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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Wy9byK5WLkKRDwfdLGpMKmk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Cartas ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title/>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Danni</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>132</fpage>
      <lpage>136</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CARTA AO EDITOR</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>"BELIEF": believe it or not</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva; Fl&#225;vio Danni Fuchs </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avenida Goethe, 16/504 - 90430-100 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>O estudo BELIEF<sup>1</sup>, recentemente publicado com destaque nos <italic>Arquivos</italic> e realizado em diversos centros de pesquisa brasileiros, prop&#244;s-se a avaliar a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a de levosimendana em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. Entendemos que o estudo n&#227;o foi desenhado para testar efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do medicamento. Os autores foram mais cautelosos na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do estudo, mas conclu&#237;ram que levosimendana pode ser uma alternativa de curto prazo, interpreta&#231;&#227;o que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se sustenta nos resultados desse estudo e nos de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados publicados anteriormente. Apresentamos aqui o contradit&#243;rio, indispens&#225;vel para a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento e da forma&#231;&#227;o da cultura terap&#234;utica<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo BELIEF &#233; um estudo de coorte, portanto observacional, multic&#234;ntrico, n&#227;o-comparado e aberto, sobre o uso de levosimendana em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. Como tal, n&#227;o pode testar ou comprovar a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do f&#225;rmaco. &#201;, de fato, uma s&#233;rie de 182 casos. Todos receberam a interven&#231;&#227;o, e, portanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel fazer nenhuma infer&#234;ncia de efic&#225;cia, que s&#243; emerge de estudos comparativos, de prefer&#234;ncia randomizados<sup>3</sup>. N&#227;o se presta, tamb&#233;m, para avaliar a seguran&#231;a do tratamento. Efeitos adversos corriqueiros s&#243; s&#227;o captados em estudos comparativos, pois &#233; imposs&#237;vel isolar eventos adversos decorrentes do efeito nocebo<sup>4</sup>. Efeitos adversos raros, n&#227;o detectados nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos de fase III, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o s&#227;o isolados em pequenas s&#233;ries de casos, requerendo extensos programas de farmacovigil&#226;ncia (fase IV), anteriores ou posteriores &#224; aprova&#231;&#227;o para uso. </p>
    <p>O estudo BELIEF parece configurar-se como um estudo <italic>seeding</italic>. Os estudos do tipo <italic>seeding</italic>, "de semeadura" em tradu&#231;&#227;o literal, visam familiarizar os m&#233;dicos sobre o novo medicamento, envolvendo m&#250;ltiplos pesquisadores, com ampla distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, n&#227;o se constituindo em reais trabalhos cient&#237;ficos, mas t&#227;o-somente em uma estrat&#233;gia de <italic>marketing</italic><sup>5</sup>. A grave limita&#231;&#227;o de desenho do estudo &#233; por si s&#243; impeditiva de cren&#231;a em seus resultados. Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o do estudo, identificam-se exemplos dessa limita&#231;&#227;o. Foram arrolados pacientes em amplo espectro de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, desde a primeira interna&#231;&#227;o por essa ocorr&#234;ncia at&#233; pacientes refrat&#225;rios a inotr&#243;picos. A inclus&#227;o de casos menos graves, que por protocolo usaram levosimendana, impede que se isole a efic&#225;cia desse medicamento. Os ditos respondedores ao f&#225;rmaco (139 dos 182 pacientes estudados) eram os casos menos graves, que, por si s&#243;s, tenderiam a ter alta sem uso de agentes vasoativos. </p>
    <p>Na tabela 2, h&#225; clara evid&#234;ncia desse fato, quando se mostra que a dobutamina fora empregada previamente por 58,1% dos n&#227;o-respondedores e somente 24,5% entre os presumivelmente respondedores a levosimendana. Os demais desfechos que caracterizaram os respondedores, como menor congest&#227;o e dispn&#233;ia (gr&#225;fico 3), eram tamb&#233;m esperados, em raz&#227;o da menor gravidade cl&#237;nica basal desses pacientes. O desfecho prim&#225;rio era, literalmente, alta hospitalar sem necessidade de terapia inotr&#243;pica adicional. Os 141 pacientes que j&#225; estavam sem drogas inotr&#243;picas no momento da infus&#227;o de levosimendana s&#243; n&#227;o alcan&#231;ariam o desfecho do estudo se a levosimendana fosse delet&#233;ria.</p>
