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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4PV6W4p8VvqzPVyFWBwPpQk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2008: Homem de 44 anos falecido em decorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico, no sexto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Mariane Venturoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>205</fpage>
      <lpage>214</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMO-CL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 5/2008 - Homem de 44 anos falecido em decorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico, no sexto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa; Mariane Venturoli Ferreira; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, cardiomiopatia dilatada, amiloidose, choque cardiog&#234;nico, transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O paciente era assintom&#225;tico e praticava corridas di&#225;rias de 8 quil&#244;metros at&#233; os 42 anos de idade, quando passou a apresentar falta de ar desencadeada por grandes esfor&#231;os. O sintoma persistiu por seis meses e ent&#227;o procurou avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica na sua cidade de origem. O paciente sabia ser portador de asma br&#244;nquica.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (julho de 2003) revelou bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau, tipo II de Mobitz, com bloqueio 2:1. O ecocardiograma (julho de 2003) revelou di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo no limite superior da normalidade e aumento da espessura do septo interventricular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab.1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma din&#226;mico pelo sistema Holter (julho de 2003) revelou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#237;nima de 33 batimentos por minuto e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima de 72 batimentos por minuto. O ritmo de base era sinusal, com bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1. Ocorreram 46 extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas e 13 extra-s&#237;stoles atriais isoladas.</p>
    <p>O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (julho de 2003) revelou bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1, intervalos A-H de 228 ms (normal 55-130 ms) e H-V 68 (N = 30-55 ms). Ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial a intervalos de 600 ms e 550 ms, observou-se piora da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular com aparecimento de bloqueio 3:1, sem altera&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS. Foi diagnosticado bloqueio atrioventricular com comprometimento nodal e hissiano.</p>
    <p>A cineangiocoronariografia (julho de 2003) n&#227;o revelou obstru&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, e a ventriculografia foi normal.</p>
    <p>Foi realizado implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco atrioventricular (agosto de 2003). A dispn&#233;ia desencadeada por esfor&#231;os grandes persistiu.</p>
    <p>Nove meses ap&#243;s o implante do marca-passo, enquanto jogava futebol, o paciente apresentou palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas, dispn&#233;ia e sudorese profusa com palidez e sensa&#231;&#227;o de desmaio. Foi diagnosticada taquicardia ventricular sustentada, revertida por cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Houve recorr&#234;ncia da taquicardia um m&#234;s ap&#243;s esse epis&#243;dio, e novamente foi necess&#225;ria a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
    <p>Uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (julho de 2004) revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com imagem sugestiva de trombose apical, e insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>O paciente foi ent&#227;o encaminhado para tratamento no InCor.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (julho de 2004) revelou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 80 batimentos por minuto e press&#227;o arterial de 100/80 mmHg. O exame de pulm&#245;es, cora&#231;&#227;o e abdome foi normal.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (23 de julho de 2004) revelou ritmo sinusal, com est&#237;mulo ventricular por marca-passo disparado de 200 ms ap&#243;s in&#237;cio de onda P e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado de 234 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma com marca-passo inibido (26 de julho de 2004) revelou ritmo sinusal, 83 bpm, PR de 177 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS 83 ms, QT de 391 ms, SAQRS + 120&#186; para tr&#225;s, sinais sugestivos de sobrecarga atrial esquerda e ondas R cuja amplitude n&#227;o aumentava, de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>4</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou aumento acentuado da &#225;rea card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (27 de julho de 2004) revelou hipocapta&#231;&#227;o acentuada do radiotra&#231;ador nas paredes apical e anterior (apical e m&#233;dia) e hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada na parede inferior. A tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton isolado (Spect) evidenciou hipocinesia difusa e acinesia apical, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 35%. Houve intensa capta&#231;&#227;o pelos pulm&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A flebografia de membro superior esquerdo foi sugestiva de trombose de veia subcl&#225;via.</p>
    <p>Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com evolu&#231;&#227;o para dilata&#231;&#227;o, e considerou-se a hip&#243;tese de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular desencadeada por dessincroniza&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo induzida por alargamento de QRS, na presen&#231;a de est&#237;mulo via ventr&#237;culo direito. Indicou-se estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial biventricular. Foi implantado marca-passo atriobiventricular e desfibrilador, e retirou-se o sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o anterior (23 de julho de 2004).</p>
    <p>No tratamento medicamentoso, prescreveram-se: captopril (75 mg), carvedilol (12,5 mg), espironolactona (25 mg), furosemida (60 mg), amiodarona (400 mg) e varfarina (2,5 mg) em doses di&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>Apesar da mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o e adequa&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o, houve piora da dispn&#233;ia (outubro de 2004), que passou a ocorrer desencadeada por pequenos esfor&#231;os, al&#233;m de ortopn&#233;ia, edema de membros inferiores e hepatomegalia.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma revelou (outubro de 2004) ritmo sinusal, com est&#237;mulo ventricular por marca-passo no in&#237;cio e meio do QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O consumo m&#225;ximo de O<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x.) (outubro de 2004) foi de 12,9 ml/kg/min (normal para faixa et&#225;ria 40 ml/kg/min), e a inclina&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o e produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> foi de 59,3.</p>
    <p>O cateterismo direito (dezembro de 2004) revelou as seguintes press&#245;es (mmHg): &#225;trio direito 23/19/20; ventr&#237;culo direito 22/19/20; art&#233;ria pulmonar 21/16/19 e oclus&#227;o pulmonar 18. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi de 3,4 l/min, e o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 1,07 l/min/m&#178;.</p>
    <p>Indicou-se transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi hospitalizado para transplante (30 de mar&#231;o de 2005), pois queixava-se de dispn&#233;ia aos pequenos esfor&#231;os; a press&#227;o arterial era de 100/70 mmHg e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 bpm; havia estertores crepitantes em base direita.</p>
