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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SBrPKdgf94dqRhBNxzB3Djd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em portadores de valvopatia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jonke</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;vian Masutti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spina</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Valvopatias </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>200</fpage>
      <lpage>204</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A coronariografia tem sido indicada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para valvopatas &gt;35 anos. Entretanto, a real preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva nessa popula&#231;&#227;o tem sido pouco estudada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para DAC em candidatos para cirurgia valvar no Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Foi realizada angiocoronariografia em 3.736 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia valvar e avaliados preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco para DAC associada a valvopatia. RESULTADOS: A DAC esteve associada a valvopatia em 121 pacientes (preval&#234;ncia 3,42%). Em 79 (68,1%), o diagn&#243;stico de DAC foi feito apenas por coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Entre esses 79, 50 (63,3%) tinham valvopatia a&#243;rtica isolada ou valvopatia a&#243;rtica associada a mitral. Tabagismo foi visto em 54 pacientes (68,3%), hipertens&#227;o em quatro (43%), hist&#243;ria familiar em 24 (30,3%), diabete melito em 15 (18,9%), e obesidade em oito (10,1%). Idade &gt;50 anos foi observada em 95,7% dos 121 pacientes. Apenas cinco (4,3% dos pacientes com DAC) tinham idade &lt;50 anos, e todos esses tinham ao menos um fator de risco para DAC. CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de DAC foi baixa nos pacientes estudados. A valvopatia a&#243;rtica foi a mais freq&#252;ente associada a DAC, e a maioria dos pacientes tinha idade &gt;50 anos. A idade ideal para realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de rotina em portadores de valvopatia deveria ser reavaliada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>cuidados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> VALVOPATIAS</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria em portadores de valvopatia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Roney Orismar Sampaio<sup>I</sup>; V&#237;vian Masutti Jonke<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o L. Falc&#227;o<sup>II</sup>; Sandra Falc&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Guilherme S. Spina<sup>I</sup>; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi<sup>I</sup>; Max Grinberg<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Departamento de Valvopatias - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A coronariografia tem sido indicada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para valvopatas &gt;35 anos. Entretanto, a real preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva nessa popula&#231;&#227;o tem sido pouco estudada. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para DAC em candidatos para cirurgia valvar no Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foi realizada angiocoronariografia em 3.736 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia valvar e avaliados preval&#234;ncia e fatores de risco para DAC associada a valvopatia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A DAC esteve associada a valvopatia em 121 pacientes (preval&#234;ncia 3,42%). Em 79 (68,1%), o diagn&#243;stico de DAC foi feito apenas por coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Entre esses 79, 50 (63,3%) tinham valvopatia a&#243;rtica isolada ou valvopatia a&#243;rtica associada a mitral. Tabagismo foi visto em 54 pacientes (68,3%), hipertens&#227;o em quatro (43%), hist&#243;ria familiar em 24 (30,3%), diabete melito em 15 (18,9%), e obesidade em oito (10,1%). Idade &gt;50 anos foi observada em 95,7% dos 121 pacientes. Apenas cinco (4,3% dos pacientes com DAC) tinham idade &lt;50 anos, e todos esses tinham ao menos um fator de risco para DAC. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de DAC foi baixa nos pacientes estudados. A valvopatia a&#243;rtica foi a mais freq&#252;ente associada a DAC, e a maioria dos pacientes tinha idade &gt;50 anos. A idade ideal para realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de rotina em portadores de valvopatia deveria ser reavaliada. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angiografia coron&#225;ria, cuidados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas, arteriosclerose coron&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria tem sido indicada de rotina a partir dos 35 anos de idade em pacientes portadores de valvopatia que precisam ser submetidos a cirurgia<sup>1</sup>.Entretanto, a real preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nesses pacientes foi pouco estudada<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e valvopatia geralmente piora os sintomas, o progn&#243;stico, e aumenta o risco cir&#250;rgico, especialmente em pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAC nas valvopatias &#233; muito inconstante e pode ser influenciada pelo grau de desenvolvimento local, condi&#231;&#245;es sociais e h&#225;bitos nutricionais da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada. Logo, a indica&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria poderia ser modificada de acordo com a real preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva. Nos Estados Unidos, a coronariografia &#233; indicada antes dos 35 anos de idade, mesmo em pacientes sem hist&#243;ria clinica, ou fatores de risco para DAC. Em outros pa&#237;ses, como na Espanha, a coronariografia tem sido realizada ao redor dos 60 anos de idade em homens, e dos 65 anos para mulheres, em raz&#227;o da baixa preval&#234;ncia, menos de 5%, de DAC em indiv&#237;duos abaixo dos 60 anos de idade<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de DAC significativa em portadores de valvopatia, estudamos todas as coronariografias pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias realizadas durante um per&#237;odo de dez anos em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2000, 3.736 pacientes portadores de valvopatia foram operados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Avaliamos os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de todos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia valvar e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Se necess&#225;rio, alguns dados incompletos, como a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, foram esclarecidos com contato telef&#244;nico posterior. Os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral isqu&#234;mica conhecida foram exclu&#237;dos. DAC significativa foi definida como uma obstru&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 70% de uma das art&#233;rias coronarianas. Uma obstru&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior de 50% do tronco coronariano esquerdo tamb&#233;m foi considerada significativa. O trabalho foi submetido &#224; Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e foi devidamente aprovado.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com DAC significativa foram divididos em dois grupos: DAC pr&#233;via, referente aos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida; e DAC nova, referente aos pacientes em que o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi poss&#237;vel apenas ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram avaliados:</p>
    <p>1) sexo e idade;</p>
    <p>2) tipo de valvopatia;</p>
    <p>3) fatores de risco para DAC incluindo: tabagismo<sup>5</sup> (indagou-se se fumava e o n&#250;mero de cigarros por dia, e se era ex-fumante), obesidade (definida como &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea maior do que 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), dislipidemia (n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de colesterol total maior do que 200 mg/dL ou lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade maiores do que 130 mg/dL), hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC<sup>6</sup> (definida como presen&#231;a de morte s&#250;bita ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em ascendentes antes dos 55 e dos 65 anos de idade, respectivamente, para o sexo masculino e o feminino), hipertens&#227;o (definida como press&#227;o arterial maior do que 140x90 mmHg) e portadores do diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito (definido na &#233;poca do in&#237;cio do estudo e mantido ao longo desse como glicemia de jejum acima de 140 mg/dL).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada em software SAS e foi considerado estatisticamente significativo um valor de p&lt;0,05. Foram usadas vari&#225;veis quantitativas para m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Testes t de Student pareados e n&#227;o-pareados foram usados quando apropriado. Para dados qualitativos (por exemplo, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o ou n&#227;o, presen&#231;a do diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito ou n&#227;o), quando comparados para a hip&#243;tese de equival&#234;ncia de propor&#231;&#245;es, foi usado teste Qui-quadrado ou, quando limitado, o teste exato de Fischer.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAC significativa e valvopatia ocorreu em 121 pacientes entre os 3.736 indiv&#237;duos que foram operados, resultando em uma preval&#234;ncia de 3,24%. Desses 3.736 pacientes, havia 1.905 (51%) com valvopatia mitral, 1.196 (32%) com a&#243;rtica, e 635 (17%) com valvopatia mitro-a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>Entre os 3.736 casos, havia 3.615 pacientes com DAC n&#227;o-obstrutiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab.1</xref>). Associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e valvopatia foi mais freq&#252;ente em pacientes com doen&#231;a a&#243;rtica isolada ou combinada com doen&#231;a mitral (3,94%) do que em pacientes com valvopatia mitral isolada (2,26%).