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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CP93tkCCh6HDY9JfSnFDsnw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A endarterectomia carot&#237;dea &#233; a melhor op&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonamigo</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucas</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e29</fpage>
      <lpage>e32</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A endarterectomia carot&#237;dea &#233; a melhor op&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Telmo Pedro Bonamigo; M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s Lucas</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Endarterectomia das car&#243;tidas, contenedores, c&#233;rebro-prote&#231;&#227;o </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O bom resultado em longo prazo da endarterectomia carot&#237;dea (ECA) foi reconhecido pela primeira vez ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do trabalho seminal do professor DeBakey, em 1975<sup>1</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, a ECA tem sido um dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos vasculares mais auditados e investigados. No in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1990, os resultados e as indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas para a doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea foram bem estabelecidos em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos por meio da publica&#231;&#227;o dos estudos North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (Nascet) e European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST), em 1991, e em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos pelo estudo Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (Acas), em 1994<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o advento da t&#233;cnica endovascular, a angioplastia-<italic>stent</italic> de car&#243;tida (CAS) tem sido proposta para o tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea, com algumas supostas vantagens, tais como evitar incis&#227;o cervical e anestesia geral, diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o de nervos cranianos. Alguma evid&#234;ncia relacionada ao risco/benef&#237;cio da CAS tem sido relatada em estudos n&#227;o-randomizados. Em uma revis&#227;o abrangendo mais de 5.000 procedimentos endovasculares, publicada por Coward e cols.<sup>5</sup> em 2005, identificou-se uma taxa m&#233;dia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e &#243;bito de 4,7%, variando de 2% a 9%. Esses resultados, mais a motiva&#231;&#227;o da ind&#250;stria, t&#234;m estimulado, cada vez mais, o uso amplo da CAS em doentes portadores de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea; no entanto, &#233; perigoso considerarmos apenas esses resultados, pois alguns estudos apresentam v&#225;rios vieses. Antes da difus&#227;o ampla da CAS, deve-se avaliar, em estudos randomizados, a real efic&#225;cia desse tipo de tratamento, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento convencional (ECA). Nesse cen&#225;rio, os defensores da ECA encontram-se, novamente, na condi&#231;&#227;o de aceitar o desafio de manter seus bons resultados, bem como divulg&#225;-los e esclarecer aos leitores sobre o que seria melhor para o paciente. At&#233; o momento, existem oito estudos randomizados comparativos entre a CAS e a ECA, e cinco deles foram interrompidos precocemente pelo risco elevado da CAS ou pela dificuldade em recrutar os pacientes. Assim, n&#227;o existe ainda nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio da CAS sobre a ECA no tratamento da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea, raz&#227;o pela qual se imp&#245;e uma an&#225;lise t&#233;cnica adequada, baseada na evid&#234;ncia e na hist&#243;ria do procedimento. O enfoque deste trabalho &#233; analisar os resultados dos estudos randomizados comparativos entre a CAS e a ECA, salientando algumas particularidades de cada estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0e29-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos comparativos entre CAS e ECA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo Leicester, publicado em 1998 e desenvolvido na Inglaterra, avaliou pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com estenose superior a 70%<sup>6</sup>. Foi interrompido precocemente ap&#243;s ter randomizado 23 pacientes. Apenas 17 pacientes foram tratados, sendo 10 submetidos &#224; ECA e 7 &#224; CAS. N&#227;o houve nenhum &#243;bito ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) no grupo de pacientes tratados com ECA, no entanto 5 pacientes do grupo CAS (45,5%) apresentaram AVC no perioperat&#243;rio imediato, raz&#227;o pela qual o estudo foi suspenso<sup>6</sup>. Neste estudo, n&#227;o foi relatado o grau de experi&#234;ncia de quem executou os procedimentos e n&#227;o est&#225; caracterizada a idade dos pacientes, n&#227;o havendo condi&#231;&#245;es, portanto, de tirarmos conclus&#245;es definitivas. Foi apenas um trabalho de cunho hist&#243;rico, por&#233;m, para o servi&#231;o onde foi realizado, serviu de alerta para os maus resultados da t&#233;cnica endovascular.</p>
