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, utilizamos o teste da homogeneidade marginal para avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. Para o c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de chance (RC), realizamos an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condiconal, sendo <italic>p</italic> considerado significativo quando <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis avaliadas no modelo multivariado de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional (utilizada para avaliar a probabilidade de as vari&#225;veis determinarem os casos) foram aquelas que nos modelos univariados apresentaram <italic>p</italic>-valores <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,1 ou que tenham sido consideradas relevantes clinicamente.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2000 a abril de 2006, foram submetidos &#224; primeira CRM eletiva com CEC 3.420 pacientes, e 65 (1,9%) apresentaram AVE, conforme defini&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
    <p>Inclu&#237;mos 65 pares de pacientes, de acordo com o delineamento do estudo, sendo 41 de homens e 24 de mulheres. A idade m&#233;dia foi 70,6 &#177; 8,1 anos.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis analisadas e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE, de acordo com an&#225;lise univariada, s&#227;o demonstradas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">2</xref>. As vari&#225;veis que tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com AVE, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, foram o maior n&#250;mero de vasos revascularizados e a ICP pr&#233;via.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0234-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0234-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O modelo final da an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica condicional incluiu as seguintes vari&#225;veis: HAS, DM, DLP, tabagismo, AVE pr&#233;vio, les&#227;o de car&#243;tida pr&#233;via, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pregressa, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n&#250;mero de vasos revascularizados, tempo de CEC, IAM <underline>&lt;</underline>1 m&#234;s e &gt;1 m&#234;s e ICP pr&#233;via.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s controle para esses fatores, identificamos a HAS [RC: 6,1 (1,5 -24), p = 0,009] e o DM [RC: 3,1 (1,09 - 11), p = 0,03] como fatores determinantes de maior chance de AVE no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de RM, enquanto o IAM &gt;1 m&#234;s [RC: 0,1 (0,03 - 0,36), p = 0,003] foi o fator associado &#224; menor chance desse evento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, realizado na era contempor&#226;nea da CRM, identificamos dois fatores do perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, HAS e DM, que foram determinantes de maior chance de AVE no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Os dois mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelo AVE s&#227;o a isquemia e a hemorragia<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A isquemia pode ser causada por fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos (card&#237;aco, da art&#233;ria aorta ou de art&#233;rias proximais), tromboembolismo de vasos intra ou extracranianos e hipoperfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica. A hemorragia ocorre associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica ou &#224; reperfus&#227;o de &#225;reas infartadas<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No AVE hemorr&#225;gico, o sangue acumula-se fora do vaso sang&#252;&#237;neo e pode contribuir para a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o cerebral e a morte da c&#233;lula neurol&#243;gica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica causada por embolia card&#237;aca, geralmente os &#234;mbolos s&#227;o origin&#225;rios do &#225;trio, como na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ou do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, como no IAM recente. Habitualmente, s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos infartos predominantemente no territ&#243;rio na art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia. Quando ocorre tromboembolismo lacunar, a causa &#233; aterosclerose induzida por hipertens&#227;o ou estenoses de art&#233;rias penetrantes no c&#233;rebro. O tromboembolismo tromb&#243;tico &#233; relacionado &#224; aterosclerose de vasos intracranianos ou a anormalidades hematol&#243;gicas, como aumento das hem&#225;cias ou plaquetas<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O dano cerebral decorrente de hipoperfus&#227;o &#233; causado por combina&#231;&#227;o de estenose extracraniana e hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, sendo mais freq&#252;entemente unilateral, quando relacionado a embolismo, e bilateral, quando relacionado a importante e persistente hipotens&#227;o sist&#234;mica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando o insulto cerebral tem dois ou mais mecanismos causadores, &#233; classificado como de causas m&#250;ltiplas, e aqueles sem mecanismos conhecidos s&#227;o classificados como "outros"<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Eventos neurol&#243;gicos que ocorrem ap&#243;s CRM s&#227;o classificados em tipo 1, quando s&#227;o AVE focal, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou dano cerebral fatal, e tipo 2, quando refletem inj&#250;ria cerebral difusa com desorienta&#231;&#227;o ou decl&#237;nio intelectual normalmente revers&#237;vel<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O AVE, que ocorre nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a CRM, &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o potencialmente catastr&#243;fica. Ele est&#225; associado ao aumento da mortalidade hospitalar, conforme demonstrado por Glance e cols.