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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wpSQrqLYdBxmgGz7PFjJjMS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel pela tomografia computadorizada com Tc-99m (MIBI) sensibilizada por nitroglicerina endovenosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Welber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Mariano Gislon da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Negrini de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Sim&#245;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Elo&#225; Jacinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bragan&#231;a Paulista</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>148</fpage>
      <lpage>155</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica para recanaliza&#231;&#227;o baseia-se na detec&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio comprometido, potencialmente vi&#225;vel. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico, potencialmente vi&#225;vel pelo SPECT com MIBI sensibilizado por nitroglicerina em dose m&#225;xima tolerada. M&#201;TODOS: Investigamos de forma prospectiva, de abril de 2004 a novembro de 2005, pela tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico SPECT com Tc-99m (MIBI), 40 pacientes (m&#233;dia et&#225;ria 62 &#177; 8,9 anos, 30 homens) com obstrtu&#231;&#227;o coronariana demonstrada angiograficamente, e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada em repouso e com nitroglicerina endovenosa (EV), iniciando com a dose (1 &#181;g/kg/min) e incremento a cada minuto, at&#233; a queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em 20 mmHg. A redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o dos segmentos foi classificada em moderada e severa, e comparada depois da nitroglicerina. Analisamos as vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas, hemodin&#226;micas e de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. RESULTADOS: Analisamos 680 segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos em repouso: 538 com distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea e 142 com hipoperfus&#227;o (54 com redu&#231;&#227;o moderada e 88 severa). Depois da nitroglicerina, ocorreu aumento da perfus&#227;o em 19 (47,5%) de 40 pacientes. Tornaram-se vi&#225;veis 55 de 142 segmentos: 33 (61,1%) com redu&#231;&#227;o moderada e 22 (25%) com redu&#231;&#227;o severa, ambos apresentaram aumento significativo da distribui&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco (p &lt; 0,001, qui-quadrado). CONCULS&#195;O: Dos componentes com Tc-99m, est&#225; inclu&#237;do o Tc-99m-2-methoxy-isobutil-isonitrila (MIBI) que, utilizado com dose otimizada de nitroglicerina EV, pode aumentar a capta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco em &#225;reas com hipoperfus&#227;o moderada e severa. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem aumento da sensibilidade do Tc-99m (MIBI) pela nitroglicerina para detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arteriosclerose coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>nitroglicerina</kwd>
        <kwd>mioc&#225;rdio atordoado</kwd>
        <kwd>mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA NUCLEAR</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel pela tomografia computadorizada com Tc-99m (MIBI) sensibilizada por nitroglicerina endovenosa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Ramos Filho; Marcos Welber Nascimento; Rafael Mariano Gislon da Silva; Thiago Negrini de Camargo; Roberto Sim&#245;es de Almeida; Elo&#225; Jacinto Lima</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade S&#227;o Francisco, Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica para recanaliza&#231;&#227;o baseia-se na detec&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio comprometido, potencialmente vi&#225;vel. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico, potencialmente vi&#225;vel pelo SPECT com MIBI sensibilizado por nitroglicerina em dose m&#225;xima tolerada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Investigamos de forma prospectiva, de abril de 2004 a novembro de 2005, pela tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico SPECT com Tc-99m (MIBI), 40 pacientes (m&#233;dia et&#225;ria 62 &#177; 8,9 anos, 30 homens) com obstrtu&#231;&#227;o coronariana demonstrada angiograficamente, e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada em repouso e com nitroglicerina endovenosa (EV), iniciando com a dose (1 &#181;g/kg/min) e incremento a cada minuto, at&#233; a queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em 20 mmHg. A redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o dos segmentos foi classificada em moderada e severa, e comparada depois da nitroglicerina. Analisamos as vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas, hemodin&#226;micas e de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Analisamos 680 segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos em repouso: 538 com distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea e 142 com hipoperfus&#227;o (54 com redu&#231;&#227;o moderada e 88 severa). Depois da nitroglicerina, ocorreu aumento da perfus&#227;o em 19 (47,5%) de 40 pacientes. Tornaram-se vi&#225;veis 55 de 142 segmentos: 33 (61,1%) com redu&#231;&#227;o moderada e 22 (25%) com redu&#231;&#227;o severa, ambos apresentaram aumento significativo da distribui&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco (p &lt; 0,001, qui-quadrado). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCULS&#195;O:</bold> Dos componentes com Tc-99m, est&#225; inclu&#237;do o Tc-99m-2-methoxy-isobutil-isonitrila (MIBI) que, utilizado com dose otimizada de nitroglicerina EV, pode aumentar a capta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco em &#225;reas com hipoperfus&#227;o moderada e severa. