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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4qPM5hyLxm94g4Ffy8xpDpd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hiperpotassemia na vig&#234;ncia de espironolactona em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Villa&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochiai</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Eidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munhoz</surname>
            <given-names>Robinson Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>194</fpage>
      <lpage>199</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia relacionada &#224; espironolactona &#233; baixa na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel, entretanto n&#227;o foi estudada durante a descompensa&#231;&#227;o. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da espironolactona na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada sobre o pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico. M&#201;TODOS: Em um estudo de coorte, selecionamos pacientes hospitalizados por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, FEVE &lt; 0,45 e pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico entre 3,5 e 5,5 mEq/l. Os pacientes foram divididos segundo o uso da espironolactona (grupo E) ou n&#227;o (grupo C). O desfecho foi aumento do pot&#225;ssio (&gt; 6,0 mEq/l) e uso de poliestireno de c&#225;lcio. Realizou-se a an&#225;lise multivariada pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 186 pacientes (grupo E: 56; grupo C: 130), FEVE 0,25, idade 55,5 anos e 65,2% de homens. A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia foi de 10,7% no grupo E e de 5,4% no grupo C (p = 0,862). A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que a ur&#233;ia s&#233;rica &gt; 60,5 mg/dl, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, apresenta risco relativo de 9,6 (IC 95% 8,03 - 11,20; p = 0,005) para a ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia. CONCLUS&#195;O: A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia foi duas vezes maior com espironolactona, mas n&#227;o estatisticamente significante. Eleva&#231;&#227;o da ur&#233;ia foi associada &#224; hiperpotassemia. Estudos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o assunto.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>hiperpotassemia</kwd>
        <kwd>espironolactona</kwd>
        <kwd>rim</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hiperpotassemia na vig&#234;ncia de espironolactona em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Villa&#231;a Lima<sup>I, II</sup>; Marcelo Eidi Ochiai<sup>I, II</sup>; Juliano Novaes Cardoso<sup>I, II</sup>; Paulo C&#233;sar Morgado<sup>I, II</sup>; Robinson Tadeu Munhoz<sup>I, II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia relacionada &#224; espironolactona &#233; baixa na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel, entretanto n&#227;o foi estudada durante a descompensa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da espironolactona na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada sobre o pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Em um estudo de coorte, selecionamos pacientes hospitalizados por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, FEVE &lt; 0,45 e pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico entre 3,5 e 5,5 mEq/l. Os pacientes foram divididos segundo o uso da espironolactona (grupo E) ou n&#227;o (grupo C). O desfecho foi aumento do pot&#225;ssio (&gt; 6,0 mEq/l) e uso de poliestireno de c&#225;lcio. Realizou-se a an&#225;lise multivariada pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram estudados 186 pacientes (grupo E: 56; grupo C: 130), FEVE 0,25, idade 55,5 anos e 65,2% de homens. A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia foi de 10,7% no grupo E e de 5,4% no grupo C (p = 0,862). A an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou que a ur&#233;ia s&#233;rica &gt; 60,5 mg/dl, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, apresenta risco relativo de 9,6 (IC 95% 8,03 - 11,20; p = 0,005) para a ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia foi duas vezes maior com espironolactona, mas n&#227;o estatisticamente significante. Eleva&#231;&#227;o da ur&#233;ia foi associada &#224; hiperpotassemia. Estudos randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer o assunto. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hiperpotassemia, espironolactona, rim / efeitos de drogas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por causa do aumento da prescri&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), verificado ap&#243;s a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% na mortalidade pelo estudo RALES<sup>1</sup>, ocorreu um aumento nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por hiperpotassemia<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi mais prevalente no grupo tratado com a espironolactona, apesar da baixa incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia (2%)<sup>3</sup>. Embora seja esperado um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia com o tratamento atual da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em raz&#227;o do emprego dos inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina II (IECA) e da espironolactona, a sua real freq&#252;&#234;ncia n&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida e pode variar de acordo com a gravidade e forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. A literatura vem mostrando que pacientes tratados com IECA e espironolactona t&#234;m uma maior tend&#234;ncia no desenvolvimento de hiperpotassemia<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel, entretanto, que a hiperpotassemia ocorra com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia na fase descompensada, relacionada &#224; piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, por baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou efeito de medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Na descompensa&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes que se beneficiam do bloqueio neuro-hormonal s&#227;o os mesmos que apresentam risco aumentado de piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hiperpotassemia.</p>
