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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cWPDypRLnXg9Q3mGDS3pmjM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qual o erro da angiografia na defini&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito Ribeiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ventura</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Haroldo Adans</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buczynski</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barrozo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Mussel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pijls</surname>
            <given-names>Nico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Eindhoven</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Catharina Hospital</institution>
        <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cabo Frio</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Helena Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>179</fpage>
      <lpage>184</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A angiografia vem sendo utilizada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para defini&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), embora suas limita&#231;&#245;es sejam conhecidas. O valor da medida do fluxo fracionado de reserva do mioc&#225;rdio (FFR) na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC est&#225; bem estabelecido. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a acur&#225;cia da angiografia em definir as les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o FFR. M&#201;TODOS: Duzentos e cinq&#252;enta pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (471 vasos). Todas as estenoses &gt; 50% pela estimativa visual da angiografia (EVA) foram avaliadas medindo-se o FFR. Se o FFR &lt;0,75 a les&#227;o foi tratada, se o FFR &gt;0,75 a les&#227;o n&#227;o foi tratada. As les&#245;es foram divididas em moderadas (&lt;70% - 327) e graves (125) pela QCA. Foram determinados o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de estenose (%DE), o FFR e a acur&#225;cia da EVA em definir se uma les&#227;o era ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. RESULTADOS: Foi poss&#237;vel obter o FFR em 96% das les&#245;es. %DE e FFR m&#233;dios de 56&#177;8% e 0,74 e 76&#177;6% e 0,48 para as les&#245;es moderadas e graves respectivamente. Notou-se pobre correla&#231;&#227;o entre o %DE e o FFR, especialmente nas les&#245;es moderadas (Spearman rho = - 0.33, p&lt;0,0001). A acur&#225;cia da EVA comparada com FFR foi de 57% e 96% nas les&#245;es moderadas versus graves. CONCLUS&#195;O: A angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; adequada para avaliar a import&#226;ncia funcional das les&#245;es coronarianas, sendo necess&#225;rio associ&#225;-la a um m&#233;todo funcional capaz de faz&#234;-lo, especialmente nas les&#245;es moderadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angioplastia coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>contenedores</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HEMODIN&#194;MICA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Qual o erro da angiografia na defini&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando Mendes Sant'Anna<sup>I</sup>; Expedito Ribeiro da Silva<sup>II</sup>; Leonardo Alves Batista<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Bastos Brito<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Machado Ventura<sup>I</sup>; Haroldo Adans Ferraz<sup>I</sup>; Leonardo Buczynski<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alberto Mussel Barrozo<sup>I</sup>; Nico Pijls<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Santa Helena Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Cabo Frio, RJ, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Holanda</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A angiografia vem sendo utilizada como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para defini&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), embora suas limita&#231;&#245;es sejam conhecidas. O valor da medida do fluxo fracionado de reserva do mioc&#225;rdio (FFR) na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC est&#225; bem estabelecido. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a acur&#225;cia da angiografia em definir as les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o FFR. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Duzentos e cinq&#252;enta pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (471 vasos). Todas as estenoses <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% pela estimativa visual da angiografia (EVA) foram avaliadas medindo-se o FFR. Se o FFR &lt;0,75 a les&#227;o foi tratada, se o FFR <underline>&gt;</underline>0,75 a les&#227;o n&#227;o foi tratada. As les&#245;es foram divididas em moderadas (&lt;70% - 327) e graves (125) pela QCA. Foram determinados o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de estenose (%DE), o FFR e a acur&#225;cia da EVA em definir se uma les&#227;o era ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foi poss&#237;vel obter o FFR em 96% das les&#245;es. %DE e FFR m&#233;dios de 56&#177;8% e 0,74 e 76&#177;6% e 0,48 para as les&#245;es moderadas e graves respectivamente. Notou-se pobre correla&#231;&#227;o entre o %DE e o FFR, especialmente nas les&#245;es moderadas (Spearman rho = - 0.33, p&lt;0,0001). A acur&#225;cia da EVA comparada com FFR foi de 57% e 96% nas les&#245;es moderadas versus graves. