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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">szncBjgmx3ykjnL9rz7vVBj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e anaer&#243;bico em vari&#225;veis de risco card&#237;aco em adultos com sobrepeso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Helder Porto Carozo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schwingel</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Cloud Kennedy Couto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zoppi</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Social da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>226</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico &#233; importante aliado no combate aos fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, os efeitos de exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade sobre tais fatores ainda s&#227;o pouco conhecidos. OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos de protocolos de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bico e anaer&#243;bico sobre fatores associados ao risco card&#237;aco. M&#201;TODOS: Vinte e dois indiv&#237;duos com idade m&#233;dia de 40&#177;8 anos foram alocados nos grupos: controle (CO), treinamento de endurance (ET) e treinamento intermitente (IT). Os protocolos tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas, tr&#234;s vezes por semana; e intensidades de 10% abaixo e 20% acima do limiar anaer&#243;bico (LAn). Foram medidas: massa corporal total (MCT), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura (CINT) e quadril (QUA) e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, al&#233;m das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de glicose (GLI), colesterol total (CHO) e triglic&#233;rides (TG); ainda foram calculados a raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (PCCQ) e o &#237;ndice de conicidade (&#205;ndice C). RESULTADOS: As vari&#225;veis de MCT, IMC, CINT, GLI e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos grupos ET e IT. Os valores de CHO e QUA foram significativamente reduzidos no grupo ET, enquanto a PCCQ mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no grupo IT. O LAn e o &#237;ndice C, no grupo IT foram significativamente diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o a ET. CONCLUS&#195;O: Tendo em vista as diferen&#231;as encontradas nas respostas das vari&#225;veis estudadas, em raz&#227;o do treinamento empregado, conclu&#237;mos que um programa de exerc&#237;cio que contemple atividades de alta e baixa intensidades seja mais completo para garantir a redu&#231;&#227;o de maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis de risco card&#237;aco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>colesterol total</kwd>
        <kwd>composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>adulto</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA DO ESPORTE</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico e anaer&#243;bico em vari&#225;veis de risco card&#237;aco em adultos com sobrepeso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#244;nica Medeiros Moreira; Helder Porto Carozo de Souza; Paulo Adriano Schwingel; Cloud Kennedy Couto de S&#225;; Cl&#225;udio Cesar Zoppi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade Social da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico &#233; importante aliado no combate aos fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, os efeitos de exerc&#237;cios de alta intensidade sobre tais fatores ainda s&#227;o pouco conhecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar os efeitos de protocolos de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bico e anaer&#243;bico sobre fatores associados ao risco card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Vinte e dois indiv&#237;duos com idade m&#233;dia de 40&#177;8 anos foram alocados nos grupos: controle (CO), treinamento de endurance (ET) e treinamento intermitente (IT). Os protocolos tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas, tr&#234;s vezes por semana; e intensidades de 10% abaixo e 20% acima do limiar anaer&#243;bico (LAn). Foram medidas: massa corporal total (MCT), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura (CINT) e quadril (QUA) e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, al&#233;m das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de glicose (GLI), colesterol total (CHO) e triglic&#233;rides (TG); ainda foram calculados a raz&#227;o cintura-quadril (PCCQ) e o &#237;ndice de conicidade (&#205;ndice C). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As vari&#225;veis de MCT, IMC, CINT, GLI e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos grupos ET e IT. Os valores de CHO e QUA foram significativamente reduzidos no grupo ET, enquanto a PCCQ mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no grupo IT. O LAn e o &#237;ndice C, no grupo IT foram significativamente diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o a ET. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Tendo em vista as diferen&#231;as encontradas nas respostas das vari&#225;veis estudadas, em raz&#227;o do treinamento empregado, conclu&#237;mos que um programa de exerc&#237;cio que contemple atividades de alta e baixa intensidades seja mais completo para garantir a redu&#231;&#227;o de maior n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis de risco card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> &#205;ndice de massa corporal, sobrepeso, colesterol total, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, adulto, exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>H&#225; dados evidenciando o benef&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em todos os fatores associados &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em adultos, mostrando ainda que a inatividade se relaciona de forma positiva com todos os fatores de risco componentes dessa s&#237;ndrome<sup>1</sup>. Nesse sentido, v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os de sa&#250;de, tais como o Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina do Esporte<sup>2</sup>, Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>3</sup>, <italic>American Diabete Association</italic><sup>4</sup>, recomendam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica como terapia para tais fatores de risco associados &#224; obesidade.</p>