    <p>Foi desabilitada a capacidade de terapia antiarr&#237;tmica ventricular do marca-passo, e administraram-se 10 mg de vitamina K e 280 mg de aprotinina endovenosas.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (30 de mar&#231;o de 2005) revelaram hemoglobina de 14,4 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito de 44%, leuc&#243;citos de 7.200/mm&#179; (63% neutr&#243;filos, 2% eosin&#243;filos, 24% linf&#243;citos e 11% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas de 133.000/mm&#179;, pot&#225;ssio de 4,2 mEq/l; s&#243;dio de 138 mEq/l; ur&#233;ia de 55 mg/dl; creatinina de 1,3 mg/dl INR 1,5; sorologias para hepatites, HIV, citomegalov&#237;rus, doen&#231;a de Chagas e toxoplasmose foram negativas.</p>
    <p>Realizaram-se transplante ortot&#243;pico bicaval e pl&#225;stica de De Vega em valva tric&#250;spide (30 de mar&#231;o de 2005). O paciente apresentou BAVT na sala operat&#243;ria e foi ligado o marca-passo epic&#225;rdico. At&#233; o primeiro dia ap&#243;s a cirurgia, n&#227;o houve outras intercorr&#234;ncias, quando o paciente apresentou hipotens&#227;o, olig&#250;ria e v&#244;mitos.</p>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina de 2,5 mg/dl e ur&#233;ia de 127 mg/dl), anemia (hemoglobina de 10,6 g/dl e hemat&#243;crito de 32%), leucocitose (de 10.844/mm&#179;, 93% de neutr&#243;filos, 3% de linf&#243;citos e 4% de mon&#243;citos) e plaquetopenia (45.000/mm&#179;), al&#233;m de hiperamilasemia (887 U/l) inicial, depois com queda para 148 U/l.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma revelou marca-passo estimulando &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">fig.5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (4 de abril de 2005) revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipocinesia de ventr&#237;culo direito e hipocinesia difusa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 35% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). No sexto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o paciente apresentou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular revertida com cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, com recupera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo, mas sem pulso. O paciente faleceu em 5 de abril de 2005.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de paciente de 44 anos, previamente h&#237;gido, atleta, sem refer&#234;ncias sobre seus antecedentes pessoais ou familiares, que se apresentou para investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de dispn&#233;ia. O relato de eletrocardiograma evidenciou bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau 2:1, posteriormente demonstrado ser do tipo Mobitz II ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, com prolongamento do intervalo HV e piora da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular com bloqueio 3:1. O eletrocardiograma din&#226;mico pelo sistema Holter confirmou a manuten&#231;&#227;o desse dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o ao longo do dia, sem evid&#234;ncias de taquiarritmias associadas. Seu ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou di&#226;metro do septo interventricular de 15 mm e parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 10 mm, sem refer&#234;ncias a gradientes press&#243;ricos em via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular at&#233; ent&#227;o era preservada. Diante desses dados iniciais, surgem algumas considera&#231;&#245;es a respeito do diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico da dispn&#233;ia.</p>
    <p>O baixo d&#233;bito, secund&#225;rio &#224; bradicardia, pode ser o fator causal inicial da dispn&#233;ia, sendo bem indicado o implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco, tendo em vista os achados do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (piora do bloqueio durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada).</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#233; outra etiologia poss&#237;vel dos sintomas apresentados. &#201; transmitida por heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, caracterizada por hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica, podendo causar gradiente de press&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O aumento desse gradiente est&#225; geralmente relacionado &#224; piora dos sintomas e &#233; considerado preditor independente de progress&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de mortalidade<sup>1</sup>. A dispn&#233;ia ao esfor&#231;o &#233; o sintoma mais comum, acometendo mais de 90% dos pacientes. Pode resultar de uma variedade de mecanismos: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e impedimento ao esvaziamento ventricular secund&#225;rio &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o, &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e menos comumente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A distin&#231;&#227;o inicial do cora&#231;&#227;o do atleta &#233; delicada quando existem graus menores de hipertrofia septal, como no presente caso. Atletas geralmente possuem hipertrofia sim&#233;trica e de espessura ventricular em torno de 12 mil&#237;metros, podendo em casos extremos atingir de 14 a 16 mil&#237;metros. Outras doen&#231;as habituais como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e estenose valvar a&#243;rtica podem cursar com sintomatologia cl&#237;nica semelhante, por&#233;m essas entidades foram exclu&#237;das pela aus&#234;ncia de achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. Doen&#231;as mais raras como sarcoidose, amiloidose e doen&#231;a de Fabry fazem parte do diagn&#243;stico diferencial do presente caso.</p>
    <p>Doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas como a sarcoidose podem acometer o cora&#231;&#227;o em 5% dos seus portadores, embora aut&#243;psias mostrem envolvimento subcl&#237;nico em 20% a 30% dos pacientes<sup>3</sup>. Bloqueios atrioventriculares de primeiro grau decorrentes de dist&#250;rbios do n&#243; atrioventricular ou do feixe de His e v&#225;rios graus de bloqueios intraventriculares s&#227;o comuns entre pacientes com sarcoidose<sup>4</sup>. Essas les&#245;es podem inicialmente ser silenciosas, mas podem progredir para bloqueio atrioventricular total e causar s&#237;ncope<sup>4</sup>. Arritmias ventriculares s&#227;o a segunda maior causa de acometimento card&#237;aco na sarcoidose. Seus granulomas podem ser focos de automatismo ou de reentrada, propiciando o aparecimento de taquicardias ventriculares sustentadas ou n&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de sarcoidose como causa de cardiomegalia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser dif&#237;cil, especialmente sem evid&#234;ncia de acometimento em outros &#243;rg&#227;os. Muitos desses pacientes podem receber o diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, por&#233;m apresentam maiores taxas de bloqueios atrioventriculares, anormalidades de espessura de parede ventricular e da mobilidade segmentar, al&#233;m de defeitos de perfus&#227;o acometendo preferencialmente as regi&#245;es apicais e &#226;ntero-septais<sup>6</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de acometimento card&#237;aco &#233; feito por bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica com o achado de granulomas n&#227;o-caseosos associados ao quadro cl&#237;nico caracter&#237;stico.</p>
