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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">skXhPn7LfVxXP95nwrDq8ns</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice de dissincronia ventricular: compara&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o bidimensional e tridimensional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo L. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cury</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gustavo</surname>
            <given-names>Naccarato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Wercules A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monaco</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordovil</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C. T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>156</fpage>
      <lpage>162</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico (sincronia) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) tem import&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise da performance sist&#243;lica, especialmente para a indica&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com ICC avan&#231;ada. OBJETIVO: Comparar a sincronia do VE analisada com ecocardiograma (eco) tridimensional (3D) em tempo real com medidas de FEVE obtidas com ECO 2D e 3D. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo de 92 indiv&#237;duos (56 homens, 47&#177;10 anos), 60 com anatomia card&#237;aca (eco) e ECG normais (Grupo N), 32 com cardiomiopatia dilatada (Grupo CMD). Com o emprego do ECO 3D foram aferidos FEVE, volumes e &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID)% para 16 segmentos do VE; com o ECO 2D foram medidos FEVE (m&#233;todo de Simpson) e volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (Pearson), 95% IC, teste de regress&#227;o linear, teste de Bland &amp; Altman, p&lt;0,05. RESULTADOS: O ID% variou de 0,2900 a 28,1000 (5,2014&#177;6,3281), a FEVE 3D variou de 0,17 a 0,81 (0,52&#177;0,17); a FEVE 2D variou de 0,3 a 0,69 (0,49&#177;0,11). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre ID e FEVE 3D foi (r): -0,7432, p&lt;0,0001, IC: -0,8227 a -0,6350, a rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre ID (x) e FEVE 3D (y) foi y = 19,8124 + (-27,9578) x , p&lt;0,0001. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre ID e FEVE 2D foi (r): -0,7012, p&lt;0,0001, IC: -0,7923 a -0,5797. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nesta casu&#237;stica foi observada boa correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o acoplamento sist&#243;lico tridimensional eletromec&#226;nico do VE e a FEVE medida ao ecocardiograma (3D e 2D).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;stole</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> ECOCARDIOGRAFIA ADULTOS</p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice de dissincronia ventricular: compara&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o bidimensional e tridimensional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo L. C. Vieira; Alexandre F. Cury; Gustavo Naccarato; Wercules A. Oliveira; Cl&#225;udia G. Monaco; Adriana Cordovil; Ana C. T. Rodrigues; Edgar B. Lira Filho; Cl&#225;udio H. Fischer; Samira S. Morhy</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico (sincronia) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) tem import&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise da performance sist&#243;lica, especialmente para a indica&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com ICC avan&#231;ada. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar a sincronia do VE analisada com ecocardiograma (eco) tridimensional (3D) em tempo real com medidas de FEVE obtidas com ECO 2D e 3D. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo de 92 indiv&#237;duos (56 homens, 47&#177;10 anos), 60 com anatomia card&#237;aca (eco) e ECG normais (Grupo N), 32 com cardiomiopatia dilatada (Grupo CMD). Com o emprego do ECO 3D foram aferidos FEVE, volumes e &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID)% para 16 segmentos do VE; com o ECO 2D foram medidos FEVE (m&#233;todo de Simpson) e volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (Pearson), 95% IC, teste de regress&#227;o linear, teste de Bland &amp; Altman, p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O ID% variou de 0,2900 a 28,1000 (5,2014&#177;6,3281), a FEVE 3D variou de 0,17 a 0,81 (0,52&#177;0,17); a FEVE 2D variou de 0,3 a 0,69 (0,49&#177;0,11). A correla&#231;&#227;o entre ID e FEVE 3D foi (r): -0,7432, p&lt;0,0001, IC: -0,8227 a -0,6350, a rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre ID (x) e FEVE 3D (y) foi y = 19,8124 + (-27,9578) x , p&lt;0,0001. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre ID e FEVE 2D foi (r): -0,7012, p&lt;0,0001, IC: -0,7923 a -0,5797. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nesta casu&#237;stica foi observada boa correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o acoplamento sist&#243;lico tridimensional eletromec&#226;nico do VE e a FEVE medida ao ecocardiograma (3D e 2D). </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, s&#237;stole, ecocardiografia, volume sist&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da <italic>performance</italic> sist&#243;lica ventricular representa aspecto importante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, prognostica, e para o entendimento da hist&#243;ria natural das cardiopatias<sup>1-4</sup>. A <italic>performance</italic> sist&#243;lica ventricular pode ser estudada com a ecocardiografia com base no movimento meridional, longitudinal e circunferencial (vetoecocardiografia) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>1-4</sup>. O aspecto temporal do momento da contra&#231;&#227;o, acoplamento sist&#243;lico eletromec&#226;nico (sincronia) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), tamb&#233;m tem import&#226;ncia na determina&#231;&#227;o da <italic>performance</italic> ventricular, principalmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICC) avan&#231;ada.