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0200-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos 121 pacientes com DAC, recuperamos dados completos de 109 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>). Em 30 pacientes havia informa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de DAC ("DAC pr&#233;via"). Entretanto, em 79 (72,5%) o diagn&#243;stico de DAC foi poss&#237;vel apenas em raz&#227;o da coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de rotina ("DAC nova"). Os dados dos 30 pacientes com "DAC pr&#233;via" e dos 79 pacientes com "DAC nova", incluindo o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco, est&#227;o detalhados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0200-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0200-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os 79 pacientes com DAC nova, 55 eram do sexo masculino (69,62%), com uma idade m&#233;dia de 64,74&#177;9,23 anos de idade. Havia 50 pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica isolada ou mitro-a&#243;rtica, e 29 com valvopatia mitral isolada. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias de idade, diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito ou hipertens&#227;o comparando os grupos DAC pr&#233;via e DAC nova (p = ns) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab.2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os sintomas de angina de peito no grupo DAC pr&#233;via foram mais freq&#252;entes do que no grupo DAC nova (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p>No grupo DAC nova, os seguintes fatores de risco foram observados: tabagismo em 54 pacientes, diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito em 15, e obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) em oito. Hipertens&#227;o foi reconhecida em 34 pacientes e hist&#243;ria familiar, em 24. Apenas cinco pacientes (4,6% de todos os pacientes com DAC e 0,13% de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de valvopatia) tinham menos do que 50 anos de idade. Todos esses pacientes (um mitral, dois a&#243;rticos e dois mitro-a&#243;rticos) tinham ao menos um fator de risco para DAC. Desses, tr&#234;s eram do sexo feminino e dois, do sexo masculino; todos eram tabagistas; dois tinham hist&#243;ria familiar, dois tinham hipertens&#227;o; um, diabetes; e um, dislipidemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAC n&#227;o tem sido extensivamente estudada, particularmente em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos<sup>2,7</sup>. Enriquez-Sarano e cols.<sup>2</sup> avaliaram portadores de valvopatia provenientes dos Estados Unidos e identificaram cerca de 35% deles com DAC associada, sem mudan&#231;as significativas ao longo de um seguimento de dez anos. Dados recentes t&#234;m mostrado que DAC compreende mais da metade de todos os eventos cardiovasculares em homens e mulheres acima de 75 anos nos Estados Unidos<sup>8</sup>, e o risco durante a vida de desenvolver DAC ap&#243;s os 40 anos de idade &#233; de 49% para homens e 32% para mulheres.A hipertens&#227;o foi um fator de risco, particularmente em mulheres negras<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossos dados mostraram uma preval&#234;ncia cerca de dez vezes menor (3,42%). Outros estudos apresentaram freq&#252;&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada. Dessa maneira, San Jose e cols.<sup>3</sup> demonstraram uma preval&#234;ncia de 20,3% em um estudo espanhol com 234 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 64&#177;10 anos de idade. Timmermans e cols.<sup>9</sup> identificaram menor preval&#234;ncia de DAC (cerca de 14%) em belgas com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. Pesquisas em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento mostram uma preval&#234;ncia ao redor de 5% a 15%<sup>10</sup>. Essas diferen&#231;as se devem a maior idade, fatores de risco e h&#225;bitos nutricionais entre as v&#225;rias popula&#231;&#245;es. Nosso estudo mostrou uma incid&#234;ncia muito baixa de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva, ou seja, em que houve necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A febre reum&#225;tica ainda &#233; uma doen&#231;a comum em nosso pa&#237;s, sendo a valva mitral a mais freq&#252;entemente acometida. A amostra absoluta de pacientes com valvopatia mitral foi alta, incluindo sua associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC. Entretanto, quando avaliados proporcionalmente, observamos uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior de associa&#231;&#227;o entre estenose a&#243;rtica e DAC, ao redor de 10%, que &#233; semelhante a achados em outros estudos<sup>11,12</sup>. A faixa et&#225;ria mais elevada e o predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino podem explicar esses achados. Al&#233;m disso, um elevado n&#250;mero de fatores de risco - especialmente dislipidemia, em que nossos dados n&#227;o foram conclusivos (apenas 35% dos nossos pacientes com DAC significativa tinham dados sobre n&#237;veis de colesterol antes de sua cirurgia valvar e, desses, 70% tinham n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total) - poderia explicar tamb&#233;m essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Angiocoronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria &#233; comumente realizada em