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; adequada para avaliar a import&#226;ncia funcional das les&#245;es coronarianas, sendo necess&#225;rio associ&#225;-la a um m&#233;todo funcional capaz de faz&#234;-lo, especialmente nas les&#245;es moderadas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Angioplastia coron&#225;ria, angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coron&#225;ria, contenedores, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica verificada na cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; um dos fatores progn&#243;sticos mais importantes em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>1,2</sup>. N&#227;o obstante, muitas interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas (ICP) s&#227;o realizadas baseadas apenas em crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos, sem avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da exist&#234;ncia de isquemia<sup>3</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de seus m&#233;ritos indiscut&#237;veis, a angiografia mostra limita&#231;&#245;es j&#225; conhecidas na estimativa da gravidade real de obstru&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias, particularmente no caso de estenoses moderadas<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, o valor do fluxo fracionado de reserva do mioc&#225;rdio (FFR) na defini&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica j&#225; foi amplamente estabelecido<sup>6-8</sup>. Sabe-se que vasos que apresentam FFR <underline>&gt;</underline>0,75 podem ser tratados com seguran&#231;a de forma conservadora enquanto um FFR &lt;0,75 &#233; sinal de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e os pacientes, nesses casos, poder-se-iam beneficiar de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, em todos os pacientes (e les&#245;es) submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) no Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Intervencionista do Santa Helena Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o num determinado per&#237;odo, qual a acur&#225;cia da estimativa visual da angiografia (EVA) e da angiografia coronariana quantitativa (QCA) em apontar quais as les&#245;es respons&#225;veis por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, comparando seus resultados com aqueles do FFR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A casu&#237;stica deste estudo constituiu-se de 250 pacientes encaminhados para angioplastia coronariana eletiva no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2004 a abril de 2005. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica do vaso ou doen&#231;a angiograficamente significativa em tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda. Em todos os pacientes, a cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica havia sido realizada dois dias a tr&#234;s semanas antes do procedimento intervencionista.</p>
    <p>O delineamento do estudo pode ser visualizado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>. Todos os pacientes selecionados para angioplastia tiveram suas angiografias analisadas por tr&#234;s cardiologistas independentes, que n&#227;o estavam a par dos sintomas dos pacientes. Eles classificaram as les&#245;es coronarianas em duas categorias, de acordo com a estimativa visual da angiografia:</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><bold>1)</bold> les&#245;es significativas pela EVA, cuja indica&#231;&#227;o era tratar por meio de angioplastia com ou sem implante de <italic>stent</italic>;</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> les&#245;es n&#227;o-significativas pela EVA, cuja indica&#231;&#227;o era n&#227;o tratar. No caso de n&#227;o haver unanimidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; impress&#227;o visual dos cardiologistas, a decis&#227;o sobre tratar ou n&#227;o se baseava em maioria simples.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco e medidas press&#243;ricas intracoronarianas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cateterismo foi realizado por via femoral, utilizando-se cateteres guia 6F ou 7F sem orif&#237;cios laterais. Antes da angiografia, administravam-se 10.000 UI de heparina endovenosa e 0,5 mg de nitroglicerina intracoronariana. A seguir, realizavam-se medidas press&#243;ricas intracoronarianas em todos os vasos com estenose <underline>&gt;</underline>50% pela estimativa visual, usando-se uma corda guia 0,014" (<italic>PressureWire&#174; 4 Sensor</italic>, RADI <italic>Medical Systems, Uppsala</italic>, Su&#233;cia) posicionada no leito distal de cada coron&#225;ria a ser analisada, uma de cada vez<sup>12</sup>. Administrava-se adenosina endovenosa atrav&#233;s da bainha colocada na veia femoral na dose de 140 mg/kg/min para induzir hiperemia m&#225;xima. O FFR era determinado automaticamente como a raz&#227;o entre a press&#227;o m&#233;dia distal da coron&#225;ria e a press&#227;o m&#233;dia na aorta (medida pelo cateter-guia), durante hiperemia m&#225;xima<sup>6</sup>. Todas as estenoses respons&#225;veis por isquemia (FFR &lt;0,75) foram tratadas por interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea desde que tecnicamente poss&#237;vel. Estenoses cujo FFR fosse <underline>&gt;</underline>0,75 foram n&#227;o foram submetidas a ICP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angiografia coronariana quantitativa (QCA) e classifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A angiografia coronariana quantitativa foi realizada <italic>off-line</italic> escolhendo-se a proje&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica na qual a les&#227;o se mostrasse mais grave, utilizando-se <italic>software</italic> com algoritmo de detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica dos bordos arteriais (<italic>CAAS II, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, The Netherlands)</italic>, conforme descrito previamente<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>As les&#245;es coronarianas foram ent&#227;o classificadas em dois grupos:</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>I)</bold> Les&#245;es moderadas: entre 40% e 70% pela QCA;</p>