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda pode ser analisada com o emprego do modo-M, modo bidimensional, com t&#233;cnicas como o <italic>strain, strain-rate</italic> e <italic>tissue tracking</italic> que analisam a deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal ventricular e tamb&#233;m com o ecocardiograma tridimensional<sup>1-9</sup>. A ecocardiografia tridimensional traz avan&#231;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ecocardiografia bidimensional porque n&#227;o &#233; baseada em infer&#234;ncias geom&#233;tricas para o c&#225;lculo dos volumes das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, da massa ventricular e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, considerando-se limitado o n&#250;mero de planos de observa&#231;&#227;o<sup>9-16</sup>. Aplica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;vel grande impacto cl&#237;nico da ecocardiografia tridimensional est&#225; relacionada a indica&#231;&#227;o e seguimento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes portadores de ICC classe funcional (NYHA) III e IV que sejam submetidos a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com marcapasso biventricular.</p>
    <p>Reconhece-se hoje que somente a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia el&#233;trica evidenciada pelo ECG pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para a discrimina&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICC avan&#231;ada que ir&#227;o responder de forma satisfat&#243;ria a terapia com o implante de marcapasso biventricular<sup>16-19</sup>. H&#225; a necessidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o da sincronia ventricular eletromec&#226;nica para a melhor indica&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>16-19</sup>. Nesse contexto, o emprego da ecocardiografia tridimensional permite determinar e quantificar a presen&#231;a de dissincronia eletromec&#226;nica ventricular<sup>15,16</sup>. A ecocardiografia tridimensional detalha o porcentual de dissincronia card&#237;aca por meio da mensura&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) card&#237;aca %<sup>15,16</sup>. O ID% representa o desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica final de cada um dos segmentos card&#237;acos, comparado com a contra&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica final global (menor &#237;ndice demonstra menor dissincronia).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do ID permite tamb&#233;m indicar o melhor s&#237;tio para o implante do eletrodo biventricular (implantado no segmento de maior dissincronia). Poucos estudos na literatura foram realizados no intuito da compara&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pela varia&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o) com o acoplamento eletromec&#226;nico ventricular<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, objetivamos realizar estudo para comparar o &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) card&#237;aca % tridimensional com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda medida com a ecocardiografia bidimensional e tridimensional, em indiv&#237;duos com anatomia card&#237;aca normal e em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2007, foram estudados de forma prospectiva e consecutiva 92 indiv&#237;duos submetidos a investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica no laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. Neste estudo, inclu&#237;mos 60 indiv&#237;duos apresentando an&#225;lise estrutural card&#237;aca considerada normal (an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional, tridimensional, Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual), e com ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es dentro dos padr&#245;es da normalidade, e 32 pacientes apresentando anatomia card&#237;aca anormal (dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular) e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (ECG). Dos 60 indiv&#237;duos apresentando anatomia card&#237;aca normal, 25 estavam sob avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica como doadores para transplante renal ou hep&#225;tico.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional, Doppler convencional, Doppler tecidual e a ecocardiografia tridimensional. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bidimensionais foram realizados de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, em equipamento comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Philips IE33, Andover, MA, EUA), equipado com transdutor de 2-5 MHZ, e transdutor matricial X3 para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tridimensionais. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estudados foram:</p>
    <p><bold>I)</bold> Ecocardiograma Bidimensional</p>
    <p>1- Volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDFVE);</p>
    <p>2- Volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSFVE);</p>
    <p>3- Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (m&#233;todo de Simpson);</p>