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem aumento da sensibilidade do Tc-99m (MIBI) pela nitroglicerina para detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Arteriosclerose coronariana, reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, nitroglicerina, mioc&#225;rdio atordoado, mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam 26,6% do total de &#243;bitos registrados, ocupando o primeiro lugar quando se consideram apenas indiv&#237;duos com mais de 50 anos<sup>1</sup>. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, tem sido observado um aumento na sobrevida desses pacientes, em raz&#227;o da possibilidade de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia por meio de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, tromboliticoterapia ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>2</sup>. A sele&#231;&#227;o apropriada dos pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana (DAC) em situa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas agudas e cr&#244;nicas para procedimentos de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o baseia-se em parte na detec&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio comprometido, por&#233;m potencialmente vi&#225;vel, com a finalidade de reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As principais t&#233;cnicas desenvolvidas para detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico vi&#225;vel s&#227;o: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de positrons (PET)<sup>4-7</sup>, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica utilizando T&#225;lio-201<sup>8</sup>, ecocardiograma com estresse farmacol&#243;gico, Doppler tecidual<sup>9</sup> e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, v&#225;rios autores estudaram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do SPECT com MIBI como alternativa para detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel<sup>10-12</sup> associado ao uso de nitratos via sublingual ou endovenoso, demonstrando ser um bom tra&#231;ador para demonstrar viabilidade, com a vantagem de maior disponibilidade e menor custo. O uso de nitratos efetivamente melhora a detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel pelo SPECT com MIBI, embora at&#233; o momento n&#227;o existam estudos comparativos demonstrando superioridade entre as t&#233;cnicas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e das diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es de nitrato para este fim<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>A perfus&#227;o e os tra&#231;adores metab&#243;licos t&#234;m importante papel na detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade, hiberna&#231;&#227;o e mioc&#225;rdio atordoado. Em 1984, Rahimtoola<sup>17</sup> definiu o "mioc&#225;rdio hibernante" como um estado de regula&#231;&#227;o extrema, em reposta &#224; isquemia cr&#244;nica e severa. Em condi&#231;&#245;es de reduzido fluxo coronariano, o mioc&#225;rdio reduz seu gasto energ&#233;tico ao m&#225;ximo, destinando &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o de sua integridade, &#224; custa da redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til. Acredita-se que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o regional predisponha ao ac&#250;mulo de fosfato org&#226;nico<sup>3</sup>, dist&#250;rbios na capta&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pelo mi&#243;cito<sup>18,19</sup>, acidose local e ac&#250;mulo de radicais livres derivados do oxig&#234;nio<sup>20</sup>. Esses fatores estariam envolvidos na depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til durante a isquemia severa cr&#244;nica e no conseq&#252;ente menor gasto energ&#233;tico. Essa disfun&#231;&#227;o pode ser revertida, total ou parcialmente, pela melhora da perfus&#227;o regional, ou ap&#243;s procedimentos de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, resultando na melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O termo vi&#225;vel, entretanto, refere-se estritamente ao mioc&#225;rdio vivo, sem implica&#231;&#227;o particular no estado da fun&#231;&#227;o, perfus&#227;o ou metabolismo pr&#243;ximo a regi&#245;es fibr&#243;ticas, e muitas vezes dificulta a interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para o procedimento ideal de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; utilizar a dose m&#225;xima tolerada de nitroglicerina endovenosa (EV), na expectativa de atingir o efeito m&#225;ximo vasodilatador, e verificar se ocorre melhora com a marca&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco (Tc-99m) em &#225;reas de hipoperfus&#227;o em repouso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram do estudo 45 indiv&#237;duos adultos admitidos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Francisco em Bragan&#231;a Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, no per&#237;odo de abril de 2004 a novembro de 2005, os quais foram estudados de modo prospectivo. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi constitu&#237;da por 10 mulheres (25,0%) e 30 homens (75,0%), com m&#233;dia et&#225;ria 62 &#177; 8,9 anos (m&#225;ximo 78 anos e m&#237;nimo 36 anos) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. 1</xref>). Inclu&#237;ram-se pacientes com: 1. DAC confirmada pela presen&#231;a de les&#245;es com grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a 60% da luz do vaso, ou d&#233;ficit de motilidade pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco; e 2. hist&#243;ria pregressa de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel. Exclu&#237;ram-se os pacientes com: 1. contra-indica&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, 2. hipersensibilidade &#224; nitroglicerina, 3. press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) inferior a 110 mmHg, 4. comprometimento isqu&#234;mico de ventr&#237;culo direito ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita e 5. redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS inferior a 20 mmHg durante a infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade S&#227;o Francisco e realizado ap&#243;s consentimento informado dos pacientes. Realizou-se SPECT com MIBI em repouso, repetido ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o da nitroglicerina no protocolo de um dia. A dose de MIBI utilizada foi de 370 a 1.110 Mega Becquerel (MBq). O Tc-99m foi escolhido por ser um tra&#231;ador que apresenta baixa exposi&#231;&#227;o pela radia&#231;&#227;o, melhor qualidade de imagem em pacientes obesos e em mulheres com grandes gl&#226;ndulas mam&#225;rias. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tomogr&#225;ficas seq&#252;enciais foi realizada em gama c&#226;mara Starcam 4000i (GE Medial Sistems Milwaukee EUA), dotada de um detector de cintila&#231;&#227;o e colimador de furos paralelos de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e baixa energia. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi realizada at&#233; 60 minutos ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco, utilizando a t&#233;cnica do SPECT segundo metodologia habitual em matriz de 64 x 64. Para o segundo exame, realizaram-se monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua e registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em treze deriva&#231;&#245;es, a cada 5 minutos, utilizando o sistema monitor multicanal TEB Apex 2000 (TEB-S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), concomitante &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de dose progressiva de nitroglicerina EV, em bomba de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua, a partir da dose inicial de 1 &#181;g/kg/min. A solu&#231;&#227;o utilizada foi 50 mg de nitroglicerina (Tridil<sup>&#174;</sup>) dilu&#237;da em 500 ml de soro fisiol&#243;gico (Soluflex<sup>&#174;</sup>). Durante a infus&#227;o da nitroglicerina, a press&#227;o arterial foi aferida a cada 2 minutos. O MIBI foi administrado quando ocorreu queda da PAS em 20 mmHg. A infus&#227;o da nitroglicerina foi interrompida no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o do MIBI. Utilizou-se modelo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em 17 segmentos correspondentes &#224;s regi&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>21</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig. 1</xref>). A capta&#231;&#227;o do MIBI em cada segmento foi avaliada de modo qualitativo: 1. capta&#231;&#227;o normal, 2. hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada e 3. hipocapta&#231;&#227;o severa. Os diferentes padr&#245;es de capta&#231;&#227;o segmentar observados em repouso foram comparados com os obtidos durante a infus&#227;o da nitroglicerina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). As taxas de melhora de capta&#231;&#227;o foram calculadas para o total de segmentos com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada e severa em repouso, e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. As m&#233;dias dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos antes e ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o da nitroglicerina foram comparados pelo teste t de Student. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado foi menor que 0,05.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quarenta pacientes foram investigados e cinco exclu&#237;dos: dois apresentaram PAS inicial inferior a 110 mmHg, e tr&#234;s por n&#227;o apresentaram queda da PAS de pelo menos 20 mmHg, apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de altas doses de nitroglicerina (12,3 &#177; 0,5 &#181;g/kg/ min).</p>
    <p>A infus&#227;o da nitroglicerina ocorreu sem efeitos colaterais em todos os pacientes. Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos antes e ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref>. A dose m&#233;dia necess&#225;ria da infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina foi de 5,83 &#177; 2,64 &#181;g/kg/min. Analisaram-se 680 segmentos, sendo 538 vi&#225;veis e 142 hipocaptantes (54 com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada e 88 com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o severa). Observamos melhora da capta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco em 19 (47,5%) de 40 pacientes estudados. Dos 142 segmentos hipocaptantes, observamos hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada e severa em 54 (7,9%) e 88 (12,9%) segmentos, respectivamente. De 142 segmentos, tornaram-se vi&#225;veis 55: 33 (61,1%) com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada e 22 (25,0%) com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o severa em repouso (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">fig. 4</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes estudados est&#227;o relacionadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">4</xref>. O n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias acometidas e a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral n&#227;o estiveram relacionados com melhora na capta&#231;&#227;o do MIBI durante infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso do SPECT com MIBI para detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel em pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica ainda &#233; objeto de estudo e debate. Os primeiros ensaios cl&#237;nicos sugeriram que as imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica geradas pelo SPECT com MIBI subestimavam a presen&#231;a de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel em &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros m&#233;todos<sup>10,22-33</sup>. Neste estudo, demonstramos que o Tc-99m (MIBI) sensibilizado por dose m&#225;xima de nitroglicerina (EV) aumentou a perfus&#227;o em v&#225;rios segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos previamente hipoperfundidos, reduzindo &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas que poderiam ser recanalizadas. Nossos achados sugerem benef&#237;cios em usar radiof&#225;rmaco sensibilizado por nitroglicerina EV, pela clara evid&#234;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia. Procuramos administrar a m&#225;xima dose tolerada de nitroglicerina limitada pela queda da PAS, buscando o m&#225;ximo efeito vasodilatador, e observamos melhor desempenho nos segmentos com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos segmentos com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o severa, dados concordantes com achados pr&#233;vios na literatura. Maurea e cols.