    <p>Os IECA, os bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA) e a espironolactona reduzem a elimina&#231;&#227;o do pot&#225;ssio nos t&#250;bulos renais e aumentam a probabilidade do desenvolvimento de hiperpotassemia na descompensa&#231;&#227;o<sup>8,9</sup>. Os betabloqueadores contribuem para o aumento do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico pela inibi&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, em decorr&#234;ncia da inibi&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o de renina plasm&#225;tica<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os vasodilatadores orais s&#227;o importantes no tratamento da descompensa&#231;&#227;o, mas s&#227;o muitas vezes dif&#237;ceis de ser mantidos. Quando ocorre hiperpotassemia, IECA, BRA e espironolactona s&#227;o suspensos at&#233; que se normalize o pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico, interrompendo o processo de compensa&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>O valor da espironolactona no tratamento da IC compensada est&#225; estabelecido. Ao contr&#225;rio, n&#227;o h&#225; dados avaliando seu papel durante a descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, quando em adi&#231;&#227;o a outras medica&#231;&#245;es pode promover hiperpotassemia e influenciar na retirada dos vasodilatadores.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, procuramos avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da espironolactona e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o aumento s&#233;rico de pot&#225;ssio em pacientes internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se um estudo tipo coorte no qual foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, provenientes da Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HCFMUSP, internados no Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; (HCFMUSP) entre 22 de fevereiro de 2005 e 22 de novembro de 2006.</p>
    <p>A abordagem de rotina para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inclui a defini&#231;&#227;o do perfil hemodin&#226;mico cl&#237;nico de Stevenson, identifica&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades e exames complementares (dosagens s&#233;ricas de ur&#233;ia, creatinina, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, hemograma, BNP e eletrocardiograma). Como regra, em pacientes com perfil frio e &#250;mido ou frio e seco, optou-se por dobutamina para melhora do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, medica&#231;&#227;o de escolha em nosso servi&#231;o. Em casos de uso cr&#244;nico de betabloqueadores, optou-se por milrinone ou levosimendan. Para o controle da congest&#227;o pulmonar e perif&#233;rica, foi utilizada preferencialmente a furosemida via endovenosa, associada ou n&#227;o com a hidroclorotiazida. O uso de vasodilatadores endovenosos ficou reservado para os pacientes com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica maior que 90 mmHg no momento da admiss&#227;o, por&#233;m foram pouco utilizados pelos assistentes por causa da necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva. Os vasodilatadores orais dispon&#237;veis em nosso servi&#231;o e utilizados para a compensa&#231;&#227;o do paciente foram: captopril ou maleato de enalapril, losartana pot&#225;ssica e a hidralazina com isossorbida, isolados ou associados, com a maior dose tolerada. O uso de digoxina foi permitido conforme decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico do paciente.</p>
    <p>Para a inclus&#227;o dos pacientes, consideraram-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios: idade acima de 18 anos; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) menor ou igual a 0,45, pelo m&#233;todo de Teicholz ou Simpson; e pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico entre 3,5 e 5,5 mEq/l.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: creatinina s&#233;rica maior ou igual a 2,5 mg/dl ou ur&#233;ia maior ou igual a 100 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, utilizaram-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
    <p>&#149; Isqu&#234;mica: &#225;rea inativa ao eletrocardiograma, hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana demonstrada por cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
    <p>&#149; Chag&#225;sica: sorologia reagente pelo m&#233;todo de ELISA ou imunoflurosc&#234;ncia indireta.</p>
    <p>&#149; Hipertensiva: hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica afastando outras causas para miocardiopatia.</p>
    <p>&#149; Outras.</p>