pacientes portadores de valvopatia acima de 35 anos de idade nos Estados Unidos<sup>1</sup>, especialmente se houver fatores de risco para DAC. T&#233;cnicas de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasivas como eletrocardiografia, radiografia de t&#243;rax, ecocardiografia Doppler, cintilografia e, mais recentemente, angiotomografia, combinados com exame cl&#237;nico, podem elucidar, na maioria dos casos, a etiologia, o grau de les&#227;o da valva e se h&#225; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Em apenas 10% dos portadores de valvopatia o estudo hemodin&#226;mico tem papel diagn&#243;stico<sup>11-15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; um custo elevado e o risco inerente de um exame invasivo, como les&#227;o vascular pela inser&#231;&#227;o de cateter, choque anafil&#225;tico e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o renal pelo contraste iodado e at&#233; mesmo epis&#243;dio de acidente vascular cerebral por embolismo c&#225;lcico ou por trombo<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo apenas para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC pode ser mais restrita. Diferen&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia de DAC nas diversas popula&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas quando questionamos a angiocoronariografia como um exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, especialmente em pacientes mais jovens portadores de valvopatia. Exames n&#227;o-invasivos, como teste ergom&#233;trico e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, t&#234;m sido usados em pacientes selecionados com o objetivo de evitar a angiocoronariografia<sup>14,15</sup>. Mais recentemente, a angiotomografia coronariana<sup>16</sup> tem demonstrado maior &#237;ndice de c&#225;lcio coronariano em popula&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dia et&#225;ria superior aos valvopatas avaliados nesse estudo (43,1&#177;18,3). Entretanto, os dados foram discordantes para mostrar presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva. A presen&#231;a de fatores de risco parece ser um bom indicativo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria<sup>17,18</sup>. Nossos dados mostraram que angina de peito foi o dado mais freq&#252;ente encontrado no grupo DAC pr&#233;via, denotando a import&#226;ncia da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica nesses pacientes<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco &#233; um importante marcador para excluir DAC obstrutiva, em pacientes com menos de 50 anos de idade. De fato, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum paciente com menos de 50 anos de idade e sem nenhum fator de risco para DAC, com DAC associada a valvopatia. Consideramos como uma limita&#231;&#227;o o fato de ser um estudo retrospectivo. Assim, dados sobre dislipidemia e detalhes da evolu&#231;&#227;o podem ter sido omitidos. Entretanto, essas limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o invalidam o estudo, pois enfatizam a necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#227;o da idade mais adequada para realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, identificamos baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva em portadores de valvopatia com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. A valvopatia a&#243;rtica foi a mais freq&#252;ente associada a DAC e a maioria dos pacientes tinha idade &gt;50 anos. A idade ideal para realiza&#231;&#227;o da coronariografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de rotina em portadores de valvopatia deveria ser reavaliada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Roney Orismar Sampaio </p>
        <p> Av.Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira Cesar </p>
        <p> 05.403-000,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="val_roney@incor.usp.br">val_roney@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 12/06/2007; revisado recebido em 07/01/2008; aceito em 26/02/2008.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of coronary artery disease and preoperative assessment in patients with valvopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Coronary angiography has been indicated in the preoperative phase for patients with valvopathy over 35 years of age. However, the actual prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in this population has been little studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of and the risk factors for CAD in candidates for valve surgery in Brazil. METHODS: Coronary angiography was performed in 3,736 patients who were candidates for valve surgery; prevalence of and risk factors for CAD associated with valvopathy were assessed. RESULTS: CAD was associated with valvopathy in 121 patients (prevalence of 3.42%). In 79 patients (68.1%), CAD was diagnosed by means of preoperative coronary angiography. Of these 79 patients, 50 (63.3%) had isolated aortic valvopathy or aortic valvopathy associated with mitral valvopathy. Smoking habit was observed in 54 patients (68.3%), hypertension in four (43%), family history in 24 (30.3%), diabetes mellitus in 15 (18.9%), and obesity in eight (10.1%). Of the 121 patients, 95.7% were over 50 years of age. Only five (4.3% of the patients with CAD) were below 50 years of age, and all of them had at least one risk factor for CAD. CONCLUSION: CAD prevalence was low in the patients studied. Aortic valvopathy was the most frequent valvopathy associated with CAD, and most patients were over 50 years of age. The ideal age for routine preoperative coronary angiography in patients with valvopathy should be reassessed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronariography angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>preoperative care</kwd>