<sup>11</sup> em estudo que avaliou 51.750 pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio, e, ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, o AVE determinou uma chance quatro vezes maior de &#243;bitos<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores preditores de AVE e, quando poss&#237;vel, a atua&#231;&#227;o sobre eles, a fim de diminuir a incid&#234;ncia desse evento, s&#227;o objetivos que pretendidos h&#225; mais de quatro d&#233;cadas<sup>2</sup>. Nesse sentido, uma an&#225;lise de 16.528 submetidos &#224; CRM, nos anos 1990, revelou os seguintes preditores independentes: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, IAM &lt; 24 horas, AVE pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea, HAS, DM, idade &gt; 75 anos, FE <underline>&lt;</underline> 34%, diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros estudos tamb&#233;m identificaram a HAS e o DM como preditores independentes de AVE no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM. Embora a r&#225;pida progress&#227;o de aterosclerose a&#243;rtica, carot&#237;dea, altera&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas etc. estejam associadas &#224; inj&#250;ria cerebral, o verdadeiro mecanismo do AVE, em pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos, n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecido e necessita de investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras<sup>13-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e os cuidados pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio t&#234;m sofrido mudan&#231;as nos &#250;ltimos anos, contibuindo para a melhoria dos resultados da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>18</sup>. Entretanto, em raz&#227;o dessas mudan&#231;as, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que todos os resultados de estudos cl&#237;nicos realizados em outro momento da cirurgia card&#237;aca possam ser transpostos aos dias atuais.</p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas de maior risco para ocorr&#234;ncia de dano cerebral poder&#225; permitir a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas profil&#225;ticas fundamentadas no conhecimento pr&#233;vio (conforme descrito anteriormente) dos mecanismos causadores de AVE.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, acreditamos que, em pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos, medidas como controle adequado da press&#227;o arterial (evitando per&#237;odos de hipertens&#227;o e hipotens&#227;o), rastreamento de poss&#237;veis fontes embolig&#234;nicas card&#237;acas ou de outros territ&#243;rios vasculares e a avalia&#231;&#227;o e manipula&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da art&#233;ria aorta possam contribuir para redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia do AVE ap&#243;s a CRM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A HAS e o DM foram determinantes de maior chance de AVE nas primeiras 24 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM. Nos pacientes com tais fatores de risco, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a atua&#231;&#227;o incisiva em mecanismos causadores de AVE contribua para redu&#231;&#227;o de sua incid&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos aos profissionais de sa&#250;de da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e &#224;s secret&#225;rias Val e M&#244;nica, pois, sem a contribui&#231;&#227;o dessas pessoas, n&#227;o seria poss&#237;vel realizar este estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Ab&#237;lio Soares, 625 / 64 A - Para&#237;so </p>
        <p> 04005-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dinaldo@cardiol.br">dinaldo@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 29/11/2007; revisado recebido em 15/02/08; aceito em 15/02/08.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>18. Agmon Y, Khandheria    BK, Meissner I, Schawartz GL, Petterson TM, O'Fallon M, et al. Independent association    of high blood pressure and aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study.    Circulation. 2000; 102: 2087-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Independent association of high blood pressure and aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2087</fpage>
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              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors for stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Stroke is a feared complication after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG), with an incidence between 1.3 and 4.3%. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictive factors for stroke after CABG in the modern era of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a case-control study of 65 pairs of patients, paired by sex, age (+ 3 years) and date of CABG (+ 3 months). The cases were patients submitted to elective CABG with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) that presented stroke (defined as clinical neurological deficit up to 24 hours post-operatively and confirmed by imaging assessment) and the controls were those individuals submitted to elective CABG with ECC, but without stroke. RESULTS: The univariate analysis demonstrated that the number of revascularized vessels was associated with the occurrence of stroke after the CABG (3 &#177; 0.8 vs. 2.76 &#177; 0.8, p = 0.01). The multivariate analysis by conditional logistic regression showed that systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) [OR: 6.1 (1.5 - 24), p = 0.009] and diabete mellitus (DM) [OR: 3.1 (1.09 - 11), p= 0.03] were the determinants of the highest chance of stroke after CABG, whereas acute myocardial infarction (AMI) &gt; 1 month, was the determinant of the lowest chance of stroke [OR: 0.1 (0.03 - 0.36), p = 0.003]. CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabete mellitus were identified as independent predictors of stroke within the first 24 postoperative hours after CABG. In patients with such risk factors, it is possible that the knowledge of the causal mechanisms of brain injury represents a strategy capable of decreasing the incidence of stroke after CABG.