    <p>A discuss&#227;o dos resultados do trabalho tem como ponto alto o reconhecimento de sua limita&#231;&#227;o fatal (literalmente): "Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foi seu delineamento aberto e n&#227;o-randomizado. Al&#233;m disso, a falta de um grupo de placebo impediu a determina&#231;&#227;o das rela&#231;&#245;es de causa e efeito entre os tratamentos e os resultados". Esta frase &#233; similar &#224; cr&#237;tica de fundo que fizemos ao trabalho. Se h&#225; impedimento de determina&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#245;es entre os tratamentos e os resultados, o estudo &#233; in&#250;til. Na frase seguinte, subvertendo a l&#243;gica (escolasticismo &#224;s avessas), os autores afirmam (literalmente) que "os resultados sistematicamente favor&#225;veis e a baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos devem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; levosimendana". </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das limita&#231;&#245;es apontadas, o estudo BELIEF necessita ser cotejado com outros trabalhos. O estudo SURVIVE<sup>6</sup> j&#225; havia respondido vigorosamente &#224;s quest&#245;es de pesquisa levantadas pelo BELIEF em contexto comparado, randomizado e duplo-cego. Neste estudo, com 1.237 pacientes, a mortalidade em 6 meses foi id&#234;ntica entre os pacientes tratados com dobutamina e levosimendana. A &#250;nica diferen&#231;a de monta nos resultados foi a maior incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial entre os tratados com levosimendana. Como dobutamina est&#225; associada com aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, quando comparada a placebo<sup>7-10</sup>, conclui-se que, se houver um efeito de levosimendana na sobrevida, ele deve ser delet&#233;rio.</p>
    <p>O &#250;ltimo ponto que temos a necessidade de apontar &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de declara&#231;&#227;o de potenciais conflitos de interesses dos autores do trabalho. Se inexistentes, deveriam ser explicitamente afirmados, em respeito &#224;s normas do peri&#243;dico. Esse aspecto &#233; particularmente importante porque no corpo do trabalho (e n&#227;o com o destaque requerido, na p&#225;gina de rosto) toma-se conhecimento que o estudo BELIEF fez parte de um programa de acesso precoce &#224; levosimendana, presumivelmente patrocinado pela ind&#250;stria. Em "M&#233;todos", tamb&#233;m se encontra a afirma&#231;&#227;o de que a ind&#250;stria patrocinadora coletou e processou os dados do estudo, que teve sua an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada em empresa de consultoria e n&#227;o nos centros l&#237;deres da pesquisa. Informa-se que os autores conferiram os resultados. A condu&#231;&#227;o de estudos por parte do patrocinador n&#227;o implica obrigatoriamente dolo no seu planejamento, na an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o, mas favorece a tendenciosidade, sendo pr&#225;tica question&#225;vel atualmente, e que deve ser pelo menos claramente informada ao leitor. N&#227;o somente os autores n&#227;o informaram os potenciais conflitos de interesse. O autor de editorial elogioso ao trabalho<sup>11</sup>, Dr Follath, n&#227;o informou receber honor&#225;rios do laborat&#243;rio fabricante de levosimendana, como fez em outras publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos com perfil <italic>seeding</italic> como o BELIEF s&#227;o ainda muito comuns em diversas &#225;reas da terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica, e mesmo n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gica, de m&#250;ltiplas doen&#231;as. A aus&#234;ncia de ess&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica desses estudos e o fato de que podem difundir o emprego de tratamentos de menor efic&#225;cia ou ineficazes (pressionando pagadores) determinam que sejam vistos com muita reserva e limitados quanto &#224; publica&#231;&#227;o em peri&#243;dicos de prest&#237;gio. A decis&#227;o de empregar ou n&#227;o levosimendana no manejo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave passa muito longe dos resultados e da interpreta&#231;&#227;o do estudo BELIEF. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>"Na Terra de Cegos, quem Tem um Olho &#233; Rei."</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESPOSTA DO AUTOR </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Senhor Editor,</p>
    <p>Agrade&#231;o aos autores a carta enviada aos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia e o interesse demonstrado pelo estudo BELIEF. Essa carta comprova que este trabalho j&#225; tem repercuss&#227;o importante no &#226;mbito cient&#237;fico. Tamb&#233;m o assunto inotr&#243;picos positivos em insufici&#234;ncia sempre suscita pol&#234;micas que devem ser resguardadas de qualquer interesse comercial. </p>
    <p>Antes de detalhar os pontos dos autores, &#233; importante rever alguns conceitos: </p>