    <p>O Wallstent, estudo norte-americano patrocinado pela ind&#250;stria, em que foram randomizados 219 pacientes, foi interrompido por apresentar um alto risco de AVC e &#243;bito nos pacientes tratados com a t&#233;cnica endovascular (12,1%), contra 4,5% nos pacientes do grupo da ECA. Seus resultados nunca foram publicados, apenas divulgados na forma de resumos em congressos m&#233;dicos<sup>7</sup>. O bloqueio da publica&#231;&#227;o do Wallstent &#233; fruto da interven&#231;&#227;o de seus pr&#243;prios patrocinadores.</p>
    <p>O Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (Cavatas)<sup>8</sup> foi o primeiro estudo randomizado comparativo a ser completado que envolveu 22 centros da Europa, Austr&#225;lia e do Canad&#225;, e sua publica&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em 2001. Nesse estudo, foram randomizados 504 pacientes: 251 para o grupo CAS e 253 para o grupo ECA. O porcentual de AVC e &#243;bito em 30 dias foi de 10,0% no grupo CAS e de 9,9% no grupo da ECA. Os autores desse estudo declararam que os riscos associados com a incis&#227;o cervical e o uso da anestesia geral pela ECA poderiam ser fatores favor&#225;veis &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica endovascular. Al&#233;m disso, afirmaram que os n&#250;meros referentes &#224; mortalidade obtidos nesse estudo, quando comparados ao ECST e NASCET, poderiam estar relacionados a uma quest&#227;o de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. No entanto, &#233; impressionante que os autores do Cavatas<sup>8</sup> tenham conseguido, por an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, emparelhar os resultados das duas t&#233;cnicas, com um artif&#237;cio que n&#227;o analisa a real causa da mortalidade. Vamos chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que, no grupo endovascular, todos os 7 &#243;bitos foram decorrente de AVC, o que obviamente est&#225; ligado &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. J&#225; no grupo da ECA, dos 4 &#243;bitos, apenas um decorreu de AVC. Os outros tr&#234;s &#243;bitos tiveram como determinantes: embolia pulmonar, aneurisma da aorta abdominal (AAA) roto e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda secund&#225;ria a volumoso hematoma cervical. Aceitar esta &#250;ltima causa &#233; aceitar um tipo de "subtratamento", pois a simples abertura da incis&#227;o &#224; beira do leito poderia provavelmente ter evitado a morte do doente com hematoma cervical. O importante &#233; observar que esse trabalho foi publicado no <italic>Lancet</italic>, em 2001, precedido pelos coment&#225;rios dos professores Spence e Eliasziw que salientaram as causas dos &#243;bitos ocorridos, bem como os resultados insuficientes dos dois grupos (cir&#250;rgico e endovascular) do estudo Cavatas, observando o n&#250;mero elevado de pacientes que necessitariam de tratamento (NNT) pela ECA (21) e pela CAS (24) para prevenir um AVC em tr&#234;s anos, quando comparado a um NNT de 6 obtido pelo estudo Nascet<sup>9</sup>. Esses autores ainda conclu&#237;ram que: "<italic>at&#233; o presente momento, a angioplastia carot&#237;dea claramente n&#227;o deveria ser realizada de rotina em pacientes com estenose grave sintom&#225;tica, e definitivamente n&#227;o deve ser feita em pacientes com estenose moderada sintom&#225;tica e qualquer grau de estenose assintom&#225;tica"</italic>. Recentemente, publicaram-se no <italic>Stroke</italic> os resultados referentes &#224; restenose carot&#237;dea dos pacientes tratados no estudo Cavatas. Ficou demonstrado que a restenose significativa (<underline>&gt;</underline>70%) foi significativamente mais comum no grupo endovascular (18,5%) do que no grupo cir&#250;rgico (5,2%)<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudos Lexington I e II<sup>11,12</sup>, para pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos, respectivamente, foram publicados em 2001 e 2004. Nenhum evento adverso (AVC ou &#243;bito) ocorreu nos 85 pacientes assintom&#225;ticos randomizados no Lexington II, enquanto os &#237;ndices de AVC/&#243;bito nos 104 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos foram nulos no grupo CAS e de 1,9% no grupo ECA, sem haver diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa.</p>