    <p><bold>2)</bold> Les&#245;es graves: <underline>&gt;</underline>70% pela QCA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis foram testadas para normalidade pelos testes de Shapiro-Wilks e/ou Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Na an&#225;lise descritiva, as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o (DP) ou medianas e interquartis e as categ&#243;ricas como n&#250;meros (n) e porcentagens (%). O teste do Qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o-pareado e o teste de Mann-Whitney foram usados para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e o FFR foram comparados entre os grupos de les&#245;es moderadas e graves. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Spearman</italic> (<italic>rho</italic>) entre a QCA e o FFR foi calculado para ambos os grupos. A sensibilidade, a especificidade, os valores preditivos positivo e negativo e a acur&#225;cia da estimativa visual da angiografia em definir se determinada les&#227;o era respons&#225;vel por isquemia foram tamb&#233;m determinadas, tomando-se o FFR como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa <italic>Stata SE 9.1 (Stata Corporation, Houston, Texas</italic>). Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos, e todos os testes foram bicaudais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante um per&#237;odo de sete meses consecutivos, 284 pacientes foram internados no nosso Servi&#231;o para se submeterem a angioplastia coronariana com ou sem implante de <italic>stent</italic>. Desses, nove apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e 25 mostravam oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica do vaso culpado, sendo exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Portanto, 250 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes podem ser analisadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes (70%) apresentava angina est&#225;vel e doen&#231;a multiarterial (uniarteriais: 30%; biarteriais: 43%; triarteriais: 27%). Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise do FFR a distribui&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com les&#245;es significativas em um, dois ou tr&#234;s vasos foi alterada, conforme se pode observar na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig.2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A medida do FFR foi obtida com sucesso em 452 (96%) les&#245;es analisadas. Em 19 estenoses, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel medir o FFR por causa de problemas t&#233;cnicos (tortuosidade extrema, insucesso ao cruzar a les&#227;o com a corda-guia ou les&#227;o muito distal). Realizou-se angioplastia com implante de <italic>stent</italic> em 256 estenoses referentes a 193 pacientes, com 100% de sucesso no procedimento nesse grupo de les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estimativa visual da angiografia <italic>vs</italic> FFR</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve concord&#226;ncia completa entre os cardiologistas revisores das angiografias em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia de tratamento por les&#227;o em 65% das estenoses e em 35% houve diverg&#234;ncia entre um revisor e os outros dois.</p>
    <p>Foi indicada ICP em 350 les&#245;es baseado no crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico da estimativa visual da les&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a medida do FFR verificou-se que 30% dessas estenoses (105) n&#227;o eram respons&#225;veis por isquemia (FFR <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,75) e nenhum tratamento intervencionista foi realizado. Entretanto, os cardiologistas revisores consideraram que 100 estenoses n&#227;o tinham import&#226;ncia funcional devendo ser mantidas apenas sob acompanhamento e tratamento medicamentoso. A medida do FFR mostrou que 40% dessas les&#245;es (41) eram isqu&#234;micas (FFR &lt;0,75) e necessitaram de algum tipo de tratamento intervencionista quando tecnicamente poss&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>A capacidade da estimativa visual da angiografia em detectar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, tomando-se o FFR como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, resultou em alta sensibilidade (85,7%), por&#233;m baixa especificidade (36,7%) e valores preditivos positivo (70%) e negativo (59,8%). A acur&#225;cia da EVA foi de 68% no grupo de les&#245;es estudadas. Quando se considerou apenas as les&#245;es moderadas a acur&#225;cia da EVA foi de 57% <italic>vs</italic> 96% nas les&#245;es graves. O erro de interpreta&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da les&#227;o nas les&#245;es moderadas foi em ambas as dire&#231;&#245;es, ou seja, les&#245;es aparentemente graves que se revelaram inocentes e les&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas benignas que se mostraram isqu&#234;micas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>QCA <italic>vs</italic> FFR</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas das les&#245;es moderadas e graves podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o grau de estenose pela QCA e o FFR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig.3</xref>) que foi melhor nas les&#245;es graves (<italic>rho</italic> = - 0,55; p&lt;0,0001) do que nas moderadas (<italic>rho</italic> = - 0,33; p&lt;0,0001). No grupo das les&#245;es moderadas o valor de corte acima do qual mais do que 90% das les&#245;es eram isqu&#234;micas foi 64%; da mesma maneira, estenoses abaixo de 40% pela QCA apresentavam possibilidade baixa de serem respons&#225;veis por isquemia (&lt;10%). Em nosso estudo o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo (DLM) pr&#233;-ICP n&#227;o foi um bom par&#226;metro para se inferir isquemia. Valores de FFR maiores ou menores do que 0,75 ocorreram em todas as faixas de DLM.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo confirmam as limita&#231;&#245;es da angiografia em permitir a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa de estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas. Esse m&#233;todo mostrou-se impreciso para facultar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#245;es que perturbem o fluxo coron&#225;rio, em especial nos casos em que o grau de redu&#231;&#227;o da luz era definido como moderado, isto &#233;, entre 40% e 70% pela QCA.