    <p>1) Na revis&#227;o de princ&#237;pios elementares em pesquisa (<italic>The free encyclopedia Wikipedia</italic> e Manual de pesquisa para Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica da Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca), poder&#237;amos afirmar que os estudos cl&#237;nicos com drogas, depois da fase experimental em animais, podem ser divididos em fases 1, 2, 3 e 4<sup>1</sup>. Resumidamente, na fase 1 os autores verificam a seguran&#231;a inicial da droga em n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes e explorat&#243;rios quanto &#224; sua efici&#234;ncia. N&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio haver randomiza&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s resultados iniciais potencialmente estimuladores, encaminha-se para a fase 2 com n&#250;mero maior de sujeitos da pesquisa, buscando analisar a efetividade da medica&#231;&#227;o e sempre monitorizando a seguran&#231;a por meio dos eventos na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, os estudos j&#225; s&#227;o randomizados ou controlados. Com base nos bons resultados obtidos nessa fase, planejam-se estudos multic&#234;ntricos, randomizados, duplo-cegos e com n&#250;mero elevado de pacientes. S&#227;o testadas hip&#243;teses como: se &#233; superior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento usual ou se n&#227;o &#233; inferior a uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica etc. Novamente, verifica-se a seguran&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Esses estudos de fase 3 geralmente s&#227;o realizados em uma popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada que pode n&#227;o refletir a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Na fase 4, monitorizam-se os efeitos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral a partir da libera&#231;&#227;o do seu uso baseado nos estudos de fase 3. Salienta-se que, em raz&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios restritos de inclus&#227;o na fase 3, na fase 4 &#233; poss&#237;vel de encontrar novos achados.</p>
    <p>2) Um outro conceito &#233; que trabalhos realizados com popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes, principalmente quanto &#224; ra&#231;a, etiologia e idade, podem ter resultados diferentes<sup>2</sup>. &#201; importante salientar que resultados de estudos realizados para popula&#231;&#245;es de outros pa&#237;ses (principalmente n&#227;o-latino-americanos) podem n&#227;o ser verdadeiros para o Brasil, j&#225; que temos uma diversidade maior de ra&#231;a (afro-brasileira), de origem da popula&#231;&#227;o e de etiologia (por exemplo, doen&#231;a de Chagas). No Brasil, ainda acrescentamos diferentes perfis para os Estados. Comparando a popula&#231;&#227;o de muitos dos Estados brasileiros com o Rio Grande do Sul (no extremo do pa&#237;s), verifica-se que nesse Estado praticamente n&#227;o existe doen&#231;a de Chagas e &#233; baixa a preval&#234;ncia de pardos ou negros ou amarelos. Por exemplo, poder-se-ia dizer que os que nascem no Rio Grande do Sul s&#227;o mais semelhantes aos argentinos de Buenos Aires, por causa do perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o, quando comparados com o resto do Brasil. Assim no Brasil, n&#227;o podemos raciocinar somente com um Estado, mas com o pa&#237;s todo, onde h&#225; muita diversidade.</p>
    <p>3) Outro conceito importante &#233; que, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o m&#233;dico tem que usar a melhor informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel para auxiliar sua decis&#227;o, utilizando-as de maneira cr&#237;tica na riqueza da medicina como uma arte, jamais sendo "escravo" de um ou outro resultado. Esse &#233; um conceito fundamental principalmente para drogas que j&#225; est&#227;o liberadas para uso e jamais foram testadas em um popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, como a brasileira rica na sua diversidade.</p>
    <p>4) Tamb&#233;m &#233; interessante revisar alguns itens necess&#225;rios para o conceito de seeding trials<sup>3,4 </sup>como: (1) necessidade de recrutamento de investigadores que sejam prescritores de drogas competitivas de mesma classe terap&#234;utica, em vez da expertise dos investigadores, ou l&#237;deres da &#225;rea; (2) desenho de estudo n&#227;o-compat&#237;vel com objetivos; (3) pagamento de alto valor desproporcional ao trabalho realizado; (4) suporte pela divis&#227;o de marketing; e (5) m&#237;nima valoriza&#231;&#227;o de dados obtidos objetivamente avaliada pela n&#227;o-publica&#231;&#227;o destes. Ou seja, a inten&#231;&#227;o seria somente treinar os m&#233;dicos no seu uso (<italic>seed</italic> = semente), sem mostrar &#224; comunidade cient&#237;fica os resultados da investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Especificamente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pontos levantados pelos autores da carta, n&#227;o poss&#237;vel &#233; concordar com a maioria deles, exceto os que j&#225; foram especificados no texto do BELIEF e s&#227;o repetitivos. Assim, vejamos: </p>
