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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7HvX8Z4RHcKrgBC9FpwZgMd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001500002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito de anest&#233;sicos locais com e sem vasoconstritor em pacientes com arritmias ventriculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#225;ceres</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Fern&#225;ndez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ludovice</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina P. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Sim&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Albert Einstein</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>142</fpage>
      <lpage>147</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2006</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anest&#233;sicos locais associados a vasoconstritores para tratamento odontol&#243;gico de rotina de pacientes cardiopatas ainda gera controv&#233;rsia, em raz&#227;o do risco de efeitos cardiovasculares adversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos do uso de anest&#233;sico local com vasoconstritor n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgico em pacientes portadores de arritmias ventriculares, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de anest&#233;sico sem vasoconstritor. M&#201;TODOS: Um estudo prospectivo randomizado avaliou 33 pacientes com sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas' e 32 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, portadores de arritmia ventricular complexa ao Holter (&gt;10 EV/h e TVNS), 21 do sexo feminino, idade de 54,73 + 7,94 anos, submetidos a tratamento odontol&#243;gico de rotina com anestesia pterigomandibular. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: no grupo I, utilizou-se priloca&#237;na a 3% associada a felipressina 0,03 UI/ml, e no grupo II, lidoca&#237;na a 2% sem vasoconstritor. Avaliaram-se o n&#250;mero e a complexidade de extra-s&#237;stoles, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica dos pacientes no dia anterior, uma hora antes, durante o procedimento odontol&#243;gico e uma hora ap&#243;s. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, nem aumento do n&#250;mero e da complexidade da arritmia ventricular, relacionados ao anest&#233;sico utilizado, em ambos os grupos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados sugerem que priloca&#237;na a 3% associada a felipressina 0,03 UI/ml pode ser utilizada com seguran&#231;a em pacientes chag&#225;sicos e coronarianos, com arritmia ventricular complexa.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>anest&#233;sicos locais</kwd>
        <kwd>vasoconstritores</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> ARRITMIA CARD&#205;ACA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito de anest&#233;sicos locais com e sem vasoconstritor em pacientes com arritmias ventriculares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Teresa Fern&#225;ndez C&#225;ceres<sup>I</sup>; Ana Cristina P. P. Ludovice<sup>II</sup>; Fabio S&#226;ndoli de Brito<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Carlos Darrieux<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves<sup>I</sup>; Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca<sup>I, II</sup>; Eduardo A. Sosa<sup>I, II</sup>; Denise Tessariol Hachul<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anest&#233;sicos locais associados a vasoconstritores para tratamento odontol&#243;gico de rotina de pacientes cardiopatas ainda gera controv&#233;rsia, em raz&#227;o do risco de efeitos cardiovasculares adversos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar e comparar os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos do uso de anest&#233;sico local com vasoconstritor n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgico em pacientes portadores de arritmias ventriculares, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de anest&#233;sico sem vasoconstritor. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um estudo prospectivo randomizado avaliou 33 pacientes com sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas' e 32 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, portadores de arritmia ventricular complexa ao Holter (&gt;10 EV/h e TVNS), 21 do sexo feminino, idade de 54,73 <underline>+</underline> 7,94 anos, submetidos a tratamento odontol&#243;gico de rotina com anestesia pterigomandibular. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: no grupo I, utilizou-se priloca&#237;na a 3% associada a felipressina 0,03 UI/ml, e no grupo II, lidoca&#237;na a 2% sem vasoconstritor. Avaliaram-se o n&#250;mero e a complexidade de extra-s&#237;stoles, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica dos pacientes no dia anterior, uma hora antes, durante o procedimento odontol&#243;gico e uma hora ap&#243;s. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, nem aumento do n&#250;mero e da complexidade da arritmia ventricular, relacionados ao anest&#233;sico utilizado, em ambos os grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados sugerem que priloca&#237;na a 3% associada a felipressina 0,03 UI/ml pode ser utilizada com seguran&#231;a em pacientes chag&#225;sicos e coronarianos, com arritmia ventricular complexa. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Arritmias card&#237;acas, anest&#233;sicos locais, vasoconstritores, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na rotina do tratamento odontol&#243;gico, quando se trata de pacientes cardiopatas portadores de arritmias ventriculares, a escassez de informa&#231;&#245;es objetivas na literatura dificulta a escolha do anest&#233;sico mais adequado e a decis&#227;o sobre a dose m&#225;xima a ser utilizada.</p>