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que o tratamento de pacientes com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia &#233; ben&#233;fico e propicia bons resultados em m&#233;dio e longo prazos; contudo, revascularizar com base em crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos &#233; discut&#237;vel e n&#227;o parece apresentar nenhuma vantagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento conservador<sup>1,9-11</sup>. Levando-se em conta os consensos do American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) para justificar uma ICP, deve-se provar a exist&#234;ncia de isquemia<sup>14,15</sup>. Como em muitos casos os pacientes s&#227;o enviados para ICP sem evid&#234;ncia objetiva de isquemia<sup>3</sup>, e como o FFR &#233; um &#237;ndice eficaz e espec&#237;fico por les&#227;o para indicar se uma estenose em particular &#233; culpada<sup>6-9</sup>, este estudo sugere que muitos pacientes, especialmente os multiarteriais, s&#227;o encaminhados para ICP sem sele&#231;&#227;o adequada das les&#245;es a serem tratadas, especialmente no grupo das les&#245;es moderadas.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que a cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio e outros m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, apesar de consagrados, apresentam tamb&#233;m limita&#231;&#245;es. Lima e cols.<sup>16</sup> conduziram um estudo no qual analisaram 143 pacientes com DAC triarterial documentada pela angiografia, para avaliar se a associa&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular com a perfus&#227;o por meio da tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;tons (SPECT) aumenta a detec&#231;&#227;o de defeitos em m&#250;ltiplos territ&#243;rios vasculares. Eles encontraram que apenas 46% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a triarterial importante exibem um "padr&#227;o multivascular" pela SPECT. Em contraste, o FFR medido nos vasos ateroscler&#243;ticos tanto em doen&#231;a uniarterial quanto multiarterial fornece ao cardiologista intervencionista informa&#231;&#227;o funcional e espacial precisas com acur&#225;cia maior do que 90% e pode ser avaliado no mesmo momento da cinecoronariografia poupando tempo e custos ao paciente e ao sistema<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A incorpora&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica ao arsenal diagn&#243;stico do cardiologista intervencionista pode ser de grande utilidade na tomada de decis&#245;es durante ICP especialmente nas estenoses moderadas, que s&#227;o as mais encontradas no dia-a-dia. O FFR foi validado tanto em modelos experimentais quanto em estudos em seres humanos, nas mais diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, nos &#250;ltimos anos<sup>8,17-19</sup>. &#201; um m&#233;todo simples, reprodut&#237;vel<sup>6,7</sup>, seguro, al&#233;m de ser independente do estado hemodin&#226;mico e sofrer pouca influ&#234;ncia da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Sua correla&#231;&#227;o com os m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos como a cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, o ecostress com dobutamina e o teste de esfor&#231;o &#233; muito boa, apresentando, al&#233;m disso, a vantagem de ser espec&#237;fico para cada vaso e obstru&#231;&#227;o<sup>8,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tanto a estimativa visual da angiografia quanto a QCA s&#227;o m&#233;todos limitados quando se trata de avaliar les&#245;es moderadas. Fischer e cols.<sup>4</sup> analisaram 83 les&#245;es moderadas (entre 40% e 70%) e compararam a estimativa visual da angiografia e a QCA com o FFR na detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. Seus achados sugeriram que tanto a EVA quanto a QCA foram pouco eficazes para predizer o significado funcional da maioria das estenoses moderadas, especialmente aquelas les&#245;es menores do que 60%. Esses dados foram corroborados pelo presente estudo cujos resultados mostraram que les&#245;es moderadas &#224; angiografia podem induzir a erros, tanto no sentido de o cardiologista indicar a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em casos nos quais n&#227;o exista isquemia, como fazendo que pacientes com redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica deixem de receber o tratamento mais indicado. Sant'Anna e cols.<sup>20</sup>, utilizando o FFR com ferramenta de rotina em todas as angioplastias eletivas durante certo per&#237;odo de tempo, mostraram que 32% das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias e 48% dos pacientes teriam recebido tratamento incorreto se somente a estimativa visual da angiografia fosse seguida, enfatizando a utilidade da medida do FFR como ferramenta auxiliar nas tomadas de decis&#227;o durante as interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo: em primeiro lugar, em geral se considera que o paciente ser&#225; submetido &#224; cinecoronariografia e depois &#224; ICP eletivas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de algum teste funcional n&#227;o-invasivo, o que n&#227;o ocorreu na maioria dos casos de nosso trabalho. No entanto, essa &#233; a rotina em muitos servi&#231;os no Brasil e em outras partes do mundo<sup>3</sup> e nosso estudo buscou refletir essa situa&#231;&#227;o real da pr&#225;tica das ICP no nosso meio. Em segundo lugar, o processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es coronarianas foi subjetivo, baseado em experi&#234;ncias individuais, ainda que dessa forma reflita com maior precis&#227;o o que acontece no mundo real. Ademais, os tr&#234;s revisores eram cardiologistas com vasta experi&#234;ncia no campo da angiografia coron&#225;ria. Em terceiro lugar, o valor de corte do FFR para defini&#231;&#227;o de isquemia foi de 0,75, valor esse que foi validado baseado em v&#225;rios estudos<sup>6-8</sup>, que, por sua vez, analisaram apenas popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas de pacientes uniarteriais, n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o-revascularizados.