    <p>&#149; Em rela&#231;&#227;o a ser um estudo <italic>seeding</italic>: Revendo a defini&#231;&#227;o de seeding trial em artigos publicados em revistas de alto impacto, verifica-se que os autores da carta se equivocaram, pois o estudo BELIEF claramente n&#227;o preenche esses requisitos<sup>3,4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados sepulta qualquer possibilidade de defini&#231;&#227;o de estudo seeding, pois coloca diante da comunidade cient&#237;fica os resultados para seu julgamento. &#201; at&#233; poss&#237;vel que a id&#233;ia inicial do estudo BELIEF tenha nascido da inten&#231;&#227;o da iniciativa privada de difundir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma medica&#231;&#227;o j&#225; liberada na Europa, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o que poderia beneficiar-se com o medicamento<sup>5</sup>. &#201; de amplo conhecimento que, em todos os estudos e em qualquer fase (1, 2, 3 e 4), o investimento da ind&#250;stria tem o objetivo final de implementar o uso de seu produto. Coube &#224; diretoria do GEIC na &#233;poca, contr&#225;ria a qualquer estudo com alguma semelhan&#231;a com seeding trial, a tarefa de moldar uma poss&#237;vel inten&#231;&#227;o e transform&#225;-la em um estudo de fase 2 ou 1 para 2, planejando que os resultados fossem publicados. Tanto &#233; que, a partir dos resultados do estudo BELIEF, foi planejado o estudo multic&#234;ntrico randomizado RELIEF (<italic>Randomized Evaluation of Levosimendan Efficacy</italic>) no Brasil que esteve muito perto de se materializar, j&#225; com aprova&#231;&#227;o de muitos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica e pesquisa, n&#227;o o fazendo pr&#243;ximo da inclus&#227;o dos pacientes, por dificuldades de financiamento.</p>
    <p>&#149; Quanto a n&#227;o-publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo BELIEF: Publicar foi uma decis&#227;o acertada dos revisores e do editor dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. Assim, sem a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo BELIEF, ficar&#237;amos &#243;rf&#227;os de qualquer informa&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica a respeito do levosimendana em popula&#231;&#227;o tipicamente brasileira, e a&#237; poderia ter alguma caracter&#237;stica de seeding trial. Ressalte-se que o levosimendana est&#225; liberado para uso cl&#237;nico no Brasil e tem sido indicado por cardiologistas, cl&#237;nicos e especialistas em terapia intensiva. Esses m&#233;dicos t&#234;m relatado, principalmente em Congressos, as mais diversas experi&#234;ncias, dependendo da sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em que t&#234;m utilizado esse medicamento. Deixar de relatar essas informa&#231;&#245;es do estudo BELIEF para o aux&#237;lio a todos os m&#233;dicos do Brasil seria "ego&#237;smo cient&#237;fico" e querer ter um olho em terra de cegos. Tamb&#233;m seria um equ&#237;voco subestimar a capacidade do m&#233;dico brasileiro, considerando que este na sua decis&#227;o n&#227;o analisar&#225; todas as vari&#225;veis para cada caso, incluindo op&#231;&#245;es, respostas terap&#234;uticas, poder do estudo com suas claras limita&#231;&#245;es etc. &#201; n&#237;tido que este &#233; um estudo de fase 2 ou 1 para 2, e ou de transi&#231;&#227;o. Dessa maneira, qualquer alargamento do seu alcance &#233; meramente extrapola&#231;&#227;o. Na conclus&#227;o, os autores do BELIEF recomendam que, a partir desse resultado, se desenvolva um estudo multic&#234;ntrico especificamente para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. </p>
    <p>&#149; O estudo BELIEF n&#227;o pode testar ou comprovar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do m&#233;todo: N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel concordar com isso, pois, em todas as fases dos estudos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, considerando suas limita&#231;&#245;es, testam-se a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, explorat&#243;ria ou n&#227;o, e esta nunca &#233; definitiva at&#233; a fase 4. H&#225; uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de fases a serem desenvolvidas, e n&#227;o se pode realizar uma fase 3 sem que tenha uma fase 2, caso do BELIEF. </p>