    <p>Amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica caracterizada pelo dep&#243;sito extracelular de microfibrilas que pode acometer o cora&#231;&#227;o e causar basicamente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, sendo raras as manifesta&#231;&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Apesar de grande acometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco visto em aut&#243;psias, bloqueios de alto grau s&#227;o incomuns<sup>7</sup>. Uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-habitual &#233; o ac&#250;mulo de material amil&#243;ide desproporcional no septo interventricular, mimetizando a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<sup>8,9</sup><sub>.</sub> A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica revela dep&#243;sitos hialinos de subst&#226;ncia amorfa na matriz extracelular, vermelho-congo positiva, assumindo uma colora&#231;&#227;o verde &#224; luz polarizada.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Fabry &#233; uma doen&#231;a lisoss&#244;mica caracterizada pelo dep&#243;sito de globotriosilceramida nos lisossomos. Resulta em acometimento multissist&#234;mico, manifestando-se por neuropatia perif&#233;rica, angioqueratomas, dep&#243;sitos corneanos e insufici&#234;ncia renal. O acometimento card&#237;aco consiste em hipertrofia ventricular conc&#234;ntrica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o. Alguns pacientes apresentam hipertrofia ventricular esquerda como &#250;nica manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s alguns meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, o paciente cursa com deteriora&#231;&#227;o marcante da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e taquicardias ventriculares sintom&#225;ticas, relativamente raras em pacientes portadores de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, por&#233;m bem mais freq&#252;entes ap&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e diminui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia (conforme documentado em ecocardiogramas posteriores) pode ser encontrada em uma minoria dos pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (de 5% a 15%) e &#233; atualmente a causa mais comum de indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco nesses pacientes<sup>11-15</sup>. &#201; mais comum em pacientes mais jovens &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o e em portadores de sintomatologia mais grave, com cavidades ventriculares maiores e hist&#243;rico familiar de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com evolu&#231;&#227;o para dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese inicial de que o marca-passo tenha causado dessincronia ventricular e posterior disfun&#231;&#227;o baseia-se em v&#225;rios estudos, em que o atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular ou o bloqueio de ramo esquerdo foram associados com piora dos sintomas e da classe funcional em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular normal<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora o impacto da dessincronia seja maior em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular j&#225; estabelecida, &#233; demonstrado que o bloqueio de ramo esquerdo est&#225; associado com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que controles sadios (54% vs. 62%)<sup>19</sup>. Entretanto, o presente caso evoluiu com r&#225;pida e marcante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em um cora&#231;&#227;o com fun&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via normal. Somados a isso, na popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, esses efeitos hemodin&#226;micos induzidos por estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito podem ser de utilidade cl&#237;nica na melhora dos sintomas. A estimula&#231;&#227;o por meio de um cabo-eletrodo posicionado na ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito modifica a seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos, que passa a ser de baixo para cima e da direita para a esquerda. Isso resulta em movimenta&#231;&#227;o paradoxal do septo interventricular, ocasionando o seu afastamento da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante a s&#237;stole e provocando:</p>
    <p><bold>1)</bold> aumento do di&#226;metro da c&#226;mara ventricular,</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> redu&#231;&#227;o do movimento anterior do folheto anterior da valva mitral e</p>
    <p><bold>3)</bold> redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses efeitos, entretanto, n&#227;o se traduziram em melhora do consumo de O<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x.) e dos sintomas em estudos randomizados duplos-cegos, apesar de reduzirem significativamente os gradientes de via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo essa terapia de exce&#231;&#227;o na atualidade<sup>21-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os achados da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com a altera&#231;&#227;o de microcircula&#231;&#227;o ou com doen&#231;a de grandes vasos epic&#225;rdicos, por&#233;m a aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e a cinecoronariografia do &#250;ltimo ano tornam a primeira hip&#243;tese a mais prov&#225;vel<sup>24-26</sup>. Esses achados, entretanto, conferem maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros aos portadores de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e talvez aumento de mortalidade<sup>27-29</sup>.</p>
    <p>O implante do cardiodesfibrilador associado ao marca-passo atriobiventricular foi realizado com base em diversas publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>30</sup>, que demonstraram melhora dos sintomas e da sobrevida com a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o grave e evid&#234;ncia eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de dessincronia ventricular, a despeito de tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, para proporcionar benef&#237;cio adicional ao da profilaxia secund&#225;ria das taquicardias ventriculares mal toleradas apresentadas previamente pelo paciente.</p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias s&#227;o limitadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso da fase final da miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica quando h&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o para dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. O paciente em quest&#227;o recebeu o tratamento j&#225; estabelecido para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>31,32</sup>, no intuito de diminuir a morbidade e mortalidade: IECA, betabloqueador, espironolactona, diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a e ainda amiodarona e anticoagulante oral, em raz&#227;o dos antecedentes de arritmia ventricular e presen&#231;a de trombo em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>A capacidade de exerc&#237;cio est&#225; reduzida mesmo nas fases iniciais da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pode estar normal em repouso, por&#233;m &#233; incapaz de aumentar adequadamente mesmo durante exerc&#237;cios leves<sup>34</sup>. O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) fornece o dado mais objetivo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade funcional de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e &#233; muito importante na decis&#227;o de quando indicar o transplante card&#237;aco<sup>35</sup>. Estudos mostram que pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo abaixo de 10 ml/kg/min t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas e maior capacidade funcional. Atualmente, considera-se VO<sub>2</sub> de pico menor ou igual a 14 ml/kg/min como corte para indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes intolerantes a betabloqueador e 12 ml/kg/min na presen&#231;a dessa medica&#231;&#227;o<sup>36</sup>. Outra possibilidade &#233; a medida da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, que corresponde &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto e a produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> (VE/ VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>Slope</italic>), que &#233; uma medida mais f&#225;cil de ser obtida que par&#226;metros de capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio e &#233; melhor preditor de progn&#243;stico que VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, classe funcional da NYHA ou FEVE<sup>37-39</sup>. Um VE/ VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>Slope</italic> &gt;35 &#233; associado com d&#233;bito card&#237;aco reduzido durante o exerc&#237;cio, aumento da press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar, diminui&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida, e &#233; um preditor de mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com capacidade de exerc&#237;cio preservada<sup>40,41</sup>.</p>