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo foi mais heterog&#234;nea e incluiu pacientes diab&#233;ticos, com infarto pr&#233;vio, alguns j&#225; revascularizados e provavelmente alguns casos de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica. &#201; poss&#237;vel que investiga&#231;&#245;es dirigidas para analisar o desempenho do FFR nessas popula&#231;&#245;es, cujas caracter&#237;sticas sejam mais semelhantes &#224;quelas do nosso trabalho, demonstrem que os valores de FFR relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica sejam distintos daquele utilizado neste trabalho, o que poderia modificar o c&#225;lculo da acur&#225;cia da angiografia. Contudo, esses dados ainda n&#227;o se encontram dispon&#237;veis, e da&#237; termos adotado o valor de 0,75 como aquele que permitia distinguir os casos sem e com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou que a angiografia coron&#225;ria apresenta acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica reduzida para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia em les&#245;es moderadas, tornando clara a necessidade de associ&#225;-la a um m&#233;todo funcional capaz de orientar corretamente o tratamento dessas estenoses. No entanto, les&#245;es angiograficamente acentuadas (&#224; angiografia coronariana quantitativa) apresentam alta associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de isquemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Fernando Mendes Sant&#180;Anna pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - USP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Fernando Mendes Sant'Anna  </p>
        <p> Rua Safira 20, Portinho </p>
        <p> 28.915-400, Cabo Frio, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fernandomendes@cardiol.br">fernandomendes@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo enviado em 15/10/07; revisado recebido em 14/01/08; aceito em 22/02/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">What is the angiography error when defining myocardial ischemia during percutaneous coronary interventions?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The angiography has been used as a reference standard to define coronary artery disease (CAD), although its limitations are well-known. The significance of the myocardial fractional flow reserve (FFR) in the assessment of CAD is well established. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of angiography when defining ischemic lesions and its correlation with FFR. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty consecutive patients (471 arteries) were included in this study. All stenoses &gt; 50% at the angiography visual estimate (AVE) were assessed by FFR measurements. When FFR was &lt; 0.75, stenting was performed; when FFR was &gt; 0.75, no interventional treatment was carried out. Offline quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed in all stenoses, which were divided in intermediate (&lt; 70% - 327) and severe (125). The correlation coefficients between the diameter of the stenosis (%DS) and FFR and the accuracy of VA of the angiography when assessing ischemia were determined. RESULTS: FFR could be obtained in 452 lesions (96%). Mean %DS and FFR were 56 &#177; 8% and 0.74 and 76 &#177; 6% and 0.48 for moderate and severe stenoses, respectively. Concordance between QCA and FFR was poor, especially in intermediate stenoses (Spearman's rho = - 0.33, p&lt;0.0001). Visual assessment resulted in an accuracy of 57% and 96% in intermediate and severe lesions, respectively. CONCLUSION: Neither the visual assessment of an angiogram nor QCA can accurately predict the significance of most intermediate coronary stenoses, which emphasizes the importance of associating it to a functional evaluation of the coronary circulation, resulting in an adequate treatment of these stenoses.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplasty, transluminal, percutaneous</kwd>
        <kwd>transluminal</kwd>
        <kwd>stents</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>What is the angiography error when defining myocardial ischemia during percutaneous coronary interventions?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fernando Mendes Sant'Anna<sup>I</sup>; Expedito Ribeiro da Silva<sup>II</sup>; Leonardo Alves Batista<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Bastos Brito<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Machado Ventura<sup>I</sup>; Haroldo Adans Ferraz<sup>I</sup>; Leonardo Buczynski<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alberto Mussel Barrozo<sup>I</sup>; Nico Pijls<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Santa Helena Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Holanda</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The angiography has been used as a reference standard to define coronary artery disease (CAD), although its limitations are well-known. The significance of the myocardial fractional flow reserve (FFR) in the assessment of CAD is well established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of angiography when defining ischemic lesions and its correlation with FFR.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Two hundred and fifty consecutive patients (471 arteries) were included in this study. All stenoses <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% at the angiography visual estimate (AVE) were assessed by FFR measurements. When FFR was &lt; 0.75, stenting was performed; when FFR was <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.75, no interventional treatment was carried out. Offline quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed in all stenoses, which were divided in intermediate (&lt; 70% - 327) and severe (125). The correlation coefficients between the diameter of the stenosis (%DS) and FFR and the accuracy of VA of the angiography when assessing ischemia were determined.