    <p><bold>II)</bold> Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</p>
    <p>1- Volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDFVE);</p>
    <p>2- Volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSFVE);</p>
    <p>3- Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>);</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>4- &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) ventricular esquerda % (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado modelo de 16 segmentos ventriculares para a an&#225;lise da contratilidade ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tridimensionais foi realizada na seq&#252;&#234;ncia do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional. As imagens foram obtidas com o mesmo equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico, com o emprego de transdutor matricial, estando o paciente em apn&#233;ia expirat&#243;ria, sendo a imagem acoplada ao registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. As imagens foram armazenadas no disco r&#237;gido do aparelho ecocardiogr&#225;fico e analisadas <italic>off-line</italic> em <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico do pr&#243;prio equipamento. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas por dois observadores independentes. Os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional ou tridimensional consideradas de qualidade t&#233;cnica adequada para a an&#225;lise dos par&#226;metros estudados ou que apresentaram grande irregularidade do ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Dessa forma, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo dez pacientes, sete com imagem considerada n&#227;o adequada para a an&#225;lise ventricular esquerda, tr&#234;s em raz&#227;o de irregularidade acentuada do ritmo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) ventricular esquerdo representa a varia&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares esquerdos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acontecimento temporal dentro do ciclo card&#237;aco, ou seja, representa a mudan&#231;a do volume sist&#243;lico global para o volume diast&#243;lico global do ponto de vista temporal. &#192; medida que ocorra maior sincronia ventricular esquerda, a varia&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico global para o volume diast&#243;lico global ocorrer&#225; de forma mais homog&#234;nea e sincr&#244;nica. De forma diversa, &#224; medida que ocorra dissincronia ventricular, a modifica&#231;&#227;o entre os volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico ser&#225; heterog&#234;nea, dissincr&#244;nica, ocasionando perda na <italic>performance</italic> sist&#243;lica ventricular. O ID pode ser representado de forma global, ou de forma regional, demonstrando a sincronia ou dissincronia regional para modelo de contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (16 ou 17 segmentos). O ID regional &#233; representado pelo desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica final de cada um dos segmentos card&#237;acos. O ID pode ser demonstrado como: 1- porcentual do ciclo card&#237;aco (ID%) ou Tmsv (tempo em milissegundos relativo ao ciclo card&#237;aco total); 2- como tempo absoluto (em milissegundos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises descritiva, de correla&#231;&#227;o e de compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos. A an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi feita pela observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, e do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi feita pelo m&#233;todo de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r), 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos foi realizada com o emprego do teste de Bland &amp; Altman. Foi tamb&#233;m realizado o teste de regress&#227;o linear entre os par&#226;metros aferidos com a ecocardiografia bidimensional e tridimensional. As medidas foram realizadas por dois observadores independentes. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes. Os dados foram processados com o sistema de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do <italic>SAS Institute</italic>, Cary, Carolina do Norte, EUA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais e tridimensionais dos volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. A an&#225;lise descritiva das medidas do &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) % para 16 segmentos do VE &#233; observada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>. Foi observada boa concord&#226;ncia (r) entre as medidas de FEVE 3D e FEVE 2D, (r): 0,8976, p&lt;0,0001, IC: 0,8488 a 0,9312. Os coeficientes de concord&#226;ncia intra e interobservadores para as medidas da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pela ecocardiografia tridimensional e para o &#237;ndice de dissincronia ventricular s&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o (r:Pearson) e a regress&#227;o linear para as medidas do &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) % e as medidas de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE aferidas pela ecocardiografia 2D e 3D s&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela 4</xref>. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pela ecocardiografia tridimensional e o &#237;ndice de dissincronia ventricular esquerdo para 16 segmentos (Teste de Bland &amp; Altman) &#233; demonstrada no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real &#233; novo m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise anat&#244;mica e funcional card&#237;aca que possibilita a investiga&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do cora&#231;&#227;o em tempo real, sendo t&#233;cnica desprovida de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, de alta reprodutibilidade e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o<sup>5-16</sup>. Apresenta boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio quando comparada a m&#233;todos como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear e amplia a possibilidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e que possam beneficiar-se da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio do implante de marcapasso biventricular. Nesses pacientes candidatos ao emprego do marcapasso biventricular &#233; capital a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares, da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e da exist&#234;ncia da dissincronia eletromec&#226;nica<sup>17-19</sup>. Talvez somente o conhecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o) possa n&#227;o informar de forma integral e individualizada o aspecto temporal da contra&#231;&#227;o de todos os segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Nesse aspecto, a ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real permite a aferi&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o temporal dos segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de forma global, e de forma individualizada<sup>15,16</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>, curvas em cores diferenciadas). Apresenta ainda a possibilidade da identifica&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia card&#237;aca em segmentos que n&#227;o s&#227;o estudados pelos protocolos padr&#227;o de an&#225;lise de sincronia card&#237;aca (protocolos com o emprego do Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual com a an&#225;lise dos segmentos basais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo). Exemplo disso vemos na observa&#231;&#227;o na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>, a evid&#234;ncia de dissincronia eletromec&#226;nica nos segmentos m&#233;dios do cora&#231;&#227;o (&#237;ndice de dissincronia %: Tmsv 12-SD de 13,60%, valor normal &lt; 8%), situa&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o seria identificada pelos protocolos habituais de an&#225;lise de sincronia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, dois ter&#231;os da popula&#231;&#227;o foi composto por indiv&#237;duos com anatomia card&#237;aca normal, assintom&#225;ticos e com ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Essa parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o nos permitiu determinar valores de refer&#234;ncia para os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tridimensionais, estando os dados expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. Observamos que os volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico, assim como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aferidos pelo eco 3D foram discretamente maiores do que aqueles medidos com o eco 2D, embora n&#227;o observassem significado estat&#237;stico (p=0,52). Achado semelhante foi encontrado no grupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia.</p>
    <p>A concord&#226;ncia, tanto intra-observador quanto interobservador, para aferi&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tridimensional e para o ID, foi adequada, demonstrando boa reprodutibilidade na mensura&#231;&#227;o das medidas tridimensionais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>). Observamos ainda boa correla&#231;&#227;o para a aferi&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo eco 2D e 3D, (r): 0,8976, p&lt;0,0001, e boa concord&#226;ncia (teste de Bland &amp; Altman) para as medidas da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao eco 3D e para o &#237;ndice de dissincronia ventricular esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) ventricular esquerda % (16 segmentos) mostrou grande varia&#231;&#227;o na sua an&#225;lise descritiva e freq&#252;&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. 2</xref>), em raz&#227;o da amostra do estudo (dois ter&#231;os de indiv&#237;duos normais e um ter&#231;o da popula&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular). No entanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tridimensional e o &#237;ndice de dissincronia (ID) foi adequada tanto para o grupo total (r= -0,7432, p&lt;0,0001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Tabela 4</xref>), quanto para o grupo de normais (r= - 0,67, p&lt;0,0001), e para o grupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia (r= -0,79, p&lt;0,0001). A correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o bidimensional tamb&#233;m foi adequada para o grupo total (r= -0,7012, p&lt;0,0001), sendo menor para o grupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia (r=-0,56, p&lt;0,0001). Certamente a utilidade do &#237;ndice de dissincronia dever&#225; ocorrer para a observa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dissincronia card&#237;aca n&#227;o observada em protocolos em que foram empregados m&#233;todos mais rotineiros como o Doppler convencional ou o Doppler tecidual.</p>