    <p>O temor pelo uso de anest&#233;sicos locais contendo vasoconstritores baseia-se no potencial efeito adverso dessas subst&#226;ncias sobre a press&#227;o arterial e/ou ritmo card&#237;aco. Os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos dos anest&#233;sicos locais podem ser causados por a&#231;&#227;o direta sobre o m&#250;sculo liso ou card&#237;aco ou por a&#231;&#227;o direta sobre a inerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Todos podem provocar, dependendo da concentra&#231;&#227;o, aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia. Quando a dose do anest&#233;sico ocasiona colapso cardiovascular, o efeito predominante &#233; a taquicardia<sup>1</sup>, no entanto a ocorr&#234;ncia da maioria das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas deve-se a inje&#231;&#245;es inapropriadas de altas doses e a pun&#231;&#245;es intravasculares acidentais<sup>2,3</sup>. Ainda, com exce&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas, as demais complica&#231;&#245;es anest&#233;sicas descritas s&#227;o provocadas pela maior estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica sobre o sistema cardiovascular, o que justifica certa restri&#231;&#227;o ao uso de vasoconstritores catecolamin&#233;rgicos em cardiopatas.</p>
    <p>A felipressina, agente vasoconstritor, por n&#227;o agir sobre os receptores adren&#233;rgicos, n&#227;o provoca altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4</sup>, tendo a&#231;&#227;o direta na musculatura lisa vascular. Nas quantidades requeridas para anestesia local, atua sobre a circula&#231;&#227;o venosa e n&#227;o tem efeito arterial, card&#237;aco ou potencial arritmog&#234;nico<sup>5,6</sup>. Sua a&#231;&#227;o vasoconstritora &#233; menor do que a da adrenalina, mas a dura&#231;&#227;o do efeito &#233; similar<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, disp&#245;e-se comercialmente de dois tipos de vasoconstritores: a felipressina e as aminas simpatomim&#233;ticas. A felipressina s&#243; est&#225; dispon&#237;vel associada ao anest&#233;sico priloca&#237;na. J&#225; a lidoca&#237;na est&#225; dispon&#237;vel com e sem vasoconstritor adren&#233;rgico, por&#233;m n&#227;o com a felipressina.</p>
    <p>A lidoca&#237;na e a priloca&#237;na assemelham-se em v&#225;rios aspectos. Ambas s&#227;o classificadas como amidas e possuem mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o e efeitos semelhantes<sup>2</sup>. Na dose utilizada e no tipo de via injetada para tratamento odontol&#243;gico, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas quanto ao tempo de lat&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o do efeito anest&#233;sico.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se as subst&#226;ncias n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgicas, evid&#234;ncias sugerem que, na aus&#234;ncia de acidente de pun&#231;&#227;o ou superdosagem, os vasoconstritores promovem efeito protetor, por aumentarem a intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o do efeito anest&#233;sico, por diminu&#237;rem sua toxicidade e por reduzirem a hemorragia local<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pela necessidade de mais informa&#231;&#245;es objetivas em pacientes considerados de maior risco, realizamos este estudo para avaliar a seguran&#231;a do uso de anest&#233;sico local com vasoconstritor n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgico em portadores de arritmias ventriculares associadas &#224;s cardiopatias chag&#225;sica e coronariana.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da lidoca&#237;na sem vasoconstritor e da priloca&#237;na com felipressina sobre o n&#250;mero e a complexidade das extra-s&#237;stoles, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia, o ritmo card&#237;aco e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas' e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com arritmia ventricular complexa, durante realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos de rotina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi prospectivo, randomizado e n&#227;o-duplo-cego. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram:</p>
    <p>&#149; Idade entre 18 e 70 anos;</p>
    <p>&#149; Sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas' ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel;</p>
    <p>&#149; Presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular complexa ao eletrocardiograma ambulatorial de 24 horas (sistema Holter) - monom&#243;rficas, polim&#243;rficas, repetitivas, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada e inclusive sustentada;</p>
    <p>&#149; Com ou sem medica&#231;&#227;o especifica;</p>
    <p>&#149; Indica&#231;&#227;o para tratamento odontol&#243;gico no maxilar inferior.</p>
    <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</p>
    <p>&#149; Outras cardiopatias (infarto recente, angina inst&#225;vel);</p>
    <p>&#149; Sinais e sintomas e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em classe funcional IV, mesmo que controlada clinicamente.</p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 65 pacientes consecutivos: 33 com sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas' e 32 portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, com ou sem revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pregressa. Todos apresentavam EV freq&#252;entes e complexas (&gt;10/hora, com ou sem batimentos repetitivos ou TVNS) documentadas no Holter de 24 horas. Nove pacientes do grupo coronariano e 18 do grupo chag&#225;sico estavam medicados com amiodarona, um paciente chag&#225;sico usava quinidina e um paciente do grupo coronariano utilizava propafenona; quatro pacientes eram portadores de marca-passo artificial definitivo, um era coronariano e tr&#234;s eram chag&#225;sicos; e sete pacientes eram portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI): um do grupo coronariano e seis do chag&#225;sico. Trinta e tr&#234;s pacientes usavam antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio (AAS), e 12, anticoagulante oral (warfarina). Todos os pacientes apresentavam diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial controlada com medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica prescrita no ambulat&#243;rio de origem, como enalapril, captopril, lisinopril, losartan, diltiazen, hidralazina, furosemida, espironolactona e hidroclorotiazida.