    <p>O modelo de exerc&#237;cio tradicionalmente utilizado possui como caracter&#237;sticas baixas intensidades e longos per&#237;odos de tempo de execu&#231;&#227;o, de predomin&#226;ncia aer&#243;bica. De fato, as adapta&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo s&#227;o estudadas desde o final da d&#233;cada de 1960<sup>5</sup>, e, efetivamente, provou-se que esse tipo de atividade f&#237;sica induz aumento na capacidade oxidativa muscular, pelo aumento na atividade de enzimas chaves da beta-oxida&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>, via metab&#243;lica espec&#237;fica de oxida&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos, al&#233;m de tamb&#233;m sinalizar e aumentar a velocidade de outras vias metab&#243;licas do metabolismo oxidativo de ress&#237;ntese de ATP, tais como o ciclo de Krebs<sup>7</sup> e da cadeia respirat&#243;ria mitocondrial<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes demonstram tamb&#233;m que o exerc&#237;cio intermitente se mostra eficiente em determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es na redu&#231;&#227;o do porcentual de gordura e dos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;deos plasm&#225;ticos em adolescentes<sup>9,10</sup>. Nesse sentido, em recente e ampla revis&#227;o, Stiegler e Cunliffe<sup>11</sup>, analisando estrat&#233;gias de restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica associada ou n&#227;o a v&#225;rios tipos de protocolos de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, n&#227;o citam nenhum estudo que se utilizou de um protocolo de atividade de alta intensidade na redu&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e par&#226;metros de perfil lip&#237;dico plasm&#225;tico em indiv&#237;duos adultos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as altera&#231;&#245;es desses par&#226;metros induzidas por dois protocolos de atividade f&#237;sica, sendo um deles executado em baixa intensidade e outro, de alta intensidade de esfor&#231;o em adultos obesos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indiv&#237;duos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Iniciaram este estudo 30 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis; no entanto, durante o desenvolvimento, em raz&#227;o da desist&#234;ncia de alguns volunt&#225;rios, o estudo encerrou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 22 indiv&#237;duos (Homens n= 8 e Mulheres n=14), com m&#233;dia de idade de 40&#177;8 anos, sendo os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo o indiv&#237;duo apresentar IMC superior a 25, j&#225; se situando na faixa de sobrepeso<sup>12</sup>, estar sedent&#225;rio por pelo menos dois anos e n&#227;o apresentar contra-indica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial grave ou cardiopatias. A avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica foi conduzida por m&#233;dicos particulares e ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para atividade f&#237;sica os indiv&#237;duos foram incorporados em um dos grupos experimentais. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia e, ap&#243;s serem amplamente informados dos poss&#237;veis riscos e desconfortos associados aos procedimentos, os volunt&#225;rios assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram alocados aleatoriamente e em iguais propor&#231;&#245;es entre homens e mulheres em um dos tr&#234;s grupos experimentais; controle sedent&#225;rio (CO) o qual n&#227;o foi submetido a nenhum tipo de exerc&#237;cio, grupo de treinamento de endurance (ET) e o grupo de treinamento intermitente (IT). Nos grupos ET e IT, todas as vari&#225;veis foram medidas antes (PRE) e ap&#243;s (POS) os protocolos de exerc&#237;cio, exce&#231;&#227;o feita &#224; estatura. Para o grupo CO, as vari&#225;veis foram medidas no mesmo per&#237;odo das avalia&#231;&#245;es P&#211;S-treinamento dos grupos ET e IT. Todas as medidas de um mesmo per&#237;odo foram executadas num prazo m&#225;ximo de sete dias entre elas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolos de atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os programas de atividade f&#237;sica tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o total de 12 semanas e foram executados em ciclo erg&#244;metro, em que os sujeitos iniciaram com dura&#231;&#227;o de 20 minutos na primeira semana, com progress&#227;o de 10 minutos por semana, at&#233; atingir dura&#231;&#227;o total de 60 minutos por sess&#227;o na quarta semana, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s vezes semanais para ambos os grupos ET e IT.</p>
    <p>O grupo ET perfazia a atividade de forma cont&#237;nua sem pausa em intensidade 10% abaixo do limiar anaer&#243;bico individual, enquanto o padr&#227;o da atividade do grupo IT foi intermitente, isto &#233;, os esfor&#231;os eram intercalados por pausas regenerativas para que os indiv&#237;duos pudessem completar as sess&#245;es. No grupo IT, a intensidade de esfor&#231;o foi 20% acima do limiar anaer&#243;bico individual com dura&#231;&#227;o em todas as sess&#245;es similar &#224; do grupo ET, sendo a rela&#231;&#227;o esfor&#231;o/pausa de 2:1 minutos. A intensidade foi controlada pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, utilizando monitores de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca marca Polar, modelo S610 I.</p>
    <p>Dado que o objetivo deste trabalho &#233; analisar o efeito de diferentes tipos de atividade f&#237;sica na redu&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular, exclu&#237;mos a redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica como poss&#237;vel vari&#225;vel interveniente; para tanto, os volunt&#225;rios foram fortemente instru&#237;dos a manter o padr&#227;o de alimenta&#231;&#227;o habitual. O desenho experimental dos protocolos de atividade f&#237;sica est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estimativa de gasto energ&#233;tico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O gasto energ&#233;tico por sess&#227;o foi estimado utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o que segue, proposta pelo Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina do Esporte (ACSM)<sup>13</sup> e atualizado por Swain<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <italic>VO<sub>2</sub> = 7 + 1.8(Watts)/M</italic>
    </p>
    <p><italic>VO<sub>2</sub></italic> &#233; o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), <italic>Watts</italic> &#233; a carga de esfor&#231;o executado durante a sess&#227;o e <italic>M</italic> &#233; a massa corporal total do indiv&#237;duo. O gasto energ&#233;tico individual foi estimado a partir do consumo de oxig&#234;nio induzido pela atividade f&#237;sica, considerando que para cada litro de oxig&#234;nio consumido, s&#227;o gastos aproximadamente 20,9 kJ de energia<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estatura foi medida com aux&#237;lio de estadi&#244;metro profissional Sanny com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, a medida foi executada com os sujeitos descal&#231;os e com os gl&#250;teos e ombros apoiados em encosto vertical. A massa corporal total (MCT) foi aferida com balan&#231;a digital Filizola com precis&#227;o de 100 gramas, com os sujeitos utilizando apenas cal&#231;&#227;o e "top" no caso das mulheres. As circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e do quadril foram aferidas por fita antropom&#233;trica de metal Sanny com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. A partir desses dados foram calculados o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). Ainda foram calculados a raz&#227;o cintura/quadril (PCCQ) e o &#237;ndice de conicidade (&#205;ndice C) que estabelece inter-rela&#231;&#245;es entre a MCT, estatura e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o que segue, segundo Pitanga e Lessa<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <disp-formula id="e1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-e01.jpg"/></disp-formula>