    <p>A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica vem ganhando espa&#231;o cada vez maior no aux&#237;lio ao diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de evolu&#231;&#227;o em curto espa&#231;o de tempo. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com evolu&#231;&#227;o de mais de tr&#234;s meses, associada a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, arritmias ventriculares novas, bloqueios atrioventriculares de segundo ou terceiro grau ou falha na terapia cl&#237;nica durante tratamento por mais de 15 dias &#233; indicada com n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia IIa<sup>42</sup>. Esse procedimento poderia ajudar no diagn&#243;stico do presente caso, j&#225; que sua evolu&#231;&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o foi muito r&#225;pida e acentuada para ser explicada unicamente por disfun&#231;&#227;o induzida por marca-passo ou por evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico bicaval e pl&#225;stica De Vega em valva tric&#250;spide. No intra-operat&#243;rio, apresentou BAVT com necessidade de marca-passo epic&#225;rdico. As bradiarritmias ocorrem em mais de 50% dos receptores no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e s&#227;o provavelmente relacionadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal ou do n&#243; atrioventricular. Sua etiologia pode estar relacionada a rejei&#231;&#227;o (estudos mostram que o tecido do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o &#233; alvo freq&#252;ente das rejei&#231;&#245;es celular e humoral), tempo de isquemia prolongado, problemas relacionados &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, anomalias na anatomia coron&#225;ria ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal do doador. Alguns trabalhos relacionam a ocorr&#234;ncia de bradiarritmias e necessidade de marca-passo ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco a pior progn&#243;stico<sup>43</sup>, por&#233;m esses dados n&#227;o s&#227;o confirmados por outros pesquisadores<sup>44</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o primeiro dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o paciente apresentou quadro de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e m&#250;ltiplas disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas. O ecocardiograma do quinto PO mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular com FEVE 35%, evoluindo para &#243;bito no sexto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Devem ser consideradas as principais causas de fal&#234;ncia precoce do enxerto ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco: rejei&#231;&#227;o hiperaguda, rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda (celular e humoral), tempo de isquemia do doador prolongado, les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o e doador marginal.</p>
    <p>A rejei&#231;&#227;o hiperaguda, rara nos dias de hoje em raz&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e do <italic>cross-matching</italic> realizado em indiv&#237;duos sensibilizados, &#233; precipitada pela presen&#231;a de anticorpos pr&#233;-formados do receptor que reagem contra ep&#237;topos endoteliais do enxerto<sup>45</sup>. Est&#225; presente nos casos de incompatibilidade do sistema ABO, mas tamb&#233;m pode estar presente em indiv&#237;duos altamente sensibilizados (mult&#237;paras, pacientes submetidos a m&#250;ltiplas transfus&#245;es sang&#252;&#237;neas). Ocorre geralmente nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o transplante e j&#225; pode ser observada no ato cir&#250;rgico, levando &#224; fal&#234;ncia catastr&#243;fica do enxerto.</p>
    <p>A rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda &#233; um problema comum ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco. Ocorre particularmente no primeiro m&#234;s, geralmente por rejei&#231;&#227;o celular<sup>46</sup>. Apenas 5% dos casos apresentam comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico grave<sup>47</sup>. A maior parte n&#227;o apresenta sintomas, os quais, quando presentes, variam de quadros inespec&#237;ficos a s&#237;ndromes cl&#225;ssicas de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O ecocardiograma comprova a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, e h&#225; probabilidade de que os dois ventr&#237;culos estejam envolvidos. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; estabelecido pela bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, de acordo com a gradua&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Internacional Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</italic> (ISHLT), revisada em 2005<sup>48</sup>. Observa-se resposta inflamat&#243;ria mononuclear predominantemente linfoc&#237;tica, direcionada contra o enxerto, com presen&#231;a de dano aos mi&#243;citos. Em casos graves, h&#225; participa&#231;&#227;o de granul&#243;citos. Esta &#233; a principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica, tendo em vista a ocorr&#234;ncia de deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica precoce, por&#233;m n&#227;o nas primeiras 24 horas, apesar da falta de dados sobre o esquema de imunossupress&#227;o empregado. O uso de inibidores de calcineurina pode ter sido evitado pelo surgimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal com olig&#250;ria.</p>
    <p>Alguns pacientes t&#234;m quadros de rejei&#231;&#227;o hemodinamicamente significativa com pouco ou nenhum infiltrado celular ou necrose de mi&#243;citos na bi&#243;psia. Estes devem apresentar rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral, associada &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos que s&#227;o detectados na imunofluoresc&#234;ncia<sup>49</sup>. A rejei&#231;&#227;o humoral pode ocorrer muito precocemente (de 2 a 7 dias, geralmente no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s transplante), e a disfun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto &#233; grave em at&#233; dois ter&#231;os dos epis&#243;dios precoces, apresentando comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico em at&#233; metade deles, o que &#233; raro nos epis&#243;dios mais tardios<sup>50,51</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outras causas importantes de disfun&#231;&#227;o precoce do enxerto que devem ser consideradas s&#227;o: tempo de isquemia prolongado, significativo se maior que 4 horas, les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o (que pode ser causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita por hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (pouco prov&#225;vel, tendo em vista o cateterismo direito do paciente) e causas relacionadas &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es do doador, como altas doses de catecolaminas, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do doador deprimida, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, idade avan&#231;ada e cirurgias pr&#233;vias<sup>52</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dr. Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa, </p>
    <p> Dra. Mariane Venturoli Ferreira</p>
    <p><bold>&#149;</bold><italic>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica</italic>: mais prov&#225;vel sarcoidose card&#237;aca ou, menos prov&#225;vel, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</p>
    <p>&#149; <italic>Causa da morte</italic>: rejei&#231;&#227;o hiperaguda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este paciente tinha sarcoidose sist&#234;mica. A doen&#231;a foi diagnosticada apenas no exame anatomopatol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o retirado para transplante card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">fig. 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">7</xref>). Acometia os seguintes &#243;rg&#227;os: linfonodos tor&#225;cicos, pulm&#245;es (par&#234;nquima e pleura), f&#237;gado, ba&#231;o e, de maneira mais importante, o cora&#231;&#227;o. Neste, causou dilata&#231;&#227;o das quatro c&#226;maras decorrente de extensa substitui&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito por &#225;reas de inflama&#231;&#227;o granulomatosa e fibrose. Por determinar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, levou &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico.</p>
