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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cVq8Sh7YWgT8FgnwtvS4hDr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial com olmesartana medoxomila em escalonamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Beltrame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Associa&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">IPSEMG</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital e Maternidade Celso Piero </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1"> </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>193</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As diretrizes nacionais e internacionais enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do tratamento eficaz da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Apesar disso, verificam-se baixos &#237;ndices de controle e alcance das metas preconizadas, indicando que &#233; importante planejar e implementar melhores estrat&#233;gias de tratamento. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um tratamento, em escalonamento de doses, tendo como base a olmesartana medoxomila. M&#201;TODOS: Este &#233; um estudo aberto, nacional, multic&#234;ntrico e prospectivo, de 144 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria nos est&#225;gios 1 e 2, virgens de tratamento ou ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de washout de duas a tr&#234;s semanas para aqueles em tratamento ineficaz. Avaliou-se o uso da olmesartana medoxomila num algoritmo de tratamento, em quatro fases: (i) monoterapia (20 mg), (ii-iii) associada &#224; hidroclorotiazida (20/12,5 mg e 40/25 mg) e (iv) adi&#231;&#227;o de besilato de anlodipino (40/25 mg + 5 mg). RESULTADOS: Ao fim do tratamento, em escalonamento, 86% dos sujeitos de pesquisa alcan&#231;aram a meta de press&#227;o arterial (PA) &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Ocorreram redu&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de, no m&#225;ximo, -44,4 mmHg e -20,0 mmHg, respectivamente. A taxa dos respondedores sist&#243;licos (PAS &gt; 20 mmHg) foi de 87,5% e diast&#243;licos (PAD &gt; 10 mmHg) de 92,4%. CONCLUS&#195;O: O estudo se baseou em um esquema de tratamento semelhante &#224; abordagem terap&#234;utica da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria e mostrou que o uso da olmesartana medoxomila, em monoterapia ou em associa&#231;&#227;o a hidroclorotiazida e anlodipino, foi eficaz para o alcance de meta para hipertensos dos est&#225;gios 1 e 2.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>bloqueadores do receptor tipo I de angiotensina II</kwd>
        <kwd>olmesartana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL SIST&#202;MICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial com olmesartana medoxomila em escalonamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota Gomes<sup>I</sup>; Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa<sup>II</sup>; Wille Oigman<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio Ribeiro<sup>IV</sup>; Em&#237;lio Hideyuki Moriguchi<sup>V</sup>; Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva<sup>VI</sup>; Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma<sup>VII</sup>; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro<sup>VIII</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>IX</sup>; Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas (UNCISAL), Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro - IPSEMG, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - Associa&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS- Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>VI</sup>Hospital e Maternidade Celso Piero - PUC Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>VII</sup>Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron, Campina Grande do Sul, PR - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>VIII</sup>Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos - Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IX</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> As diretrizes nacionais e internacionais enfatizam a import&#226;ncia do tratamento eficaz da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Apesar disso, verificam-se baixos &#237;ndices de controle e alcance das metas preconizadas, indicando que &#233; importante planejar e implementar melhores estrat&#233;gias de tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um tratamento, em escalonamento de doses, tendo como base a olmesartana medoxomila. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Este &#233; um estudo aberto, nacional, multic&#234;ntrico e prospectivo, de 144 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria nos est&#225;gios 1 e 2, virgens de tratamento ou ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de washout de duas a tr&#234;s semanas para aqueles em tratamento ineficaz. Avaliou-se o uso da olmesartana medoxomila num algoritmo de tratamento, em quatro fases: (i) monoterapia (20 mg), (ii-iii) associada &#224; hidroclorotiazida (20/12,5 mg e 40/25 mg) e (iv) adi&#231;&#227;o de besilato de anlodipino (40/25 mg + 5 mg). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ao fim do tratamento, em escalonamento, 86% dos sujeitos de pesquisa alcan&#231;aram a meta de press&#227;o arterial (PA) &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Ocorreram redu&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de, no m&#225;ximo, -44,4 mmHg e -20,0 mmHg, respectivamente. A taxa dos respondedores sist&#243;licos (PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg) foi de 87,5% e diast&#243;licos (PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) de 92,4%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O estudo se baseou em um esquema de tratamento semelhante &#224; abordagem terap&#234;utica da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria e mostrou que o uso da olmesartana medoxomila, em monoterapia ou em associa&#231;&#227;o a hidroclorotiazida e anlodipino, foi eficaz para o alcance de meta para hipertensos dos est&#225;gios 1 e 2.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Hipertens&#227;o, bloqueadores do receptor tipo I de angiotensina II, olmesartana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As diretrizes e os consensos nacionais e internacionais apontam para a necessidade do tratamento otimizado da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA), mesmo assim verifica-se que h&#225; baixos &#237;ndices de controle e alcance de metas preconizadas. Esse fato indica que devem ser planejadas e implementadas melhores estrat&#233;gias de tratamento<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>De maneira geral, as V Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (V DBHA) e o JNC 7 recomendam que, para a hipertens&#227;o no est&#225;gio 1<xref ref-type="fn" rid="back1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, deve-se iniciar o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com monoterapia, podendo escalonar a dose, caso n&#227;o tenha alcan&#231;ado a meta de press&#227;o arterial (PA). Tamb&#233;m preconizam o uso de associa&#231;&#245;es quando a PAS estiver 20 mmHg e a PAD 10 mmHg, repectivamente, acima da meta. Para pacientes com HA no est&#225;gio 2<xref ref-type="fn" rid="back2"><sup>**</sup></xref>, pode-se considerar o uso de associa&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos para o in&#237;cio do tratamento, observando que, em alguns casos, a monoterapia tamb&#233;m est&#225; indicada<sup>2-5</sup>. A meta para portadores de HA nos est&#225;gios 1 e 2 com risco cardiovascular baixo e m&#233;dio &#233; PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg; e para aqueles com risco cardiovascular alto &#233; PA &lt; 130/85 mmHg, e com risco cardiovascular muito alto &#233; PA &lt; 130/80 mmHg. Nos portadores de nefropatia com protein&#250;ria &gt; 1,0 g/l, recomenda-se PA &lt; 120/75 mmHg. Entretanto, se poss&#237;vel, alcan&#231;ar valores de press&#227;o arterial ainda menores (PA <underline>&lt;</underline> 120/80 mmHg)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O seguimento cont&#237;nuo do paciente, orientando e salientando a import&#226;ncia de ter a press&#227;o arterial controlada, &#233; fundamental para o sucesso terap&#234;utico. Permite, tamb&#233;m, o monitoramento das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de aumentar a dose ou acrescentar outra(s) classe(s) de anti-hipertensivo(s).</p>