    <p>&#149; Limita&#231;&#227;o do desenho do estudo: A maioria das limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo relatadas pelos autores da carta j&#225; foi inclu&#237;da na publica&#231;&#227;o, para que o m&#233;dico utilizasse as informa&#231;&#245;es do estudo BELIEF na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, para uso ou n&#227;o, de maneira bem equilibrada. Mas o BELIEF tem vantagens, pois introduz a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do mundo real, j&#225; que nos estudos &lt; 10% dos pacientes podem ser inclu&#237;dos, ou seja, a maioria dos trials n&#227;o reflete o mundo real<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#149; Os ditos respondedores eram os casos menos graves: &#201; redundante essa afirma&#231;&#227;o porque &#233; de conhecimento geral que pacientes mais graves geralmente respondem menos &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es, principalmente na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. No estudo BELIEF n&#227;o seria diferente. Entretanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel concordar que, por si s&#243;s, esses pacientes tenderiam a ter alta sem uso de agentes vasoativos, com base no crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o daqueles que necessitaram de inotr&#243;picos positivos. &#201; l&#243;gico que o crit&#233;rio para administra&#231;&#227;o de inotr&#243;picos positivos pode ser diferente de centro para centro, mas pensar que a maioria dos centros de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com integrantes GEIC, indicou erroneamente os inotr&#243;picos seria subestimar a capacidade do cardiologista brasileiro. Assim, se a maioria necessitava de inotr&#243;picos e se estes n&#227;o foram administrados, a maioria n&#227;o teria conseguido alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>&#149; O argumento de que os autores subverteram a l&#243;gica: Essa afirma&#231;&#227;o &#233; demasiado simpl&#243;ria para ser aceita. Novamente, lembramos os princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos da pesquisa, que deve ser seq&#252;encial no tipo de estudo. N&#227;o deixar publicar dados de fase 2 para ter um olho de terra de cegos seria inaceit&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>&#149; Esta frase &#233; similar &#224; cr&#237;tica de fundo que fizemos o trabalho: Est&#225; confusa essa afirma&#231;&#227;o, mas o que se entende &#233; que os autores da carta concordam com as limita&#231;&#245;es declaradas pelos autores do BELIEF e est&#227;o sendo repetitivos. </p>
    <p>&#149; O estudo BELIEF necessita ser cotejado com outros trabalhos [...}: Infelizmente n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel aceitar o que &#233; necessariamente bom ou ruim ou neutro na compara&#231;&#227;o com outras drogas para a Europa e os Estados Unidos o &#233; para o Brasil. Seria um colonialismo cient&#237;fico indesej&#225;vel baseado no perfil diferente das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. O estudo BELIEF tem etiologias, ra&#231;a e idades totalmente diversas do estudo SURVIVE. Da&#237; a necessidade de um estudo cient&#237;fico pr&#243;prio para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>7</sup>. Novamente &#233; muito simpl&#243;rio do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico afirmar que a dobutamina est&#225; relacionada a aumento de mortalidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, sem levar em considera&#231;&#227;o outras vari&#225;veis de cada paciente. Estar&#225;, sim, quando usada inapropriadamente: por exemplo, num paciente da vida real internado congesto com m&#225; perfus&#227;o e com press&#227;o de 70 x 50 mmHg, o n&#227;o-uso aumentar&#225; a mortalidade<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#149; Quanto aos conflitos de interesses: Cabe aos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia essa resposta, mas o conflito dos autores do BELIEF j&#225; est&#225; expl&#237;cito na publica&#231;&#227;o. Mas considero que, para melhorar a transpar&#234;ncia nessa &#225;rea, os conflitos de interesse n&#227;o poderiam ser somente individuais, mas estendidos a outros membros de uma Institui&#231;&#227;o envolvidos. N&#227;o raro pesquisadores de outros grupos de uma mesma institui&#231;&#227;o se sentem inclinados a favorecer a linha de conduta do grupo parceiro, quando este &#233; apoiado por patrocinadores externos. </p>
    <p>&#149; Ind&#250;stria patrocinadora coletou e processou os dados: &#201; dif&#237;cil entender o ponto levantado pelos autores da carta aos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, talvez por n&#227;o estarem afeitos &#224;s investiga&#231;&#245;es multic&#234;ntricas patrocinadas pela ind&#250;stria. Infelizmente, porque tamb&#233;m n&#227;o sou favor&#225;vel, os dados em estudos multic&#234;ntricos s&#227;o sempre coletados e analisados por representantes dos patrocinadores. Os pr&#243;prios autores da carta devem ter investiga&#231;&#245;es em desenvolvimento em sua institui&#231;&#227;o que transcorrem dessa forma. Mas, ao contr&#225;rio da sugest&#227;o dos autores da carta, n&#227;o foi a ind&#250;stria que planejou o trabalho. </p>