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cerebrovascular accident</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Risk factors for stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Dinaldo Cavalcanti de Oliveira; Carlos Romerio Ferro; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Oliveira; Marcelo Menezes Malta; Pl&#237;nio Barros Neto; Silvia J. F. Cano; Stevan Krieker Martins; Luis Carlos B. Souza; Adib Domingos Jatene; Leopoldo Soares Piegas</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailling Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Stroke is a feared complication after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG), with an incidence between 1.3 and 4.3%.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVE:</bold> To identify predictive factors for stroke after CABG in the modern era of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a case-control study of 65 pairs of patients, paired by sex, age (&#177; 3 years) and date of CABG (&#177; 3 months). The cases were patients submitted to elective CABG with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) that presented stroke (defined as clinical neurological deficit up to 24 hours post-operatively and confirmed by imaging assessment) and the controls were those individuals submitted to elective CABG with ECC, but without stroke.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The univariate analysis demonstrated that the number of revascularized vessels was associated with the occurrence of stroke after the CABG (3 &#177; 0.8 vs. 2.76 &#177; 0.8, p = 0.01). The multivariate analysis by conditional logistic regression showed that systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) [OR: 6.1 (1.5 - 24), p = 0.009] and diabetes mellitus (DM) [OR: 3.1 (1.09 - 11), p= 0.03] were the determinants of the highest chance of stroke after CABG, whereas acute myocardial infarction (AMI) &gt; 1 month, was the determinant of the lowest chance of stroke [OR: 0.1 (0.03 - 0.36), p = 0.003].</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were identified as independent predictors of stroke within the first 24 postoperative hours after CABG. In patients with such risk factors, it is possible that the knowledge of the causal mechanisms of brain injury represents a strategy capable of decreasing the incidence of stroke after CABG.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cerebrovascular accident; myocardial revascularization / adverse effects; risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) is an effective treatment to prolong and improve the life of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Stroke is a feared complication of this surgery. Its incidence in the 60s reached up to 9%<sup>2</sup> and despite the improvement in surgical techniques in the last years, the incidence of this complication currently varies from 1.3 to 4.3%<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Previous clinical studies identified stroke predictors after CABG; however, the low incidence of this event, the lack of standardization in the assessment of variables related to the brain injury and the sizes of the samples are all limiting factors of these studies<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>We believe that the analysis of the current risk factors is necessary to determine what the actual predictors of stroke are in this modern era of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>A case-control study was carried out in order to identify predictive factors for stroke after CABG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a case-control study of 65 pairs of patients paired by sex, age (&#177; 3 years) and date of the CABG (&#177; 3 months). The cases were patients (pts) submitted to the first elective CABG with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) that presented stroke (defined as clinical neurological deficit up to 24 hours post-operatively and confirmed by imaging assessment) and the controls were those individuals also submitted to the first elective CABG with ECC, but without stroke.</p>
      <p>The clinical and surgical characteristics that were evaluated were: systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (DLP), smoking, previous stroke, previous carotid lesion (<underline>&gt;</underline>60%), previous atrial fibrillation, ventricular function (defined by the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at the echocardiogram as: normal when the LVEF &gt; 60%, slight when it is between 50 and 60%, moderate when it is between 40 and 50% and severe when it is &lt; 40%), number of revascularized vessels, time of ECC, chronic renal failure (creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline>1.5 mg/dl), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) <underline>&lt;</underline>1 month and &gt;1 month, previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p>
      <p>The continuous variables were described as means and standard deviations, whereas the categorical variables were described as percentages.</p>
      <p>At the univariate analysis the marginal homogeneity test was used to evaluate the categorical variables and the Student's t test for the numerical ones. To calculate the Odds Ratio (OR), a multivariate analysis by conditional logistic regression was performed, with p being considered significant when <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p>The variables assessed by the multivariate model of conditional logistic regression (used to evaluate the probability of the variables to determine the cases) were those that presented p values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.1 in the univariate models or the ones that were considered clinically relevant.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of our institution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 2000 to April 2006, a total of 3,420 patients were submitted to the first elective CABG with ECC and 65 (1.9%) presented stroke AVE, according to the study definition.</p>
      <p>Sixty-five pairs of patients were included, according to the study design, of whom 41 were males and 24 were females. Mean age was 70.6 &#177; 8.1 years.</p>