    </p>
    <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi medida por bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIA), a resist&#234;ncia e a react&#226;ncia corporal foram medidas utilizando-se um analisador de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (HBF-306, Omron, Canad&#225;). Para realiza&#231;&#227;o dessa medida os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a permanecerem em jejum de dez horas, ingerirem pelo menos dois litros de &#225;gua, n&#227;o executar nenhum tipo de atividade f&#237;sica e n&#227;o ingerir &#225;lcool no dia anterior.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bico (LAn)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O LAn foi determinado em ciclo erg&#244;metro com tra&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (CEFISE/BIOTEC 2100). Para determina&#231;&#227;o do LAn, utilizamos um protocolo descont&#237;nuo de esfor&#231;o progressivo. Ap&#243;s aquecimento de 5 minutos no pr&#243;prio ciclo erg&#244;metro em que seria conduzido o teste com carga de 15 Watts (W), os indiv&#237;duos pedalaram a uma velocidade constante de 28 km.h<sup>-1</sup> com carga inicial de 25 W e incrementadas em 25 W a cada 3 minutos. Ao final de cada est&#225;gio de 3 minutos a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) era aferida por meio de monitor card&#237;aco Polar (S610 I) e uma amostra de 50 &#181;l de sangue era coletada do l&#243;bulo da orelha em tubos capilares heparinizados. Enquanto o volunt&#225;rio iniciava um novo est&#225;gio de esfor&#231;o, a amostra era submetida a an&#225;lise da concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato em lact&#237;metro port&#225;til Accutrend lactate (Roche)<sup>16</sup>, sendo esse procedimento inferior a 30 segundos. Ao atingir concentra&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 4 mM, o teste era interrompido. Dessa forma, para cada carga foram observadas a FC e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato plasm&#225;tico e, por meio de interpola&#231;&#227;o linear, foram encontradas a intensidade (Watts) e a FC correspondentes a 4 mM de lactato, assumindo essa intensidade aos valores de LAn<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para medida de glicose (GLI), colesterol total (CHO) e triglic&#233;rides plasm&#225;ticos (TG), os volunt&#225;rios foram instru&#237;dos a permanecer em jejum por dez horas antes de executar a coleta da amostra. Para medida desses par&#226;metros foram coletadas amostras de 50 &#181;L do l&#243;bulo da orelha em tubos capilares heparinizados, e o sangue depositado em fitas reativas espec&#237;ficas para cada uma das dosagens executadas por aparelho port&#225;til Accutrend GCT (Roche)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado utilizando o software PIFACE<sup>19</sup>. Utilizando o <italic>software</italic> GraphPad Instat (San Diego, CA), aplicamos os dados ao teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e ao teste de homocedasticidade (crit&#233;rio de Bartlett). Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise descritiva da amostra, foram aplicados os testes estat&#237;sticos que mais se adequavam &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra, para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis intra e intergrupos, os quais s&#227;o mencionados nas legendas das tabelas e figuras. Adotaram-se valores de p&lt;0.05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores iniciais das vari&#225;veis estudadas nos grupos CO, ET e IT n&#227;o mostraram, na maioria dos casos, nenhuma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre elas, demonstrando satisfat&#243;ria homogeneidade entre os grupos no momento PRE exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros funcionais (LAn)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bica, mensurada aqui pelo LAn, mostrou aumento significativo (p&lt;0,05) para os grupos ET e IT comparados ao grupo CO e ao momento PRE, o protocolo de treinamento intervalado mostrou-se ainda mais eficiente em aumentar o LAn que o protocolo de endurance, dados evidenciados pela diferen&#231;a significativa (p&lt;0,05) entre os valores de ET e IT no momento POS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e gasto cal&#243;rico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> sumariza os dados das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e ainda os dados relativos ao gasto cal&#243;rico estimado dos grupos CO, ET e IT. Nossos dados mostram que apesar de maior intensidade de esfor&#231;o no grupo IT, o gasto energ&#233;tico estimado por sess&#227;o n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e quadril al&#233;m da MCT sofreram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,05) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CO e tamb&#233;m ao momento pr&#233; para ambos os protocolos de treinamento. A medida do quadril apresentou ainda diferen&#231;a significativa (p&lt;0,05) no momento P&#211;S entre os grupos ET e IT.</p>
    <p>O IMC no grupo ET PR&#201; era estatisticamente (p&lt;0,05) menor, comparado ao grupo CO. No entanto, ap&#243;s o protocolo de treinamento de endurance, foi verificada uma diferen&#231;a significante no grupo ET entre os momentos PR&#201; e P&#211;S e embora n&#227;o tenha apresentado diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CO, o valor de p obtido na compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo ET P&#211;S e o grupo CO foi de p=0,06, mostrando uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a esse grupo.</p>