    <p>Em 2004, foi publicado o estudo <italic>Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk fort Endarterectomy</italic> (Sapphire), tamb&#233;m patrocinado pela ind&#250;stria, com a proposta de mostrar a n&#227;o-inferioridade da CAS em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ECA, com o uso de um filtro protetor em pacientes considerados de "alto risco" para a cirurgia<sup>13</sup>. Com o objetivo de ter o dispositivo aprovado pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA), para efeitos de comercializa&#231;&#227;o, o trabalho foi amplamente divulgado entre os cardiologistas em congressos, tendo havido atraso na sua publica&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente dois anos. Al&#233;m disso, adotou o princ&#237;pio da n&#227;o-inferioridade para comparar os resultados com o grupo da ECA. Esse artif&#237;cio estat&#237;stico poderia facilitar a comercializa&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos pela FDA. Os problemas evidenciados nesse trabalho s&#227;o in&#250;meros. Esse grupo de "alto risco" englobava quase 70% de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos. No grupo da ECA, o &#237;ndice de AVC/&#243;bito foi de 6,1%, quase o dobro do &#237;ndice obtido nos pacientes do estudo <italic>Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial</italic> (ACST) que foi de 3,1%<sup>14</sup> e nos pacientes operados pelo sistema Medicare norte-americano (3%)<sup>15</sup>, bem como nos grandes centros mundiais, onde os &#237;ndices de AVC e &#243;bito tamb&#233;m ficaram pr&#243;ximos a 3%<sup>16-18</sup>, o que n&#227;o &#233; defens&#225;vel, pois a interven&#231;&#227;o determinou mais &#243;bitos do que a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a. O conflito de interesses tamb&#233;m ficou muito bem definido pela declara&#231;&#227;o de todos os co-autores do trabalho. O professor Peter Bell<sup>19</sup>, da Inglaterra, enfatiza a caracter&#237;stica desse estudo e salienta "<italic>este estudo deveria ser mostrado para cada acad&#234;mico como um exemplo de como n&#227;o se fazer um trabalho cient&#237;fico</italic>".</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do Sapphire, Mozes e cols.<sup>20</sup>, da Cl&#237;nica Mayo, demonstraram &#237;ndices de AVC e &#243;bito de apenas 1,7% nos pacientes de "alto risco", conforme os crit&#233;rios do Sapphire. N&#227;o devemos aceitar que o estudo Sapphire seja um balizador da escolha do melhor tratamento para os doentes com estenose carot&#237;dea. &#201; importante salientar que, nos pacientes do grupo cir&#250;rgico, 23,4% foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia coronariana e 30,8% &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio previamente &#224; ECA, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 34,8% e 43,4%, respectivamente, do grupo endovascular. Esse tipo de abordagem poderia ser respons&#225;vel pelos maiores &#237;ndices de evento cardiol&#243;gico no grupo da ECA. O evento cardiol&#243;gico analisado no estudo foi a eleva&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinino-quinase (fra&#231;&#227;o MB), no entanto as implica&#231;&#245;es em longo prazo desse infarto "qu&#237;mico" parecem ser incertas. Na an&#225;lise muito bem embasada de Naylor e Golledge<sup>21</sup>, da Inglaterra, com um procedimento de risco cir&#250;rgico de 6% (resultados demonstrados pelo estudo Sapphire), seria necess&#225;rio o tratamento de 1.000 pacientes para prevenir apenas 22 AVC em um per&#237;odo de cinco anos, o que obviamente n&#227;o justificaria sua indica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, outros dois estudos comparativos foram publicados: o EVA-3S<sup>22</sup> e o Space <sup>23</sup>, ambos de 2006. O estudo multic&#234;ntrico Space envolveu 35 centros da Alemanha, &#193;ustria e Su&#237;&#231;a, com 1.200 pacientes (sintom&#225;ticos) randomizados, sendo o maior estudo comparativo at&#233; o momento. O estudo EVA-3S, patrocinado pelo governo franc&#234;s, randomizou 527 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos. Ambos os estudos usaram margens predefinidas de n&#227;o-inferioridade, e o Space falhou ao tentar provar a n&#227;o-inferioridade da CAS em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ECA; ou seja, se n&#227;o provou sua n&#227;o-inferioridade, est&#225; provada a superioridade da ECA. No estudo Space, obtiveram-se os seguintes &#237;ndices: 6,5% de AVC e &#243;bito no grupo submetido &#224; ECA (acima do aceito para esse tipo de doente) e 7,7% no grupo CAS. J&#225; o estudo EVA-3S, ap&#243;s ser interrompido duas vezes pelo excesso de risco no grupo tratado pela t&#233;cnica endovascular, concluiu que, em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com les&#227;o carot&#237;dea maior ou igual a 60%, as taxas de AVC e &#243;bito foram menores no grupo ECA (3,9%) do que no grupo CAS (9,6%).</p>