    <p>A olmesartana medoxomila (OM) &#233; o f&#225;rmaco mais novo da classe dos bloqueadores dos receptores AT<sub>1</sub> de angiotensina II (BRA). Em estudos comparativos, mostrou efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva superior aos outros dessa classe e semelhante ao anlodipino<sup>6-10</sup>. Pode ser associado a um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico (em geral, a hidroclorotiazida (HCT)) e/ou a um bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio para potencializar seu efeito em pacientes n&#227;o-responsivos &#224; monoterapia<sup>1,4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este foi um estudo aberto, nacional, multic&#234;ntrico e prospectivo. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi definida pelos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o que est&#227;o relacionados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram baseados nas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o (vigentes na fase de planejamento do estudo), nos aspectos de seguran&#231;a dos medicamentos e nas diretrizes estabelecidas pelas autoridades regulat&#243;rias e pela <italic>International Conference on Harmonizatin</italic> (ICH) / Boas Pr&#225;ticas de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica (GCP).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Este estudo foi conduzido em quatorze centros de pesquisa no Brasil, com inclus&#227;o competitiva ap&#243;s dois meses do primeiro sujeito de pesquisa inclu&#237;do, iniciada em agosto de 2006.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de tratamento e procedimentos de acompanhamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com o ICH-GCP, Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e a legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da Conep e Anvisa.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a visita de triagem (VT), os pacientes que cumpriram todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram selecionados para participar do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). A partir da visita 1, os sujeitos de pesquisa recebiam o medicamento do estudo, seguindo um escalonamento de doses conforme o esquema de tratamento definido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Esquema de tratamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi baseado em um esquema de tratamento em quatro fases, cada uma com dura&#231;&#227;o de quatro a nove semanas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1A</xref>). As medidas de PA casual, realizadas na 4&#170;, 8&#170; e 9&#170; semanas, foram o par&#226;metro para a mudan&#231;a de fase, determinando o escalonamento ou n&#227;o da dose. Se o sujeito de pesquisa apresentasse a PA <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90/mmHg, era imediatamente escalonado para a fase seguinte (em qualquer tempo); caso estivesse com PA <underline>&gt;</underline> 130/85mmHg e/ou &lt; 140/90mmHg, prorrogava-se o medicamento por mais quatro semanas (completando oito semanas) e, se necess&#225;rio, por mais uma semana (completando nove semanas). A medida residencial de press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) era realizada apenas na nona semana de tratamento, para servir de compara&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva ao par&#226;metro de efic&#225;cia principal &#224; PA casual &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Caso n&#227;o alcan&#231;asse esse objetivo, o sujeito de pesquisa era escalonado para a fase seguinte (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1B</xref>).</p>
    <p>O objetivo da MRPA neste estudo foi avaliar o percentual de indiv&#237;duos que apresentariam efeito do avental branco, mesmo depois de oito semanas de tratamento. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o produziria nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o de conduta e serviria apenas para uma an&#225;lise posterior, abrindo, assim, uma perspectiva quanto a seu emprego em novos estudos cl&#237;nicos, j&#225; que tem valor progn&#243;stico comprovadamente melhor quando comparada &#224; medida de press&#227;o casual de consult&#243;rio. Stergiou e cols.<sup>11</sup> calcularam o tamanho da amostra necess&#225;ria para estudo comparativo entre medicamentos, utilizando diferentes m&#233;todos de medida da PA baseados na reprodutibilidade deles e com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. Comparando &#224; medida casual de consult&#243;rio, o uso da MRPA pode reduzir a amostra em 30%<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida da PA &lt; 130/85 mmHg foi considerada como efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica, e, ao alcan&#231;&#225;-la, o sujeito de pesquisa conclu&#237;a o estudo. Aqueles que, ao fim do escalonamento, n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram o objetivo prim&#225;rio de PA foram considerados como falha terap&#234;utica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metro de efic&#225;cia do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O par&#226;metro de efic&#225;cia do estudo foi a medida casual da press&#227;o arterial (PA) do sujeito de pesquisa, pela m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas de PA, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, a cada visita de acompanhamento; mesmo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma MRPA. Foi realizada sempre pela manh&#227;, no mesmo bra&#231;o (escolhido pelo de maior press&#227;o na VT) e pelo mesmo aparelho (OMRON HEM-705CP), segundo as orienta&#231;&#245;es das IV DBHA, vigentes no momento da confec&#231;&#227;o do protocolo.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do par&#226;metro de efic&#225;cia possibilitou determinar o percentual de alcance da meta de PA/&lt; 130/85/mmHg. Esse valor de press&#227;o arterial abrange a maioria dos pacientes hipertensos nos est&#225;gios 1 e 2 definidos pelas diretrizes atuais; dessa forma, contempla-se grande parte dos pacientes em n&#237;veis de PA mais rigorosos. Como os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial no est&#225;gio 2 (aproximadamente 50% da amostra) j&#225; s&#227;o considerados de risco m&#233;dio e alguns podem ser considerados de risco alto se tiverem outros fatores de risco associados (como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, foram considerados apenas pacientes com diabete melito n&#227;o-controlado, pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e/ou pelo valor de glicemia acima de 160 mg/dl), neste estudo foram avaliados por exame cl&#237;nico do aparelho cardiovascular, eletrocardiograma e exames laboratoriais. Al&#233;m disso, as IV e V DBHA tamb&#233;m sugerem que embora as metas a serem alcan&#231;adas variem de indiv&#237;duo para indiv&#237;duo, sempre que poss&#237;vel devem-se buscar valores menores que 120/80 mmHg. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o sustenta-se nos resultados publicados por Lewington e cols.<sup>13</sup> que demonstraram que o risco para o desenvolvimento de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio dobra quando a press&#227;o arterial aumenta de 115/75 mmHg para 135/85 mmHg.</p>
    <p>A medida da PA (casual em consult&#243;rio ou por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA)) e os &#237;ndices de resposta e controle da PAD e PAS em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida inicial permitiram alcan&#231;ar os objetivos secund&#225;rios do estudo de avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do tempo de uso (4 ou 8 semanas) e seguran&#231;a de OM, OM/HCT e OM/HCT + anlodipino.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estat&#237;sticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado considerando um estudo aberto de quatro fases consecutivas com diferentes propor&#231;&#245;es esperadas de resposta para cada uma, isto &#233;, a cada fase do escalonamento, por serem utilizadas doses progressivas do medicamento, &#233; esperado que a propor&#231;&#227;o de resposta seja cada vez maior, sendo necess&#225;rios 154 sujeitos de pesquisa v&#225;lidos. Estipulou-se o risco de um resultado falso-positivo de 5% e de um resultado falso-negativo de 10%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e caracter&#237;sticas iniciais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No total, foram selecionados 459 pacientes, dos quais 276 n&#227;o foram aprovados no processo de triagem, restanto 183 sujeitos de pesquisa que compuseram a popula&#231;&#227;o com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento (receberam ao menos uma dose de olmesartana medoxomila 20 mg). Trinta e nove sujeitos de pesquisa foram exclu&#237;dos: 12 por falta de ades&#227;o ao tratamento ou viola&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, 7 abandonaram o protocolo de pesquisa, 4 n&#227;o apresentavam crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, 2 apresentaram algum crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o ao longo do estudo, 9 por apresentar evento adverso ou uso de medicamento proscrito e 5 por erro na dispens&#227;o de medicamento. A coorte eleita foi ent&#227;o composta de 144 sujeitos de pesquisa, que foram acompanhados com sucesso at&#233; o fim do estudo.</p>