<sup>16</sup>, ao estudarem a capta&#231;&#227;o do MIBI em pacientes com DAC, demonstraram que os defeitos revers&#237;veis com uso de nitratos apresentavam maior capta&#231;&#227;o em repouso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os defeitos irrevers&#237;veis, e que a ocorr&#234;ncia da reversibilidade dos defeitos de capta&#231;&#227;o do MIBI, ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da nitroglicerina no seu estudo, foi de 71% dos pacientes. Neste estudo, observamos menor taxa de reversibilidade 47,5%, apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dose m&#225;xima tolerada de nitroglicerina, por&#233;m esse achado pode estar condicionado &#224; an&#225;lise qualitativa da perfus&#227;o utilizada, observador dependente e provavelmente menos acurada que a an&#225;lise quantitativa utilizada por Maurea e outros pesquisadores.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, houve melhora da capta&#231;&#227;o em quase 50% dos pacientes estudados, e isso nos ajudou na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, tornando evidente a possibilidade de segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos pass&#237;veis de ser recanalizados. Esses pacientes ser&#227;o reinvestigados ap&#243;s os procedimentos de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o a que forem submetidos.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes por n&#243;s estudados sugerem que o benef&#237;cio com a administra&#231;&#227;o de dose m&#225;xima tolerada de nitroglicerina independe do total de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias acometidas, bem como da presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, por&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel que essa discord&#226;ncia deva-se &#224; presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral n&#227;o detectada angiograficamente. Ademais, a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica depende principalmente do per&#237;odo de isquemia ao qual o tecido muscular foi submetido, sendo poss&#237;vel circula&#231;&#227;o colateral para segmentos com mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-vi&#225;vel, que, dessa forma, apresentar&#227;o defeitos de capta&#231;&#227;o irrevers&#237;veis pelo MIBI apesar da melhora da perfus&#227;o promovida pela nitroglicerina.</p>
    <p>Estudos com 18F-deoxiglicose (18FDG) demonstraram que a capta&#231;&#227;o do MIBI est&#225; condicionada primariamente ao fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo regional e secundariamente &#224; presen&#231;a de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel<sup>10</sup>. Pelas imagens geradas pelo PET com 18FDG em pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica, Altehoefer e cols.<sup>25</sup> observaram evid&#234;ncias de atividade metab&#243;lica em 23% dos segmentos com d&#233;ficit de capta&#231;&#227;o pelo MIBI, o que sugere subestima&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica nesses segmentos. Achados semelhantes aos do nosso estudo foi realizado por Sawada e cols.<sup>33</sup>, que demonstraram presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica em 53% dos segmentos com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada em repouso e em 46% dos segmentos com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o severa. Entretanto, dados recentes demonstraram que a an&#225;lise quantitativa do SPECT com MIBI reduz essa discord&#226;ncia quando comparado com imagens geradas com T&#225;lio-201<sup>8,32</sup>. Encontrou-se pouca diferen&#231;a entre imagens obtidas pelo SPECT com MIBI e o PET em segmentos com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o severa<sup>11,32</sup>. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que o SPECT com MIBI apresenta boa capacidade para predizer o restabelecimento funcional de segmentos acin&#233;rgicos ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>8,34</sup>. Udelson e cols.<sup>8</sup> demonstraram recentemente que a an&#225;lise quantitativa do SPECT com MIBI e das imagens geradas com T&#225;lio em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso pode diferenciar de modo similar o mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel do n&#227;o-vi&#225;vel e predizer a reversibilidade das anormalidades regionais de motilidade ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, achados tamb&#233;m observado por n&#243;s em alguns pacientes reavaliados. Ademais, a capta&#231;&#227;o tardia do MIBI pode aumentar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, como sugerido recentemente por estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais<sup>32,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que a administra&#231;&#227;o de nitratos pode aumentar o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo regional em &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio isquemico<sup>36-41</sup>, formulou-se a hip&#243;tese de que esse efeito farmacol&#243;gico poderia favorecer a capta&#231;&#227;o do MIBI em &#225;reas severamente hipoperfundidas e aumentar a capacidade do teste para detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico vi&#225;vel, fato com que concordamos plenamente ap&#243;s nossos resultados iniciais. Diversos trabalhos demonstraram que o uso concomitante do nitrato aumenta a capacidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel pelo SPECT com MIBI<sup>39</sup> e por outros radiof&#225;rmacos, como o T&#225;lio 201<sup>40</sup> e o Teborexime marcado com Tc-99m<sup>41</sup> em