    <fig id="fig6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria boa por alguns dias, o paciente teve piora relativamente r&#225;pida e morreu com disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular. A causa da m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o foi rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda mista, humoral e celular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">fig. 8</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">9</xref>). O paciente cursou com edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es - causa final do &#243;bito -, al&#233;m de pequeno tromboembolismo pulmonar &#224; direita, cujo papel, a julgar pelo grau de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, foi secund&#225;rio. Houve ainda insufici&#234;ncia renal que pode ser classificada como pr&#233;-renal em raz&#227;o da inexist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas significativas nos rins.</p>
    <fig id="fig8">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig9">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A sarcoidose &#233; doen&#231;a rara, cujo fator etiol&#243;gico n&#227;o est&#225; ainda definido. O diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico &#233; relativamente f&#225;cil, baseado no encontro de granulomas sem caseifica&#231;&#227;o e na negatividade da pesquisa de agentes infecciosos<sup>53</sup>. O envolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o foi detectado em 20% a 30% de aut&#243;psias de pacientes com sarcoidose.</p>
    <p>O caso aqui descrito &#233; o segundo no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o. Nesse caso, o diagn&#243;stico de sarcoidose foi feito no cora&#231;&#227;o explantado, o que j&#225; ocorreu em outros centros<sup>54</sup>. Embora a indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante em casos conhecidos dessa doen&#231;a seja controversa, pela possibilidade de recorr&#234;ncia, um trabalho comparativo mostrou que a sobrevida ap&#243;s um ano &#233; maior que a de pacientes transplantados por outras causas<sup>55</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos, houve no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o 30 necr&#243;psias de pacientes adultos que tinham sido submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco. Dezoito deles morreram com at&#233; 30 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Entre eles, a causa de morte mais comum (5 casos, 27,8%) foi isquemia perioperat&#243;ria; houve rejei&#231;&#227;o em 4 (22,2%), sendo duas agudas, a deste caso mista, e uma hiperaguda. Coagulopatia foi respons&#225;vel pelo &#243;bito em 2 pacientes (11,1%), disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito por hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em 2 (11,1%) e outras causas nos demais. A rejei&#231;&#227;o mista, como a do presente paciente, &#233; a que preenche os crit&#233;rios anatomopatol&#243;gicos tanto de rejei&#231;&#227;o celular como de rejei&#231;&#227;o vascular/humoral<sup>48,56</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>&#149;</bold><italic>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</italic>: sarcoidose card&#237;aca (cora&#231;&#227;o explantado) e sist&#234;mica; rejei&#231;&#227;o aguda mista, vascular/humoral e celular (cora&#231;&#227;o transplantado).</p>
    <p><bold><italic>&#149;</italic></bold><italic>Causa da morte:</italic> edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 5/2008: 44-year-old male patient that died of cardiogenic shock on the 6th postoperative day asfter orthotopic heart transplant</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Case 5/2008 - 44-year-old male patient that died of cardiogenic shock on the 6<sup>th</sup> postoperative day after orthotopic heart transplant</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa; Mariane Venturoli Ferreira; Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Heart Institute (Incor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School - Brazil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic; cardiomyopathy, dilated; amyloidosis; shock, cardiogenic; heart transplantation.</p>
      <p> The patient was asymptomatic and ran 8 km daily up to 42 years of age, when he started to present effort dyspnea. The symptom persisted for six months and the patient then sought medical attention in his town. The patient knew he had bronchial asthma.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (July 2003) disclosed 2:1 Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block. O echocardiogram (July 2003) showed a left atrium diameter that was at the upper limit of normality and increased thickness of the interventricular septum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>The dynamic electrocardiogram by Holter system (July 2003) showed a minimum heart rate (HR) of 33 bpm, maximum heart rate of 72 bpm. The patient showed a sinus rhythm, with 2:1 atrioventricular block. There were 46 isolated ventricular extrasystoles and 13 isolated atrial extrasystoles.</p>
      <p>The electrophysiological study (July 2003) showed a 2:1 atrioventricular block, A-H intervals of 228 ms (normal: 55-130), H-V of 68 (N=30-55). After atrial stimulation at intervals of 600 and 550 ms, a worsening in the atrioventricular conduction was observed with a 3:1 block, with no alteration in QRS duration. An atrioventricular block with nodal and hissian involvement was diagnosed.</p>
      <p>The coronary angiography (July 2003) did not disclose obstructions in the coronary arteries and the ventriculography was normal.</p>
      <p>An atrioventricular cardiac pacemaker implant was carried out (August 2003). The effort dyspnea persisted.</p>
      <p>Nine months after the pacemaker implant, during a soccer game, the patient presented tachycardic palpitations, dyspnea and intense sudoresis with paleness and fainting sensation. A sustained ventricular tachycardia was diagnosed, which was reverted by electrical cardioversion. There was recurrence of the tachycardia one month after this episode and again electrical cardioversion was needed.</p>
      <p>A new echocardiographic assessment (July 2004) disclosed dilation of the cardiac chambers, marked decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction, with an image that was suggestive of apical thrombosis and moderate mitral failure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>The patient was then referred to InCor (<italic>Instituto do Coracao</italic> - The Heart Institute) for treatment.</p>
      <p>The physical examination (July 2004) revealed a HR of 80 bpm, BP of 100/80 mm Hg. Lung, heart and abdomen assessments were normal.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (23 of July 2004) showed a sinus rhythm, with ventricular stimulation by pacemaker triggered 200 ms after the P wave start and duration of stimulated QRS of 234 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram with inhibited pacemaker (26 July 2004) disclosed a sinus rhythm, 83 bpm, PR of 177 ms, duration of QRS 83 ms, QT of 391 ms, SAQRS + 120&#186; backward and signs that were suggestive of left atrial overload, R wave amplitude that did not increase from V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>4</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The chest X-ray showed a marked increase in the cardiac area. The myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (27 of July 2004) showed markedly low radiotracer uptake in the apical and anterior walls (apical and middle) and moderately low uptake in the inferior wall. The single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed diffuse hypokinesia and apical akinesia, with an ejection fraction of 35%. There was a marked lung uptake (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The phlebography of the left upper limb was suggestive of subclavian vein thrombosis. A diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was attained, with evolution to dilation, and the hypothesis of ventricular dilation caused by left ventricular desynchronization induced by QRS enlargement in the presence of stimulus via right ventricle was considered. Biventricular artificial cardiac stimulation was indicated. An atrium-biventricular and defibrillator pacemaker was implanted and the previous stimulation system was removed (23 of July 2004).</p>