    <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos registros da Biblioteca Cochrane analisou os resultados dos estudos randomizados e comparativos publicados at&#233; outubro de 2004, isto &#233;, antes da publica&#231;&#227;o do Space e do EVA-3S<sup>5</sup>. A an&#225;lise englobou 1.269 pacientes, com &#237;ndices de AVC e &#243;bito de 8,1% para o grupo CAS e de 6,3% para o grupo tratado com ECA. Os autores dessa revis&#227;o conclu&#237;ram que "<italic>h&#225; evid&#234;ncia insuficiente para apoiar uma altera&#231;&#227;o da recomenda&#231;&#227;o da endarterectomia carot&#237;dea como tratamento de escolha para uma estenose carot&#237;dea apropriada"</italic>. N&#227;o se deve esquecer que um dos autores dese trabalho, o Dr. Martin Brown, &#233; um dos organizadores do estudo Cavatas<sup>8</sup>, portanto com conflito de interesse bem definido. Mesmo assim, esses autores afirmaram que "<italic>a angioplastia com stent apenas deve ser oferecida em estudos em andamento que comparem a angioplastia e a cirurgia"</italic>. Ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o do Space e do EVA-3S, provavelmente essas considera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o devem sofrer altera&#231;&#245;es, pois, se acrescentarmos os dados desses dois estudos &#224; an&#225;lise da Cochrane, obteremos &#237;ndices de AVC e &#243;bito de 8,1% no grupo CAS e de 5,9% no grupo ECA, havendo uma diferen&#231;a nos resultados (p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0e29-00014-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Apesar desses resultados, ainda existem relut&#226;ncia e ampla discuss&#227;o sobre assunto, j&#225; que alguns autores ainda questionam esses dados, tendo em vista o uso de dispositivos diversos e a experi&#234;ncia diferenciada do intervencionista que executa o procedimento. <italic>Desde os primeiros relatos da CAS, h&#225; mais de vinte anos, ainda utiliza-se o argumento de que melhores dispositivos poderiam proporcionar rerultados mais satisfat&#243;rios</italic>. O estudo Space j&#225; &#233; o oitavo trabalho randomizado comparativo e ainda n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar resultados favor&#225;veis a favor da CAS, e novos estudos comparativos ainda est&#227;o sendo executados com o prop&#243;sito de alcan&#231;ar os resultados "esperados".</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com base nos resultados desses estudos e na certeza de oferecer o melhor para os doentes com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea, acreditamos que n&#227;o h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o ampla da CAS em pacientes com les&#227;o carot&#237;dea ateroscler&#243;tica, como v&#234;m postulando alguns intervencionistas vasculares; pelo contr&#225;rio, consideramos que tal procedimento poderia ter um papel complementar em algumas poucas situa&#231;&#245;es, como pesco&#231;o hostil por radioterapia pr&#233;via ou restenose por les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica recorrente, bem como nos casos de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea alta. Conclu&#237;mos, portanto, que a ECA &#233; a melhor alternativa para o tratamento de pacientes com les&#227;o carot&#237;dea ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s Lucas </p>
        <p> Rua Padre Anchieta, 313 </p>
        <p> 92110-050 - Canoas, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mlucasvasc@ig.com.br">mlucasvasc@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/05/07; revisado recebido em 18/07/07; aceito em 18/07/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Carotid endarterectomy is the best choice for patients with carotid disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endarterectomia das car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>contenedores</kwd>
        <kwd>c&#233;rebro-prote&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Carotid endarterectomy is the best choice for patients with carotid disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Telmo Pedro Bonamigo; M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s Lucas</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Endarterectomy, carotid; carotid artery injury.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The good long term outcome of carotid endarterectomy (CE) was recognized for the first time after publication of the seminal study by Prof. DeBakey in 1975<sup>1.</sup> Since then, CE has been one of the most analyzed and investigated vascular surgical procedures. In the beginning of the 1990s, the results and surgical indications for carotid disease were well established for symptomatic patients with the publication of NASCET (<italic>North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial</italic>) and ECST (<italic>European Carotid Surgery Trial</italic>) in 1991 and for asymptomatic patients, with ACAS (<italic>Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study</italic>) in 1994<sup>2-4.</sup></p>