        <kwd>heart valve diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary arteriosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prevalence of coronary artery disease and preoperative assessment in patients with valvopathy </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Roney Orismar Sampaio<sup>I</sup>; V&#237;vian Masutti Jonke<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o L. Falc&#227;o<sup>II</sup>; Sandra Falc&#227;o<sup>I</sup>; Guilherme S. Spina<sup>I</sup>; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi<sup>I</sup>; Max Grinberg<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Departamento de Valvopatias S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Coronary angiography has been indicated in the preoperative phase for patients with valvopathy over 35 years of age. However, the actual prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in this population has been little studied.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the prevalence of and the risk factors for CAD in candidates for valve surgery in Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Coronary angiography was performed in 3,736 patients who were candidates for valve surgery; prevalence of and risk factors for CAD associated with valvopathy were assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> CAD was associated with valvopathy in 121 patients (prevalence of 3.42%). In 79 patients (68.1%), CAD was diagnosed by means of preoperative coronary angiography. Of these 79 patients, 50 (63.3%) had isolated aortic valvopathy or aortic valvopathy associated with mitral valvopathy. Smoking habit was observed in 54 patients (68.3%), hypertension in four (43%), family history in 24 (30.3%), diabetes mellitus in 15 (18.9%), and obesity in eight (10.1%). Of the 121 patients, 95.7% were over 50 years of age. Only five (4.3% of the patients with CAD) were below 50 years of age, and all of them had at least one risk factor for CAD.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> CAD prevalence was low in the patients studied. Aortic valvopathy was the most frequent valvopathy associated with CAD, and most patients were over 50 years of age. The ideal age for routine preoperative coronary angiography in patients with valvopathy should be reassessed.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronariography angiography; preoperative care; heart valve diseases; coronary arteriosclerosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Preoperative coronary angiography has been routinely indicated for patients older than 35 years who have valvopathy and have to undergo surgery<sup>1</sup>. However, the actual prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in these patients has been little studied<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The association between CAD and valvopathy generally worsens symptoms, accounts for a worse prognosis and increases surgery risk, especially in patients with aortic stenosis<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>CAD prevalence in valvopathies is inconsistent and may be influenced by the local degree of development, social conditions and eating habits of the population assessed. Therefore, the indication for preoperative coronary angiography could be changed according to the actual prevalence of obstructive CAD. In the United States, coronary angiography is indicated before 35 years of age, even for those patients without a clinical history of or risk factors for CAD. In other countries, such as Spain, coronary angiography has been performed in male patients at 60 and female patients at 65 in view of the low prevalence of CAD, which is lower than 5%, in individuals under 60 years of age<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>To assess the prevalence of major CAD in patients with valvopathy, we studied all the preoperative coronary angiographies over a period of ten years in our institution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 1990 to December 2000, 3,736 patients with valvopathy underwent surgery in our institution. We assessed the medical records of all patients submitted to valve surgery and myocardial revascularization. When necessary, some incomplete data, such as the presence of risk factors, were clarified by phone at a later stage. Patients with known ischemic mitral insufficiency were excluded. Major CAD was defined as an obstruction of at least 70% of one of the coronary arteries. An obstruction equal to or greater than 50% of the left coronary trunk was also considered significant. The study was submitted to the institution's Ethics Committee and was duly approved.</p>