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o preliminar e constatada a necessidade de tratamento dent&#225;rio, os pacientes foram encaminhados para a unidade de odontologia e informados por escrito sobre o protocolo. Ap&#243;s a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, eles foram agendados para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos. Na primeira consulta odontol&#243;gica, foram submetidos a anamnese, exame cl&#237;nico e radiografia periapical. Solicitou-se uma radiografia panor&#226;mica e preencheu-se a ficha cl&#237;nica. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter foi iniciada no dia anterior ao procedimento. A grava&#231;&#227;o do ECG foi realizada em gravador port&#225;til (D&#253;namis 3000 ECO) e o registro feito em fita magn&#233;tica. Os pacientes foram orientados a retornar no dia seguinte para realiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento odontol&#243;gico. O atendimento foi realizado no per&#237;odo matinal. Todos os pacientes tomaram medicamentos no dia do procedimento.</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizada com aparelho Critikon Dinamap<sup>&#174;</sup> Plus acoplado ao paciente por meio de um manguito padr&#227;o (24 x 32 cm); os registros foram feitos a partir de medidas oscilom&#233;tricas de acordo com o seguinte protocolo: na sala de espera, dez minutos antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento; no momento da chegada do paciente ao consult&#243;rio odontol&#243;gico; cinco minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do anest&#233;sico; a cada 15 minutos durante os 50 minutos de tratamento e 10 minutos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino deste. Os procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos foram realizados na mand&#237;bula, regi&#227;o de molares e pr&#233;-molares (primeiros e segundos, direito ou esquerdo).</p>
    <p>A anestesia foi realizada por meio de bloqueio regional pterigomandibular com seringa carpule e agulha 3G.</p>
    <p>Para cada procedimento, foram utilizados de dois a quatro tubetes de 1,8 ml de anest&#233;sico cada. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o anest&#233;sico recebido, seq&#252;encialmente: 1. chag&#225;sicos com priloca&#237;na associada a felipressina, 2. chag&#225;sicos com lidoca&#237;na sem vasoconstritor, 3. coronarianos com priloca&#237;na associada a felipressina e 4. coronarianos com lidoca&#237;na sem vasoconstritor.</p>
    <p>Foram analisados por meio do sistema Holter o ritmo card&#237;aco, o n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV) e a complexidade destas de acordo com o seguinte protocolo: no mesmo hor&#225;rio do procedimento odontol&#243;gico do dia anterior e uma hora antes do procedimento e durante este, totalizando 25 horas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o. As medidas press&#243;ricas, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o n&#250;mero e a complexidade das extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares foram comparados nos quatro grupos de pacientes (segundo o tipo de anest&#233;sico recebido) em tr&#234;s fases: antes do procedimento odontol&#243;gico, durante o procedimento e ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas descritivamente. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, essa an&#225;lise foi feita pela observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos e do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o e medianas. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, calcularam-se freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes permaneceram assintom&#225;ticos e toleraram bem o tratamento odontol&#243;gico. Em nenhum caso houve complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento, tais como sangramentos ou acidentes de pun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos quatro grupos de pacientes quanto &#224; quantidade de tubetes de anest&#233;sicos utilizados e quanto &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#225; descrita nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas demogr&#225;ficas eram semelhantes e n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a na dose de anest&#233;sico utilizada, assim como no grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos e coronarianos que receberam anest&#233;sicos com ou sem vasoconstritor.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ritmo card&#237;aco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas an&#225;lises do n&#250;mero das extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV), n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as entre os v&#225;rios momentos avaliados (no dia anterior, antes do tratamento odontol&#243;gico e durante o procedimento) nem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de anest&#233;sico com e sem vasoconstritor, tanto nos pacientes coronarianos como nos chag&#225;sicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;f. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2">2</xref>). A complexidade das extra-s&#237;stoles tamb&#233;m permaneceu est&#225;vel nos v&#225;rios momentos, com comportamento semelhante nos dois grupos.</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao comportamento da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) antes, durante e ap&#243;s o procedimento, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as relacionadas com os tipos de solu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica utilizada, tanto nos pacientes coronarianos como nos chag&#225;sicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g3">gr&#225;f. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g4">4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O comportamento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) dos pacientes estudados est&#225; demonstrado nos <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g5">gr&#225;ficos 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g6">6</xref>. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos relacionada aos tipos de anest&#233;sicos utilizados.</p>