    <p>Como &#233; rotina em nosso servi&#231;o, as dosagens de ur&#233;ia, creatinina, s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio foram feitas tr&#234;s vezes por semana, at&#233; o controle do baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e da congest&#227;o pulmonar e perif&#233;rica, por&#233;m monitorizadas at&#233; a alta hospitalar conforme a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Com os dados no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o, a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Crockoft-Gault.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram divididos em dois grupos, segundo o uso e a manuten&#231;&#227;o (grupo E) ou n&#227;o (grupo C) da espironolactona durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, mantida pelos m&#233;dicos da emerg&#234;ncia antes da transfer&#234;ncia para o Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;. Em nenhum momento os pesquisadores interferiram na prescri&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes durante o acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>No grupo C, 34,5% dos pacientes faziam uso de espironolactona previamente, a qual foi suspensa no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;dico da emerg&#234;ncia. Todos os pacientes que chegaram a nosso servi&#231;o e que utilizavam espironolactona (grupo E) faziam uso da medica&#231;&#227;o previamente. Portanto, a espironolactona foi suspensa em aproximadamente 21,6% dos pacientes que fizeram parte do estudo no momento da chegada &#224; unidade de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, adotou-se, a crit&#233;rio m&#233;dico, a substitui&#231;&#227;o ou manuten&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es que pudessem elevar o pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico na ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia, assim como a escolha do tratamento com poliestireno de c&#225;lcio (Sorcal<sup>&#174;</sup>). Em nosso servi&#231;o, a dieta hipocal&#234;mica faz parte do tratamento para a corre&#231;&#227;o de hiperpotassemia, sendo prescrita pelo m&#233;dico quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a incid&#234;ncia do aumento do pot&#225;ssio (K<sup>+</sup> &gt; 6,0 mEq/l) e uso de poliestireno de c&#225;lcio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas com propor&#231;&#227;o e porcentagem, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, com m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada empregando-se o teste t, teste de Fischer e quiquadrado. Nas compara&#231;&#245;es, consideraram-se significantes as diferen&#231;as com valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>A curva Receiver Operator Characteristcs (ROC) definiu o ponto de corte do valor da ur&#233;ia com maior acur&#225;cia para a ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica<sup>12</sup>, pelo programa SPSS 13.0<sup>&#174;</sup> (Chicago-IL, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Selecionaram-se 186 pacientes, e suas caracter&#237;sticas est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes dos dois grupos, com e sem espironolactona, est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>. Dos 186 pacientes, 56 encontravam-se no grupo E e 130 no grupo C. Os dois grupos diferiram quanto ao sexo (p = 0,01), ressaltando que no grupo C houve tend&#234;ncia na preval&#234;ncia do diabetes melito (p = 0,09) e no uso de nitrato e hidralazina (p = 0,08).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi de 23,65 dias. Durante o estudo ocorreram nove &#243;bitos, tr&#234;s no grupo E e seis no grupo C, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral estudada foi de 7,69%, sendo mais prevalente no grupo E (10,7% vs. 5,4%), p = 0,862. A evolu&#231;&#227;o do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>. A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia e de poliestireno de c&#225;lcio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>) foi duas vezes maior no grupo em que a espironolactona foi mantida na prescri&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, selecionamos 88 pacientes cujos dados estavam completos, e, destes, doze apresentaram hiperpotassemia. As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: idade, etnia, etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, FEVE, diabetes melito, ur&#233;ia inicial e final, creatinina inicial e final, uso de droga vasoativa, uso pr&#233;vio de espironolactona e uso durante a interna&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona. Foram consideradas ur&#233;ia e creatinina final, o maior valor correspondente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi a ur&#233;ia final (p = 0,028), ou seja, os pacientes que apresentaram piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a interna&#231;&#227;o tinham maior probabilidade de desenvolver aumento do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico.</p>
    <p>Por meio da curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>), definimos que o valor de ur&#233;ia com maior sensibilidade e especificidade para o desenvolvimento de hiperpotassemia foi de 60,5 mg/dl. Assim, os pacientes que apresentaram ur&#233;ia maior que esse valor, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, possu&#237;am RR de 9,6 (IC 95% 8,03 - 11,20) para o aumento de pot&#225;ssio &gt; 6 mEq/dl, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com ur&#233;ia inferior a esse valor, com p = 0,005.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nos pacientes que faziam uso domiciliar de espironolactona antes da interna&#231;&#227;o, houve uma tend&#234;ncia ao desenvolvimento de hiperpotassemia com RR de 9,07 (IC 95% 6,55 - 11,59) e p = 0,087.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso achado principal foi a incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia maior no grupo que usou espironolactona durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (10,7%), por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. Ainda, ressaltamos a ocorr&#234;ncia em maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia (7,69%) nos pacientes descompensados, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de pacientes est&#225;veis estudados no RALES.</p>