      <p>Patients with major CAD were divided into two groups: previous CAD, comprised of patients with known coronary artery disease; and new CAD, comprised of those patients whose diagnosis of coronary artery disease was possible only after the preoperative coronary angiography was performed.</p>
      <p>The following parameters were assessed:</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> gender and age;</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> type of valvopathy;</p>
      <p><bold>3)</bold> risk factors for CAD including: smoking habit<sup>5</sup> (patients were asked whether they smoked and the number of cigarretes smoked per day, and whether they were former smokers), obesity (defined as a body mass index above 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), dyslipidemia (total cholesterol serum level above 200 mg/dL or low density lipoprotein level above 130 mg/dL), family history of CAD<sup>6</sup> (defined as the presence of sudden death or acute myocardial infarction before 55 and 65 respectively for male and female forebears), hypertension (defined as blood pressure higher than 140x90 mmHg) and patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (defined at the time the study began and maintained during the study; defined as fast glycemia above 140 mg/dL).</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS software and a value of p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Quantitative variables for means and standard deviations were used. Paired and unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> tests were employed when appropriate. For qualitative data (for example, presence of hypertension or not, presence of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or not), when they were compared for the hypotesis of equivalence of proportions, the Chi-square test was used; when limited, Fischer's exact test was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The association between major CAD and valvopathy occurred in 121 patients of the 3,736 patients who underwent surgery, thus resulting in a prevalence of 3.24%. Of these 3,736 patients, 1,905 (51%) had mitral valvopathy, 1,196 (32%) had aortic valvopathy and 635 (17%) had mitral-aortic valvopathy.</p>
      <p>Among the 3,736 cases, there were 3,615 patients with non-obstructive CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table1</xref>). The association between CAD and valvopathy was more frequent in patients with aortic disease, either isolated or combined with mitral disease (3.94%), than in patients with isolated mitral valvopathy (2.26%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0200-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>We retrieved complete data of 109 out of the 121 patients with CAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_10f1-body2">figure1</xref>). For 30 patients there was information on previous CAD ("Previous CAD"). However, for 79 patients (72.5%) the diagnosis of CAD was possible only thanks to the routine preoperative coronary angiography ("New CAD"). The data on the 30 patients with "Previous CAD" and on the 79 patients with "New CAD", including the number of risk factors, are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t2-body2">table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_10f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0200-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_10t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0200-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 79 patients with New CAD, 55 were male (69.62%), with a mean age of 64.74&#177;9.23 years of age. There were 50 patients with either isolated aortic or mitral-aortic valvopathy, and 29 with isolated mitral valvopathy. There was no significant difference between the means of age, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or hypertension when the Previous CAD and New CAD groups were compared (p = ns) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_10t2-body2">tab.2</xref>). Additionally, symptoms of chest angina in the Previous CAD group were more frequent than in the New CAD group (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p>In the New CAD group the following risk factors were observed: smoking habit in 54 patients, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in 15, and obesity (body mass index <underline>&gt;</underline>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in 8 patients. Hypertension was observed in 34 and family history in 24 patients. Only five patients (4.6% of all patients with CAD and 0.13% of all the population with valvopathy) were below 50 years of age. All of these patients (one mitral, two aortic and two mitral-aortic) had at least one risk factor for CAD. Three of these were female and two were male; all were smokers; two had a family history; two had hypertension, one had diabetes and one had dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CAD prevalence has not been extensively studied, particularly in asymptomatic patients<sup>2,7</sup>. Enriquez-Sarano et al.