    <p>Os dados iniciais do estudo (coletados na V1) como os principais dados demogr&#225;ficos, tratamento anti-hipertensivo pr&#233;vio, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), PAS, PAD e FC est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>. Esses dados contemplam as principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos 183 sujeitos de pesquisas inclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Efic&#225;cia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de PA no in&#237;cio do estudo para a popula&#231;&#227;o com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento (ITT = 183 sujeitos de pesquisa) foi de 158/97 mmHg, como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o se calculou a PA final desse grupo, pois n&#227;o foi a popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada para a an&#225;lise de efic&#225;cia. A m&#233;dia de PA no in&#237;cio do estudo dos sujeitos de pesquisa que compuseram a coorte eleita (n = 144) foi de 158/97 mmHg e no final do estudo de 125/78 mmHg.</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de sujeitos de pesquisa avaliados para cada cada fase do escalonamento foi, respectivamente, de 144, 106, 73 e 32 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Com o uso de olmesartana medoxomila 20 mg em monoterapia, 26% dos sujeitos de pesquisa alcan&#231;aram o objetivo principal de meta de PA &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Com o acr&#233;scimo de HCT 12,5 mg, obtiveram-se mais 23% de sujeitos de pesquisa, totalizando 49%, e, com OM/HCT 40/25 mg, 74% alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA. Ao fim do tratamento, por escalonamento de doses, 86% dos sujeitos de pesquisa do total de 144 avaliados alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA &lt; 130/85 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). As redu&#231;&#245;es de PAS e PAD para cada fase de tratamento foram, respectivamente, -30,5 e -19,1 mmHg, -34,8 e -21,6 mmHg, -27,1 e -15,5 mmHg e -28,6 e -15,3 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Se avaliados apenas os sujeitos de pesquisa que alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA (n = 124), as redu&#231;&#245;es de PAS e PAD para cada fase de tratamento foram, respectivamente, -30,5 e -19,1 mmHg, -34,8 e -21,6 mmHg, -34,2 e -19,8 mmHg e -44,4 e -20,0 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto ao tempo de tratamento, isto &#233;, no que se refere &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo na dose-resposta ao uso do medicamento dentro de cada fase que variou de quatro a nove semanas, observou-se que 60,4% (n = 87) dos sujeitos de pesquisa alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA preconizada (PA&lt;130/85 mmHg) ap&#243;s quatro semanas de tratamento, enquanto 18,1% (n = 26) ap&#243;s oito semanas e 7,6% (n = 11) ap&#243;s nove semanas de tratamento.</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de sujeitos de pesquisa em que a MRPA teria evitado o escalonamento foi de 80% (n = 16) dos vinte sujeitos de pesquisa que realizaram a nona semana de tratamento com a mesma dose do medicamento.</p>
    <p>Entre os 144 sujeitos de pesquisa avaliados, a taxa de respondedores sist&#243;licos (redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg) foi de 87,5% com m&#233;dia de redu&#231;&#227;o de -36 mmHg, dos respondedores diast&#243;licos (redu&#231;&#227;o na PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) de 92,4% com m&#233;dia de redu&#231;&#227;o de -20 mmHg e dos respondedores sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos (PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg e PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) de 86,8% com redu&#231;&#245;es de -36 mmHg e -20 mmHg, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Para os sujeitos de pesquisa que alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA recomendada e que no in&#237;cio do estudo apresentavam HA no est&#225;gio 1 (n = 56), observaram-se redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias na PAS e PAD para cada fase do escalonamento de -28,8 e -17,6 mmHg, -31,1 e -17,6 mmHg, -31,0 e -17,4 mmHg e -30,8 e -14,7 mmHg, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, para os sujeitos que eram classificados como HA no est&#225;gio 2, obtiveram-se redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de PAS e PAD de: -35,7 e -23,6 mmHg, -37,8 e -22,7 mmHg, -38,8 e -21,4 mmHg e -44,5 e -21,5 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>). O resultado de alcance de meta para essa popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguran&#231;a</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice global de eventos adversos que surgiram durante o tratamento foi de 21,5%, sendo os principais: 3,5% cefal&#233;ia, 1,4% ansiedade, 1,4% dor lombar e 1,4% tontura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>). N&#227;o foi relatado nenhum caso de edema de membros inferiores, mesmo com o uso de OM/HCT + anlodipino 40/25 + 5 mg.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os baixos &#237;ndices de controle e as metas rigorosas para os pacientes com HA e que apresentam fatores de risco cardiovascular adicionais claramente indicam a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias eficazes de controle da PA, j&#225; que &#233; sabido que a porcentagem de pacientes hipertensos e n&#227;o-controlados nos Estados Unidos &#233; relativamente alta, cerca de 64,9%<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora o desenho deste estudo, no momento em que foi confeccionado, tenha utilizado as IV DBHA, observamos que se manteve atualizado, uma vez que contempla as exig&#234;ncias e orienta&#231;&#245;es da diretriz mais atual, isto &#233;, as V DBHA. Estas recomendam, para a hipertens&#227;o no est&#225;gio 1, iniciar tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com monoterapia, podendo escalonar a dose, caso a meta de PA n&#227;o tenha sido alcan&#231;ada. Para pacientes com hipertens&#227;o no est&#225;gio 2, deve-se considerar o uso de associa&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos quando n&#227;o houver resposta &#224; monoterapia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; meta de PA&lt;130/85 mmHg utilizada neste estudo como par&#226;metro de efic&#225;cia, os sujeitos de pesquisa avaliados apresentavam-se em sua maioria com risco cardiovascular m&#233;dio e alto. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de comorbidade, especialmente o diabete melito, n&#227;o era considerado crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, desde que respeitados os par&#226;metros definidos no protocolo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). Portanto, com a meta da PA estabelecida para pacientes hipertensos com estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular alto (incluindo os com diabete melito), abrangeu-se a maioria dos sujeitos de pesquisa, al&#233;m de favorecer um melhor progn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o arterial com menores &#237;ndices de desfechos cardiovasculares<sup>1,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o intutito de mimetizar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, estabeleceu-se um estudo com escalonamento de doses, avaliando o tratamento a cada quatro semanas, per&#237;odo necess&#225;rio para observa&#231;&#227;o da plena a&#231;&#227;o da olmesartana medoxomila, com popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira proveniente de v&#225;rias cidades (Recife, Macei&#243;, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, Campinas, Curitiba, Fl&#243;rian&#243;polis e Porto Alegre).</p>
    <p>O racional do estudo utilizou tr&#234;s medicamentos anti-hipertensivos de classes terap&#234;uticas diferentes para o escalonamento de doses: um BRA, no caso a olmesartana medoxomila, um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico, a hidroclorotiazida e um bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio, o besilato de anlodipino. A olmesartana bloqueia os receptores AT<sub>1</sub> de forma mais prolongada e com maior for&#231;a de fixa&#231;&#227;o, resultando em maior efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros BRA, observados em v&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos comparativos<sup>6-10</sup>. Para pacientes que necessitam de terapia combinada para alcan&#231;ar as metas de PA, a associa&#231;&#227;o mais freq&#252;ente &#233; com um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico (em geral, a hidroclorotiazida) e/ou com um bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hidroclorotiazida &#233; conhecida por ativar o SRAA, proporcionando uma combina&#231;&#227;o efetiva com os bloqueadores de receptores AT<sub>1</sub> de angiotensina II. Trata-se de um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico que atua nos mecanismos de reabsor&#231;&#227;o de eletr&#243;litos nos t&#250;bulos renais, aumentando diretamente a excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e cloreto em quantidade aproximadamente equivalente<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O besilato de anlodipino &#233; um bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio do subgrupo das diidropiridinas. Atua impedindo a entrada de c&#225;lcio nas c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares, o que reduz a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica<sup>6</sup>. Como as associa&#231;&#245;es de anti-hipertensivos devem seguir uma l&#243;gica de n&#227;o combinar medicamentos com mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o similares, o acr&#233;scimo de anlodipino na associa&#231;&#227;o BRA + HCT &#233; bem conveniente para promover controle num maior n&#250;mero de pacientes<sup>1,3,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas iniciais deste estudo, houve uma maior porcentagem de pacientes hipertensos na faixa et&#225;ria de 50 a 59 anos com 35,5%, seguida de 40 a 49 anos com 26,8% dos pacientes. Do total, 53% eram do sexo feminino, 59,6% da ra&#231;a branca e 53,6% eram hipertensos virgens de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Daqueles que j&#225; se tratavam e n&#227;o apresentavam a PA controlada (&lt; 140/90 mmHg), 58,8% usavam monoterapia, e o medicamento mais utilizado, de uma maneira geral, era a hidroclorotiazida tanto em monoterapia quanto associada a outro medicamento.