pacientes com DAC, por&#233;m os autores utilizaram diversos protocolos de administra&#231;&#227;o e prepara&#231;&#245;es de nitratos, sem padroniza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica baseada em estudos comparativos. O melhor desempenho do nitrato observado no nosso estudo ocorreu em segmentos com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o moderada e foi concordante com achados pr&#233;vios da literatura, apesar de havermos tamb&#233;m observado segmentos vi&#225;veis com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o severa em repouso em menor propor&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, descrevemos uma possibilidade t&#233;cnica para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de nitrato, com objetivo de melhorar a detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel em pacientes com DAC na aus&#234;ncia de estudos comparativos, demonstrando a superioridade entre as diferentes t&#233;cnicas que utilizam nitratos para este fim. Acreditamos que pacientes com DAC e defeitos fixos de capta&#231;&#227;o em repouso possam receber dose m&#225;xima tolerada de nitroglicerina EV conforme descrito neste trabalho, com o prop&#243;sito de melhorar a detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel pelo SPECT com MIBI.</p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. Neste estudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da apenas por 25% de mulheres, a an&#225;lise da severidade e reversibilidade da hipocapta&#231;&#227;o segmentar foi realizada de modo qualitativo e ainda n&#227;o se realizou seguimento dos pacientes em longo prazo ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para avaliar a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio. Embora nossos resultados sugiram o aumento na detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico vi&#225;vel pelo MIBI ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da nitroglicerina em dose m&#225;xima tolerada EV, eles necessitam ser confirmados em grandes s&#233;ries, com propor&#231;&#227;o mais equilibrada entre os sexos, preferencialmente utilizando uma metodologia quantitativa de an&#225;lise da intensidade dos defeitos de capta&#231;&#227;o do MIBI e seguimento precoce e tardio dos pacientes que forem submetidos aos procedimentos de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem melhora da sensibilidade do SPECT com MIBI para detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, quando associado &#224; dose m&#225;xima tolerada de nitroglicerina endovenosa, demonstrando que o Tc-99m &#233; um bom marcador para essa finalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jos&#233; Ramos Filho </p>
        <p> Rua Roterdam, 57 - Residencial Euroville </p>
        <p> 12917-040 - Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="joseramos@cardiol.br">joseramos@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 19/07/07; revisado recebido em 01/12/07; aceito em 26/12/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Viable myocardium scintigraphy with intravenous nitroglycerine by computed tomography with Tc-99m (MIBI)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The selection of patients with chronic coronary disease for recanalization is based on the detection of the affected myocardium that is potentially viable. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potentially viable ischemic myocardium through single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with MIBI after a maximum tolerated dose of I.V. nitroglycerin. METHODS: We prospectively investigated by SPECT with Tc-99m (MIBI), from April 2004 to November 2005, 40 patients (mean age: 62 &#177; 8.9 yrs, 30 men) with coronary obstruction demonstrated angiographically; the myocardium scintigraphy was carried out at rest and after intravenous (I.V.) nitroglycerin, which was started at a dose of 1 &#181;g/kg/min and increased every minute until the systolic blood pressure decreased by 20 mmHg. The decrease in the perfusion of the segments was classified as moderate or severe and compared after the nitroglycerin. The angiographic, hemodynamic and myocardial perfusion variables were analyzed. RESULTS: We analyzed 680 myocardial segments at rest: 538 with a homogenous distribution and 142 with hypoperfusion (54 with moderate and 88 with severe decrease). After the nitroglycerin, there was an increase in the perfusion in 19 (47.5%) of 40 patients and 55 of 142 segments became viable: 33 (61.1%) with moderate and 22 (25%) with severe decrease; both presented a significant increase in the radiotracer distribution (p &lt; 0.001, Chi-square). CONCLUSION: One of the components with Tc-99m is Tc-99m 2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (MIBI), which, when used with an optimized dose of I.V. nitroglycerin, can increase the radiotracer uptake in areas with moderate and severe hypoperfusion. The results of the present study suggest the increase in the Tc-99m (MIBI) sensitivity by nitroglycerin for the detection of viable myocardium.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>nitroglycerin</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial stunning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Viable myocardium scintigraphy with intravenous nitroglycerine by computed tomography with Tc-99m (MIBI)</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jos&#233; Ramos Filho; Marcos Welber Nascimento; Rafael Mariano Gislon da Silva; Thiago Negrini de Camargo; Roberto Sim&#245;es de Almeida; Elo&#225; Jacinto Lima</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade S&#227;o Francisco, Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The selection of patients with chronic coronary disease for recanalization is based on the detection of the affected myocardium that is potentially viable.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the potentially viable ischemic myocardium through single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with MIBI after a maximum tolerated dose of I.V. nitroglycerin.