    <p>Para a PCCQ, foi encontrada redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,05) no grupo IT, o grupo ET embora tenha mostrado uma tend&#234;ncia de queda em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de base n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou diferen&#231;a significativa, mostrando o valor de p=0,08.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice C, ambos os protocolos foram eficientes em reduzir significativamente (p&lt;0,05) seus valores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos momentos PR&#201;. O grupo IT mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o ainda maior (p&lt;0,05) quando comparado ao grupo ET. No que diz respeito &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, os grupos ET e IT reduziram de maneira significante (p&lt;0,05) o porcentual de gordura corporal e ainda aumentaram significativamente a massa isenta de gordura em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros plasm&#225;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados dos par&#226;metros plasm&#225;ticos est&#227;o apresentados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">4</xref>. Dentre eles, a GLI respondeu a ambos os tratamentos, tendo sua concentra&#231;&#227;o significativamente reduzida em ambos os grupos, mesmo se encontrando em valores situados dentro da faixa de normalidade em todos os momentos medidos. Embora o CHO tamb&#233;m tenha se situado dentro de valores de normalidade, apenas o grupo ET demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em seus valores comparados com CO e ET PR&#201;.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref> mostra os dados relativos &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG. Embora para alguns grupos, em determinados momentos, tenhamos encontrado valores acima da faixa recomend&#225;vel, nenhum dos protocolos de exerc&#237;cio foi eficiente em reduzir significativamente seus n&#237;veis. Apenas o grupo ET mostrou uma leve tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o. O grupo IT, por sua vez, mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o; e o grupo CO, evidenciando perfil de aumento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O fato de a oxida&#231;&#227;o dos lip&#237;deos acontecer exclusivamente no interior das mitoc&#244;ndrias pelas vias oxidativas<sup>20</sup>, aliado &#224; predomin&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos como substrato energ&#233;tico e ainda &#224;s adapta&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas de natureza oxidativa observadas em exerc&#237;cios de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, executados em baixa intensidade<sup>21</sup>, levou &#224; cren&#231;a de que apenas esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio seria eficiente em reduzir o porcentual de gordura corporal, enquanto se supunha que exerc&#237;cios realizados em alta intensidade, por oxidarem predominantemente carboidratos como substrato energ&#233;tico n&#227;o seriam eficientes para esse mesmo fim. De fato, dados consistentes da literatura mostram a efici&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio de endurance na redu&#231;&#227;o do porcentual de gordura corporal e, conseq&#252;entemente, da MCT<sup>11</sup>, al&#233;m de seu efeito protetor no que diz respeito ao risco cardiovascular, uma vez que esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m contribui para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis adequados dos lip&#237;deos e lipoprote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Demais estudos demonstraram que o exerc&#237;cio de alta intensidade tamb&#233;m &#233; eficiente em induzir adapta&#231;&#245;es significativas na capacidade oxidativa<sup>23</sup>; no entanto, poucos dados se encontram dispon&#237;veis na literatura acerca dos efeitos induzidos por exerc&#237;cio anaer&#243;bico de alta intensidade sobre vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e o perfil de lip&#237;deos plasm&#225;ticos relacionados ao risco card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados para o grupo ET, como esperado, corroboram os dados da literatura demonstrando altera&#231;&#245;es modestas, por&#233;m estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles nos principais marcadores antropom&#233;tricos e plasm&#225;ticos de risco card&#237;aco, al&#233;m da capacidade funcional, avaliada aqui pela capacidade aer&#243;bica, mensurada por meio do LAn<sup>24-27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio anaer&#243;bico, aplicado no grupo IT, a determina&#231;&#227;o de sua intensidade foi baseada nos dados obtidos por Silveira e Denadai<sup>28</sup>, os quais demonstraram que a maior inibi&#231;&#227;o na via glicol&#237;tica durante esfor&#231;os intervalados de alta intensidade ocorria em intensidades relativas a 120% a 130% do LAn.</p>
    <p>Nossos dados obtidos em adultos com sobrepeso mostraram respostas similares aos obtidos em adolescentes obesos, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de MCT, IMC, porcentuais de massa gorda, massa isenta de gordura, GLI plasm&#225;tica e na medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura<sup>9,10,29</sup>, nos quais n&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os tipos de exerc&#237;cio, por&#233;m ambos se mostraram eficientes em reduzir os n&#237;veis dessas vari&#225;veis e ainda aumentar de forma significativa a massa isenta de gordura em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos antes dos protocolos de exerc&#237;cio. Apesar dos tipos de exerc&#237;cios utilizados neste estudo n&#227;o se constitu&#237;rem na principal forma para aumentar a massa muscular, os resultados observados se deveram provavelmente ao baixo n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica demonstrada pelos participantes do estudo.</p>
    <p>De forma similar ao obtido em outros estudos, aqui o CHO se mostrou diminu&#237;do apenas em resposta ao protocolo de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico, no grupo ET<sup>10,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos transversais e longitudinais demonstraram a influ&#234;ncia do gasto energ&#233;tico induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio sobre a maioria das vari&#225;veis citadas anteriormente<sup>31</sup> e, portanto, a semelhan&#231;a nas respostas, aqui obtidas para esses par&#226;metros, pode ser explicada pelo gasto energ&#233;tico estimado induzido pelos protocolos de treinamento, o qual n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos ET e IT.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito ao LAn, nossos dados corroboram outros estudos que tamb&#233;m demonstraram efeitos mais significativos induzidos por esfor&#231;os de maior intensidade no aumento dessa vari&#225;vel tanto em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios quanto em atletas de competi&#231;&#227;o<sup>32,33</sup>. Embora os mecanismos intracelulares que regulam tais adapta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o sejam completamente conhecidos, acredita-se que maiores n&#237;veis de intensidade de esfor&#231;o seriam mais eficientes para ativar o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pelo controle na express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas mitocondriais<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice C, nossos dados s&#227;o in&#233;ditos, uma vez que nenhum outro estudo analisou, at&#233; o momento, o efeito do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre esse par&#226;metro. O &#237;ndice C estabelece um par&#226;metro mais amplo de distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e demonstrou alto &#237;ndice de afinidade e especificidade com o risco card&#237;aco, na popula&#231;&#227;o de Salvador<sup>15</sup>. Nossos dados mostram que ET e IT foram eficientes em reduzir os n&#237;veis de tal &#237;ndice, efeito ocasionado provavelmente pela redu&#231;&#227;o nas circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura e, em especial, do quadril. Assim como para o &#237;ndice C, a PCCQ tamb&#233;m mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas no grupo IT, respondendo de forma efetiva especificamente ao IT. O fato de o grupo IT induzir uma a&#231;&#227;o mais eficiente especificamente para esses dois &#237;ndices pode se dever &#224; maior secre&#231;&#227;o de adrenalina em esfor&#231;os mais intensos, o que elevaria os n&#237;veis de lip&#243;lise no tecido adiposo intra-abdominal e principalmente subcut&#226;neos localizados na regi&#227;o do quadril<sup>35-37</sup>.</p>