    <fig id="g5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="g6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o observamos efeitos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes chag&#225;sicos e coronarianos com arritmia ventricular complexa, submetidos a tratamento odontol&#243;gico sob anestesia local. Independentemente do tipo de anest&#233;sico administrado, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#245;es no n&#250;mero e na complexidade das extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares, na press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e no comportamento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Optamos pela realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos na mand&#237;bula, sob a t&#233;cnica de bloqueio regional, pois essa t&#233;cnica permite que a droga atinja a corrente sang&#252;&#237;nea, e, assim, os eventuais efeitos sobre o sistema cardiovascular poderiam ser avaliados. Na arcada superior, n&#227;o se realiza a t&#233;cnica de bloqueio regional, mas, sim, a anestesia por infiltra&#231;&#227;o. Com a infiltra&#231;&#227;o, a concentra&#231;&#227;o do anest&#233;sico na circula&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea &#233; desprez&#237;vel, e, portanto, n&#227;o atingir&#237;amos nossos objetivos.</p>
    <p>Os estudos de Oliveira e cols.<sup>9</sup> relataram que as altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial e na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anest&#233;sicos locais com vasoconstritor, ocorrem imediatamente ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o dessas drogas, tendendo a normalizar-se rapidamente. Cabe salientar que, de acordo com os autores, altera&#231;&#245;es significativas somente ocorreram quando a administra&#231;&#227;o das drogas (lidoca&#237;na com noradrenalina e priloca&#237;na com felipressina) foi realizada por via endovenosa (simulando um acidente da t&#233;cnica) e n&#227;o pela via intrabucal ou infiltrativa. Tsakiris e Buhlmann<sup>10</sup> reportaram um efeito vasopressor sist&#234;mico quando 0,5 UI ou mais de felipressina foi administrada por via endovenosa. Observaram tamb&#233;m que 1 UI de felipressina endovenosa foi capaz de aumentar a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em 25 mmHg e a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 13 mmHg. J&#225; Aochi e cols.<sup>11</sup> reportaram aumento da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de 40 mmHg e da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica de 25 mmHg quando 1 UI de felipressina foi administrada por via endovenosa. Johnson e Widrich<sup>12</sup> notaram que os dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares raramente aconteciam com felipressina em doses inferiores a 0,2 UI/ml.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o observamos nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o dos anest&#233;sicos avaliados, certamente por causa da dose adequada administrada (0,03 UI/ml de felipressina) e pela aus&#234;ncia de acidentes de pun&#231;&#227;o. Os efeitos cardiovasculares observados n&#227;o foram diferentes daqueles com o uso de anest&#233;sico sem vasoconstritor. Esses dados comprovam que, em pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas semelhantes &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e em doses ideais, os vasoconstritores n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgicos podem ser utilizados com seguran&#231;a para otimizar o efeito anest&#233;sico.</p>
    <p>A literatura recomenda que o uso de vasoconstritor adren&#233;rgico deva ser evitado em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o recentes, nas arritmias refrat&#225;rias, hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-controlada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva descompensada<sup>3</sup>. Newcomb e Waite<sup>6</sup> sugerem o uso de anest&#233;sico com vasoconstritor n&#227;o-catecolamin&#233;rgico na rotina do cirurgi&#227;o-dentista e contra-indicam o uso dos catecolamin&#233;rgicos em pacientes com problemas cardiovasculares, hipertireoidismo, naqueles que se encontram medicados com antidepressivos ou anti-hipertensivos e quando usado em associa&#231;&#227;o com seda&#231;&#227;o ou anestesia geral.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes deste estudo representam uma popula&#231;&#227;o que reflete a realidade da pr&#225;tica odontol&#243;gica ligada &#224; cardiologia. Os portadores de arritmias ventriculares, embora est&#225;veis clinicamente sob tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, eram hipertensos e apresentavam graus vari&#225;veis de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Alguns eram portadores de marca-passos e desfibriladores, com hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, apresentavam m&#250;ltiplas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias comprometidas e usavam antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e anticoagulantes, fatores que caracterizam uma popula&#231;&#227;o de maior risco.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o originais e sua relev&#226;ncia baseia-se na n&#227;o-exist&#234;ncia na literatura especializada, de publica&#231;&#245;es validando a seguran&#231;a do uso de anest&#233;sicos locais com vasoconstritores n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgicos durante procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos numa popula&#231;&#227;o com essas caracter&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que durante o tratamento odontol&#243;gico de rotina: </p>
    <p><bold>1</bold>) os efeitos dos anest&#233;sicos locais com ou sem vasoconstritor n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgico, sobre o sistema cardiovascular, n&#227;o s&#227;o significativos;</p>