    <p>Na fase descompensada da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a ocorr&#234;ncia de piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; freq&#252;ente<sup>13</sup>, possivelmente em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, do uso de medica&#231;&#245;es e de comorbidades<sup>14,15</sup>. Svensson e cols.<sup>4</sup> identificaram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o diabetes melito e a classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca <italic>(</italic>NYHA<italic>)</italic> como fatores de risco independentes para o desenvolvimento de hiperpotassemia. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>, todos esses fatores de risco foram prevalentes e podem ter contribu&#237;do para o aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio em nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, definimos hiperpotassemia como pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico superior a 6,0 mEq/l. Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de pacientes com IC descompensada, encontramos 13 (7,69%) casos com hiperpotassemia. Quando comparamos os pacientes que durante a interna&#231;&#227;o estavam em uso de espironolactona com os que n&#227;o estavam, pudemos observar que a hiperpotassemia e o uso de poliestireno de c&#225;lcio foram duas vezes mais freq&#252;entes no grupo que estava recebendo espironolactona (10,7% vs. 5,4%).</p>
    <p>Observamos uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior de prescri&#231;&#227;o de hidralazina e nitrato no grupo C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>). Em geral, a substitui&#231;&#227;o dos IECA pela hidralazina e nitrato &#233; realizada quando ocorre hiperpotassemia ou com a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Como em nosso servi&#231;o atendemos pacientes em situa&#231;&#227;o mais avan&#231;ada, provavelmente a necessidade de hidralazina e nitrato &#233; maior.</p>
    <p>Tamirisa e cols.<sup>16</sup>, ao analisarem o uso da espironolactona em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia muito pr&#243;xima &#224; encontrada em nosso estudo. Foram estudados 926 pacientes, e 67 (7,2%) descontinuaram o uso da espironolactona por hiperpotassemia ou piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Estes pacientes eram mais idosos e portadores de diabetes melito, e a maioria fazia uso de betabloqueadores, &#224; semelhan&#231;a dos nossos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Cruz e cols.<sup>17</sup> realizaram um estudo com 100 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em uso de IECA, associado ou n&#227;o &#224; espironolactona. Consideraram como hiperpotassemia pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico superior a 5,5 mEq/l. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, conforme o uso ou n&#227;o da espironolactona. A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia foi de 32% no grupo espironolactona e 2% no controle, com <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 24,2 (IC 95%: 3,1 a 191,6). Identificaram como preditores de risco para o desenvolvimento de hiperpotassemia a classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o valor elevado da creatinina s&#233;rica basal e a presen&#231;a de diabetes melito, resultados semelhantes ao deste estudo.</p>
    <p>Encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ur&#233;ia e a ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o temos dispon&#237;vel a ocorr&#234;ncia de piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, entretanto podemos inferir que o n&#237;vel maior de ur&#233;ia na evolu&#231;&#227;o possa ser considerado como tal. Dessa forma, o nosso achado positivo foi o valor preditivo da piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal para a ocorr&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da espironolactona na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca t&#234;m sido amplamente demonstrados, por&#233;m a sua ocorr&#234;ncia acontece em m&#233;dio e longo prazos. Nossos achados n&#227;o comprovam, mas indicam que a espironolactona esteja relacionada &#224; hiperpotassemia na descompensa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente da fase est&#225;vel, a prioridade na descompensa&#231;&#227;o &#233; a melhora dos sintomas, que &#233; decorrente da melhora hemodin&#226;mica. Os vasodilatadores como IECA e BRA conseguem esse efeito. N&#227;o h&#225; comprova&#231;&#227;o de melhora hemodin&#226;mica aguda com a espironolactona. Em nosso servi&#231;o, que atende pacientes com est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados, o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o para compensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; de aproximadamente 23 dias. Se ocorrer hiperpotassemia, medica&#231;&#245;es fundamentais como os vasodilatadores ser&#227;o suspensas, sendo a espironolactona uma medica&#231;&#227;o menos importante nesse per&#237;odo.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que a suspens&#227;o da espironolactona por alguns dias provavelmente n&#227;o mudaria a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e a conduta preventiva de suspender essa medica&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o parece ser adequada. Caso a espironolactona seja mantida na prescri&#231;&#227;o, deve haver um controle rigoroso da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico, sendo suspensa antes que ocorra hiperpotassemia. Essa conduta pode evitar a suspens&#227;o de drogas importantes para a compensa&#231;&#227;o do paciente na fase aguda.</p>