    <p>E finalmente, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos TG, embora demais estudos tenham demonstrado redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos dessa vari&#225;vel para jovens e adultos em reposta ao exerc&#237;cio<sup>9,10,31</sup>, o grupo ET apresentou apenas uma tend&#234;ncia de queda. No entanto, n&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as significativas, provavelmente em raz&#227;o do alto coeficiente de variabilidade observado nos grupos, ocasionado por um alto teor de lip&#237;deos na dieta dos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    <p>Baseados em nossos dados, conclu&#237;mos que MCT, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura, porcentuais de massa gorda e massa isenta de gordura, IMC e GLI parecem responder de forma similar aos protocolos de treinamento ET e IT. &#201; poss&#237;vel que tal semelhan&#231;a esteja ligada especificamente ao gasto cal&#243;rico imposto pelo exerc&#237;cio, independentemente de sua intensidade. Nossos dados corroboram tal conclus&#227;o, uma vez que o gasto cal&#243;rico exigido tanto pelo ET quanto pelo IT n&#227;o diferiu significativamente. Os n&#237;veis de CHO apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa especificamente ao protocolo de ET, enquanto a circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril, PCCQ, o &#237;ndice C e o LAn sofrem altera&#231;&#245;es mais pronunciadas no grupo IT comparado ao ET. Esses dados sugerem, portanto, que um programa de exerc&#237;cio que contemple atividades com caracter&#237;sticas aer&#243;bicas e anaer&#243;bicas nos parece mais completo para atuar sobre um n&#250;mero maior de vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao risco card&#237;aco em adultos com sobrepeso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem aos volunt&#225;rios participantes deste estudo, e &#224; Profa. Aldema Menine Trindade pela revis&#227;o de l&#237;ngua portuguesa. &#192; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) pelo apoio financeiro. M&#244;nica M. Medeiros &#233; bolsista IC FAPESB.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Cl&#225;udio Cesar Zoppi </p>
        <p> Pr&#233;dio de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </p>
        <p> Av. Oce&#226;nica 2717, Ondina </p>
        <p> 40170-010, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="czoppi@fsba.edu.br">czoppi@fsba.edu.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 13/10/2007; revisado recebido em 19/01/2008; aceito em 22/01/2008.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on cardiac risk variables in overweight adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise is an important ally in the fight against cardiovascular risk factors. However, the effects of high-intensity exercise on these factors are still poorly known. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise protocols on cardiac risk factors. METHODS: 22 individuals with mean age of 40&#177;8 years were distributed into the following groups: control (CO), endurance training (ET) and interval training (IT). The protocols lasted 12 weeks, three times a week, with intensities of 10% below and 20% above the anaerobic threshold (AnT). The following measurements were taken: total body mass (TBM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and body composition, in addition to plasma concentrations of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (CHO), and triglycerides (TG). Waist-hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (C index) were also calculated. RESULTS: The TBM, BMI, WC, GLU, and body composition variables showed significant changes in the ET and IT groups. CHO and HC values were significantly reduced in the ET group, whereas WHR showed a significant reduction in the IT group. AnT and C index in the IT group were significantly different in relation to ET. CONCLUSION: In view of the differences found in the results of the variables studied in relation to the training performed, we conclude that an exercise program that includes both high and low-intensity activities is more efficient to ensure the reduction of a greater number of cardiac risk variables.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>body composition</kwd>
        <kwd>overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>abdominal circunference</kwd>
        <kwd>adult</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on cardiac risk variables in overweight adults</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>M&#244;nica Medeiros Moreira; Helder Porto Carozo de Souza; Paulo Adriano Schwingel; Cloud Kennedy Couto de S&#225;; Cl&#225;udio Cesar Zoppi</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade Social da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Aerobic exercise is an important ally in the fight against cardiovascular risk factors. However, the effects of high-intensity exercise on these factors are still poorly known.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise protocols on cardiac risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>22 individuals with mean age of 40&#177;8 years were distributed into the following groups: control (CO), endurance training (ET) and interval training (IT). The protocols lasted 12 weeks, three times a week, with intensities of 10% below and 20% above the anaerobic threshold (AnT). The following measurements were taken: total body mass (TBM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and body composition, in addition to plasma concentrations of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (CHO), and triglycerides (TG). Waist-hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (C index) were also calculated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The TBM, BMI, WC, GLU, and body composition variables showed significant changes in the ET and IT groups. CHO and HC values were significantly reduced in the ET group, whereas WHR showed a significant reduction in the IT group. AnT and C index in the IT group were significantly different in relation to ET.