    <p>Podemos imaginar hierarquiza&#231;&#227;o do emprego de t&#233;cnicas de investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de dissincronia card&#237;aca, tendo em considera&#231;&#227;o a an&#225;lise em modo M, com o Doppler convencional, Doppler tecidual e ecocardiografia tridimensional. O ID apresenta maior representatividade, e, possivelmente, poder&#225; ser realizado de forma rotineira na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia card&#237;aca em pacientes portadores de ICC avan&#231;ada candidatos a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Essa poder&#225; representar a utilidade do emprego desse novo conceito ecocardiogr&#225;fico de an&#225;lise da <italic>performance</italic> ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Natural pensar que o emprego de novas t&#233;cnicas como a ecocardiografia tridimensional acrescentam custos aos m&#233;todos de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Devemos, por&#233;m, refletir que a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com marcapasso biventricular &#233; m&#233;todo com custo j&#225; estabelecido e que deve ter indica&#231;&#227;o precisa e bem fundamentada no intuito da limita&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de resposta cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo deve ser ampliado para n&#250;mero maior de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diversas, como indiv&#237;duos portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, pacientes que apresentem QRS estreito com evid&#234;ncia de dissincronia eletromec&#226;nica e em maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com bloqueio de ramo direito (importante para os pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta casu&#237;stica foi observada boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre o acoplamento sist&#243;lico eletromec&#226;nico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o medida ao ecocardiograma tridimensional e bidimensional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira </p>
        <p> Rua Cardoso de Melo, 463/21, Vila Ol&#237;mpia </p>
        <p> 04.548-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mluiz766@terra.com.br">mluiz766@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 30/10/07; revisado recebido em 23/12/07; aceito em 08/01/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular dyssynchrony index: comparison with two-dimensional and three-dimensional ejection fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGORUND: Left ventricular (LV) electromechanical coupling (synchrony) is important in the analysis of the systolic performance, especially for the indication of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced CHF. OBJECTIVE: To compare LV synchrony as analyzed by real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (ECHO) with LVEF measurements as obtained with 2D and 3D ECHO. METHODS: Prospective study of 92 individuals (56 men, 47 &#177; 10 years of age), of which 60 had normal heart structure (ECHO) and ECG (N group), and 32 had dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM group). Using 3D ECHO, LVEF, volumes and dyssynchrony index (%DI) for 16 LV segments were measured. Using 2D ECHO, LVEF (Simpson's method), and LV systolic and diastolic volumes were measured. Statistical analysis: Pearson's correlation coefficient, 95% CI, linear regression model, Bland &amp; Altman analysis, p&lt;0.05. RESULTS: %DI ranged from 0.2900 to 28.1000 (5.2014&#177;6.3281), 3D LVEF ranged from 0.17 to 0.81 (0.52&#177;0.17); and 2D LVEF ranged from 0.3 to 0.69 (0.49&#177;0.11). The correlation between DI and 3D LVEF was (r): -0.7432, p&lt;0.0001, CI: -0.8227 to -0.6350, the linear relation between DI (x) and 3D LVEF (y) was y = 19.8124 + (-27.9578) x, p&lt;0.0001. The correlation between DI and 2D LVEF was (r): -0.7012, p&lt;0.0001, CI: -0.7923 to -0.5797. CONCLUSION: In this case series, a good negative correlation was observed between LV electromechanical three-dimensional systolic coupling and LVEF as measured by echocardiography (3D and 2D).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>left</kwd>
        <kwd>systole</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Ventricular dyssynchrony index: comparison with two-dimensional and three-dimensional ejection fraction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marcelo L. C. Vieira; Alexandre F. Cury; Gustavo Naccarato; Wercules A. Oliveira; Cl&#225;udia G. Monaco; Adriana Cordovil; Ana C. T. Rodrigues; Edgar B. Lira Filho; Cl&#225;udio H. Fischer; Samira S. Morhy</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Left ventricular (LV) electromechanical coupling (synchrony) is important in the analysis of the systolic performance, especially for the indication of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced CHF.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare LV synchrony as analyzed by real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (ECHO) with LVEF measurements as obtained with 2D and 3D ECHO.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Prospective study of 92 individuals (56 men, 47 &#177; 10 years of age), of which 60 had normal heart structure (ECHO) and ECG (N group), and 32 had dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM group). Using 3D ECHO, LVEF, volumes and dyssynchrony index (%DI) for 16 LV segments were measured. Using 2D ECHO, LVEF (Simpson's method), and LV systolic and diastolic volumes were measured. Statistical analysis: Pearson's correlation coefficient, 95% CI, linear regression model, Bland &amp; Altman analysis, p&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> %DI ranged from 0.2900 to 28.1000 (5.2014&#177;6.3281), 3D LVEF ranged from 0.17 to 0.81 (0.52&#177;0.17); and 2D LVEF ranged from 0.3 to 0.69 (0.49&#177;0.11). The correlation between DI and 3D LVEF was (r): -0.7432, p&lt;0.0001, CI: -0.8227 to -0.6350, the linear relation between DI (x) and 3D LVEF (y) was y = 19.8124 + (-27.9578) x, p&lt;0.0001. The correlation between DI and 2D LVEF was (r): -0.7012, p&lt;0.0001, CI: -0.7923 to -0.5797.