      <p>With the advent of the endovascular technique, carotid stent-angioplasty (CSA) has been proposed to treat patients with carotid disease, with some supposed advantages, such as preventing cervical incision and general anesthesia, reduction in length of stay and occurrence of injury to cranial nerves. Some evidence relating to the risk/benefit of CSA has been reported in non-randomized studies. In a comprehensive review of more than 5,000 endovascular procedures published by Coward et al<sup>5</sup> in 2005, the authors identified an average rate of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and death of 4.7%, varying from 2 to 9%. These results, in addition to the motivation of the industry, have encouraged more and more the ample use of CSA in patients with carotid disease; however, it's dangerous to consider only these results, as there are several types of bias in some studies. Before the CSA becomes widely used, randomized studies should assess the efficacy of this type of treatment as compared with the conventional treatment (ECA). In this scenario, ECA champions are again placed in the position of accepting the challenge of maintaining their good results, publicize them and provide clarification to readers as to what is best for the patients. So far there are eight randomized studies comparing CSA and ECA, and five of them were interrupted early in the procedure because of the elevated risk of CSA or due to difficulties in recruiting patients. Therefore, there is no evidence of the benefit of CSA over ECA for the treatment of carotid disease so far, this being the reason why an appropriate technical analysis is required which is based on evidence and on the history of the procedure. This paper aims to analyze the results of the randomized studies comparing CSA and ECA, and highlights some specificities of each study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_14t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparative studies between CSA and ECA</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The LEICESTER study, published in 1998, carried out in England, assessed symptomatic patients with stenosis above 70%<sup>6</sup>. It was interrupted early in the procedure after 23 patients had been randomized. Only 17 patients were treated and 10 underwent ECA and 7 underwent CSA. There was no death or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in the group of patients treated with ECA; however, 5 patients of the CSA group (45.5%) had CVA in the immediate perioperative period, this being the reason why the study was suspended<sup>6.</sup> In this study, the degree of experience of the person who performed the procedure and the age of patients were not reported, and therefore conditions are lacking which would allow us to draw definitive conclusions. This was a historical study, but it served as a warning to the Department where the procedures were performed as to the poor outcomes of the endovascular technique.</p>
      <p>The WALLSTENT, a North American study sponsored by the industry, in which 219 patients were randomized, was interrupted for presenting a high risk of CVA and death in the patients treated with the endovascular technique (12.1%) as compared with 4.5% for patients in the ECA group. Their results have never been published, and have only become known through rumors in medical conferences<sup>7.</sup> The veto to the publication of the WALLSTENT study results from the intervention of the sponsors themselves.</p>
      <p>CAVATAS (Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study) was the first comparative randomized study completed, involving 22 centers in Europe, Australia and Canada, and was published in 2001<sup>8.