<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9pLFRHVNkSGLSwR8zkyRrXR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100214</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valva a&#243;rtica quadrivalvular por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Erlon Oliveira de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Iglesias</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Giralde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Erlon de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiol&#243;gico</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e14</fpage>
      <lpage>e16</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Uma mulher de 55 anos procurou atendimento m&#233;dico com queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica e dispn&#233;ia ao esfor&#231;o, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 meses. O eletrocardiograma revelou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. O ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico confirmou hipertrofia de c&#226;maras esquerdas e detectou a presen&#231;a de valva a&#243;rtica quadri, com v&#225;lvulas de mesmo tamanho, e fluxo regurgitante central moderado. No ecocardiograma, a valva quadrivalvular &#233; identificada por sua forma caracter&#237;stica em "X" durante a di&#225;stole e aspecto retangular durante a s&#237;stole. Os sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca provavelmente s&#227;o causados por insufici&#234;ncia valvar, em decorr&#234;ncia de coapta&#231;&#227;o anormal das v&#225;lvulas. Em vista da possibilidade de aumento da regurgita&#231;&#227;o, a paciente foi submetida a controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico peri&#243;dico. Observou-se melhora dos sintomas com o tratamento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia da valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Valva a&#243;rtica quadrivalvular por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Erlon Oliveira de Abreu Silva<sup>I</sup>; Alessandro Giralde Iglesias<sup>II</sup>; Erlon de Abreu Silva<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Lages, SC - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiol&#243;gico - Porto Alegre, RS, Lages, SC - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma mulher de 55 anos procurou atendimento m&#233;dico com queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica e dispn&#233;ia ao esfor&#231;o, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 meses. O eletrocardiograma revelou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p> O ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico confirmou hipertrofia de c&#226;maras esquerdas e detectou a presen&#231;a de valva a&#243;rtica quadri, com v&#225;lvulas de mesmo tamanho, e fluxo regurgitante central moderado. </p>
    <p> No ecocardiograma, a valva quadrivalvular &#233; identificada por sua forma caracter&#237;stica em "X" durante a di&#225;stole e aspecto retangular durante a s&#237;stole. Os sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca provavelmente s&#227;o causados por insufici&#234;ncia valvar, em decorr&#234;ncia de coapta&#231;&#227;o anormal das v&#225;lvulas. </p>
    <p> Em vista da possibilidade de aumento da regurgita&#231;&#227;o, a paciente foi submetida a controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico peri&#243;dico. Observou-se melhora dos sintomas com o tratamento.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Valva a&#243;rtica / anormalidades, insufici&#234;ncia da valva a&#243;rtica, ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Valva a&#243;rtica quadrivalvular &#233; um achado raro, com incid&#234;ncia entre 0,008 e 0,033%<sup>1</sup>, e, em geral, n&#227;o est&#225; associada com outros problemas. Os primeiros casos relatados basearam-se em achados necrosc&#243;picos, aortogr&#225;ficos ou perioperat&#243;rios<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, a ecocardiografia, especialmente com Doppler, possibilitou o diagn&#243;stico precoce de valva a&#243;rtica com quatro v&#225;lvulas, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o da valva e o acompanhamento do paciente.</p>
    <p>Nosso objetivo &#233; relatar o achado de uma valva a&#243;rtica quadrivalvular por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com Doppler em um caso de insufici&#234;ncia valvar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma mulher de 55 anos foi atendida com queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica e dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses. A paciente n&#227;o tinha antecedentes de febre reum&#225;tica, hipertens&#227;o ou outras comorbidades. O exame f&#237;sico revelou freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 84 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 130 x 80 mmHg e sopro diast&#243;lico em foco a&#243;rtico (3+/6+). A radiografia do t&#243;rax mostrou aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca e o ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es revelou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou aumento moderado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. A valva mitral apresentava prolapso m&#237;nimo da c&#250;spide anterior, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o. As valvas tric&#250;spide e pulmonar estavam normais. A valva a&#243;rtica tinha quatro v&#225;lvulas de mesmo tamanho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig01">Figura 1</xref>), e o estudo Doppler revelou a presen&#231;a de um fluxo regurgitante central moderado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figura 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0e14-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0e14-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foi indicado acompanhamento cl&#237;nico com controle ecocardiogr&#225;fico peri&#243;dico. Observou-se melhora dos sintomas com a terapia com betabloqueadores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es das valvas semilunares est&#227;o entre as malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas mais comuns. Ao contr&#225;rio da valva a&#243;rtica bivalvular - presente em 2% da popula&#231;&#227;o -, o achado de uma valva a&#243;rtica quadrivalvular &#233; rar&#237;ssimo, com incid&#234;ncia de 0,008 a 0,033%<sup>1, 3, 4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O primeiro relato de valva a&#243;rtica quadrivalvular, feito em 1862, baseou-se em dados necrosc&#243;picos; e o primeiro achado ecocardiogr&#225;fico data de 1984<sup>3</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia desse diagn&#243;stico tem aumentado.</p>