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We prospectively investigated by SPECT with Tc-99m (MIBI), from April 2004 to November 2005, 40 patients (mean age: 62 &#177; 8.9 yrs, 30 men) with coronary obstruction demonstrated angiographically; the myocardium scintigraphy was carried out at rest and after intravenous (I.V.) nitroglycerin, which was started at a dose of 1 ug/kg/min and increased every minute until the systolic blood pressure decreased by 20 mmHg. The decrease in the perfusion of the segments was classified as moderate or severe and compared after the nitroglycerin. The angiographic, hemodynamic and myocardial perfusion variables were analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We analyzed 680 myocardial segments at rest: 538 with a homogenous distribution and 142 with hypoperfusion (54 with moderate and 88 with severe decrease). After the nitroglycerin, there was an increase in the perfusion in 19 (47.5%) of 40 patients and 55 of 142 segments became viable: 33 (61.1%) with moderate and 22 (25%) with severe decrease; both presented a significant increase in the radiotracer distribution (p &lt; 0.001, Chi-square).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> One of the components with Tc-99m is Tc-99m 2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (MIBI), which, when used with an optimized dose of I.V. nitroglycerin, can increase the radiotracer uptake in areas with moderate and severe hypoperfusion. The results of the present study suggest the increase in the Tc-99m (MIBI) sensitivity by nitroglycerin for the detection of viable myocardium. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Coronary atherosclerosis; myocardial reperfusion; nitroglycerin; myocardial stunning.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases represent 26.6% of the total deaths, being the first cause of death when considering only individuals older than 50 years<sup>1</sup>. In recent years, an increase in these patients' survival has been observed, due to the possibility of early and late recanalization through percutaneous coronary intervention, thrombolytic therapy or myocardial revascularization surgery<sup>2</sup>. The appropriate selection of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in acute and chronic diagnostic situations for recanalization procedures is based in part on the detection of the affected myocardium extension, although potentially viable, with the objective of reverting the ventricular dysfunction<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main techniques developed for the detection of the viable ischemic myocardium are: positron emission tomography (PET)<sup>4-7</sup>, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with thallium-201<sup>8</sup>, Pharmacological Stress Echocardiogram, tissue Doppler<sup>9</sup> and nuclear magnetic resonance.</p>
      <p>In recent years, several authors have studied the use of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with MIBI as an alternative for the detection of the viable myocardium<sup>10-12</sup>, associated with the use of sublingual or I.V. nitrates, which showed to be a good tracer to demonstrate viability, with the advantage of presenting higher availability and lower cost.</p>
      <p>The use of nitrates effectively improves the detection of the viable myocardium through SPECT with MIBI, although no comparative studies, showing the superiority among the techniques used and the different nitrate presentations, have been carried out to date<sup>13-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The perfusion and the metabolic tracers have an important role in the detection of viable, hibernating and stunned myocardium. In 1984, Rahimtoola<sup>17</sup> defined the "hibernating myocardium" as a state of extreme regulation in response to chronic and severe ischemia. Under reduced coronary flow conditions, the myocardium reduces its energy consumption to the maximum, directing it to the maintenance of its integrity, at the expense of the reduced contractile function.</p>
      <p>It is believed that the decrease in the regional perfusion predisposes to the accumulation of organic phosphate<sup>3</sup>, disorders in the uptake of calcium by the myocyte<sup>18,19</sup>, local acidosis and accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals<sup>20</sup>. These factors would be involved in the decrease in the contractile function during chronic severe ischemia and the consequent lower energy consumption.</p>
      <p>This dysfunction can be reverted, total or partially, by improving the regional perfusion or after myocardial recanalization procedures, resulting in the improvement of ventricular fucntion<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The term "viable", however, refers strictly to the living myocardium, with no particular impact on the functional state, perfusion or metabolism close to fibrotic regions and many times it impairs the clinical interpretation for the ideal recanalization procedure. The objective of the present study is to use a maximum tolerated dose of I.V. nitroglycerin aiming at attaining the maximum vasodilator effect and verify whether there is an improvement using the radiolabeled tracer (Tc-99m) in areas of hypoperfusion at rest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 45 adult individuals, admitted at the Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Francisco in Braganca Paulista, state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, in the period of April 2004 to November 2005, were studied prospectively. The studied population comprised 10 women (25.0%) and 30 men (75.0%), with a mean age of 62 &#177; 8.9 years (maximum 78 yrs and minimum 36 years) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The included patients presented: 1. CAD confirmed by the presence of lesions with a degree of obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 60% of the lumen or motility deficit by cardiac catheterism; and 2. Previous history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Excluded patients presented: 1. Contraindication to the revascularization procedures; 2. Hypersensitivity to nitroglycerin; 3. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) &lt; 110 mmHg; 4. Ischemic involvement of right ventricle or right heart failure; and 5. Decrease in the SAP &lt; 20 mmHg during the nitroglycerin infusion. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of Universidade S&#227;o Francisco and all patients signed the informed consent form.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A SPECT with MIBI was carried out at rest and repeated after the nitroglycerin infusion in the one-day protocol. The MIBI dose used was 370 to 1,110 Mega Becquerel (MBq). Tc-99m was chosen as it is a tracer that has a low radiation exposition, better image quality in obese patients and women with large mammary glands. The acquisition of sequential tomographic images was carried out in a gamma chamber Starcam 4000i (GE Medial Systems Milwaukee/WI, USA), which had a scintillation detector and a high-resolution and low-energy parallel-hole collimator. The image acquisition was carried out up to 60 minutes after the radiotracer infusion, using the SPECT technique, according to the usual methodology in a 64 x 64 matrix. For the second assessment, the continuous monitoring and 13 lead electrocardiograms, every 5 minutes, using the multichannel monitor system TEB Apex 2000 (TEB-Sao Paulo, Brazil), concomitantly to the administration of the progressive dose of I.V. nitroglycerin, through a continuous infusion pump, with an initial dose of 1 ug/kg/min. The solution used was 50 mg of nitroglycerin (Tridil&#174;) diluted in 500 ml of saline solution (Soluflex&#174;). During the nitroglycerin infusion, the blood pressure was measured every 2 minutes. The MIBI was administered when the SAP decreased by 20 mmHg. The nitroglycerin infusion was interrupted within the first minute after the MIBI infusion. A 17-segment myocardium segmentation model was used, which corresponded to the left ventricle regions<sup>21</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_03f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The MIBI uptake in each segment was evaluated quantitatively: 1. Normal uptake; 2. Moderate hypouptake and 3. Severe hypouptake.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_03f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The different patterns of segmental uptake that were observed at rest were compared to those obtained during the nitroglycerin infusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The uptake improvement rates were calculated for the total number of segments with moderate and severe hypouptake at rest and compared by the Chi-square test. The means of the hemodynamic parameters before and after the nitroglycerin infusion were compared by Student's <italic>t</italic> test. The level of significance used was p&lt; 0.05.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Forty patients were studies and 5 were excluded: 2 presented initial SAP &lt; 110 mmHg and three did not present a decrease in SAP of at least 20 mmHg, despite the use of high doses of nitroglycerin (12.3 &#177; 0.5 ug/kg/ min).</p>
      <p>There were no side effects due to the nitroglycerin infusion in all patients. The hemodynamic parameters before and after the infusion are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>. The mean necessary dose of the nitroglycerin infusion was 5.83 &#177; 2.64 ug/kg/min. A total of 680 segments were analyzed, with 538 being viable, whereas 142 showed hypouptake (54 with moderate hypouptake and 88 with severe hypouptake). We observed an improvement in the radiotracer uptake in 19 (47.5%) of the 40 patients studied. Of the 142 segments with hypouptake, we observed moderate and severe hypouptake in 54 (7.9%) e 88 (12.9%) segments, respectively. Of 142 segments, 55 became viable: 33 (61.1%) with moderate hypouptake and 22 (25.0%) with severe hypouptake at rest (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>). The angiographic characteristics of the studied patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">4</xref>. The number of affected coronary arteries and the presence of collateral circulation were not associated with the improvement in the MIBI uptake during the nitroglycerin infusion.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0148-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of SPECT with MIBI to detect viable myocardium in patients with chronic CAD is still debatable. The first clinical trials suggested that the myocardial perfusion images generated by the SPECT with MIBI underestimated the presence of viable myocardium in ischemic areas, when compared to other methods<sup>10,22-23</sup>. In the present study, we demonstrated that the Tc-99m (MIBI), sensitized by a maximum dose of I.V. nitroglycerin, increased the perfusion in several myocardial segments, which were previously hypoperfused, reducing ischemic areas that could be recanalized. Our findings suggest that there are benefits in using a radiotracer sensitized by I.V. nitroglycerin, due to clear evidence of ischemia reduction.</p>
      <p>We tried to administrate a maximum tolerated dose of nitroglycerin limited by the SAP decrease, aiming at the maximum vasodilator effect and observed a better performance in segments with moderate hypouptake in relation to those with severe hypouptake, which is in agreement with previous findings in the literature. Maurea et al<sup>16</sup>, when studying the MIBI uptake in patients with CAD, demonstrated that the defects that were reversible with the use of nitrates presented a higher uptake at rest, in comparison with the irreversible defects and that the occurrence of reversibility of the MIBI uptake defects, after the administration of nitroglycerin in their study, was of 71% of the patients. In the present study, we observed a lower rate of reversibility (47.5%), despite the use of the maximum tolerated dose of nitroglycerin; however, this finding can be associated with qualitative analysis of the perfusion used, observer-dependent and probably less accurate than the quantitative analysis used by Maurea and other researchers.</p>