    <p>Assim, verifica-se que os resultados do estudo BELIEF devem ser considerados &#224; luz de seu alcance e de suas limita&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois foi um trabalho s&#233;rio desenvolvido por investigadores brasileiros com ampla reputa&#231;&#227;o em pesquisa cl&#237;nica. Trata-se de um estudo que estimula o desenvolvimento de um estudo de fase 3 no Brasil, espec&#237;fico para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Filosoficamente, ningu&#233;m &#233; dono da verdade cient&#237;fica, mas cabe sempre transmitir &#224; comunidade m&#233;dica informa&#231;&#245;es para melhorar sua decis&#227;o quando frente a frente com o paciente. Nunca se deve tentar ter um olho em terra de cegos, mas estimular que todos possam enxergar os benef&#237;cios e as limita&#231;&#245;es de um tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Edimar Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <email xlink:href="dcledimar@incor.usp.br">dcledimar@incor.usp.br</email>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CARTA AOS LEITORES</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; carta "BELIEF": believe it or not" de Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva e Fl&#225;vio Danni Fuchs com refer&#234;ncia ao trabalho de Bocchi e cols<sup>1</sup>, os Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia reconhecem a falha na publica&#231;&#227;o dos conflitos de interesse do autor do editorial "Podemos Acreditar na Levosimendana?", Ferenc Follath<sup>2</sup>. O mesmo se deveu &#224; j&#225; exist&#234;ncia de conflitos declarados em outra publica&#231;&#227;o recente do mesmo autor no peri&#243;dico<sup>3</sup>. Para efeito de registro, repetimos a declara&#231;&#227;o:</p>
    <p>"F. Follath tem participado do Conselho Cient&#237;fico e recebido honor&#225;rio para palestras do Laborat&#243;rio Abbott."</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias ("Na Terra de Cegos, quem Tem um Olho &#233; Rei.") / References ("Among the blind, a one-eyed man is king.")</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias (CARTA AOS LEITORES) / References (LETTER TO THE READERS)</bold>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letters to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">BELIEF: believe it or not</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>LETTER TO THE EDITOR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="cend1-body2">
          <label>"</label>
          <p>BELIEF: believe it or not</p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lu&#237;s Beck-da-Silva; Fl&#225;vio Danni Fuchs</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Avenida Goethe, 16/504 - 90430-100 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>The BELIEF<sup>1</sup> study, recently published at <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia </italic>and carried out at several Brazilian research centers, proposed to assess the efficacy and safety of levosimendan use in patients with decompensated heart failure. We think that the study was not designed to test the efficacy and safety of the medication. The authors were careful when concluded that levosimendan might be a short-term alternative for decompensated heart failure management. However, this interpretation is not supported by the study results and the previously published randomized clinical trials. We present here an opposing view, indispensable for the shaping of clinical knowledge and therapeutic practices<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The BELIEF study has a cohort design, and therefore, is an observational, multicentric, non-comparative and open study, on the use of levosimendan in patients with decompensated heart failure. Hence, it cannot test or verify the efficacy and safety of the drug. It is, in fact, a series of 182 cases. All cases received the intervention and, therefore, it is not possible to conclude about its efficacy, which can only be demonstrated from comparative studies, preferably randomized ones<sup>3</sup>. It is not adequate to evaluate the safety of treatment, either. Common adverse events can only be detected in comparative studies, as it is impossible to isolate adverse events caused by the nocebo effect<sup>4</sup>. Rare adverse events, not detected even at phase-III clinical trials, cannot be isolated either in small series of cases, requiring extensive pharmacovigilance programs (phase IV), previously or after the drug approval for clinical use.</p>
      <p>The BELIEF study seems to be a seeding study. Seeding studies aim at familiarizing doctors with a new medication, involving multiple researchers with broad geographic distribution and do not constitute actual scientific contribution, but only a marketing strategy<sup>5</sup>. The severe limitation of the study design, alone, prevents believing on its results. At the study presentation, examples of this limitation can be identified. Patients with a broad spectrum of heart failure (HF) presentation were selected, from patients with the first HF admission to patients that were refractory to inotropics. The inclusion of less severe cases that used levosimendan per protocol prevents the isolation of the drug efficacy. The so-called drug responders (139 of the 182 studied patients) were the less severe cases, which, per se, would tend to be discharged without the use of vasoactive agents.</p>