    <p>Quando o paciente recebe alta hospitalar em nosso servi&#231;o, &#233; agendado um retorno precoce p&#243;s-alta em seu ambulat&#243;rio de origem. Sendo assim, a espironolactona poderia ser reintroduzida ambulatorialmente, com a solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames laboratoriais de rotina, n&#227;o deixando de ser prescrita ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Obtivemos um resultado negativo provavelmente em raz&#227;o da falta de poder do estudo pelo tamanho da amostra. Limitamos o acompanhamento dos pacientes durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, e o seguimento por tempo mais prolongado nos traria mais informa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; import&#226;ncia em manter ou n&#227;o a espironolactona durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para a compensa&#231;&#227;o. Acreditamos que um estudo randomizado poderia fornecer, posteriormente, maiores informa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de hiperpotassemia foi duas vezes maior com espironolactona, entretanto n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante. A eleva&#231;&#227;o da ur&#233;ia durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o foi associada &#224; hiperpotassemia. Acreditamos que a suspens&#227;o por alguns dias da espironolactona provavelmente n&#227;o mudaria a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e a conduta preventiva de suspender essa medica&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o parece ser razo&#225;vel. Essa estrat&#233;gia, entretanto, deve ser avaliada em estudos prospectivos randomizados de grande porte, antes de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na rotina cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Finaciamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Marcelo Villa&#231;a Lima </p>
        <p> Rua Ribeiro de Barros, 55, ap. 51 - Vila Anglo Brasileira </p>
        <p> 05027-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="villacalima@cardiol.br">villacalima@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/09/07; revisado recebido em 29/11/07; aceito em 12/02/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hyperkalemia during spironolactone use in patients with decompensated heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The incidence of hyperkalemia related to spironolactone use is low in stable heart failure; however, it has not been studied during decompensation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of spironolactone on serum potassium in decompensated heart failure (HF). METHODS: In a cohort study, patients that had been hospitalized due to decompensated HF, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 0.45 and serum potassium between 3.5 and 5.5 mEq/l were selected. The patients were divided according to spironolactone use (Group S) or no use (Group C). The outcome was potassium increase (&gt; 6.0 mEq/l) and the use of calcium polystyrene. A multivariate analysis through logistic regression was carried out and values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 186 patients (group S: 56; group C: 130) were studied; LVEF of 0.25, aged 55.5 years and 65.2% of them males. The incidence of hyperkalemia was 10.7% in group S and 5.4% in group C (p = 0.862). The multivariate analysis showed that serum urea &gt; 60.5 mg/dl during the hospitalization presents a relative risk of 9.6 (95%CI 8.03 - 11.20; p = 0.005) for the occurrence of hyperkalemia. CONCLUSION: The incidence of hyperkalemia was two-fold higher with spironolactone use, but it was not statistically significant. The increase in urea levels was associated to the hyperkalemia. Randomized studies are necessary to clarify this issue.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure, congestive</kwd>
        <kwd>hyperkalemia</kwd>
        <kwd>spirolactone</kwd>
        <kwd>kidney</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Hyperkalemia during spironolactone use in patients with decompensated heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marcelo Villa&#231;a Lima<sup>I, II</sup>; Marcelo Eidi Ochiai<sup>I, II</sup>; Juliano Novaes Cardoso<sup>I, II</sup>; Paulo C&#233;sar Morgado<sup>I, II</sup>; Robinson Tadeu Munhoz<sup>I, II</sup>; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The incidence of hyperkalemia related to spironolactone use is low in stable heart failure; however, it has not been studied during decompensation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the influence of spironolactone on serum potassium in decompensated heart failure (HF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In a cohort study, patients that had been hospitalized due to decompensated HF, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 0.45 and serum potassium between 3.5 and 5.5 mEq/l were selected. The patients were divided according to spironolactone use (Group S) or no use (Group C). The outcome was potassium increase (&gt; 6.0 mEq/l) and the use of calcium polystyrene. A multivariate analysis through logistic regression was carried out and values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 186 patients (group S: 56; group C: 130) were studied; LVEF of 0.25, aged 55.5 years and 65.2% of them males. The incidence of hyperkalemia was 10.7% in group S and 5.4% in group C (p = 0.862). The multivariate analysis showed that serum urea &gt; 60.5 mg/dl during the hospitalization presents a relative risk of 9.6 (95%CI 8.03 - 11.20; p = 0.005) for the occurrence of hyperkalemia.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The incidence of hyperkalemia was two-fold higher with spironolactone use, but it was not statistically significant. The increase in urea levels was associated to the hyperkalemia. Randomized studies are necessary to clarify this issue.