      <p>The drug therapy included captopril 75 mg, carvedilol 12.5 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, furosemide 60 mg, amiodarone 400 mg and Warfarin 2.5 mg, daily.</p>
      <p>In spite of the changes in the stimulation and medication alterations the patient presented worsening of the dyspnea (Oct 2004), which started to occur triggered by small physical efforts, in addition to orthopnea, lower-limb edema and hepatomegaly.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (Oct 04) showed sinus rhythm, with ventricular stimulation by the pacemaker at the start and middle of the QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f4-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The maximum O<sub>2</sub> consumption (V O<sub>2</sub> Max) (Oct 2004) was 12.9 ml/kg/min (normal for the age range: 40 ml/kg/min) and the slope between ventilation and CO<sub>2</sub> production was 59.3.</p>
      <p>The right catheterism (Dec 2004) showed the following pressures (mm Hg): right atrium: 23/19/20; right ventricle: 22/19/20; pulmonary artery: 21/16/19; pulmonary occlusion: 18. The cardiac output was 3.4 l/min and the cardiac index was 1.07 l/min/m&#178;.</p>
      <p>A cardiac transplant was indicated.</p>
      <p>The patient was hospitalized for the transplant (30 March 2005); he complained of dyspnea after small efforts, BP was 100/70 mmHg, HR was 75 bpm and crackling rales were identified to the right.</p>
      <p>The ventricular antiarrhythmic therapy capacity of the pacemaker was discontinued and 10 mg of vitamin K and 280 mg of aprotinin were administered by IV route.</p>
      <p>The laboratory assessment (30 March 2005) disclosed hemoglobin 14.4 g/dl; hematocrit 44%, leucocytes 7200 /mm&#179; (63% neutrophils, 2% eosinophils, 24% lymphocytes and 11% monocytes), platelets 133000/mm&#179;, potassium 4.2 mEq/l; sodium 138 mEq/l; urea 55 mg/dl; creatinine 1.3 mg/dl INR 1,5; serologies for hepatites, HIV, cytomegalovirus, Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis were negative.</p>
      <p>A bicaval orthotopic transplant and De Vega plastic procedure were carried out in Tricuspid Valve (30 March 2005). The patient presented total atrioventricular block (TAVB) in the operating room and the epicardial pacemaker was turned on. After an uneventful first postoperative day, the patient started to presented hypotension, oliguria and vomiting.</p>
      <p>During the postoperative evolution, the diagnoses of renal failure (creatinine 2.5 mg/dl, urea 127 mg/dl), anemia (hemoglobin 10.6 g/dl, hematocrit 32%), leukocytosis (10844/mm&#179;, 93% neutrophils, 3% lymphocytes and 4% monocytes) and thrombocytopenia (45000/mm&#179;), in addition to initial hyperamylasemia (887 U/l), which later decreased to 148 U/l.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed the pacemaker stimulating atriums and ventricles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_11f5-body2">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_11f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram (4 April 2005) showed right ventricle dilation and hypokinesia, left ventricular diffuse hypokinesia with an ejection fraction of 35% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). On the sixth postoperative day, the patient presented ventricular fibrillation reverted with electrical cardioversion, with rhythm recovery, albeit without pulse and died on April 5, 2005.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 44-year-old male patient, previously healthy, athlete, with no reports regarding his personal or family antecedents, presented for the diagnostic investigation of dyspnea.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed a 2:1 second-degree atrioventricular block, later demonstrated to be Mobitz II at the electrophysiological study, with HV interval prolongation and worsening in the atrioventricular conduction with 3:1 block. The dynamic electrocardiogram by Holter system confirmed the maintenance of this conduction disorder throughout the day, with no evidence of associated tachyarrhythmias. The transthoracic echocardiogram disclosed an interventricular septum diameter of 15 mm and left ventricular posterior wall of 10 mm, with no indication of pressure gradients in the left ventricular outflow tract. The ventricular function was preserved until then. Considering these initial data, some considerations about the etiological diagnosis of the dyspnea must be made.</p>
      <p>The low output, secondary to the bradycardia, could be the initial causal factor of the dyspnea and the heart pacemaker implant was well indicated, considering the findings of the electrophysiological study (worsening of the block during programmed atrial stimulation). The hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is another possible etiology of the symptoms presented by the patient. It is transmitted by dominant autosomal inheritance, characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and can cause pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract.</p>
      <p>The increase in this gradient is generally associated to the worsening of symptoms and it is considered an independent predictor of the heart failure syndrome progression and mortality<sup>1</sup>. Effort dyspnea is the most common symptom, affecting more than 90% of the patients. It can result from a variety of mechanisms: diastolic dysfunction secondary to myocardial hypertrophy, ventricular emptying hindrance secondary to obstruction, mitral regurgitation and less commonly to the systolic function<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The initial distinction of the athlete's heart is subtle, when there are smaller degrees of septal hypertrophy, as in the present case. Athletes usually have a symmetric hypertrophy and of ventricular thickness of around 12 mm, which can, in extreme cases, reach 14 to 16 mm. Other common diseases, such as systemic arterial hypertension and aortic valvular stenosis can course with similar symptomatology; however, these entities were ruled out by the absence of clinical and laboratory findings. Rarer pathologies, such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis and Fabry's disease are part of the differential diagnosis of the present case.</p>
      <p>Systemic inflammatory disease such as sarcoidosis can affect the heart in 5% of the affected individuals, although autopsies have shown a subclinical involvement of up to 20 to 30% of the patients<sup>3</sup>. First-degree atrioventricular blocks due to disorders in the atrioventricular node of HIS bundle and several degrees of intraventricular blocks are common among patients with sarcoidosis<sup>4</sup>. These lesions can be initially silent, but can progress to a total atrioventricular block and cause syncope<sup>4</sup>. Ventricular arrhythmias are the second most important cause of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis. Its granulomas can be foci of automatism or re-entry, resulting in the onset of sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardias<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of sarcoidosis as cause of cardiomegaly and heart failure can be difficult, especially with no evidence of other organs being affected. Many of these patients can receive the diagnosis of idiopathic dilated myocardiopathy; however, they present higher incidence of atrioventricular blocks, abnormalities of the ventricular wall thickness and segmental mobility, in addition to perfusion defects that affect preferentially the apical and anteroseptal regions<sup>6</sup>. The diagnosis of cardiac involvement is attained through the endomyocardial biopsy with the finding of non-caseous granulomas associated to the characteristic clinical picture.</p>