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In this case series, a good negative correlation was observed between LV electromechanical three-dimensional systolic coupling and LVEF as measured by echocardiography (3D and 2D). </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ventricular function, left; systole; echocardiography; stroke volume.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of ventricular systolic performance represents an important aspect for the diagnostic and prognostic assessment, as well as for the understanding of the natural history of heart diseases<sup>1-4</sup>. The ventricular systolic performance may be studied using echocardiography based on the left ventricular radial, longitudinal and circumferential motion (vetoechocardiography)<sup>1-4</sup>. The temporal aspect of the moment of contraction - left ventricular (LV) electromechanical systolic coupling, is also important to determine ventricular performance, mainly in the evaluation of the indication of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF).</p>
      <p>The left ventricular systolic function may be analyzed using the M-mode, the two-dimensional mode with techniques such as strain, strain-rate and tissue tracking which analyze ventricular longitudinal deformation, and also using the three-dimensional echocardiography<sup>1-9</sup>. Three-dimensional echocardiography is more improved in relation to two-dimensional echocardiography because it is not based on geometric inferences for the calculation of volumes of cardiac chambers, ventricular mass, and left ventricular ejection fraction, considering a limited number of observation planes<sup>9-16</sup>. An application of three-dimensional echocardiography that may have a great clinical impact is related to the indication and clinical follow-up of patients with NYHA functional class III and IV CHF undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy with biventricular pacemaker.</p>
      <p>Today, we recognize that electrical dyssynchrony as evidenced by ECG alone may be not enough to discriminate patients with advanced CHF who will respond satisfactorily to biventricular pacemaker implantation therapy<sup>16-19</sup>. The evaluation of electromechanical ventricular synchrony is necessary to improve the indication of cardiac resynchronization therapy<sup>16-19</sup>. In this context, the use of three-dimensional echocardiography enables the determination and quantification of the presence of ventricular electromechanical dyssynchrony<sup>15,16</sup>. Three-dimensional echocardiography provides details of the percentage cardiac dyssynchrony by measuring the cardiac dyssynchrony index (%DI)<sup>15,16</sup>. %DI represents the standard deviation of the mean end-systolic contraction time of each one of the cardiac segments as compared with global end-systolic contraction (a lower index indicates lower dyssynchrony).</p>
      <p>The analysis of DI also allows the indication of the best site for biventricular electrode implantation (which is the segment of maximum dyssynchrony). Few studies in the literature aimed at comparing the left ventricular assessment using volumetric variation (ejection fraction) with ventricular electromechanical coupling<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the three-dimensional percentage cardiac dyssynchrony index (%DI) with left ventricular ejection fraction as measured by two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography in individuals with normal cardiac structure as well as in patients with ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the period from January 2006 to January 2007, 92 consecutive individuals undergoing echocardiographic investigation in the echocardiography laboratory of <italic>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</italic>, Sao Paulo, were prospectively studied. Demographic, clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. This study included 60 individuals who presented a structural cardiac analysis considered normal (two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis, conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler), and a 12-lead ECG with normal limits. It also included 32 patients with abnormal cardiac structure (ventricular dilation) and intraventricular conduction abnormalities (ECG). Of the 60 individuals who presented a normal cardiac structure, 25 were being clinically assessed to be donors for kidney or liver transplantation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The individuals underwent two-dimensional echocardiography, conventional Doppler, tissue Doppler and three-dimensional echocardiography. The two-dimensional echocardiographic tests were performed according to recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, using a commercially available instrument (Philips IE33, Andover, MA, USA) equipped with a 2.5 MHZ transducer, and an X3 matrix transducer for the acquisition of three-dimensional images. The following echocardiographic parameters were studied:</p>
      <p>I- Two-dimensional echocardiography</p>
      <p>1. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV); 2. Left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV); 3. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (Simpson's rule);</p>
      <p>II- Three-dimensional echocardiography</p>