</sup> In this study, 504 patients were randomized, with 251 patients in the CSA group and 253 patients in the ECA group. The percentage of CVA and death in 30 days was 10.0% in the CSA group and 9.9% in the ECA group. The authors of this study declared that the risks associated with cervical incision and the use of general anesthesia during ECA might be a favorable factor for indicating the endovascular technique. Additionally, they attributed the higher mortality in this study, as compared with ECST and NASCET, to what would be merely an issue of statistical analysis. On the other hand, it's impressive that the authors of CAVATAS<sup>8</sup> have been able, by means of statistical analysis, to obtain similar results for both techniques, with a stratagem that does not analyze the real cause of mortality. We should point out the fact that, in the endovascular group, all the 7 deaths were due to CVA, which is obviously linked to the performance of the procedure. However, in the ECA group only one out of 4 deaths was caused by a CVA. The other three deaths were determined by: pulmonary embolism, rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and acute respiratory failure secondary to a large cervical hematoma. Accepting this last cause means accepting a type of "undertreatment", as the mere opening of the incision at the bedside could probably have prevented the death of the patient with cervical hematoma. The important thing is to note that this paper was published in the Lancet in 2001, with a foreword by professors Spence and Eliasziw, who highlighted the causes of the deaths occurred, and the insufficient results for both groups (surgery and endovascular procedure) of the CAVATAS study, pointing out the great number of patients who would need to be treated (NBT) with ECA (21) and with CSA (24) to prevent a CVA within 3 years as compared with an NBT of 6 obtained in the NASCET study<sup>9.</sup> These authors concluded furthermore that <italic>"at present, carotid angioplasty should clearly not be done routinely for patients with severe symptomatic stenosis, and it definitely should not be done for patients with moderate symptomatic or any degree of symptomless stenosis".</italic> Recently, results relative to carotid restenosis in patients treated in the CAVATAS study were published in Stroke. Significant restenosis (<underline>&gt;</underline>70%) was significantly more common in the endovascular group (18.5%) than in the surgical group (5.2%)<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The LEXINGTON I and II studies<sup>11,12,</sup> for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, respectively, were published in 2001 and 2004. No adverse events (CVA or death) occurred in the 85 asymptomatic patients randomized in LEXINGTON II, whereas the CVA/death rates in the 104 symptomatic patients was equal to zero in the CSA group and 1.9% in the ECA group, with no statistically significant difference.</p>
      <p>In 2004, the SAPPHIRE study (<italic>Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy</italic>) was published. This study was also sponsored by the industry with the purpose of demonstrating that CSA was not inferior to ECA, with the use of a protective filter in patients who were considered of "high risk" for the surgery<sup>13.</sup> With the objective of having the device approved by the FDA (<italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic>) for commercial purposes, the study was widely publicized to cardiologists in congresses, and its publication was delayed for approximately two years. It also adopted the non-inferiority principle to compare the results with the ECA group. This statistical stratagem could facilitate permission for the sale of the devices by the FDA. The problems evidenced in these studies are numerous. These "high risk" patients included almost 70% of the asymptomatic patients. In the ECA group, the CVA/death rate was 6.1%, almost double the rate obtained for the patients of the ACST study (<italic>Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial</italic>), that was 3.1%<sup>14</sup> and for the patients operated under the North American Medicare system (3%)<sup>15</sup>, and in large centers worldwide, where CVA and death rates are in the region of 3%<sup>16-18,</sup> which is not defensible, because the intervention determined more deaths than the natural course of the disease. The conflict of interests also became apparent on the declaration made by all the co-authors of the study. Prof. Peter Bell, from England, emphasizes the characteristics of this study and pointed out that <italic>"this trial should be shown to every undergraduate as an example of how not to do a trial"</italic><sup>19</sup>. Following the publication of SAPPHIRE, Mozes et al<sup>20</sup>, from the Mayo Clinic, demonstrated CVA and death rates of only 1.7% in "high risk" patients using SAPPHIRE criteria. We should not accept that the SAPPHIRE study become a valid parameter for selecting the best treatment for patients with carotid stenosis. It is important to highlight that, in the patients of the surgical group, 23.4% were submitted to coronary angioplasty and 30.8% were submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery prior to the ECA, as compared with 34.8% and 43.4%, respectively, for the endovascular group. This type of approach could account for the higher rates of heart events in the ECA group. The heart event analyzed in the study was the perioperative elevation of serum levels of creatine-kinase (MB-fraction); however, long term implications of this "chemical" infarction look uncertain. In the very well structured analysis by Naylor and Golledge, from England, for a procedure with surgical risk of 6% (results demonstrated by the SAPPHIRE study), it would be necessary to treat 1000 patients to prevent only 22 CVAs over a period of five years, which obviously wouldn't justify its indication<sup>21.</sup></p>