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In view of the differences found in the results of the variables studied in relation to the training performed, we conclude that an exercise program that includes both high and low-intensity activities is more efficient to ensure the reduction of a greater number of cardiac risk variables.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Body mass index; cholesterol; body composition; overweight; abdominal circunference; adult; exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is evidence showing both the beneficial effects of physical exercise on all the factors associated with metabolic syndrome in adults and the positive correlation of inactivity with all the risk factors that comprise this syndrome<sup>1</sup>. In this sense, several health organizations such as the American College of Sports Medicine<sup>2</sup>, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>3</sup>, and the American Diabetes Association<sup>4</sup> recommend the use of physical activity as a therapy for the risk factors associated with obesity.</p>
      <p>The characteristics of the model of exercise traditionally used are low intensities, long sessions, and predominance of aerobic exercises. In fact, the biochemical adaptations induced by continuous exercise have been studied since the late 60's<sup>5</sup>, and this type of physical activity was effectively proven to induce increased muscle oxidative capacity by increasing the activity of key enzymes of beta oxidation<sup>6</sup>, which is a specific metabolic pathway of fatty acid oxidation, in addition to signaling and increasing the velocity of other metabolic pathways of the ATP resynthesis oxidative metabolism such as the Krebs cycle<sup>7</sup> and mitochondrial respiratory chain<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent studies also demonstrate that interval exercise is efficient in reducing fat percentage and plasma lipid levels in adolescents under certain circumstances<sup>9,10</sup>. In this sense, Stiegler and Cunliffe<sup>11</sup> made a recent and thorough review analyzing calorie restriction strategies associated or not with several types of physical exercise protocols and did not mention any study using a high-intensity activity protocol in the reduction of body composition and parameters of plasma lipid profile in adult individuals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare changes in these parameters induced by two physical activity protocols, one of them performed at low intensity and the other at high intensity in obese adults.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Subjects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. However, some of them dropped out and the study ended with the participation of 22 individuals (men, n = 8 and women, n = 14) with mean age of 40&#177;8 years. The inclusion criteria were: BMI higher than 25, already situated in the overweight range<sup>12</sup>, sedentary lifestyle for at least two years, and no medical contraindication, such as severe hypertension or heart diseases, for the practice of physical activities. Medical evaluation was performed by private physicians; after the patients were released for physical activities they were included in one of the experimental groups. This study was approved by the ethics committee of University of <italic>Bahia</italic> School of Medicine; after being fully informed of the possible risks and discomforts associated with the procedures the volunteers gave their informed consent.</p>
      <p>The subjects were randomly assigned in equal proportions of men and women to one of the three experimental groups: sedentary control (CO), which did not perform any type of exercise; endurance training group (ET); and interval training group (IT). In the ET and IT groups, all variables, except for height, were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) the exercise protocols. For the CO group all variables were measured in the same period of the POST training assessments of the ET and IT groups. All measurements of the same period were taken within a seven-day interval at most.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Physical activity protocols</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The physical activity programs lasted 12 weeks and were performed in a cycle ergometer. The initial duration was 20 minutes in the first week, with increments of 10 minutes per week until a total of 60 minutes per session was reached in the fourth week. The frequency was three times a week for both the ET and the IT groups.</p>
      <p>The ET group performed the activity continuously, without pause, at an intensity 10% lower than the individual anaerobic threshold, whereas the activity pattern of the IT group was intermittent, that is, the exercises were alternated with regenerative pauses so that the subjects could complete the sessions. In the IT group, the exercise intensity was 20% above the individual anaerobic threshold and the duration of the sessions was similar to that of the ET group, with an exercise/pause ratio of 2:1 minutes. The intensity was controlled by heart rate using Polar model S610 l heart rate monitors.</p>
      <p>Since the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different types of physical activity on the reduction of cardiovascular risk parameters, we excluded the calorie intake reduction as a possible intervenient variable, so that the volunteers were strongly encouraged to keep their usual eating pattern. The experimental design of the physical activity protocols is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03t1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Energy expenditure estimate</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Energy expenditure per session was estimated using the following equation proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)<sup>13</sup> and updated by Swain<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub> = 7 + 1.8(Watts)/M</p>