      <p>1- Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV); 2- Left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV); 3- Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f1-body2">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f2-body2">2</xref>); 4- Percentage left ventricular dyssynchrony index (DI) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The 16-ventricular segment model was used for the analysis of left ventricular contractility.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_04f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_04f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_04f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Three-dimensional images were acquired in the sequence of the two-dimensional echocardiographic test. The images were obtained with the same echocardiographic equipment, using a matrix transducer with the patient in expiratory breath-hold; the image was coupled to the electrocardiographic recording. The images were stored in the hard disk of the echocardiographic equipment and analyzed off-line in a specific software of the equipment. The analyses were performed by two independent observers. The patients who did not have two-dimensional or three-dimensional images whose quality was considered technically adequate for the analysis of the parameters studied or those who presented a significant irregularity of the heart rhythm were not included in this study. Thus, ten patients were not included in the study: seven who had images considered inadequate for the left ventricular analysis, and three due to a significant irregularity of the heart rhythm.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular dyssyncrhony index (DI) represents the variation of left ventricular volumes in relation to their temporal occurrence within the cardiac cycle, that is, it represents the chance of the global systolic volume into global diastolic volume from the temporal point of view. As a greater left ventricular synchrony occurs, the change of the global systolic volume into global diastolic volume will be more homogeneous and synchronic. Conversely, as ventricular dyssynchrony occurs, the change between the systolic and diastolic volumes will be heterogeneous and dyssynchronic, thus leading to a loss in ventricular systolic performance. The DI may be represented in a global or regional form, demonstrating regional synchrony or dyssynchrony for the left ventricular contraction model (16 or 17 segments). The regional DI is represented by the standard deviation of the mean end-systolic contraction time of each one of the cardiac segments. The DI may be expressed as: 1- percentage of the cardiac cycle (%DI) or Tmsv (time in milliseconds relative to the total cardiac cycle); 2- absolute time (in milliseconds).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Descriptive, correlation and comparative analyses between the methods were performed. The descriptive analysis of continuous variables was performed by the observation of the minimum and maximum values, and of the calculation of means and standard deviations. The correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation (r), 95% confidence interval. The comparison between methods was performed using the Bland &amp; Altman analysis. Linear regression model was also performed between the parameters measured with two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography. The measurements were taken by two independent observers. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. Data were processed with the SAS Institute statistical analysis system, Cary, North Carolina, USA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of volumes and ejection fraction of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. The descriptive analysis of the dyssynchrony index measurements (%DI) for 16 LV segments is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>. Good agreement (r) was observed between 3D LVEF and 2D LVEF measurements, (r): 0.8976, p&lt;0.0001, CI: 0.8488 to 0.9312. The intra and interobserver agreement coefficients for ejection fraction measurements by three-dimensional echocardiography and for the ventricular dyssynchrony index are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The results regarding the correlation analysis (r: Pearson) and linear regression for percentage dyssynchrony index measurements (%DI) and for LV ejection fraction measurements by 2D and 3D echocardiography are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>. The comparison between ejection fraction measurements by three-dimensional echocardiography and 16-segment left ventricular dyssynchrony index (Bland &amp; Altman analysis) is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gr1-body2">Graph 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="gr1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0156-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography is a novel method of structural and functional analysis of the heart that permits real-time three dimensional investigation of the heart without using ionizing radiation, and is highly reproducible and easy to obtain<sup>5-16</sup>. It has a good cost-benefit ratio when compared with methods such as magnetic resonance imaging and also increases the possibility of identifying patients with advanced heart failure who can benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy using biventricular pacemaker implantation. In these patients eligible to biventricular pacemaker implantation, the determination of ventricular diameters, left ventricular