      <p>Recently two other comparative studies were published: EVA-3S (<italic>Endarterectomy versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis</italic>)<sup>22</sup> and SPACE (<italic>Stent-Supported Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Carotid Artery versus Endarterectomy</italic>)<sup>23</sup>, both in 2006. The multi-center study SPACE involved 35 centers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, with 1,200 randomized patients (symptomatic), and was the largest comparative study made to date. The EVA-3S study, sponsored by the French government randomized 527 symptomatic patients. Both studies used pre-defined non-inferiority margins and the SPACE study failed in proving the non-inferiority of CSA as compared with ECA; that is, if its non-inferiority was not proven, the superiority of ECA is proven. In the SPACE study, the CVA and death rate in the group submitted to ECA was 6.5% (above the rate accepted for this type of patient) and in the CSA group the rate was 7,7%. The EVA-3S study, after being interrupted twice because of the excessive risk in the group of patients treated with the endovascular technique, concluded that, for symptomatic patients with carotid injury equal to or above 60%, the CVA and death rates were lower in the ECA group (3.9%) when compared with the CSA group (9.6%).</p>
      <p>A systematic review of the records of the Cochrane Library analyzed the results of randomized and comparative studies published up until October 2004; that is, before the publication of the SPACE and EVA-3S studies<sup>5</sup>. The analysis included 1,269 patients, with CVA and death rates of 8.1% for the CSA group and 6.3% for the group treated with ECA. The authors of this review concluded that <italic>"there is insufficient evidence to support a move away from recommending carotid endarterectomy as the treatment of choice for suitable carotid stenosis".</italic> We shouldn't forget that one of the authors of that study, Dr. Martin Brown, is one of the organizers of the CAVATAS<sup>8</sup> study, and therefore has a very clear conflict of interest. Even so, these authors stated that <italic>"stenting should only be offered within the ongoing trials of stenting versus surgery".</italic> After the publication of the SPACE and EVA-3S studies, it is very likely that these considerations should not be changed, because if the data of these two studies are added to the analysis of the Cochrane Library, we obtain CVA and death rates of 8.1% in the CSA group and 5.9% in the ECA group, with a difference in the results (p=0.02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
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      <p>Despite these results, there is still reluctance and broad discussion about the matter, with some authors challenging this data in view of the use of different devices and different degree of experience of the interventionist doctor that performs the procedure. Since the first reports on CSA, 20 years have elapsed and the argument that better devices are needed to obtain better results is often used. The SPACE study is the eighth comparative randomized study conducted and results in favor of CSA have not been demonstrated yet, and new comparative studies are still underway in the hope of achieving the "expected" results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the results of these studies and with the conviction that we can offer the best treatment to patients with carotid disease, we believe that there is no ample indication for CSA for patients with atherosclerotic carotid injury, as some vascular interventionists have been proposing; on the contrary, we believe that such procedure could play a complementary role in few situations, such as a hostile neck due to previous radiation therapy or restenosis due to recurrent atherosclerotic injury, and in case of upper carotid injury. We therefore conclude that ECA is the best alternative to treat patients with atherosclerotic carotid injury.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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