      <p>Where <italic>VO<sub>2</sub></italic> is the oxigen consumption (ml.Kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), <italic>Watts</italic> is the exercise load performed during the session and/ <italic>M</italic> is the individual's total body mass. The individuals energy expenditure was estimated from oxigen consumption induced by physical activity, considering that for each liter of oxigen consumed, approximately 20.9J of energy are spent<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data collection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anthropometric parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Height was measured using a Sanny professional stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm, with the subjects barefoot leaning their buttocks and shoulders against a vertical back. Total body mass (TBM) was measured using a Filizola digital scale to the nearest 100g, with the subjects wearing only shorts and top, in the case of women. Waist and hip circumferences were taken using a Sanny metal anthropometric tape measure to the nearest 0.1 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on these data. We also calculated the waist/hip ratio (WHR) and the conicity index (C index), which establishes relations between TBM, height and waist circumference. The C index was calculated using the following equation, according to Pitanga and Lessa<sup>15</sup>:</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Resistance and body reactance were measured using a body composition analyzer (HBF-306, Omron, Canada). For these measurements, the volunteers were instructed to remain fasted for 10 hours, to drink at least 2 liters of water, not to perform any kind of physical activity and not to drink alcoholic beverages the day before the measurements were taken.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anaerobic threshold (AnT) determination</bold>
      </p>
      <p>AnT was determined in a cycle ergometer with mechanical transmission (CEFISE/BIOTEC 2100). In order to determine the AnT, we used a discontinuous graded exercise protocol. After a 5-minute warm-up in the same cycle ergometer where the test would be conducted with a 15-Watt (W) load, the individuals pedaled at a constant speed of 28 Km.h<sup>-1</sup> with an initial load of 25 W, which was increased by 25 W every three minutes. At the end of each 3-minute stage, the heart rate (HR) was measured with a Polar (S610 I) cardiac monitor and a 50-&#181;L blood sample was collected from the ear lobe in heparinized capillary tubes; while the volunteer started the next exercise stage, the sample's lactate concentration was determined using an Accutrend portable lactate analyzer (Roche)<sup>16</sup>. The duration of this procedure was shorter than 30 seconds. When a greater than or equal to 4 mM concentration was reached, the test would be interrupted. Thus, for each load, HR and plasma lactate concentration were observed. Using linear interpolation, the intensity (Watts) and HR corresponding to 4 mM of lactate were found and this intensity was assumed as the AnT<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For measurement of plasma glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TG) levels the volunteers were instructed to remain fasted for ten hours before having their blood sample drawn. For determination of these parameters, 50-&#181;L blood samples were drawn from the earlobe in heparinized capillary tubes and the blood was deposited in specific reagent strips for each determination performed in the Accutrend GCT portable instrument (Roche)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size was calculated using the PIFACE software<sup>19</sup>. Using the GraphPad Instat software (San Diego, CA), the data were applied to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and to the homoscedasticity test (Bartlett's test). After the descriptive analysis of the sample, the statistical tests that best suited the sample distribution were applied for the analysis of the intra and inter-group variables. These tests are mentioned in the legends of the tables and figures. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The baseline values of the variables studied in the CO, ET and IT groups did not show any statistically significant difference between one another in most of the cases, and demonstrated a satisfactory homogeneity between the groups at the PRE exercise time point.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Functional parameters (AnT)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aerobic power, as measured by AnT, showed a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) for the ET and IT groups in comparison to the CO group and to the PRE time point; the interval training protocol proved even more efficient in increasing AnT than the endurance protocol, as evidenced by the significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) between ET and IT values at the POST time point (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Anthropometric parameters and energy expenditure:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data of the anthropometric variables and those regarding the estimated energy expenditure of the CO, ET and IT groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. Our data show that despite the greater exercise intensity in the IT group, the estimated calorie expenditure per session was not different among the groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Waist and hip circumferences as well as TBM showed a significant reduction (p&lt;0.05) in relation to the CO group and also in relation to the PRE time point for both training protocols. Hip measurement also showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the ET and IT groups at the POST time point.</p>
      <p>BMI in the PRE ET group was statistically lower (p&lt;0.05) in comparison to the CO group. However, after the endurance training protocol, a significant difference was found in the ET group between the PRE and POST time points; eventhough no significant difference had been found in relation to the CO group, the p value obtained in the comparison between the POST ET group and the CO group was 0.06, thus showing a reduction trend in relation to this group.</p>
      <p>For WHR, a significant reduction (p&lt;0.05) was found in the IT group. Although the ET group had shown a reduction trend in relation to baseline, it did not reach a significant difference, with a p value of 0.08.</p>
      <p>As regards the C index, both protocols were efficient in significantly reducing (p&lt;0.05) its values in relation to the respective PRE time points. The IT group showed an even greater reduction (p&lt;0.05) when compared to the ET group. As regards body composition, both the ET and IT groups had a significant reduction (p&lt;0.05) in body fat percentage and also a significant increase in fat-free mass.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the biochemical parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figures 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">4</xref>. Among them, GLU responded to both treatments, and its concentration was significantly reduced in both groups, although the values were within the normal range at all time points assessed. On the other hand, although CHO had also remained within normal values, only the ET group demonstrated a significant reduction in its values when compared to PRE ET and CO.