</p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, a PAS casual m&#233;dia foi de 158 mmHg e PAD casual m&#233;dia de 97 mmHg. A m&#233;dia do IMC dos sujeitos foi classificada em sobrepeso (de 24,9 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). De acordo com as V DBHA, o excesso de massa corporal &#233; um fator predisponente para a hipertens&#227;o, podendo ser respons&#225;vel por 20% a 30% dos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo Caro e cols.<sup>16</sup>, &#233; muito importante a escolha do agente inicial para a ades&#227;o em longo prazo &#224; terapia anti-hipertensiva. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o uso de um BRA, como a olmesartana medoxomila, seguido da adi&#231;&#227;o de um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico, se necess&#225;rio, e de um bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio, representa um regime anti-hipertensivo escalonado eficaz e seguro. Uma vez que 81 sujeitos de pesquisa (56,2%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial no est&#225;gio 2, foram necess&#225;rias redu&#231;&#245;es relativamente grandes na PAS e PAD para que a meta de PA fosse alcan&#231;ada. Em raz&#227;o de os sujeitos serem descontinuados do estudo assim que alcan&#231;assem a PA &lt; 130/85 mmHg, as redu&#231;&#245;es de PA poderiam ter sido ainda maiores. O regime com mais de um medicamento foi muito bem tolerado do in&#237;cio ao fim, sem nenhum aumento nos eventos adversos observados com a adi&#231;&#227;o de HCT ou anlodipino.</p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de relatos de edema de membros inferiores como evento adversos pode ter ocorrido pela metodologia do estudo em que n&#227;o era preconizado um question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para a pesquisa desse evento adverso em especial, e sim um questionamento geral sobre poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es ocorridas durante o tratamento. Outros fatores que possam ter contribu&#237;do para esse fato foram a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do tempo de tratamento e o pequeno n&#250;mero de sujeitos de pesquisa submetidos ao tratamento que continha o anlodipino.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um BRA como agente de primeira linha para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o &#233; uma abordagem conhecida e muito praticada, em raz&#227;o de sua efic&#225;cia e seu perfil de seguran&#231;a, al&#233;m de sua capacidade de promover a prote&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo de algoritmo realizado por Neutel e cols.<sup>17</sup>, demonstrou-se que no tratamento escalonado, tendo como base a olmesartana medoxomila e adi&#231;&#227;o de HCT e anlodipino, mas em tempos e doses um pouco diferentes, 87,7% dos pacientes alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA <underline>&lt;</underline> 130/85 mmHg ap&#243;s 24 semanas de tratamento. Resultado muito semelhante ao encontrado neste estudo (86%).</p>
    <p>Izzo e cols.<sup>18</sup> avaliaram pacientes com hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada (est&#225;gio 2) em um estudo de escalonamento de doses com OM e acr&#233;scimo de HCT (20 mg, 40 mg, 40/12,5 mg e 40/25 mg), e observaram que 70,4% dos pacientes alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg e 15,4% a meta de PA &lt; 120/80 mmHg. Esse resultado, mais uma vez, confirma que os resultados de efic&#225;cia e tamb&#233;m de seguran&#231;a obtidos neste estudo s&#227;o compar&#225;veis e consistentes com os resultados de estudos publicados na literatura americana.</p>
    <p>A monoterapia com olmesartana medoxomila 20 mg mostrou-se eficaz, pois 26% dos sujeitos de pesquisa alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA. Oparil e cols.<sup>9,10</sup> observaram que, ap&#243;s oito semanas de tratamento com a mesma dose, 12,5% dos pacientes avaliados alcan&#231;aram a mesma meta de PA. Em ambos os casos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em pacientes que apresentavam est&#225;gios 1 e 2 de hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>Os dados de oito semanas de tratamento com a mesma dose, em casos de pacientes que apresentavam um n&#237;vel de PA numa faixa considerada lim&#237;trofe, isto &#233;, menor que 140/90 mmHg, por&#233;m n&#227;o em n&#237;veis de normalidade (&lt; 130/85 mmHg), permitiu avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do tempo na resposta ao medicamento. Dessa forma, observou-se que, em 25,7% dos sujeitos de pesquisa, o aumento da dose seria desnecess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>O estudo da nona semana de tratamento (sujeitos de pesquisa que, ap&#243;s uso prolongado da mesma dose, oito semanas de tratamento, mantinham n&#237;veis de PA "lim&#237;trofes" para o controle abaixo de 140/90 mmHg, mas acima da meta do presente estudo de 130/85 mmHg) pode determinar o n&#250;mero de sujeitos em que a MRPA teria evitado o escalonamento da dose ou associa&#231;&#227;o com outro medicamento, ou seja, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar pela MRPA que a PA estava dentro das metas em uma porcentagem desses sujeitos de pesquisa, avaliando a influ&#234;ncia do "efeito do avental branco" no controle da PA. Observamos que nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, em 80% dos casos, a MRPA evitaria o escalonamento, demonstrando sua grande import&#226;ncia para o acompanhamento do tratamento de paciente com HA (considerando-se os valores normais da MRPA PA&lt;135/85 mmHg).</p>
    <p>As redu&#231;&#245;es de PA obtidas neste estudo, para os sujeitos de pesquisa que eram HA nos est&#225;gios 1 e 2 no in&#237;cio do estudo, foram em m&#233;dia um pouco maiores daquelas obtidas por Neutel e cols.<sup>19</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que os sujeitos de pesquisa com HA no est&#225;gio 2 necessitaram usar associa&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos para alcan&#231;ar a meta de PA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>). Portanto, como &#233; preconizado pelas V DBHA, iniciar o tratamento da HA no est&#225;gio 2 com combina&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos poder&#225; ajudar os pacientes a alcan&#231;arem a meta de PA recomendada.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi desenhado com base em condutas da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do m&#233;dico, na orienta&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, e, portanto, n&#227;o houve a necessidade de randomiza&#231;&#227;o duplo-cego e uso de placebo. O principal par&#226;metro de efic&#225;cia, a press&#227;o arterial casual, foi obtido com crit&#233;rios e metodologia rigorosos, uma vez que era necess&#225;rio seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das V DBHA para a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA, usar um aparelho de PA digital padr&#227;o e considerar a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas registradas no pr&#243;prio aparelho para as decis&#245;es do pr&#243;ximo passo, isto &#233;, alcance de meta, escalonamento da dose ou manuten&#231;&#227;o da dose para um per&#237;odo complementar de mais quatro semanas. Desse modo, tentou-se evitar ao m&#225;ximo vi&#233;s tanto por parte dos sujeitos de pesquisa quanto dos m&#233;dicos, refletindo uma acur&#225;cia dos dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas a cada quatro semanas e o uso de medicamentos de classes terap&#234;uticas diferentes em tratamento escalonamento (escalonado) demonstram que o esquema de tratamento proposto pelo estudo pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica vi&#225;vel e eficaz.</p>