      <p>Amyloidosis is a systemic disease characterized by the extracellular deposition of microfibrils that can affect the heart, basically causing right heart failure, with left ventricular dysfunction manifestations being rare. In spite of the high degree of cardiac conduction system involvement seen at autopsies, high-degree blocks are uncommon<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>An unusual presentation is the disproportional accumulation of amyloid material in the interventricular septum, mimicking hypertrophic myocardiopathy<sup>8,9</sup>. The endomyocardial biopsy disclosed hyaline deposits of amorphous substance in the extracellular matrix, Congo-red positive, which turned into a green color at polarized light.</p>
      <p>Fabry's disease is a lysosomal disease characterized by the deposit of globotriaosylceramide in the lysosomes. It results in a multi-systemic disease that manifests as peripheral neuropathy, angiokeratomas, corneal deposits and renal failure.</p>
      <p>The cardiac involvement consists in concentric ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, coronary disease and conduction disorders. Some patients present left ventricular hypertrophy as the only clinical manifestation of the disease.</p>
      <p>After a few months of evolution, the patient courses with marked deterioration of the ventricular function and symptomatic ventricular tachycardias, relatively rare in patients with hypertrophic myocardiopathy and preserved ventricular function, although rather more frequent after ventricular dilation<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The evolution to ventricular dysfunction and decrease in the hypertrophy (as documented in later echocardiograms) can be found in a small number of the patients with hypertrophic myocardiopathy (5 to 15%) and it is currently the commonest cause of indication for heart transplant in these patients<sup>11-15</sup>. It is more common in younger patients at presentation, those with more severe symptomatology, larger ventricular cavities and those with a family history of hypertrophic myocardiopathy with evolution to ventricular dilation.</p>
      <p>The initial hypothesis that the pacemaker caused ventricular dyssynchrony and posterior dysfunction is based on several studies in which the delay in intraventricular conduction or left branch block were associated with a worsening of the symptoms and functional class, in relation to patients with normal intraventricular conduction<sup>16-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the impact of dyssynchrony is higher in patients with established ventricular dysfunction, it has been demonstrated that the left branch block is associated with lower ejection fraction, when compared to healthy controls (54% <italic>vs</italic>. 62%)<sup>19</sup>. However, the present case's evolution was characterized by a fast and marked ventricular dysfunction in a heart with a previous normal function. Additionally, in the specific population of patients with hypertrophic myocardiopathy, these hemodynamic effects induced by the stimulation of the right ventricle can be of clinical use in symptom improvement. The simulation through an electrode cable positioned at the extremity of the right ventricle modifies the sequence of ventricular activation, which changes from down to up and from the right to the left side. This fact results in the paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum, causing it to separate from the left ventricular posterior wall during the systole and resulting in:</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> increase in the diameter of the ventricular chamber;</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> decrease in the anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and</p>
      <p><bold>3)</bold> decrease in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>These effects, however, did not translate into improvement in the maximum O<sub>2</sub> consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max) and of symptoms in randomized, double-blind studies, although they significantly decreased the left ventricular outflow tract gradient, thus currently making this therapy an exception<sup>21-23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The myocardial perfusion scintigraphy findings are compatible with microcirculation alterations or disease of the large epicardial vessels; however, the absence of risk factors for coronary artery disease and the previous year's coronary angiography, make the first hypothesis the most probable one<sup>24-26</sup>. These findings, however, confer a higher risk of future cardiovascular events to patients with hypertrophic myocardiopathy and perhaps, an increase in mortality<sup>27-29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The implant of the cardiodefibrillator associated to the atriobiventricular pacemaker was carried out based on several publications<sup>30</sup>, which demonstrated symptom and survival improvement with the cardiac resynchronization of patients with severe dysfunction and electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular dyssynchrony, in spite of the optimized clinical treatment, to provide additional benefit to that of the secondary prophylaxis of poorly tolerated ventricular tachycardias previously presented by the patient.</p>
      <p>There is limited evidence regarding drug therapy of the final phase of hypertrophic myocardiopathy, when there is evolution to ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. This patient received the treatment already established for systolic dysfunction<sup>31,32</sup> in an attempt to decrease the morbimortality: ACEI, betablocker, spironolactone, loop diuretics and amiodarone plus oral anticoagulant agent, due to the history of ventricular arrhythmia and the presence of thrombus in the left ventricle<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The capacity to exercise is decreased even at the initial phases of heart failure. The cardiac output might be normal at rest; however, it is incapable of increasing adequately, even during slight efforts<sup>34</sup>. The maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) provides the most objective information regarding the functional capacity of patients with heart failure, and it is very important for the decision-making of when indicating the heart transplant<sup>35</sup>. Studies have shown that patients with a maximum VO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10ml/Kg/min have a worse prognosis when compared to individuals with the same characteristics and higher functional capacity. Currently, the peak VO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 14 ml/Kg/min is considered the cutoff for the indication of heart transplant in patients that present betablocker intolerance and 12 ml/Kg/min in the presence of this medication<sup>36</sup>. Another possibility is the measurement of the ventilatory efficiency that corresponds to the ratio between ventilation per minute and CO<sub>2</sub> production (VE/ VCO<sub>2</sub> slope), which is a much easier measurement to be obtained than maximum exercise capacity parameters and it is a better predictor of prognosis than the maximum VO<sub>2</sub>, NYHA functional class or LVEF<sup>37-39</sup>. A VE/ VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt;35 is associated with decreased cardiac output during exercise, increase in the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, decreased survival, and is a poor prognosis predictor in patients with preserved exercise capacity<sup>40,41</sup>.</p>
      <p>The endomyocardial biopsy has been increasingly used to help the etiological diagnosis of short-term evolution ventricular dysfunction. Heart failure with an evolution longer than three months, associated to ventricular dilation and new ventricular arrhythmias, second- or third-degree atrioventricular blocks or clinical therapy failure during treatment for more than 15 days is indicated with a level of evidence IIa<sup>42</sup>. This procedure could help the diagnosis of the present case, as its evolution to dysfunction was very fast to be explained solely by dysfunction induced by pacemaker or by the natural evolution of hypertrophic myocardiopathy.</p>