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-04-0219-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Data regarding TG concentrations are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>. Although for some groups, at certain time points, values above the recommended range had been found, none of the exercise protocols was efficient in significantly reducing their levels; only the ET group showed a mild downward trend. The IT group, in turn, showed a sideways trend, and the CO group, an upward trend.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The fact that lipid oxidation takes place exclusively inside the mitochondria via oxidative pathways<sup>20</sup>, in addition to the predominance of the utilization of fatty acids as energy substrate, and also the chronic oxidative adaptations observed in long-duration exercises performed at low intensity<sup>21</sup>, led to the belief that only this type of exercise would be efficient in reducing body fat percentage, whereas high-intensity exercises were presumed not to be efficient for this purpose, since they oxidize predominantly carbohydrate as the energy substrate. In fact, consistent data from the literature show the efficacy of endurance exercises in reducing body fat percentage and consequently TBM<sup>11</sup>, in addition to its protective effect regarding the cardiovascular risk, since this type of exercise also contributes to the maintenance of adequate plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels<sup>22</sup>. On the other hand, other studies demonstrated that high-intensity exercises are also effective in inducing significant adaptations in the oxidative capacity<sup>23</sup>. However, few data are available in the literature as regards the effects induced by high-intensity anaerobic exercises on anthropometric variables and the plasma lipid profile related to cardiac risk.</p>
      <p>As expected, our results for the ET group corroborate data from the literature, demonstrating mild but statistically significant changes in the main anthropometric and plasma markers of cardiac risk, in addition to the functional capacity as assessed by the aerobic capacity measured with AnT in relation to the controls<sup>24-27</sup>.</p>
      <p>As regards anaerobic exercises applied to the IT group, their intensity was determined based on data obtained by Silveira and Denadai<sup>28</sup>, who demonstrated that the greater inhibition of the glycolytic pathway during high-intensity interval exercises occurred at intensities corresponding to 120 to 130% of the AnT.</p>
      <p>Our data obtained in overweight adults showed responses similar to those obtained in obese adolescents in relation to TBM, BMI, fat mass percentages, fat-free mass, plasma GLU, and waist circumference measurements<sup>9,10,29</sup>, where no significant differences were found between the types of exercises. However, both proved efficient in reducing the levels of these variables and also in significantly increasing the fat-free mass in comparison to the values obtained before the exercise protocols. Although the types of exercises used in this study are not the main form of increasing muscle mass, the results observed were probably due to the low physical fitness level of the study participants.</p>
      <p>Like in other studies, CHO was reduced only in response to the aerobic exercise protocol in the ET group<sup>10,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have demonstrated the influence of exercise-induced energy expenditure on the majority of the variables previously mentioned<sup>31</sup>; therefore, the similar responses obtained for these parameters may be explained by the estimated energy expenditure induced by the training protocols, which did not show a significant difference between the ET and IT groups.</p>
      <p>As regards AnT, our data corroborate those of other studies that also demonstrated more significant effects induced by higher intensity exercises on the increase of this variable both in sedentary individuals and in endurance athletes<sup>32,33</sup>. Although the intracellular mechanisms that regulate these adaptations are not fully understood, higher intensity levels of exercise are believed to be more efficient in activating the mechanism responsible for the control of mitochondrial protein expression<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>As regards the C index, our data are novel, since no other study has analyzed the effect of physical exercise on this parameter to date. The C index establishes a wider parameter of body fat distribution and demonstrated a high degree of affinity and specificity with cardiac risk in the population of Salvador<sup>15</sup>. Our data showed that ET and IT were efficient in reducing C index levels, which probably resulted from the reduction in waist and mainly hip circumferences. Like for the C index, WHR also showed a significant reduction only in the IT group, thus effectively responding specifically to IT. The fact that the IT group induced a more efficient action specifically for these two indexes may be due to the greater adrenaline secretion in response to more intense exercises, which would increase lipolysis levels in the intra-abdominal and mainly subcutaneous fat tissue located in the hip region<sup>35-37</sup>. Finally, regarding TG, although other studies have demonstrated reduced plasma levels of this variable in young individuals and adults in response to exercise<sup>9,10,31</sup>, the ET group presented only a downward trend. However, no significant differences were found, probably due to the high coefficient of variability observed in the groups, which resulted from a high lipid content in the diet of these individuals.</p>
      <p>Based on our data, we conclude that TBM, waist circumference, fat-free mass and fat mass percentages, BMI, and GLU seem to have a similar response to the ET and IT training protocols. This similarity may possibly be specifically linked to the calorie expenditure induced by exercise, regardless of its intensity. Our data corroborate this conclusion, since the calorie expenditure demanded both by ET and IT was not significantly different. CHO levels were significantly reduced specifically in response to the ET protocol, whereas hip circumference, WHR, C index and AnT had more significant alterations in the IT group in comparison to the ET group. Therefore, these data suggest that an exercise program including activities with both aerobic and anaerobic characteristics seems more complete to cause an impact on a greater number of variables related to cardiac risk in overweight adults.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to thank the participation of the volunteers in this study, Prof. Aldema Menine Trindade for spell checking, and <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB)</italic> for their financial support. M&#244;nica M. Medeiros is an IC FAPESB scholar. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in the elaboration of this manuscript.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB)</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