      <p>There is clear evidence of this fact in Table 2, where it is shown that dobutamine was previously employed by 58.1% of the non-responders and only 24.5% among the presumably responders to levosimendan. The other outcomes that characterized the responders, such as lower congestion and dyspnea (Chart 3) were also expected, since these were less sick patients. The primary outcome was, literally, hospital discharge with no need for additional inotropic therapy. The 141 patients that were already off inotropic drugs at the moment of the levosimendan would not reach the study outcome, unless the drug were deleterious.</p>
      <p>The best part of discussion of results is the acknowledgement by the author that the study has a fatal shortcoming (literally): "One of the limitations of the present study is the fact that it is an open, non-randomized study. Additionally, the lack of a placebo group prevented the determination of the cause-effect correlations between the treatments and the results". This interpretation recognizes that our main criticism was right and that we finally agree with the authors. If it is impossible to determine a cause-effect relationship between treatment and outcomes, the study is useless. In the following sentence, subverting the logic (reverse scholasticism), the authors affirm (literally) that "the systematically favorable results and the low incidence of adverse events must be attributed to levosimendan use".</p>
      <p>In addition to the aforementioned limitations, the BELIEF study needs to be compared to other studies. The SURVIVE<sup>6</sup> study had previously answered the research questions raised by the BELIEF study in a comparable, randomized and double-blind context. In this study, which included 1,237 patients, the 6-month mortality was identical among patients treated with dobutamine and levosimendan. The only significant difference in the results was the higher incidence of atrial fibrillation among those treated with levosimendan. As dobutamine use is associated with increased mortality in patients with severe heart failure, when compared to placebo<sup>7-10</sup>, we can conclude that, if there is an effect of levosimendan on survival, it is more likely deleterious.</p>
      <p>The last point that needs to be addressed is the absence of disclosure of potential conflict of interest by the study authors. If there are none, this should be explicitly stated, according to the requirements of the journal. This aspect is particularly important, because throughout the study (and not under the necessary highlighting, in the title page), we learn that the BELIEF study is part of a program of early access to levosimendan, presumably sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. In "Methods", one can also find the declaration that the sponsoring industry collected and processed the study data, which had its statistical analysis carried out by a external consulting group and not at the centers that led the research. It was informed only that the authors checked the results. The conduction of studies by the sponsor does not necessarily means willful misconduct in its planning, analysis and interpretation, but it favors bias, being a questionable practice nowadays and needs to be at least clearly informed to the reader. Not only did the authors fail to declare the potential conflicts of interest, but the author of a laudatory editorial commenting the study<sup>11</sup>, Dr. Follath, did not state that he is the recipient of remuneration fees from the Laboratory that manufactures levosimendan, as he did in other publications<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies with a seeding profile, such as the BELIEF study, are still very common in several areas of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. The absence of the scientific essence in these studies and the fact that they can disseminate the use of less effective or ineffective treatments (putting pressure on the payers), require caution on the interpretation of their results, surely precluding the publication of seeding studies in renowned journals. The decision to use or not to use levosimendan in the management of patients with severe heart failure is very far from the results and the interpretation of the BELIEF study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>"Among the blind, a one-eyed man is king."</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>THE AUTHOR REPLY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>I thank the authors for the letter to <italic>Arq Bras Cardiol</italic> and for their interest in the BELIEF study. The letter demonstrates that this study has already had an important impact in the scientific environment. Additionally, the issue of positive inotropic use in heart failure always raises debate that must be safeguarded against any commercial interest.</p>