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart failure, congestive; hyperkalemia; spirolactone; kidney / drug effects</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Due to the increased number of spironolactone prescriptions for heart failure (HF) verified after the RALES<sup>1</sup> study demonstrated a reduction of 30% in mortality, there was an increase in the hospitalizations due to hyperkalemia<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the renal function worsening was more prevalent in the group treated with spironolactone, despite the low incidence of hyperkalemia (2%)<sup>3</sup>. Although it is expected an increase in the incidence of hyperkalemia with the current treatment of HF due to the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and spironolactone, its actual frequency is not well known and can vary according to the disease severity and presentation. The literature has shown that patients treated with ACEI and spironolactone have a higher tendency to develop hyperkalemia<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is possible, however, that hyperkalemia occurs at a higher frequency in the decompensated phase, related to the worsening in the renal function due to low cardiac output or the effect of medications.</p>
      <p>At the decompensated phase, the patients that benefit from the neurohormonal blockade are the same who present an increased risk of renal function worsening and hyperkalemia.</p>
      <p>The ACEI, the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) and spironolactone decrease the elimination of potassium in the renal tubules and increase the probability of hyperkalemia development at the decompensated phase<sup>8,9</sup>. The betablockers contribute to the increase of serum potassium through the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, due to the inhibition of the production and release of plasma renin<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Oral vasodilators are important in the treatment of decompensation, but are many times difficult to be maintained. When there is hyperkalemia, ACEI, ARB and spironolactone are withdrawn until serum potassium is normalized, interrupting the patient's compensation process.</p>
      <p>The importance of spironolactone in the treatment of HF has been well established. In contrast, there are no data evaluating its role during cardiac decompensation; when added to other medications, it can promote hyperkalemia and influence the withdrawal of vasodilators.</p>
      <p>The present study aims at evaluating the influence of spironolactone and its association with the increase in serum potassium in patients with decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cohort study was carried out, which included patients with a diagnosis of decompensated heart failure from the Emergency Room of Instituto do Coracao (The Heart Institute) - INCOR-HCFMUSP, admitted at Hospital Auxiliar de Cotoxo (HCFMUSP) between February 22, 2005 and November 22, 2006.</p>
      <p>The routine approach for the decompensated HF includes the definition of Stevenson's clinical hemodynamic profile, identification of comorbidities and complementary examinations (serum measurements of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, complete blood count, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and electrocardiogram). As a rule, for patients with a cold and wet profile or cold and dry, dobutamine was chosen to improve cardiac output, which is the medication of choice at our service.</p>
      <p>In cases of chronic use of betablockers, milrinone or levosimendan were chosen. To control pulmonary and peripheral congestion, furosemide IV was preferentially used, associated or not with hydrochlorothiazide. The use of IV vasodilators was reserved for patients with systolic arterial pressure &gt; 90 mmHg at the moment of admission; however, they were rarely used by the assistants due to the need for invasive monitoring. The oral vasodilators available at our Service and used for the patients' compensation were: captopril or enalapril maleate, losartan potassium and hydralazine plus isosorbide, isolated or associated, at the highest tolerated dose. The use of digoxin was allowed according to the decision made by the patient's physician.</p>
      <p>The following criteria were considered for the patients' inclusion: age older than 18 years; left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.45 by the Teicholz or Simpson method and serum potassium between 3.5 and 5.5 mEq/l.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: serum creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.5 mg/dl or urea = 100 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>To define the etiology of the ventricular dysfunction, the following criteria were used:</p>
      <p>&#149; Ischemic: area inactive at the electrocardiogram, history of myocardial revascularization or coronary obstruction demonstrated by coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>&#149; Chagasic: reagent serology by ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence.</p>
      <p>&#149; Hypertensive: history of systemic arterial hypertension, ruling out other causes for myocardiopathy.</p>
      <p>&#149; Others.</p>
      <p>As routinely done in our service, the measurements of urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium were carried out three times a week, until the control of the low cardiac output, pulmonary and peripheral congestion had been attained; however, they were monitored up to hospital discharge according to the clinical evolution. With the data at the moment of hospitalization, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated through the Crockoft-Gault method.</p>