    <p>Normalmente, apresenta-se como um quadro isolado, mas pode estar associada com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#243;stios coronarianos e outras anomalias valvares<sup>1, 4</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; comum a ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, causada por coapta&#231;&#227;o incompleta das v&#225;lvulas. Alguns autores sugerem um espessamento fibroso<sup>1,4</sup>, enquanto outros prop&#245;em uma distribui&#231;&#227;o desigual do estresse transvalvar - por causa da quarta c&#250;spide<sup>1</sup> -, como mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico da insufici&#234;ncia valvar. Casos de estenose s&#227;o raros.</p>
    <p>No exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, a valva quadrivalvular &#233; identificada por sua configura&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica em "X" durante a di&#225;stole (diferente do "Y" da valva a&#243;rtica trivalvular normal) e seu aspecto retangular durante a s&#237;stole<sup>1,3,4</sup>. Segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hurwitz e Roberts<sup>5</sup>, baseada no tamanho das v&#225;lvulas, apenas 12% das valvas a&#243;rticas quadrivalvulares t&#234;m v&#225;lvulas do mesmo tamanho.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o existe consenso sobre qual seria a melhor t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica para esse diagn&#243;stico, transtor&#225;cica ou transesof&#225;gica. Entretanto, sabe-se que o uso de Doppler tornou o exame mais sens&#237;vel &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de fluxo retr&#243;grado atrav&#233;s da valva, mesmo quando n&#227;o h&#225; repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica, facilitando o diagn&#243;stico precoce de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>Gra&#231;as aos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos do equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico e sua disponibilidade como instrumento diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo, &#233; poss&#237;vel detectar, acompanhar e diagnosticar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es das valvas a&#243;rticas quadrivalvulares at&#233; mesmo em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Erlon Oliveira de Abreu Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Casemiro de Abreu, 725/302, Rio Branco </p>
        <p> 90420-001, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="erlon@terra.com.br">erlon@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/08/07; revisado recebido em 05/09/07; aceito em 26/09/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1- Feldman BJ, Khanderia BK, Warnes CA, Seward JB, Taylor CL, Tajik AJ. Incidence, description and functional assessment of isolated quadricuspid aortic valves. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 65: 937-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Incidence, description and functional assessment of isolated quadricuspid aortic valves</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>937</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khanderia</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warnes</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2- Robicsek F, Sanger PW, Daugherty HK, Montgomery CC. Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve with displacement of the left coronary orifice. Coll Works Cardiopulm Dis. 1968; 14: 87-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Congenital quadricuspid aortic valve with displacement of the left coronary orifice</article-title>
          <source>Coll Works Cardiopulm Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1968</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robicsek</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanger</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daugherty</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montgomery</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3- Charandrasekaran K, Tajik AJ, Edwards WD, Seward JB. Two-dimensional echocardiografic diagnosis of quadricuspid aortic valve. Am J Cardiol. 1984; 53: 1732-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Two-dimensional echocardiografic diagnosis of quadricuspid aortic valve</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1732</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Charandrasekaran</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4- Barbosa MM, Motta MS. Quadricuspid aortic valve and aortic regurgitation diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1991; 4: 69-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Quadricuspid aortic valve and aortic regurgitation diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography: report of two cases and review of the literature</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motta</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5- Hurwitz LE, Roberts WC. Quadricuspid semilunar valve. Am J Cardiol. 1973; 31: 623-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Quadricuspid semilunar valve</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1973</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hurwitz</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Quadricuspid aortic valve by transthoracic echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A 55-year-old woman seeks medical attention with palpitations, atypical chest pain and dyspnea upon exertion, lasting for 12 months. ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiogram confirmed hypertrophy of the left chambers and showed a quadricuspid aortic valve, with equal-sized cusps, in addition to a moderate regurgitant central flow. Upon echocardiography, the quadricuspid valve is identified by its characteristic "X" form during diastole and rectangular aspect during systole. Heart failure symptoms are presumably caused by valve insufficiency due to abnormal leaflet coaptation. Considering the possibility of progressive regurgitation, follow up on the patient was performed with periodic echocardiographic control. Symptoms responded to treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic valve</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic valve insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <fig id="cend-body2"/>