    <p><bold>2</bold>) apesar da conhecida variabilidade no comportamento de arritmias ventriculares ao Holter de 24 horas, n&#227;o foram observadas modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas no seu n&#250;mero ou padr&#227;o de complexidade, ap&#243;s ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es anest&#233;sicas e ao longo do procedimento; 3. o uso de anest&#233;sico com vasoconstritor n&#227;o-adren&#233;rgico em doses adequadas pode ser utilizado com seguran&#231;a em pacientes chag&#225;sicos e coronarianos com arritmia ventricular complexa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, utilizamos dois sais anest&#233;sicos diferentes, em raz&#227;o da indisponibilidade no mercado nacional da lidoca&#237;na associada a felipressina e da priloca&#237;na isolada. N&#227;o consideramos que haveria preju&#237;zo no alcance dos objetivos, j&#225; que tanto a lidoca&#237;na como a priloca&#237;na, na dose e no tipo de via injetada, possuem mecanismos e efeitos semelhantes. Ainda, nosso objetivo n&#227;o foi comparar as duas drogas, mas avaliar o poss&#237;vel efeito delet&#233;rio do vasoconstritor sobre o sistema cardiovascular em pacientes de alto risco. Julgamos, portanto, que seria clinicamente mais relevante utilizarmos os sais anest&#233;sicos diferentes, mas com efeitos semelhantes e dispon&#237;veis na rotina da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica brasileira.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Maria Teresa F. C&#225;ceres pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Denise Tessariol Hachul  </p>
        <p> Rua Joaquim C&#226;ndido de Azevedo Marques, 1205 - Morumbi </p>
        <p> 05688-021 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="dhachul@uol.com.br">dhachul@uol.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dhachul@cardiol.br">dhachul@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/12/06; revisado enviado em 25/10/07; aceito em 18/02/08</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of local anesthetics with and without vasoconstrictor agent in patients with ventricular arrhythmias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The routine use of local anesthetics associated to vasoconstrictors for the dental treatment of patients with cardiopathies is still controversial, due to the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the hemodynamic effects of the use of local anesthetics with a non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor in patients with ventricular arrhythmia, when compared to the use of anesthetics without vasoconstrictor. METHODS: A prospective randomized study evaluated 33 patients with positive serology for Chagas' disease and 32 patients with coronary artery disease that presented complex ventricular arrhythmia at Holter monitoring (&gt;10 EV/h and NSVT), of which 21 were females, aged 54.73 + 7.94 years, submitted to routine dental treatment with pterygomandibular anesthesia. These patients were divided in two groups: group I received prilocaine 3% associated with felypressin 0.03 IU/ml and group II received lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor. The number and complexity of extrasystoles were analyzed, as well as the heart rate and systemic arterial pressure of the patients on the day before, one hour before, during the procedure and one hour after the dental procedure. RESULTS: No hemodynamic alterations or increase in the number and complexity of the ventricular arrhythmia related to the anesthetic used in the dental procedure were observed in either group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that prilocaine 3% associated to a felypressin 0.03 IU/ml can be safely used in patients with Chagas' disease or coronariopathy with complex ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>local anesthetics</kwd>
        <kwd>vasoconstrictors</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas'ic myocardiopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>coronariopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top10-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effect of local anesthetics with and without vasoconstrictor agent in patients with ventricular arrhythmias</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Teresa Fern&#225;ndez C&#225;ceres<sup>I</sup>; Ana Cristina P. P. Ludovice<sup>II</sup>; Fabio S&#226;ndoli de Brito<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Carlos Darrieux<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves<sup>I</sup>; Mauricio Ibrahim Scanavacca<sup>I, II</sup>; Eduardo A. Sosa<sup>I, II</sup>; Denise Tessariol Hachul<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The use of local anesthetics associated to vasoconstrictors for the dental treatment of patients with cardiopathies is still controversial, due to the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate and compare the hemodynamic effects of the use of local anesthetics with a non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor in patients with ventricular arrhythmia, when compared to the use of anesthetics without vasoconstrictor.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A prospective randomized study evaluated 33 patients with positive serology for Chagas' disease and 32 patients with coronary artery disease that presented complex ventricular arrhythmia at Holter monitoring (&gt;10 EV/h and NSVT), of which 21 were females, aged 54.73 <underline>+</underline> 7.94 years, submitted to routine dental treatment with pterygomandibular anesthesia. These patients were divided in two groups: group I received prilocaine 3% associated with felypressin 0.03 IU/ml and group II received lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor. The number and complexity of extrasystoles were analyzed, as well as the heart rate and systemic arterial pressure of the patients on the day before, one hour before, during the procedure and one hour after the dental procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No hemodynamic alterations or increase in the number and complexity of the ventricular arrhythmia related to the anesthetic used in the dental procedure were observed in either group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results suggest that prilocaine 3% associated to a felypressin 0.03 IU/ml can be safely used in patients with Chagas' disease or coronariopathy with complex ventricular arrhythmia. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Arrhythmias, local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, Chagas'ic myocardiopathy, coronariopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During routine dental treatment, when treating patients with cardiopathy and ventricular arrhythmia, the scarcity of objective information in the literature makes it difficult to choose the most adequate anesthetic agent and to reach a decision on the maximum dose to be used.</p>
      <p>The fear of using local anesthetics containing vasoconstrictors is based on the potential adverse effect of these substances on the blood pressure and/or cardiac rhythm. The hemodynamic effects of local anesthetics can be caused by the direct action on the smooth or cardiac muscle or by the direct action on the autonomic innervation of the heart. All of them can cause, depending on the concentration, an increase in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP). When the anesthetic dose causes cardiovascular collapse, the predominant effect is tachycardia<sup>1</sup>; however, the occurrence of most adverse reactions is due to inappropriate high-dose injections and accidental intravascular punctures<sup>2,3</sup>. Moreover, with exception of allergic reactions, the other described anesthetic complications are caused by a higher adrenergic stimulation on the cardiovascular system, which justifies a certain restriction to the use of catecholaminergic vasoconstrictors in patients with cardiopathies.</p>
      <p>Felypressin, a vasoconstrictor agent, does not cause significant alterations in heart rate<sup>4</sup>, as it does not act on adrenergic receptors, having a direct effect on the vascular smooth muscle. At the amounts required for local anesthesia, it acts on the venous circulation and does not have an arterial, cardiac or potential arrhythmogenic effect<sup>5,6</sup>. Its vasoconstrictor action is lower than that of adrenaline, but the duration of the effect is similar<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, two types of vasoconstrictors are commercially available: felypressin and the sympathomimetic amines. Felypressin is only available when associated to the anesthetic prilocaine. As for lidocaine, it is available with and without the adrenergic vasoconstrictor, but not with felypressin.</p>
      <p>Lidocaine and prilocaine are very similar in many aspects: both are classified as amides and have similar action and effect mechanisms<sup>2</sup>. At the dose used and type of injected administration used for dental treatment, there are no significant differences regarding the time of latency and duration of the anesthetic effect.</p>
      <p>Considering the non-adrenergic substances, evidence has suggested that, in the absence of overdose or puncture accident, the vasoconstrictors promote a protective effect as they increase the intensity and duration of the anesthetic effect, decrease their toxicity and reduce local hemorrhage<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Due to the necessity of obtaining more objective information on patients considered to be high-risk ones, this study was carried out to evaluate the safety of the use of local anesthetics with non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor in patients with ventricular arrhythmias associated to Chagas'ic and coronary cardiopathies.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of lidocaine without vasoconstrictor and prilocaine with felypressin on the number and the complexity of extrasystoles, the heart rate and rhythm and the systemic arterial pressure in patients with Chagas' disease or coronary artery disease with complex ventricular arrhythmia, during routine dental treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a prospective, randomized and non-double blind study. The inclusion criteria were:</p>
      <p>&#149; Age between 18 and 70 years;</p>
      <p>&#149; Positive serology for Chagas' disease or stable coronary artery disease (CAD);</p>
      <p>&#149; Presence of complex ventricular arrhythmia at the 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (Holter) - monomorphic, polymorphic, repetitive, non-sustained and also sustained ventricular tachycardia;</p>
      <p>&#149; With or without specific medication;</p>
      <p>&#149; Indication for dental treatment in the lower maxillary region.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were:</p>
      <p>&#149; Other cardiopathies (recent infarction, unstable angina);</p>
      <p>&#149; Signs and symptoms of functional class IV heart failure, even if clinically controlled.</p>
      <p>A total of 65 consecutive patients were selected: 33 with positive serology for Chagas' disease and 32 patients with CAD and previous myocardial infarction, with or without prior myocardial revascularization. All patients presented frequent and complex ventricular extrasystoles (VES), &gt;10/hour with or without repetitive beats or NSVT, documented by the 24-hour Holter.</p>
      <p>Nine patients from the coronary group and 18 from the Chagas'ic group were medicated with amiodarone, one Chagas'ic patient used quinidine and one patient from the coronary group used propaphenone; four patients had definitive artificial pacemakers, of whom one was from the coronary group and three from the Chagas'ic group; and seven patients had implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD): one from the coronary group and six from the Chagas'ic group. Thirty-three patients used a platelet anti-aggregant drug (ASA) and 12 used an oral anticoagulant (Warfarin).</p>