<sup>2</sup> assessed patients with valvopathy from the United States and found that approximately 35% of them had associated CAD, with no significant change in a ten-year follow-up. Recent data has shown that CAD accounts for more than half of all cardiovascular events in men and women over 75 years of age in the United States<sup>8</sup>, and that the lifetime risk of developing CAD after 40 years of age is 49% for male and 32% for female subjects. Hypertension was a risk factor especially for black women<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our data showed a prevalence that was ten times lower (3.42%). Other studies showed a variable frequency depending on the population assessed. San Jose et al.<sup>3</sup> demonstrated a prevalence of 20.3% in a Spanish study with 234 patients with a mean age of 64&#177;10 years. Timmermans et al.<sup>9</sup> identified a lower prevalence of CAD (approximately 14%) in Belgian subjects with aortic insufficiency. Studies in developing countries showed a prevalence between 5% and 15%<sup>10</sup>. These differences relate to older age, risk factors and eating habits which differ among the populations studied. Our study showed a very low incidence of obstructive coronary disease, that is, where revascularization was required.</p>
      <p>Rheumatic fever is still a common disease in Brazil, and the mitral valve is the valve that is most frequently affected. The absolute sample of patients with mitral valvopathy was high, including its association with CAD. However, when a proportional assessment was made, we observed a higher frequency of association between aortic stenosis and CAD, in the region of 10%, which is similar to the findings of other studies<sup>11,12</sup>. The older age group and the predominance of male subjects may explain these findings. Additionally a high number of risk factors could also account for this association, especially dyslipidemia, about which our data was inconclusive. Data on cholesterol levels prior to valve surgery were available for only 35% of our patients, and 70% of these had high total cholesterol levels.</p>
      <p>Preoperative coronary angiography is commonly performed in patients with valvopathy who are over 35 years of age in the United States<sup>1</sup>, especially when they have risk factors for CAD. Noninvasive evaluation techniques such as electrocardiography, chest X-ray, Doppler echocardiography, scintigraphy and, more recently, angiotomography, when combined with clinical examination, can clarify, in most cases, the etiology, the degree of valve lesion, and whether there is ventricular dysfunction. The hemodynamic study played a diagnostic role in only 10% of the patients with valvopathy<sup>11-15</sup>. Additionally, there are issues relating to the high cost and risks which are inherent to invasive tests, such as vascular lesion resulting from the insertion of the catheter, anaphylactic shock and/or kidney dysfunction due to the iodinated contrast media and even an epysode of cerebrovascular accident due to calcium embolism or thrombus<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The performance of catheterization for the sole purpose of assessing CAD can be restricted further. Differences in CAD prevalence in different populations should be taken into account when we challenge coronary angiography as a preoperative exam, especially in younger patients with valvopathy. Noninvasive tests, such as treadmill exercise test and myocardial scintigraphy have been used in selected patients with the purpose of avoiding coronary angiography<sup>14,15</sup>. More recently, coronary angiotomography<sup>16</sup> has demonstrated higher coronary calcium content in populations with a mean age that is higher than the mean age of the patients with valvopathy assessed in this study (43.1&#177;18.3). However, there was disagreement in the data relative to the presence or not of obstructive CAD. The presence of risk factors seems to be a good indicator for the performance of preoperative coronary angiography<sup>17,18</sup>. Our data have shown that chest angina was the most frequently found datum in the Previous CAD group, which reflects the importance of clinical history for these patients<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The absence of risk factors is an important marker to exclude obstructive CAD in patients below 50 years of age. In fact, we found no patients below age 50 with no risk factor for CAD who actually had CAD associated with valvopathy. We consider a limitation the fact that this is a retrospective study. Thus, data on dyslipidemia and details about the progression may have been ommitted. However, these limitations do not invalidate the study, as they emphasize the need to reassess the most appropriate age for the performance of preoperative coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our institution, we identified a low prevalence of obstructive coronary disease in patients with valvopathy with indication for surgery. Aortic valvopathy was the most frequent valvopathy associated with CAD and most patients were over 50 years of age. The ideal age for the performance of routine preoperative coronary angiography in patients with valvopathy should be reassessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