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> FFR could be obtained in 452 lesions (96%). Mean %DS and FFR were 56 &#177; 8% and 0.74 and 76 &#177; 6% and 0.48 for moderate and severe stenoses, respectively. Concordance between QCA and FFR was poor, especially in intermediate stenoses (Spearman's rho = - 0.33, p&lt;0.0001). Visual assessment resulted in an accuracy of 57% and 96% in intermediate and severe lesions, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Neither the visual assessment of an angiogram nor QCA can accurately predict the significance of most intermediate coronary stenoses, which emphasizes the importance of associating it to a functional evaluation of the coronary circulation, resulting in an adequate treatment of these stenoses. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary angiography; angioplasty, transluminal, percutaneous; transluminal, stents, myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is well known that the presence of myocardial ischemia verified at the myocardial scintigraphy is one of the most important prognostic factors in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup>1,2</sup>. However, many percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are performed based solely on angiographic criteria, without previous assessment of the existence of ischemia<sup>3</sup>. Additionally, despite its unquestionable qualities, the angiography presents known limitations when estimating the real severity of coronary obstructions, particularly in cases with moderate stenosis<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the significance of the fractional flow reserve (FFR) in defining myocardial ischemia has been largely established<sup>6-8</sup>. It is known that vessels that present FFR <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.75 can be safely treated with conservative therapies, whereas a FFR &lt;0.75 is a sign of myocardial ischemia and the patients, in these cases, could benefit from percutaneous or surgical revascularization procedures<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess, in all patients (and lesions) submitted to PCI at the Interventionist Cardiology Service of Santa Helena Hospital do Coracao within a certain period of time, the accuracy of the angiography visual estimate (AVE) and the quantitative coronary angiography (QAT) when identifying the lesions responsible for the myocardial ischemia, comparing their results with those obtained by FFR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study included 250 patients referred for elective coronary angioplasty from October 2004 to April 2005. Patients with chronic coronary occlusion or angiographically significant disease in the left coronary trunk were excluded. All patients had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography two days to three weeks before the intervention.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the study design. Three independent cardiologists, blinded to the patients' symptoms, evaluated the angiographies of all patients selected for the angioplasty. They classified the coronary lesions in two categories, according to the AVE:</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_07f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>1) significant lesions at the AVE, of which treatment indication was angioplasty with or without stenting;</p>
      <p>2) non-significant lesions at the AVE, of which treatment indication was not to treat. In case of lack of consensus regarding the visual impression of the cardiologists, the decision to treat or no to treat was based on the simple majority.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiac catheterism and intracoronary pressure measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The catheterism was carried out via femoral artery, using guide catheters 6F or 7F without lateral orifices. Before the angiography, 10,000 IU of IV heparin and 0.5 mg of intracoronary nitroglycerin were administered. Subsequently, the intracoronary pressure measurements were carried out in all vessels with stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% at the AVE, using a 0.014" guide wire (<italic>PressureWire&#174; 4 Sensor</italic>, RADI <italic>Medical Systems, Uppsala</italic>, Sweden) positioned at the distal bed of each coronary to be analyzed, one at a time<sup>12</sup>. IV adenosine was administered through the sheath placed in the femoral vein at a dose of 140 &#181;g/kg/min to induce maximum hyperemia. FFR was determined automatically as the ratio between the mean distal pressure of the coronary and the mean pressure of the aorta (measured by the guide catheter), during maximum hyperemia<sup>6</sup>. All the stenoses responsible for ischemia (FFR &lt;0.75) were treated by percutaneous intervention, as long as technically possible. Stenoses of which FFR were <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.75 were not submitted to PCI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and lesion classification</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed offline by choosing the angiographic projection in which the lesion showed to be more severe, using a software with an algorithm of automatic detection of arterial borders (CAAS II, Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, The Netherlands<italic>)</italic>, as previously described<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The coronary lesions were then classified in two groups:</p>
      <p>I) Moderate lesions: between 40% and 70% by the QCA;</p>