      <p>All patients presented a previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension controlled with specific medication prescribed at the ambulatory where the patient was originally treated, such as enalapril, captopril, lisinopril, losartan, diltiazem, hydralazine, furosemide, spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide.</p>
      <p>After the preliminary evaluation and after the need for dental treatment was verified, the patients were referred to the Dentistry Unit and informed in written form on the protocol. After signing the free and informed consent form, they were scheduled for the dental procedures. At the first dental assessment, they were submitted to anamnesis, clinical examination and periapical X-ray. A panoramic X-ray was requested and the clinical file was filled out. The Holter monitoring was started on the day before the procedure. The ECG recording was carried out in a portable recorder (D&#253;namis 3000 ECO) and the recording was made in a magnetic tape. The patients were instructed to come back on the following day to undergo the dental treatment. The treatment was carried out in the morning period and all patients took medications on the day of the procedure.</p>
      <p>The arterial blood pressure and heart rate monitoring was carried out with a Critikon Dinamap<sup>TM</sup> Plus device, attached to the patient by a standard cuff (24 x 32 cm); the recordings were made from oscillometric measurements according to the following protocol: at the waiting room, ten minutes before the start of the treatment; at the moment of the patient's arrival at the dental office; five minutes after the anesthetic injection; every 15 minutes during the 50-minute treatment session and 10 minutes after the end of the treatment session. The dental procedures were carried out in the mandibular, molar and premolar regions (first and second, right or left).</p>
      <p>The anesthesia was carried out by regional pterygomandibular block with a carpule syringe and 3G needle.</p>
      <p>For each procedure, 2 to 4 vials, with 1.8 ml of anesthetic each, were used. The patients were divided in groups according to the anesthetic agent they received, sequentially: 1. Chagas'ic patients with prilocaine associated to felypressin, 2. Chagas'ic patients with lidocaine without vasoconstrictor, 3. Coronary patients with prilocaine associated to felypressin and 4. Coronary patients with lidocaine without vasoconstrictor.</p>
      <p>The heart rhythm, number and the complexity of ventricular extrasystoles (VES) were analyzed by the Holter system, according to the following protocol: at the same time of dental procedure on the day before and one hour before and during the procedure, totaling 25 hours of monitoring. The BP and HR measurements and number and complexity of VES were compared in the four groups of patients (according to the type of anesthetic used) at three phases: before the dental procedure, during the procedure and after its end.</p>
      <p>Initially, all variables were analyzed descriptively. For the quantitative variables, this analysis was made through the observation of the minimum and maximum values and the calculation of means and standard deviations, as well as medians. For the qualitative variables, the absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. The level of significance was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The dental treatment was well tolerated by all patients and all of them remained asymptomatic. There were no complications due to the procedure, such as bleeding or puncture accidents.</p>
      <p>The comparison of the four groups of patients regarding the number of anesthetic vials used and concerning their clinical characteristics is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_02t2-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_02t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_02t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical and demographic characteristics were similar and there was no difference regarding the dose of anesthetic used, as well as in the degree of ventricular dysfunction between Chagas'ic and coronary patients that received anesthetics with or without vasoconstrictor.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiac rhythm</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When analyzing the number of VES, no difference was observed at the different assessed moments (on the day before, before the dental procedure and during the procedure) or regarding the use of anesthetics with or without vasoconstrictor, in the Chagas'ic as well as in the coronary patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch1-body2">Charts 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch2-body2">2</xref>). The complexity of the extrasystoles also remained stable at the different moments, with a similar behavior in both groups.</p>
      <fig id="ch1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="ch2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the behavior of the mean blood pressure (MBP) before, during and after the procedure, we did not observe any difference related to the types of anesthetic solution used, in Chagas'ic as well as coronary patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch3-body2">Charts 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch4-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="ch3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="ch4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Heart rate</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The behavior of heart rate (HR) in the studied patients is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch5-body2">Charts 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="ch6-body2">6</xref>. No difference was observed among the groups related to the types of anesthetics used.</p>