    <p>O tratamento com a olmesartana medoxomila em monoterapia e associa&#231;&#245;es demonstrou ser muito eficaz e seguro. Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o nos est&#225;gios 1 e 2 (m&#233;dia de 158/97 mmHg), 86% dos sujeitos alcan&#231;aram a meta de PA &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Al&#233;m disso, ocorreram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas de at&#233; 44 mmHg na PAS e de at&#233; 22 mmHg na PAD, sem um aumento significativo de eventos adversos. Esses dados sugerem que esta abordagem &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o efetiva para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem a todos os outros pesquisadores que participaram deste projeto.</p>
    <p>Investigadores e centros participantes:</p>
    <p>&#149; Gomes MAM, Cl&#237;nica de Exames Cardiol&#243;gicos e Ecografia S/C Ltda. e Faculdade de Medicina da UNCISAL;</p>
    <p>&#149; Amodeo C, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia;</p>
    <p>&#149; Ayoub JCA, Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares Rio Preto;</p>
    <p>&#149; Brand&#227;o AA, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto;</p>
    <p>&#149; Feitosa ADM, Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco;</p>
    <p>&#149; Saraiva JFK, Hospital e Maternidade Celso Piero - PUC Campinas;</p>
    <p>&#149; Machado CA, Ambulat&#243;rio Regional de Especialidades Maria Z&#233;lia/UNIFESP-EPM;</p>
    <p>&#149; Mion J&#250;nior D, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo;</p>
    <p>&#149; Moriguchi EH, Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - Associa&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar Moinhos de Vento;</p>
    <p>&#149; Oigman W, Servi&#231;o de Clinica M&#233;dica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto;</p>
    <p>&#149; Pr&#233;coma DB, Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron;</p>
    <p>&#149; Ribeiro AA, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos - Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o;</p>
    <p>&#149; Ribeiro JM, Hospital Gov. Israel Pinheiro - IPSEMG (Centro de Especialidades M&#233;dicas);</p>
    <p>&#149; Sim&#227;o AF, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Daiichi Sankyo Brasil Farmac&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Daiichi Sankyo Brasil Farmac&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota Gomes </p>
        <p> Rua Abdon Arroxelas, 575 </p>
        <p> 57035-380 - Ponta Verde, Macei&#243;, Alagoas - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mota-gomes@uol.com.br">mota-gomes@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 18/12/07; revisado recebido em 23/01/08; aceito em 14/02/08.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p> Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de 90 a 99 mmHg, e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) de 140 a 159 mmHg. </p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="back2">
        <label>**</label>
        <p> (PAD) de 100 a 109 mmHg, e (PAS) de 160 a 179 mmHg.</p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>TN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Based treatment algorithm for essencial hypertension with olmesartan medoxomil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The national and international guidelines emphasize the importance of the effective treatment of essenssial hypertension. Nevertheless, low levels of control are observed, as well as low attainment of the recommended goals, indicating that it is important to plan and implement better treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a based treatment algorithm with olmesartan medoxomil. METHODS: This is an open, national, multicentric and prospective study of 144 patients with primary arterial hypertension, stages 1 and 2, na&#239;ve to treatment or after a 2-to-3 week washout period for those in whom treatment was ineffective. The use of olmesartan medoxomil was assessed in a treatment algorithm divided into 4 phases: (i) monotherapy (20 mg), (ii-iii) associated to &#224; hydrochlorothiazide (20/12.5 mg and 40/25 mg) and (iv) addition of amlodipine besylate (40/25 mg + 5 mg). RESULTS: At the end of the phased-treatment, 86% of the study subjects attained the goal of BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Maximum reductions in SAP and DAP were -44.4 mmHg and -20.0 mmHg, respectively. The rate of systolic responders (SAP &gt; 20 mmHg) and of diastolic responders (DAP &gt; 10 mmHg) was 87.5% and 92.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study was based on a treatment regimen that was similar to the therapeutic approach in daily clinical practice and showed that the use of olmesartan medoxomil in monotherapy or in association with hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine was effective in the attainment of the recommended goals for hypertension stage 1 and 2 hypertensive individuals.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>angiotensin II type1 receptor blockers</kwd>
        <kwd>olmesartan</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Based treatment algorithm for essenssial hypertension with olmesartan medoxomil</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota Gomes<sup>I</sup>; Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa<sup>II</sup>; Wille Oigman<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio Ribeiro<sup>IV</sup>; Em&#237;lio Hideyuki Moriguchi<sup>V</sup>; Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva<sup>VI</sup>; Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma<sup>VII</sup>; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro<sup>VIII</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>IX</sup>; Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas (UNCISAL), Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil </p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro - IPSEMG, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil </p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - Associa&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </p>
      <p><sup>VI</sup>Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; - PUC Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>VII</sup>Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron, Campina Grande do Sul, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>VIII</sup>Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos - Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>IX</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The national and international guidelines emphasize the importance of the effective treatment of arterial hypertension. Nevertheless, low levels of control are observed, as well as low attainment of the recommended goals, indicating that it is important to plan and implement better treatment strategies.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the efficacy of a based treatment algorithm with olmesartan medoxomil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is an open, national, multicentric and prospective study of 144 patients with primary arterial hypertension, stages 1 and 2, na&#239;ve to treatment or after a 2-to-3 week washout period for those in whom treatment was ineffective. The use of olmesartan medoxomil was assessed in a treatment algorithm divided into 4 phases: (i) monotherapy (20 mg), (ii-iii) associated to &#224; hydrochlorothiazide (20/12.5 mg and 40/25 mg) and (iv) addition of amlodipine besylate (40/25 mg + 5 mg).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> At the end of the algorithm treatment, 86% of the study subjects attained the goal of BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Maximum reductions in SBP and DBP were -44.4 mmHg and -20.0 mmHg, respectively. The rate of systolic responders (SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg) and of diastolic responders (DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) was 87.5% and 92.4%, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The study was based on a treatment regimen that was similar to the therapeutic approach in daily clinical practice and showed that the use of olmesartan medoxomil in monotherapy or in association with hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine was effective in the attainment of the recommended goals for stage 1 and 2 hypertensive individuals. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hypertension; angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, olmesartan.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The national and international guidelines and consensus point out the need for the optimized treatment of essential hypertension (EH); however, low rates of control and attainment of the recommended goals are observed. This fact indicates that better treatment strategies must be planned and implemented<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In general, the V Brazilian Guidelines of Arterial Hypertension (V DBHA) and the JNC 7 recommend that, for stage 1 hypertension<fn id="top1-body2"><label><sup>*</sup></label><p>, the pharmacological treatment must be initiated with monotherapy, which can be a escale-dose regimen, in case of failure in attaining the blood pressure (BP) goal; it also recommends the use of associations when the SBP is 20 mmHg and DBP is 10 mmHg, respectively, above the goal. For patients with stage 2</p></fn><fn id="top2-body2"><label><sup>**</sup></label><p> EH, the use of drug associations can be considered in the beginning of the treatment, although the monotherapy is also indicated in some cases</p><p><sup>2-5</sup>. The goal for stage 1 and 2 EH with low and moderate cardiovascular risk is BP &lt; 140/90 mmHg; for those with high cardiovascular risk, the goal is BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg and for those with very high risk, the goal is BP &lt; 130/80 mmHg. Patients with nephropathy and proteinuria &gt; 1.0 g/L a BP &lt; 120/75 mmHg is recommended. However, is possible, it is better to attain even lower BP levels (BP </p><p><underline>&lt;</underline> 120/80 mmHg)</p><p><sup>1</sup>.</p></fn></p>