      <p>The distribution frequency of the analyzed variables and their associations with the occurrence of stroke according to the univariate analysis, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">2</xref>. The variables that had a significant association with stroke in the postoperative period of CABG were the higher number of revascularized vessels and previous PCI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0234-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0234-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The final model of multivariate analysis by conditional logistic regression included the following variables: SAH, DM, DLP, smoking, previous stroke, previous carotid lesion, previous atrial fibrillation, ventricular function, number of revascularized vessels, time of ECC, AMI <underline>&lt;</underline>1 and &gt; 1 month and previous PCI.</p>
      <p>After the control for these factors, we identified SAH [OR: 6.1 (1.5 -24), p = 0.009] and DM [OR: 3.1 (1.09 - 11), p = 0.03] as the determinant factors of the highest chance of stroke in the postoperative period of CABG, whereas AMI &gt;1 month [OR: 0.1 (0.03 - 0.36), p = 0.003] was the factor associated with the lowest chance of this event.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study, carried out in the contemporary era of CABG, identified two factors in the clinical profile of the patients, SAH and DM, which were determinants of a higher chance of stroke in the postoperative period of CABG.</p>
      <p>The two mechanisms responsible for stroke are ischemia and hemorrhage<sup>10</sup>. Ischemia can be caused by embolic phenomena (cardiac, of the aorta or of proximal arteries), thromboembolism of intra or extracranial vessels and systemic hypoperfusion. Hemorrhage occurs in association with systemic arterial hypertension or to reperfusion of the infarcted areas<sup>10</sup>. In the hemorrhagic stroke, the blood accumulates outside the blood vessel and can contribute to the elevation in the intracranial pressure and the neural cell death<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the ischemic injury caused by cardiac embolism, the emboli generally originate from the atrium, as in the atrial fibrillation, or from the left ventricle, as in the recent AMI. Usually, multiple infarctions occur, predominantly at the site of the middle cerebral artery. When there is lacunar thromboembolism, the cause is hypertension-induced atherosclerosis or stenoses of the arteries that penetrate the brain. The thrombotic thromboembolism is related to the atherosclerosis of the intracranial vessels or hematologic abnormalities, such as increase in red blood cells or platelets<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The brain damage caused by hypoperfusion is the result of the combination of extracranial stenosis and systemic hypotension, being more frequently unilateral, when related to embolism, and bilateral, when related to important and persistent systemic hypotension<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>When the brain injury has two or more causative mechanisms, it is classified as being of multiple causes and those without known mechanisms are classified as "others"<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Neurological events that occur after CABG are classified as type 1, when they are focal stroke, transient ischemic attack or fatal brain damage and type 2, when they reflect diffuse brain injury with disorientation or intellectual deterioration, which are normally reversible<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The stroke that occurs within the first 24 hours after the CABG is a potentially devastating complication. It is associated with the increased hospital mortality, as demonstrated by Glance et al<sup>11</sup> in a study that evaluated 51,750 patients submitted to CABG and, after adjustment for preoperative risk factors, the stroke determined a four-fold higher chance of death<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The identification of predictive factors for stroke and, whenever possible, the actions that can be taken against these factors in order to decrease the incidence of this event, have been sought for more than 4 decades<sup>2</sup>. In this sense, one analysis of 16,528 individuals submitted to CABG in the 90s disclosed the following independent predictors: chronic renal failure, AMI &lt; 24 hours, previous stroke, carotid disease, SAH, DM, age &gt; 75 years, LVEF <underline>&lt;</underline> 34%, decreased cardiac output and atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other studies also identified SAH and DM as independent predictors of stroke in the postoperative period of CABG. Although the rapid progression of aortic atherosclerosis, as well as carotid atherosclerosis and thrombotic alterations are associated with brain injury, the exact mechanism of the stroke in hypertensive and diabetic patients is not fully clarified and needs further investigation<sup>13-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The surgical techniques and the pre, intra and postoperative care have changed in the recent years, contributing to an improvement in CABG outcome<sup>18</sup>. However, due to the same changes, it is not possible to infer that all results of clinical studies performed at another moment of cardiac surgery can be transported to the current moment.</p>
      <p>The identification of patients with characteristics of higher risk for the occurrence of brain damage will allow us to adopt prophylactic measures based on the previous knowledge (as previously described) of the causative mechanisms of stroke.</p>
      <p>Thus, we believe that in hypertensive and diabetic patients, measures such as adequate control of blood pressure (preventing periods of hypertension and hypotension), the tracking of possible cardiac emboligenic sources or other vascular sites and the careful assessment and handling of the aortic artery can contribute to reduce the incidence of stroke after CABG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The SAH and the DM were determinant factors of higher chance of stroke within the first 24 hours of the PO period after CABG. In patients with these risk factors, it is possible that incisive actions against the mechanisms that cause stroke contribute to reduce its incidence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to thank the health professionals of our institution and the secretaries, Val and Monica, for their invaluable contribution to this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