      <p>Quadricuspid aortic valve by transthoracic echocardiography</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Erlon Oliveira de Abreu Silva<sup>I</sup>; Alessandro Giralde Iglesias<sup>II</sup>; Erlon de Abreu Silva<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Lages, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiol&#243;gico, Porto Alegre, RS, Lages, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 55-year-old woman seeks medical attention with palpitations, atypical chest pain and dyspnea upon exertion, lasting for 12 months. ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p> Transthoracic Doppler echocardiogram confirmed hypertrophy of the left chambers and showed a quadricuspid aortic valve, with equal-sized cusps, in addition to a moderate regurgitant central flow.</p>
      <p> Upon echocardiography, the quadricuspid valve is identified by its characteristic "X" form during diastole and rectangular aspect during systole. Heart failure symptoms are presumably caused by valve insufficiency due to abnormal leaflet coaptation.</p>
      <p> Considering the possibility of progressive regurgitation, follow up on the patient was performed with periodic echocardiographic control. Symptoms responded to treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Aortic valve / abnormalities; aortic valve insufficiency; echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Quadricuspid aortic valve is a rare finding, with an incidence varying between 0.008 and 0.033%<sup>1</sup>, and, in general, is not associated with other conditions. The first related cases were based on necropsy, aortographic or perioperative findings<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>More recently, echocardiography, especially with Doppler, has facilitated early diagnosis of four-cusp aortic valves, evaluation of their function and follow-up.</p>
      <p>Our purpose is to report the incidental finding of a quadricuspid aortic valve by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in a case of valve regurgitation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 55-year-old woman seeks medical attention with palpitations, atypical chest pain and dyspnea upon exertion, for the 12 previous months. There is no prior history of rheumatic fever, hypertension or other comorbidities. Upon examination, heart rate was 84, blood pressure 130x80mmHg, and there was a diastolic murmur at the aortic position (3+/6+). Chest radiograph revealed augmented cardiac area and the 12-lead ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed moderate left ventricular enlargement and preserved ejection fraction. The mitral valve had a minimum prolapse of the anterior leaflet, with no dysfunction. Tricuspid and pulmonary valves were normal. The aortic valve had four equal-sized cusps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref>), and a moderate regurgitant central flow on Doppler (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a14fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0e14-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0e14-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Clinical follow-up was indicated with periodic echocardiographic control. Symptoms responded to beta-blocker therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Semilunar valve alterations are among the most common cardiac malformations. In contrast to bicuspid aortic valve - present in 2% of population - the finding of a quadricuspid aortic valve is extremely rare, with an incidence between 0.008 and 0.033%<sup>1, 3, 4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The first report of a quadricuspid aortic valve, in 1862, comes from necropsy data; and the first echocardiographic finding is from 1984<sup>3</sup>. Since then, the frequency of this diagnosis has been increasing.</p>
      <p>Normally, it presents itself as an isolated condition but may be associated with interventricular septum defect, patent ductus arteriosus, coronary ostium alterations and other valvular defects as well<sup>1, 4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Aortic regurgitation, caused by abnormal leaflet coaptation, is common. Some authors suggest fibrous thickening<sup>1,4</sup>, while others propose unequal distribution of transvalvar stress - because of the fourth cusp<sup>1</sup> -, as the pathophysiological mechanism for valvular insufficiency. Stenosis is rare.</p>
      <p>On echocardiography, the quadricuspid valve is identified by its characteristic "X" configuration during diastole (different from the "Y" of normal tricuspid aortic valve) and rectangular aspect during systole<sup>1,3,4</sup>. According to the Hurwitz and Roberts'<sup>5</sup> classification, considering the size of leaflets, only 12% of quadricuspid aortic valves have four equal-sized leaflets.</p>
      <p>There is no agreement about which, transthoracic or transesophageal, is the best echocardiographic technique for this diagnosis. However, it is known that the use of Doppler has made the examination more sensitive in demonstrating the retrograde flow through the valve, even when there is no clinical repercussion, facilitating early diagnosis of aortic regurgitation.</p>
      <p>Taking into account the technological development of echocardiographic equipment, and its availability as a non-invasive diagnostic tool, it is feasible to detect, follow and diagnose possible complications of quadricuspid aortic valves even in asymptomatic individuals.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