      <p>The patient was submitted to a bicaval orthotopic transplant and De Vega plastic procedure in the tricuspid valve. During the intraoperative period, he presented total atrioventricular block (TAVB), which required an epicardial pacemaker implant. Bradyarrhythmias occur in more than 50% of receptors in the immediate postoperative period and are probably related to sinus node or atrioventricular node dysfunction. Its etiology might be related to rejection (studies show that the tissue of the conduction system is a frequent target of cell and humoral rejection), prolonged ischemia time, problems related to the surgical technique, coronary anatomy abnormalities or donor's sinus dysfunction. Some studies correlate the occurrence of bradyarrhythmias and the need for pacemaker after heart transplant to a worse prognosis<sup>43</sup>; however, these data have not been confirmed by other authors<sup>44</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the first postoperative day, the patient presented a picture of hemodynamic and multiple organic function instability. The fifth-postoperative day echocardiogram showed biventricular dysfunction with LVEF of 35% and the patient died on the sixth postoperative day. One must consider the main causes of early graft failure after heart transplant, which are: hyperacute rejection, acute rejection (cell and humoral), prolonged donor's ischemia time, reperfusion lesion and marginal donor.</p>
      <p>The hyperacute rejection, which is rare nowadays due to the preoperative screening and cross-match carried out in sensitized individuals, is precipitated by the presence of preformed receptor's antibodies that react against endothelial epitopes of the graft<sup>45</sup>. It is present in cases of ABO system incompatibility, but it can also be present in individuals that are highly sensitized (women with multiple pregnancies, patients submitted to multiple blood transfusions). It usually occurs within the first 24 hours after the transplant and can be observed as early as during the surgical procedure, leading to catastrophic graft failure.</p>
      <p>The acute rejection is a common problem after heart transplants. It occurs particularly in the first month, generally by cell rejection<sup>46</sup>. Only 5% of the cases present severe hemodynamic involvement<sup>47</sup>. The majority does not present symptoms, which, when present, vary from unspecific pictures to classic ventricular dysfunction syndromes. The echocardiogram demonstrates the presence of the systolic or diastolic dysfunction and both ventricles can be involved. The diagnosis is established by endomyocardial biopsy, according to the ISHLT (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation) score, revised in 2005<sup>48</sup>. A mononuclear, predominantly lymphocytic, inflammatory response can be observed, directed to the graft, with presence of damage to the myocytes. In severe cases, there is granulocyte participation. This is the main diagnostic hypothesis, considering the early clinical deterioration, although not in the first 24 hours, despite the lack of data about the immunosuppression regimen employed. The use of calcineurin inhibitors might have been avoided due to the onset of renal dysfunction with oliguria.</p>
      <p>Some patients present a picture of hemodynamically significant rejection with little or no cell infiltrate or myocyte necrosis at the biopsy. These must present humoral rejection, associated to the deposition of antibodies that are detected at the immunofluorescence<sup>49</sup>. The humoral rejection can occur very early (2 to 7 days, usually in the first month post-transplant) and the graft dysfunction is severe in up to two-thirds of the early episodes, presenting hemodynamic involvement in up to 50% of them, which is rare in later episodes<sup>50,51</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other important causes of early graft dysfunction that must be considered are: prolonged ischemia time, significant if &gt; 4 hours, reperfusion lesion (which can be the cause of transient dysfunction) right ventricular dysfunction due to pulmonary hypertension (unlikely, considering the right catheterism of the patient) and causes related to the donor's conditions, such as high doses of catecholamines, donor's depressed systolic function, coronary artery disease, old age and previous surgeries<sup>52</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dr. Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa,</p>
      <p> Dr. Mariane Venturoli Ferreira</p>
      <p><italic>&#149; Diagnostic hypothesis:</italic> more probable: cardiac sarcoidosis, or less probable: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;</p>
      <p><italic>&#149; Cause of death:</italic> hyperacute rejection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This patient presented systemic sarcoidosis. The disease was diagnosed only at the anatomopathological assessment of the heart removed for cardiac transplant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">Figures 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7-body2">7</xref>). It affected the following organs: thoracic lymph nodes, lungs (parenchyma and pleura), liver, spleen, and most importantly, the heart. In this case, it caused dilation of the four chambers caused by the extensive substitution of the right ventricle myocardium by areas of granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. As it determined congestive heart failure, it led to the indication of an orthotopic heart transplant.</p>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After a good postoperative evolution for a few days, the patient presented a relatively fast worsening and died with biventricular dysfunction. The cause of the poor evolution was a mixed acute, humoral and cell rejection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8-body2">Figures 8</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9-body2">9</xref>). The patient presented acute pulmonary edema - the final cause of death - in addition to a small pulmonary thromboembolism to the right, of which role, considering the degree of myocardial lesion, was secondary. There was also renal failure, which can be classified as pre-renal, due to the absence of significant pathological alterations in the kidneys.</p>
      <fig id="fig8-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig9-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0205-00011-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Sarcoidosis is a rare disease, of which etiological factor is yet to be defined. The anatomopathological diagnosis is relatively easy, based on the finding of non-caseous granulomas and a negative result in the search for infectious agents<sup>53</sup>. The involvement of the heart has been detected in 20% to 30% of autopsies of patients with sarcoidosis.</p>
      <p>The present case is the second one at InCor in which the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made in the explanted heart. The same has occurred in other Centers<sup>54</sup>. Although the indication for transplant in known cases of the disease is controversial, due to possibility of recurrence, a comparative study has shown that the one-year survival is higher than in patients transplanted due to other causes<sup>55</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the last five years, there were 30 necropsies of adult patients at InCor that had been submitted to heart transplant. Eighteen of them died within 30 days of evolution. Among them, the most common cause of death (5 cases, 27.8%) was perioperative ischemia; there was rejection in 4 (22.2%), with two acute, this case, which was mixed, and a hyperacute one. Coagulopathy was responsible for the death in 2 patients (11.1%), right ventricular dysfunction due to pulmonary hypertension in 2 (11.1%) and other causes in the remaining patients. Mixed rejection, as in the present case, is the one that meets the anatomopathological criteria of both cell and vascular/humoral rejection<sup>48,56</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>&#149; Anatomopathological Diagnosis:</italic> cardiac and systemic sarcoidosis (explanted heart); mixed acute rejection, vascular/humoral and cell (transplanted heart)</p>
      <p><italic>&#149; Cause of death:</italic> acute pulmonary edema</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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