      <p>The continuous follow-up of the patient, providing information and emphasizing the importance of controlling the BP is fundamental for the therapeutic success. It also allows the monitoring of the clinical conditions and the assessment of the need to increase the dose or add other types of anti-hypertensive drugs.</p>
      <p>Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is the newest drug of the class of Angiotensin II (A-II) receptor (AT1 receptor) blockers (ARBs). In comparative studies, it showed higher anti-hypertensive efficacy when compared to other drugs from the same class and similar to amlodipine<sup>6-10</sup>. It can be associated with a thiazide diuretic [in general, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT)] and/or a calcium channel blocker to potentiate its effect in patients that are non-responsive to the monotehrapy<sup>1,4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design and population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was an open, national, multicentric and prospective study. The study population was defined by the inclusion criteria listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were based on the IV Brazilian Guideline of Hypertension - IV DBHA (applicable at the time of the study planning), on the safety aspects of the medications and the guidelines established by the regulatory authorities and by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)/Good Practices in Clinical Research (GPC).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>This study was carried out in 14 research centers in Brazil with competitive inclusion 2 months after the inclusion of the first study subject, started in August 2006.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Treatment protocol and follow-up procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was carried out according to the ICH-GCP, Declaration of Helsinki and the Brazilian legislation, after being approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research (CEP) of each Institution, in addition to CONEP (the National Council of Ethics in Research) and ANVISA (the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance).</p>
      <p>After the sreening visit (SV), the patients that met all inclusion and none of the exclusion criteria were selected to participate in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). From visit 1 onward, the study subjects received the study medication, following a scale-dose regimen according to the defined treatment plan (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Treatment Plan</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was based on a four-phase treatment approach, each one lasting 4 to 9 weeks (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1-body2">Figure 1A</xref>). The measurements of casual BP in the 4<sup>th</sup>, 8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> weeks were the parameters for the changing of phase, determining the uptitration-dose regimen or not. If the study subject had BP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90/mmHg, he/she was immediately assigned to the next phase (at any time); if the BP levels were <underline>&gt;</underline> 130/85/mmHg and/or &lt; 140/90/mmHg, the medication was maintained for four more weeks (totaling 8 weeks) and, if necessary, for one more week (totaling 9 weeks). The home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) was performed only in the 9<sup>th</sup> week of treatment, so it could be used as retrospective comparison with the main efficacy parameter of casual BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg. When the study subject did not attain this goal, he or she was assigned to the next phase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1-body2">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
      <p>The objective of the HBPM in this study was to evaluate the percentage of individuals that presented the "white-coat effect", even after 8 weeks of treatment. This information would not result in any alteration of conduct and would be used only for a posterior analysis, providing a perspective on its use in new clinical studies, as it has been confirmed that it has a better prognostic value when compared to the casual BP measurement at the office. Stergiou et al<sup>11</sup> calculated the size of the sample necessary for a comparative study between medications, using different methods of BP measurement based on their reproducibility and with a significance level of 0.05. Comparing to the casual BP measurement at the office, the use of the HBPM can reduce the sample by 30%<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>A BP level &lt; 130/85 mmHg was considered as sign of therapeutic efficacy and, upon reaching it, the study subject concluded the study. Those who did not reach the primary BP goal at the end of the algorithm treatment regimen were considered as therapeutic failures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Parameters of the study efficacy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The parameter of the study efficacy was the casual measurement of the blood pressure (BP) of the study subject, through the mean of three BP measurements, in the seated position, at each follow-up visit, even after the HBPM. The measurement was always carried out in the morning, in the same arm (chosen as the one with the highest pressure at the screening visit) and using the same device (OMRON HEM-705CP), according to the recommendations of the IV DBHA, applicable at the moment when the protocol was designed.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the parameter of efficacy allowed us to determine the percentage of BP goal attainment of BP &lt; 130/85/mmHg. This BP value encompasses most of the stage 1 and 2 hypertensive patients defined by the current guidelines; thus, a large part of the patients with more stringent BP levels is contemplated, considering that patients with stage-2 arterial hypertension (approximately 50% of the sample) are already considered as moderate risk and some can be considered high risk if they have other associated risk factors (as exclusion criteria, we considered only patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, defined through clinical assessment and/or glycemia levels &gt; 160 mg/dl), who, in the present study were evaluated through the clinical examination of the cardiovascular system, electrocardiogram and laboratory assessment.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the IV and V DBHA also suggest that, although the goals to be attained vary from individual to individual, whenever possible one must seek values that are lower than 120/80 mmHg. This information is based on the results published by Lewington et al<sup>13</sup>, who demonstrated that the risk for the development to an encephalic vascular accident and myocardial acute infarction increases 2-fold when the BP increases from 115/75 mmHg to 135/85 mmHg.</p>
      <p>The BP measurement [casual at the doctor's office or through Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM)] and the response and control rates of DBP and SBP in relation to the initial measurement allowed the attainment of the secondary objectives of the study, of evaluating the influence of the time of use (4 or 8 weeks) and the safety of OM, OM/HCT and OM/HCT+AMLO.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size was calculated considering an open study of 4 consecutive phases with different expected response proportions for each one, that is, for each phase of the algorithm-treatment, it is expected that the proportion of responses be increasingly higher, which makes it necessary to have 154 valid study subjects. The risk of a false-positive result was defined as 5% and of a false-negative result, 10%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient distribution and baseline characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In total, 459 patients were selected; of these, 276 were not approved at the screening process, thus resulting in a sample of 183 study subjects that comprised the intent-to-treat population (who received at least one dose of olmesartan medoxomil 20 mg). Thirty-nine study subjects were excluded: 12 due to lack to treatment adherence or protocol violation; 7 abandoned the study protocol; 4 did not meet the inclusion criteria; 2 presented some exclusion criteria throughout the study; 9 presented some adverse event or use of proscribed medication and 5 due to error in medication dispensation. The elected cohort was then comprised of 144 study subjects, who were followed successfully up to the end of the study.</p>