      <p>The patients that met the inclusion criteria were divided in two groups, according to the use and maintenance (group S) or not (group C) of spironolactone during the hospital stay, maintained by the Emergency Room (ER) physicians before the transference to the Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243;. The researchers did not interfere with the patients' prescription at any time during the follow-up.</p>
      <p>In group C, 34.5% of the patients had previously used spironolactone, which was withdrawn at the moment of hospital admission by the ER physicians. All patients that were treated at our Service and used spironolactone (group S) had previously used the medication. Therefore, spironolactone was withdrawn in approximately 21.6% of the patients that joined the study at the moment they arrived at the ER.</p>
      <p>During the hospital stay, the substitution or maintenance of medications that could elevate serum potassium in the presence of hyperkalemia was carried out following the medical criterion, as well as the choice of treatment with calcium polystyrene (Sorcal<sup>&#210;</sup>). At our Service, the hypokalemic diet is part of the treatment to correct the hyperkalemia, being prescribed by the doctor when necessary.</p>
      <p>The primary outcome was the incidence of potassium increase (K<sup>+</sup> &gt; 6.0 mEq/l) and use of calcium polystyrene.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The categorical variables were expressed as proportion and percentages, and the continuous variables, as means and standard deviations.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out using the <italic>t</italic> test, Fisher's test and Chi-square test. For the comparisons, differences with p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>The Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) curve defined the urea level cutoff with higher accuracy for the occurrence of hyperkalemia. The multivariate analysis was carried out by the logistic regression method<sup>12</sup>, using the program SPSS 13.0<sup>&#174;</sup> (Chicago-IL, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 186 patients were selected and their characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The main characteristics of the patients in the two groups, with or without spironolactone, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>. Of the 186 patients, 56 were in group S and 130 in group C. The two groups differed regarding sex (p=0.01) and it is worth mentioning there was a tendency in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (p=0.09) and the use of nitrate and hydralazine (p=0.09) in group C.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean hospital stay duration was 23.65 days. During the study, nine deaths occurred, 3 in group S and 6 in group C, without statistical difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>The incidence of hyperkalemia in the general population studied was 7.69%, being more prevalent in group S (10.7% <italic>vs</italic>. 5.4%), p = 0.862. The evolution of the serum potassium is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_09f1-body2">figure 1</xref>. The incidence of hyperkalemia and calcium polystyrene (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>) was two-fold higher in the group that maintained spironolactone in the prescription during the hospitalization.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_09f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>For the multivariate analysis, we selected 88 patients whose data were complete and of those, 12 presented hyperkalemia. The variables analyzed were: age, ethnicity, etiology of the heart failure, LVEF, diabetes mellitus, initial and final urea, initial and final creatinine, use of vasoactive drug, previous use of spironolactone and use of spironolactone during hospitalization. The final urea and creatinine values were the highest corresponding values during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Through the logistic regression, the only variable with statistical significance was final urea (p=0.028), that is, the patients that presented renal function worsening during hospitalization had a higher probability of developing serum potassium increase.</p>
      <p>The ROC curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>) shows that the urea value with the highest sensitivity and specificity for the development of hyperkalemia was 60.5 mg/dl.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0194-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Thus, the patients that presented urea values above this level during hospitalization had a RR of 9.6 (95% CI: 8.03 - 11.20) for potassium increase &gt; 6 mEq/dl, when compared to patients with urea values lower than this level, with p = 0.005.</p>
      <p>Patients that used spironolactone before hospitalization had a tendency towards the development of hyperkalemia, with a RR of 9.07 (95%CI: 6.55 - 11.59) and p = 0.087.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our main finding was the higher incidence of hyperkalemia in the group that used spironolactone during hospitalization (10.7%), although without statistical difference. Moreover, it is worth mentioning the higher frequency of hyperkalemia (7.69%) in decompensated patients, in relation to the data of stable patients studied in the RALES.</p>