      <p>2) Severe lesions: <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% by QCA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All the variables were tested for normality by the Shapiro-Wilks and/or Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. At the descriptive analysis, the numerical variables were presented as means&#177;standard deviations (SD) and interquartiles and the categorical variables as numbers (n) and percentages (%). The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for the categorical variables; the non-paired Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test were used for continuous variables. The angiographic characteristics and the FFR were compared between the groups with moderate and severe lesions. Spearman correlation coefficient (rho) between the QCA and the FFR was calculated for both groups. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the accuracy of the AVE when defining whether a certain lesion was responsible for ischemia were also determined, using the FFR as the reference standard. The statistical analysis was carried out with the Stata SE 9.1 program (Stata Corporation, Houston, Texas). Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant and they were all two-tailed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During a period of seven consecutive months, 284 patients were admitted at our Service to undergo coronary angioplasty with or without stenting. Of these, 9 had acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 25 presented chronic coronary occlusion and were excluded from the study. Thus, 250 patients were included in the study.</p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of these patients can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Most of the patients (70%) presented stable angina and multiarterial disease (uniarterial: 30%; biarterial: 43%; triarterial: 27%). After the analysis of the FFR, the distribution of patients with significant lesions in one, two, or three vessels was altered, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The FFR measurement was attained successfully in 452 (96%) analyzed lesions. It was not possible to measure the FFR in 19 stenoses, due to technical problems (extreme tortuosity, unsuccessful lesion-crossing with the guide wire or very distal lesion). The angioplasty with stenting was performed in 256 stenoses related to 193 patients, with 100% of success of the procedure in this group of lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Angiography visual estimate versus FFR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was complete agreement among the cardiologists in charge of reviewing the angiographies in relation to the treatment strategy per lesion in 65% of the stenoses and disagreement in 35% of them, between one of the reviewers and the other two.</p>
      <p>The PCI was indicated in 350 lesions based on the angiographic criterion of visual estimate of the lesion. After the measurement of the FFR, it was verified that 30% of these stenoses (105) were not responsible for ischemia (FFR <underline>&gt;</underline>0.75) and no interventionist treatment was performed. However, the reviewer cardiologists considered that 100 stenoses did not have functional significance and should be only followed and treated with medications. The FFR measurement showed that 40% of these lesions (41) were ischemic (FFR &lt;0.75) and needed some type of intervention when technically possible.</p>
      <p>The capacity of the AVE in detecting myocardial ischemia, using the FFR as the reference standard, resulted in high sensitivity (85.7%), but low specificity (36.7%), positive (70%) and negative (59.8%) predictive values. The accuracy of the AVE was 68% in the group of studied lesions. When only the moderate lesions were considered, the accuracy of the AVE was 57% <italic>versus</italic> 96% in severe lesions. The interpretation error regarding lesion severity in moderate lesions was in both directions, that is, apparently severe lesions that showed to be harmless and lesions with benign angiographic characteristics that showed to be ischemic.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>QCA versus FFR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The angiographic characteristics of the moderate and severe lesions are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. An inverse correlation was observed between the degree of stenosis by QCA and the FFR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>), which was better in the severe lesions (<italic>rho</italic> = - 0.55; p&lt;0.0001) then in the moderate ones (<italic>rho</italic> = - 0.33; p&lt;0.0001). In the group of moderate lesions, the cutoff above which more than 90% of the lesions were ischemic was 64%; similarly, stenoses below 40% by QCA presented a low possibility of being responsible for ischemia (&lt;10%).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0179-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the present study, the pre-PCI minimum luminal diameter (MLD) was not a good parameter to infer ischemia. FFR values &gt; or &lt; 0.75 occurred in all MLD ranges.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the present study confirm the limitations of the angiography when allowing the precise identification of hemodynamically significant stenoses. This method showed to be imprecise to promote the identification of obstructions that disturb the coronary flow, especially in cases where the decrease in lumen diameter was defined as moderate, i.e., between 40% and 70% by the QCA.</p>