      <p>The initial study data (collected at V1), such as the main demographic data, previous anti-hypertensive treatment, body mass index (BMI), SBP, DBP and HR, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>. These data contemplate the main demographic characteristics of the 183 study subjects included in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Efficacy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The BP mean at the start of the study for the intent-to-treat population (ITT=183 study subjects) was 158/97 mmHg, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>. The final BP of this group was not calculated, as it was not the population assessed for the analysis of efficacy. The BP mean at the start of the study of the subjects that comprised the elected cohort (n=144) was 158/97/ mmHg and 125/78 mmHg at the end of the study.</p>
      <p>The number of subjects assessed for each phase of the algorithm-treatment was, respectively, 144, 106, 73 and 32 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>With the use of olmesartan medoxomil 20 mg in monotherapy, 26% of the study subjects reached the main BP goal of BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg. With the addition of HCT 12.5 mg, a further 23% of the study subjects reached the BP goal, totaling 49% and with OM/HCT 40/25 mg, 74% reached the BP goal. At the end of the algorithm treatment, 86% of the study subjects, of a total of 144 assessed subjects, reached the goal of BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The decreases in SBP and DBP for each treatment phase were, respectively: -30.5 and -19.1mmHg; -34.8 and -21.6 mmHg; -27.1 and -15.5 mmHg and -28.6 and -15.3 mmHg. If we evaluate only the study subjects that attained the BP goal (n=124), the decreases in SBP and DBP for each treatment phase were, respectively: -30.5 and -19.1 mmHg; -34.8 and -21.6 mmHg; -34.2 and -9.8 mmHg and -44.4 and -20.0 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding the time of treatment, that is, the time assessment in the dose-response to the use of the medication during each phase that varied from 4 to 9 weeks, it was observed that 60.4% (n=87) of the study subjects attained the recommended BP goal (BP&lt;130/85 mmHg) after 4 weeks of treatment, whereas 18.1% (n=26) did so after 8 weeks and 7.6% (n=11) after 9 weeks of treatment.</p>
      <p>The number of study subjects in whom the HBPM would have prevented the algorithm-treatment was 80% (n=16) of the 20 study subjects that carried out the 9<sup>th</sup> week of treatment with the same dose of medication.</p>
      <p>Among the 144 assessed study subjects, the rate of systolic responders (reduction in SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg) was 87.5% with a mean reduction of -36 mmHg; regarding the diastolic responders (reduction in DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) it was 92.4%, with a mean reduction of -20 mmHg. As for the systolic and diastolic responders, (SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mmHg and DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) it was 86.8% with reductions of -36 mmHg and -20 mmHg, respectively.</p>
      <p>For the study subjects that attained the recommended BP goal, and who, in the beginning of study presented stage-1 EH (n=56), the mean reductions in SBP and DBP observed for each phase of the algorithm-treatment were -28.8 and -17.6 mmHg; -31.1 and -17.6 mmHg; -31.0 and -17.4 mmHg and -30.8 and -14.7 mmHg, respectively.</p>
      <p>Similarly, for the subjects that had been classified as stage-2 EH, the mean reductions in SBP and DBP observed were: -35.7 and -23.6 mmHg; -37.8 and -22.7 mmHg; -38.8 and -21.4 mmHg and -44.5 and -21.5 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The goal attainment outcome for this population is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f5-body2">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08f4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_08f5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Safety</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The general incidence of adverse events that appeared during treatment was 21.5% and the main ones were: 3.5% headaches; 1.4% anxiety; 1.4% lumbar pain; 1.4% dizziness (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). No case of lower limb edema was reported, not even with the use of OM/HCT+AMLO 40/25+5 mg.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0185-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The low rates of control and the stringent goals for patients with EH and additional cardiovascular risk factors clearly indicate the need for effective strategies in BP control, as it is well known that the percentage of hypertensive, non-controlled patients in the United States is high, being around 64.9%<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the design of the present study, when it was first designed, used the IV DBHA, we observed that it remained up-to-date, as it contemplates the requirements and recommendations of the most current guidelines, i.e., the V DBHA. The guidelines recommend, for stage-1 hypertension, initiating the pharmacological treatment with monotherapy, which can be uptitratesd in cases of failure in attaining the BP goal. For patients with stage-2 hypertension, the use of drug associations must be considered, when there is no response to the monotherapy. Regarding the BP goal of BP&lt;130/85 mmHg, used in the present study as an efficacy parameter, most of the assessed study subjects presented moderate or high cardiovascular risk; additionally, the presence of comorbidities, especially diabetes mellitus, was not considered an exclusion criteria, as long as the parameters defined in protocol were respected (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). Therefore, with the BP goal established for hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risk stratification (including those with diabetes mellitus), most of the study subjects were contemplated, in addition to favoring a better prognosis of arterial hypertension with lower rates of cardiovascular outcomes<sup>1,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the objective of reproducing the clinical practice, a titration treatment was established and evaluated every four weeks, which is the necessary period for the observation of the full action of olmesartan medoxomil, in a Brazilian population originated from several Brazilian cities (Recife, Maceio, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Campinas, Curitiba, Florianopolis and Porto Alegre).</p>
      <p>The rationale of the study used three anti-hypertensive medications from different therapeutic classes for the algorithm treatment: an ARB (angiotensin II receptor blocker), in this case, olmesartan medoxomil, a thiazide diuretic, hydrochlorothiazide, and a calcium-channel blocker, the amlodipine besylate. Olmesartan blocks the AT<sub>1</sub> receptors for longer periods and has a higher rate of fixation, resulting in higher anti-hypertensive efficacy in relation to other ARBs, as observed in several comparative clinical studies<sup>6-10</sup>. For patients that need the combined therapy to attain the BP goals, the most frequent association is a thiazide diuretic (in general, hydrochlorothiazide) and/or a calcium-channel blocker<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hydrochlorothiazide is known to activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), providing an effective combination with the angiotensin II-AT<sub>1</sub> receptor blockers. It is a thiazide diuretic that acts on the mechanisms of electrolyte resorption in the renal tubules, directly increasing sodium and chloride excretion in approximately equivalent amounts<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Amlodipine besylate is a calcium-channel blocker from the subgroup of dihydropyridines. It acts by preventing the entrance of calcium in the vascular smooth muscle cells, which decreases the peripheral vascular resistance<sup>6</sup>. As the associations of anti-hypertensive drugs must follow a logical decision of not combining two medications with similar actions, the addition of amlodipine to the ARB+HCT association is very convenient to promote the control in a larger number of patients<sup>1,3,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for the initial demographic characteristics of the present study, there was a higher percentage of hypertensive patients aged 50 to 59 years, with 35.5%, followed by 40 to 49 years, with 26.8%. Of the total number of patients, 53% were females, 59.6% were Caucasians and 53.6% were na&#239;ve to treatment.</p>