      <p>At the decompensated phase of HF, the renal function worsening is a frequent occurrence<sup>13</sup>, possibly due to the presence of low cardiac output, use of medications and presence of comorbidities<sup>14,15</sup>. Svensson et al<sup>4</sup> identified the renal function, diabetes mellitus and the functional class of heart failure <italic>(</italic>NYHA<italic>)</italic> as independent risk factors for the development of hyperkalemia. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>, all these risk factors were prevalent and might have contributed to the increase in serum levels of potassium in the present study.</p>
      <p>In the present study, hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium &gt; 6.0 mEq/l. In the studied population of patients with decompensated HF, we found 13 (7.69%) cases with hyperkalemia. When we compared the patients that used spironolactone during the hospitalization with the ones that did not, we observed that the hyperkalemia and the use of calcium polystyrene were twice more frequent in the group that received spironolactone (10.7% <italic>vs</italic>. 5.4%).</p>
      <p>We observed a higher frequency of prescription of hydralazine and nitrate in group C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>). In general, the substitution of the ACEI by hydralazine and nitrate is carried out when hyperkalemia occurs, or with the worsening of renal function. As we treat more advanced-stage patients at our Service, probably the need for hydralazine and nitrate is higher.</p>
      <p>Tamirisa et al<sup>16</sup>, when analyzing the use of spironolactone in patients with HF, found a prevalence of hyperkalemia that was very similar to the one found in the present study. A total of 926 patients were studied and 67 (7.2%) discontinued the use of spironolactone due to hyperkalemia or renal function worsening. These patients were older and had DM and most used betablockers, similarly to our patients.</p>
      <p>Cruz et al<sup>17</sup> carried out a study with 100 patients with decompensated HF using ACEI, associated or not to spironolactone. They considered as hyperkalemia serum potassium levels &gt; 5.5 mEq/l. The patients were divided in two groups, according to the use or not of spironolactone. The incidence of hyperkalemia was 32% in the spironolactone group and 2% in the control group, with an OR of 24.2 (95% CI: 3.1 to 191.6). The HF functional class, elevated basal serum creatinine and the presence of DM were identified as predictors of risk for the development of hyperkalemia, which is in agreement with the present study.</p>
      <p>We found an association between urea and the occurrence of hyperkalemia during the hospitalization period. The occurrence of the renal function worsening is not available; however, it can be inferred that a higher level of urea during the evolution can be considered as such. Therefore, our positive finding was the predictive value of the renal function worsening for the occurrence of hyperkalemia.</p>
      <p>The beneficial effects of spironolactone in HF have been largely demonstrated; however, they occur at mid- and long-term. Our findings do not prove, but indicate, that spironolactone is related to hyperkalemia in the decompensation phase of HF.</p>
      <p>Differently from the stable phase, the priority in the decompensation is the symptom improvement, which is the result of the hemodynamic improvement. Vasodilators such as ACEI and ARB have this effect. Acute hemodynamic improvement with spironolactone use has not been demonstrated. At our Service, which treats patients at more advanced stages of the disease, the hospitalization period for HF compensation is approximately 23 days. If there is hyperkalemia, essential medications such vasodilators are withdrawn and spironolactone is a less important medication in this period.</p>
      <p>We believe that the spironolactone withdrawal for some days would probably not change the intra-hospital mortality and the preventive procedure of withdrawing this medication during hospitalization seems to be adequate. When spironolactone is maintained in the prescription, there must be a strict control of the renal function and serum potassium and it should be withdrawn before the onset of hyperkalemia. This procedure can prevent the withdrawal of medications that are important for the patient's compensation in the acute phase.</p>
      <p>When the patient is released from the hospital at our Service, an early post-release return is scheduled at the referring outpatient clinic. Thus, spironolactone can be reintroduced at the outpatient clinic level, after routine tests have been ordered and always being prescribed after patient stabilization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We obtained a negative result probably caused by the lack of study power due to the sample size. We limited patient follow-up to the period of hospitalization and a longer follow-up period would have brought us more information regarding the importance of maintaining or not spironolactone during the hospitalization period for compensation. We believe that a randomized study could provide more information, subsequently.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of hyperkalemia was two-fold higher with spironolactone; however, it was not statistically significant. The increase in urea levels during the evolution was associated to hyperkalemia. We believe that the spironolactone withdrawal for some days would probably not change the intra-hospital mortality and the preventive procedure of withdrawing this medication during hospitalization seems to be reasonable. This strategy, however, must be assessed in large, randomized prospective studies before being applied to the routine clinical practice.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