      <p>Several studies have demonstrated that the treatment of patients with evidence of ischemia is beneficial and yields good mid- and long-term results; however, to revascularize based on anatomical criteria is debatable and does not seem to present any advantage in relation to the conservative treatment<sup>1,9-11</sup>. Considering the consensus of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) to justify a PCI, it is necessary to prove the existence of ischemia<sup>14,15</sup>. Considering that, in many cases, the patients are referred to PCI with no objective evidence of ischemia<sup>3</sup> and as the FFR is an effective and specific index per lesion to indicate whether a certain stenosis is responsible for the ischemia<sup>6-9</sup>, the present study suggests that many patients, especially the multiarterial ones, are referred to PCI without an adequate selection of the lesions to be treated, especially in the group of moderate lesions.</p>
      <p>It is also known that the myocardial scintigraphy and other non-invasive methods to detect ischemia, although well-established, also present limitations. Lima et al<sup>16</sup> carried out a study in which they assessed 143 patients with triarterial CAD documented by angiography, to evaluate whether the association of ventricular function assessment with perfusion through single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) increases the detection in multiple vascular sites. They observed that only 46% of the patients with significant triarterial disease showed a "multivascular pattern" at the SPECT. In contrast, the FFR measured in the atherosclerotic vessels in the uniarterial as well as multiarterial disease provides the interventionist cardiologist precise functional and spatial information with an accuracy of more than 90% and can be evaluated at the same time of the coronary angiography, showing to be a cost- and time-saving measure for the patient and the health system<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The incorporation of the physiological information to the diagnosis repertoire of the interventionist cardiologist can be very useful in decision-making during PCI, especially in moderate stenoses, which are the most often found in daily practice. The FFR has been validated in experimental models as well as in studies in humans, under several different clinical conditions in recent years<sup>8,17-19</sup>. It is a simple, reproducible<sup>6,7</sup> and safe method as well as being independent from the hemodynamic state and suffer little influence of the microcirculation. Its correlation with the non-invasive methods such as myocardial scintigraphy, the dobutamine stress echo test and the stress test is very good and additionally, it has the advantage of being specific for each vessel and obstruction<sup>8,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The AVE as well as the QCA are limited methods when evaluating moderate lesions. Fischer et al<sup>4</sup> assessed 83 moderate lesions (between 40% and 70%) and compared the angiography visual estimate and the QCA with the FFR in the detection of ischemic lesions. Their findings suggested that the AVE as well as the QCA were little effective when predicting the functional meaning of most of the moderate stenoses, especially those lesions &lt; 60%.</p>
      <p>These data were corroborated by the present study, which showed that moderate lesions at the angiography can induce to error, not only when the cardiologist indicates the need for revascularization in cases where there is no ischemia, but also in cases where patients with reduced myocardial perfusion do not receive the most adequate treatment. Sant'Anna et al<sup>20</sup>, using the FFR as a routine tool in all elective angioplasties during a certain period of time, showed that 32% of the coronary lesions and 48% of the patients would have received inadequate treatment if only the AVE result had been considered, emphasizing the usefulness of the FFR measurement as an auxiliary tool in decision-making during PCI.</p>
      <p>There are several limitations to the present study: first, it is generally considered that the patient will be submitted the coronary angiography and later to the elective PCI after undergoing some type of non-invasive test, which did not occur in most cases of the present study. However, this is the routine in many services in Brazil and other parts of the world<sup>3</sup> and our study aimed at reflecting the actual situation of the practice of PCI in our country. Second, the process of assessment of the coronary lesions was subjective, based on individual experiences, although it still reflects, with higher accuracy, what happens in the real world. Furthermore, the three reviewers were cardiologists with a vast experience in the field of coronary angiography. Third, the cutoff value of FFR to define ischemia was 0.75, a value that was validated based on several studies<sup>6-8</sup>, which, in turn, analyzed only selected populations of uniarterial, non-diabetic and non-revascularized patients.</p>
      <p>The population of the present study was more heterogeneous and included diabetic patients, with previous infarction, some who had been revascularized and probably some cases of myocardial hypertrophy. It is possible that investigations aiming at the analysis of the FFR performance in these populations, whose characteristics are more similar to those in our study, will demonstrate that the FFR values related to the presence of myocardial ischemia are different from that used in the present study, which could alter the calculation of angiography accuracy. However, these data are not available yet and therefore, we adopted the cutoff of 0.75 as the one that allowed the discrimination of the cases with and without myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study showed that the coronary angiography has reduced diagnostic accuracy for the detection of ischemia in moderate lesions, clearly demonstrating the need to associate it to a functional method capable of correctly managing the treatment of these stenoses. However, angiographically demonstrated lesions (at the QCA) have high association with the presence of ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Fernando Mendes Sant&#180;Anna, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o-USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