      <p>Of those who had been previously treated and did not have controlled BP (&lt; 140/90 mmHg), 58.8% used monotherapy and the most often employed medication was, in general, hydrochlorothiazide, in monotherapy as well as associated to other medication.</p>
      <p>At the beginning of the study, the mean casual SBP was 158 mmHg and the mean casual DBP was 97 mmHg. The mean BMI of the study subjects was classified as overweight (24.9 to 29.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>). According to the V DBHA, the excess body mass is a predisposing factor for hypertension and it can be responsible for 20% to 30% of the cases of EH<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Caro et al<sup>16</sup>, the choice of the initial agent for long-term adherence to the anti-hypertensive therapy is very important. The results of the present study suggest that the use of an ARB, such as olmesartan medoxomil, followed by the addition of a thiazide diuretic, if necessary, and a calcium-channel blocker, represents an effective and safe algorithm-treatment regimen for hypertension. Considering that 81 study subjects (56.2%) presented stage-2 EH, it was necessary to attain significant reductions in SBP and DBP for the BP goal to be attained. As the study subjects were discontinued from the study as soon as they attained a BP goal of BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg, the reductions in BP could be even higher. The regimen with more than one medication was well tolerated from the beginning to the end, without any increase in adverse events observed with the addition of HCT or amlodipine.</p>
      <p>The absence of reports of lower-limb edema as an adverse event might be occurred due to the methodology of the study, which did not include a specific questionnaire for the reporting of this specific adverse event, but a general inquiry about possible alterations that occurred during treatment. Other factors that might have contributed to this fact were the short duration of the treatment and the small sample size submitted to the treatment with amlodipine.</p>
      <p>The use of an ARB as a first-line agent for the treatment of hypertension is a known and frequently employed approach, due to its efficacy and safety profile, in addition to its capacity to promote the protection of target-organs<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In an algorithm study carried out by Neutel et al<sup>17</sup>, it was demonstrated that the algorithm-treatment, based on olmesartan medoxomil and the addition of HCT and amlodipine, although with somewhat different times and doses, 87.7% of the patients attained the BP goal of BP d" 130/85 mmHg after 24 weeks of treatment, which was very similar to the outcome of the present study (86%).</p>
      <p>Izzo et al<sup>18</sup> evaluated patients with isolated systolic hypertension (stage 2) in a algorithm-treatment study with OM and addition of HCT (20 mg, 40 mg, 40/12.5 mg and 40/25 mg), and they observed that 70.4% of the patients attained the BP goal of BP&lt; 140/90 mmHg and 15.4%, the BP goal of BP &lt; 120/80 mmHg, which shows that the results of the efficacy as well as those of safety obtained in the present study are compatible and consistent with the results of studies published in American literature.</p>
      <p>The monotherapy with Olmesartan medoxomil 20 mg showed to be effective, as 26% of the study subjects attained the BP goal. Oparil et al<sup>9,10</sup> observed that after 8 weeks of treatment with the same dose, 12.5% of the assessed patients attained the same BP goal; in both cases, the evaluation occurred in stage-1 and 2 EH patients.</p>
      <p>The data of 8 weeks of treatment with the same dose, in case of patients that presented a BP level at a range considered to be borderline, i.e., &lt; 140/90 mmHg, but not within the normal range (&lt; 130/85 mmHg), made it possible to evaluate the influence of time on medication response. Therefore, it was observed that in 25.7% of the study subjects, the increase in the dose would be unnecessary.</p>
      <p>The study of the 9<sup>th</sup> week of treatment (study subjects who, after prolonged use of the same dose, 8 weeks of treatment, maintained BP levels that were "borderline" for the control i.e., &lt;140/90 mmHg, but above the study goal of 130/85 mmHg), can determine the number of subjects in whom the HBPM would have prevented the uptitration or the association with another medication, that is, making it possible to demonstrate by HBPM that the BP was within the goal ranges in a percentage of these study subjects, evaluating the influence of the "white coat effect" on BP control. We observed that, in this situation, the HBPM would prevent the titration in 80% of the cases, demonstrating its importance in the follow-up of patients with EH (considering the normal values of HBPM BP&lt;135/85 mmHg).</p>
      <p>The BP reductions obtained in the present study for the study subjects that had stage-1 and 2 EH in the beginning of the study, were on average, a little higher than those obtained by Neutel et al<sup>19</sup>. Furthermore, it was observed that the study subjects that had stage-2 EH needed an association of medications to attain the BP goal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f4-body2">Figure 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_08f5-body2">5</xref>). Thus, as recommended by the V DBHA, to initiate the treatment with a combination of drugs can help the patients attain the recommended BP goal.</p>
      <p>The present study was designed based on the physician's clinical practices when giving treatment directions and thus, there was no need to perform a randomized, double-blind study with placebo. The main parameter of efficacy, the casual BP measurement, was obtained according to strict criteria and methodology, as it was necessary to follow the recommendations of the V DBHA to measure BP, use a standard digital BP measurement device and consider the mean of three measurements recorded to proceed with the decision-making regarding the next step, i.e., goal attainment, uptitration or dose maintenance for a complementary period for four more weeks. Hence, all efforts were made in order to avoid a bias regarding the study subjects as well as the physicians, which reflects the data accuracy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The assessments performed every four weeks and the use of medications from different therapeutic classes with an algorithm treatment showed that the treatment regimen proposed by the study can be a feasible and an effective therapeutic option.</p>
      <p>The treatment with olmesartan medoxomil in monotherapy and associations showed to be very effective and safe. In patients with stage 1 and 2 hypertension (mean of 158/97 mmHg), 86% of the individuals reached the goal of BP &lt; 130/85 mmHg. Additionally, there were significant decreases of up to 44 mmHg in SBP and up to 22 mmHg in DBP without a significant increase in adverse events. These data suggest that this approach is an effective option for the treatment for hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to thank all the investigators who participated in this project.</p>
      <p>Participating investigators and centers:</p>
      <p>Gomes MAM, Cl&#237;nica de Exames Cardiol&#243;gicos e Ecografia S/C Ltda e Faculdade de Medicina da UNCISAL;</p>
      <p>Amodeo C, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia;</p>
      <p>Ayoub JCA, Instituto de Mol&#233;stias Cardiovasculares Rio Preto;</p>
      <p>Brand&#227;o AA, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto;</p>
      <p>Feitosa ADM, Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco;</p>
      <p>Saraiva JFK, Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierr&#244; - PUC Campinas;</p>
      <p>Machado CA, Ambulat&#243;rio Regional de Especialidades Maria Z&#233;lia / UNIFESP-EPM;</p>
      <p>Mion J&#250;nior D, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo;</p>
      <p>Moriguchi EH, Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa - Associa&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar Moinhos de Vento;</p>
      <p>Oigman W, Servi&#231;o de Clinica M&#233;dica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto; Pr&#233;coma DB, Sociedade Hospitalar Angelina Caron;</p>
      <p>Ribeiro AA, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Ramos - Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o;</p>
      <p>Ribeiro JM, Hospital Gov. Israel Pinheiro - IPSEMG (Centro de Especialidades M&#233;dicas)</p>
      <p>Sim&#227;o AF, Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Daiichi Sankyo Brazil Farmac&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by Daiichi Sankyo Brazil Farmac&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