      <fig id="ch5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="ch6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-03-0142-00002-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study did not demonstrate adverse cardiovascular effects in Chagas'ic and coronary patients with complex ventricular arrhythmia, submitted to dental treatment under local anesthesia. Regardless of the type of anesthetic used, there were no variations in the number and complexity of the ventricular extrasystoles, in the systemic arterial pressure and in the behavior of heart rate.</p>
      <p>We chose the dental procedures carried out in the mandibular region under the regional block technique, as this technique allows the drug to reach the bloodstream and thus, the potential effects on the cardiovascular system could be analyzed. At the upper jaw region, the regional block technique is replaced by infiltration anesthesia. With the infiltration technique, the concentration of the anesthetic drug in the bloodstream is negligible, and therefore, we would not reach our objectives.</p>
      <p>The studies by Oliveira et al<sup>9</sup> reported that the alterations in blood pressure and heart rate due to the use of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictor occur immediately after the injection of these drugs, showing a tendency to rapidly normalize. It is interesting to mention that, according to the authors, significant alterations occurred only when the drug administration (lidocaine with noradrenaline or prilocaine with felypressin) was carried out by intravenous route (simulating a technique accident) and not by the intrabuccal or infiltrative routes. Tsakiris and Buhlmann<sup>10</sup> reported a systemic vasopressor effect when 0.5 IU or more of felypressin was administered by intravenous route. They also observed that 1 IU of IV felypressin was capable of increasing the systolic pressure by 25 mmHg and the diastolic pressure by 13 mmHg. Aochi et al<sup>11</sup> reported an increase of 40 mmHg in the systolic pressure and of 25 mmHg in the diastolic pressure when 1 IU of felypressin was administered by IV route. Johnson and Widrich<sup>12</sup> observed that the cardiovascular disorders rarely occurred with felypressin at doses &lt; 0.2 IU/ml.</p>
      <p>We did not observe any hemodynamic alterations after the infusion of the assessed anesthetics in the present study, certainly due to the administered dose appropriateness (0.03 IU/ml of felypressin) and due to the lack of puncture accidents. The observed cardiovascular effects were not different from those observed with the use of the anesthetic without vasoconstrictor. These data confirm that, in patients with clinical characteristics similar to those of the studied population and at ideal doses, the non-adrenergic vasoconstrictors can be safely used to optimize the anesthetic effect.</p>
      <p>The literature recommends that the use of adrenergic vasoconstrictors should be avoided in patients with unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction or revascularization surgery, in refractory arrhythmias, non-controlled arterial hypertension and decompensated congestive heart failure<sup>3</sup>. Newcomb and Waite<sup>6</sup> suggest the use of anesthetics with non-catecholaminergic vasoconstrictor in the dental surgeon's routine procedures and contraindicate the use of catecholaminergic ones in patients with cardiovascular problems, hyperthyroidism, those receiving antidepressants or anti-hypertensive drugs and when used in association with sedation or general anesthesia.</p>
      <p>The patients in the present study represent a population that reflects the reality of dental practice associated to cardiology. The patients with ventricular arrhythmia, although clinically stable under optimized clinical treatment, were hypertensive and presented variable degrees of ventricular dysfunction. Some had pacemakers or defibrillator implants, with a history of previous myocardial infarction, presented multiple coronary artery involvement and used platelet antiaggregants and anticoagulants, factors that characterize a higher-risk population.</p>
      <p>Our results are original ones and their relevance is based on the lack, in the specialized literature, of publications that validate the safety of using of local anesthetics with non-adrenergic vasoconstrictors during dental procedures in a population with these characteristics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conclude that during the routine dental treatment:</p>
      <p><bold>1)</bold> The effects of the local anesthetics, with or without non-adrenergic vasoconstrictors, on the cardiovascular system are not significant;</p>
      <p><bold>2)</bold> In spite of the known variability in the behavior of ventricular arrhythmias at 24-hour Holter monitoring, no significant alterations in their number or complexity pattern were observed, after both anesthetic interventions and throughout the procedure;</p>
      <p><bold>3</bold>) The use of anesthetics with non-adrenergic vasoconstrictors at adequate doses can be safely used in Chagas'ic and coronary patients with complex ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study was carried out with two different anesthetic salts, due to the commercial unavailability, in the national market, of lidocaine associated to felypressin and isolated prilocaine. We did not think there would be any obstruction to attain the objectives, as both lidocaine and prilocaine, at the dose and type of administration used (injected) have similar mechanisms and effects. Moreover, our objective was not to compare the two drugs, but to evaluate the possible deleterious effect of the vasoconstrictor on the cardiovascular system in high-risk patients. Therefore, we considered that it would be clinically more relevant to use different anesthetic salts, but with similar effects and that are available in the Brazilian daily clinical routine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Maria Teresa F. C&#225;ceres, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC-FMUSP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