ejection fraction, and of the existence of electromechanical dyssynchrony is fundamental<sup>17-19</sup>. The determination of the global left ventricular volume variation ratio (ejection fraction) alone may not be enough to provide overall and customized information on the temporal profile of contraction of all the left ventricular segments. In this sense, real-time three-dimensional echocardiography allows the measurement of temporal contraction of the left ventricular segments both in a global and segmental fashion<sup>15,16</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>, curves in different colors). It can also provide the identification of cardiac dyssynchrony in segments that are not studied in standard analysis protocols of cardiac synchrony (protocols using conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler with the analysis of the left ventricular basal segments). An example of this situation may be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_04f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>, which shows the evidence of electromechanical dyssynchrony in the mid-cavity segments (% dyssynchrony index: Tmsv 12-SD of 13.60%, normal value &lt; 8%); this dyssynchrony would not be identified by the usual analysis protocols of cardiac synchrony.</p>
      <p>In the present study, two thirds of the population was comprised of individuals with a normal cardiac structure, who were asymptomatic and had a normal 12-lead ECG. With this part of the population we could determine reference values for the three-dimensional echocardiographic findings. These data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. We observed that systolic and diastolic volumes, as well as left ventricular ejection fraction as measured by 3D ECHO were slightly higher than those measured using 2D ECHO, although without statistical significance (p=0.52). A similar result was found in the group of patients with cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Intra and interobserver agreement for the measurement of three-dimensional ejection fraction and for DI was adequate, thus demonstrating a good reproducibility in the determination of three-dimensional measurements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). We also observed a good correlation for the measurement of ejection fraction using 2D and 3D ECHO (r): 0.8976, p&lt;0.0001, and good agreement (Bland &amp; Altman analysis) for the measurements of ejection fraction by 3D ECHO as well as for the left ventricular dyssynchrony index (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gr1-body2">Graph 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>There was great variability in the descriptive analysis and distribution frequency of % left ventricular dyssynchrony index (DI) (16 segments) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>) due to the study sample (two thirds of the population comprised of normal individuals and one third comprised of patients with ventricular dysfunction). However, the correlation between three-dimensional ejection fraction and dyssynchrony index (DI) was adequate both for the total group (r= -0.7432, p&lt;0.0001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>), and for the group of normal individuals (r= -0.67, p&lt;0.0001), as well as for the group of patients with cardiomyopathy (r= -0.79, p&lt;0.0001). The correlation with two-dimensional ejection fraction was also adequate for the total group (r= -0.7012, p&lt;0.0001), but was lower for the group of patients with cardiomyopathy (r= -0.56, p&lt;0.0001). Certainly the dyssynchrony index will be useful in the observation of patients with cardiac dyssynchrony not detected in protocols in which more usual procedures such as conventional Doppler or tissue Doppler were used.</p>
      <p>We can imagine a hierarchical use of echocardiographic techniques of investigation of cardiac dyssynchrony considering the M-mode analysis, conventional Doppler, tissue Doppler, and three-dimensional echocardiography. DI has a higher representativeness and will possibly be performed in the daily clinical practice for the identification of cardiac dyssynchrony in patients with advanced CHF who are eligible for cardiac resynchronization therapy. This is probably the situation in which this new echocardiographic concept for the analysis of left ventricular performance will be useful.</p>
      <p>It is reasonable to consider that the use of novel techniques such as three-dimensional echocardiography will add costs to the methods of diagnostic investigation. However, we should consider that the cost of the cardiac resynchronization therapy with biventricular pacing is already established, and that this method should have a precise and well-grounded indication in order to prevent the failure of clinical response to its performance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study should be broadened to include a greater number of patients with ventricular dysfunction in different clinical situations, such as individuals with atrial fibrillation and patients with narrow QRS with evidence of electromechanical dyssynchrony, as well as a greater number of patients with right bundle branch block (important for patients with Chagas disease).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this case series, a good correlation was observed between left ventricular electromechanical coupling and ejection fraction as measured by three-dimensional and two-dimensional echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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