      <p>In the present study, there was an uptake improvement in almost 50% of the studied patients and that helped the clinical decision-making, by showing the myocardial segments that could be recanalized. These patients will be re-investigated after the recanalization procedures that they will undergo.</p>
      <p>The angiographic characteristics of the studied patients suggest that the benefits of the administration of the maximum tolerated dose of nitroglycerin do not depend on the total number of affected coronary arteries, as well as on the presence of collateral circulation; however, it is possible that this discordance may be due to the presence of collateral circulation that was not detected angiographically. Moreover, the myocardial viability depends mainly on the ischemia period to which the muscular tissue was submitted; it is possible to have collateral circulation for segments with non-viable myocardium, which therefore, will present uptake defects that are irreversible by MIBI, despite the improvement in perfusion promoted by the nitroglycerin.</p>
      <p>Studies with 18F-deoxyglucose (18FDG) demonstrated that the MIBI uptake is primarily associated with the regional blood flow and secondarily, with the presence of viable myocardium<sup>10</sup>. When analyzing images generated by PET with 18FDG in patients with chronic CAD, Altehoefer et al<sup>25</sup> observed evidence of metabolic activity in 23% of the segments with MIBI uptake deficit, which suggests the underestimation of the presence of myocardial viability in these segments. Similar findings to our study were observed by Sawada et al<sup>33</sup>, who demonstrated the presence of viable myocardium in 53% of the segments with moderate hypouptake at rest and 46% of the segments with severe hypouptake. However, recent data demonstrated that the quantitative analysis of SPECT with MIBI reduces this discordance when compared to images generated with thallium-201<sup>8,32</sup>. Little difference was observed between images obtained by SPECT with MIBI and PET in segments with severe hypouptake<sup>11,32</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was also demonstrated that SPECT with MIBI presents good capacity to predict the functional recovery of asynergic segments after myocardial revascularization<sup>8,34</sup>. Udelson et al<sup>8</sup> recently demonstrated that the quantitative analysis of the SPECT with MIBI and of the images generated with thallium at rest can equally differentiate the viable myocardium from the non-viable one and predict the reversibility of the regional motility abnormalities after the myocardial revascularization; these findings were also observed by us in some re-evaluated patients.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the late MIBI uptake can increase the identification of the viable myocardium, as recently suggested by clinical and experimental studies<sup>32,35</sup>.</p>
      <p>As the administration of nitrates can increase the regional blood flow in areas of ischemic myocardium<sup>36-41</sup>, it was hypothesized that this pharmacological effect could promote the MIBI uptake in severely hypoperfused areas and increase the capacity of the test in detecting viable ischemic myocardium, a fact that we fully agree with, after our initial results. Several studies have demonstrated that the concomitant use of nitrates increase the capacity of detection of viable myocardium by the SPECT with MIBI<sup>39</sup> and other radiotracers, such as thallium-210<sup>40</sup> and Tc-99m teboroxime<sup>41</sup> in patients with CAD; however, the authors used several administration protocols and nitrate preparations, with no standardization of the technique based on comparative studies. The best performance of the nitrate observed in our study occurred in segments with moderate hypouptake and it was in agreement with previous findings in the literature, although we also observed viable segments with severe hypouptake at rest, at lower proportions.</p>
      <p>The present study describes a technical possibility to use nitrates, with the objective of improving the detection of viable myocardium in patients with CAD in the absence of comparative studies, demonstrating the superiority among the different techniques that use nitrate for such purpose.</p>
      <p>We believe that patients with CAD and fixed uptake defects at rest can receive a maximum tolerated dose of I.V. nitroglycerin as described in this study, with the objective of improving the detection of viable myocardium by SPECT with MIBI.</p>
      <p>Some limitations must be considered. In the present study, the population had only 25% of women, the analysis of severity and reversibility of segmental hypouptake was carried out qualitatively and there has been no long-term follow-up after the revascularization to evaluate the improvement in the myocardial contractile function.</p>
      <p>Although our results suggest an increase in the detection of viable ischemic myocardium by MIBI after the administration of I.V. nitroglycerin at a maximum tolerated dose, they need to be confirmed in larger series, with a more balanced proportion between the genders, preferably using a quantitative analysis methodology of the intensity of MIBI uptake defects and early as well as late follow-up of the patients submitted to recanalization procedures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the present study suggest an improvement in the sensitivity of SPECT with MIBI to detect viable myocardium, when associated to the maximum tolerated dose of intravenous nitroglycerin, showing that Tc-99m is a good marker for this purpose.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