      <p>Before detailing the authors' points of view, it is important to review some concepts:</p>
      <p>1) When reviewing the elementary principles of research (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and the Research Manual for Scientific Initiation of the Heart Failure Unit) we could state that the clinical trials with drugs, after the experimental phase in animals, can be divided in Phases 1, 2, 3 and 4<sup>1</sup>. In brief, in Phase 1, the authors verify the initial safety of the drug in a limited number of patients and investigate its efficiency. Randomization is not necessary. After potentially encouraging initial results, phase 2 is initiated with a larger sample size, aiming at analyzing drug effectiveness and maintaining the safety monitoring through the events in the studied population. The studies are often randomized or controlled at this point. After attaining good results in this phase, multicentric, randomized, double-blind studies with large sample sizes are planned.</p>
      <p>Hypotheses are tested, such as: is it better when compared to the usual treatment? If not, is it worse than a therapeutic option? And so forth. Again, the safety is assessed in the studied population. These Phase-3 studies are usually carried out in a selected population that might not reflect the general population. In phase 4, the effects on the general population are monitored based on the approval of its use, based on the Phase 3 studies. It is worth mentioning that, due to the restricted inclusion criteria in Phase 3, it is possible to have new findings in Phase 4.</p>
      <p>2) Another concept is that studies carried out with different populations, mainly regarding ethnicity, etiology and age, can have different results<sup>2</sup>. It is important to remember that results of studies carried out with populations from other countries (especially non-Latin American ones) might not be true for Brazil, as we have a higher ethnic diversity (African-Brazilian), higher diversity of population origin and etiology (for instance: Chagas).</p>
      <p>In Brazil, we must also take into account different state profiles. When comparing the state of Rio Grande do Sul (in the southern part of the country) with the population of many of the Brazilian states, we observe that practically there is no Chagas disease and that there is a low incidence of Black, Mulatto or Asian individuals. For instance, it can be said that those born in Rio Grande do Sul are more similar to Argentineans from Buenos Aires due to the population profile than to the rest of the Brazilian population. Thus, in Brazil, we cannot reason with only one state, but with the whole country, where there is a great deal of diversity.</p>
      <p>3) Another important concept is that, in clinical practice, the doctor has to use the best available information to aid his/her decision, using them sensibly in the wealth of Medicine as an Art, never becoming a "slave" of one or other result. This is a fundamental concept, especially for drugs that been approved for use and have never been tested in a specific population, such as the Brazilian one, with its rich diversity.</p>
      <p>4) It is also interesting to review some items that are necessary to establish the concept of "seeding trials"<sup>3,4</sup>. Among these, one can observe (1) the need for recruiting investigators based on the fact that they are frequent prescribers of competitive drugs of the same therapeutic class, instead of the investigators' expertise or the fact that they are leaders in the area, (2) study design that is not compatible with the objectives, (3) payment that is disproportional to the performed work, (4) support of the marketing division and (5) minimal appraisal of the obtained data, objectively assessed by their non-publication. That is, the intention would be just to train physicians in their use, without showing the scientific community the results of the investigation.</p>
      <p>Specifically regarding the points discussed by the authors of the letter, it is not possible to agree with most of them, except those that have been specified in the BELIEF text and are repetitive: As follows:</p>
      <p>&#149; Regarding the fact that it is a seeding trial: when reviewing the definition of a seeding trial in articles published in high-impact journals, it is verified that the authors of the letter have made a mistake, as the BELIEF study clearly does not meet these criteria<sup>3,4</sup>. Additionally, the data publication further prevents any possibility of defining it as a seeding trial, as the study results are presented to the scientific community for its appraisal. It is even possible that the initial idea of the BELIEF study originated from the intention of private enterprises to disseminate the use of drug that had already been approved in Europe in a population that could benefit from it<sup>5</sup>. It is widely known that, in all studies and at any phase (1,2,3 and 4) the industry investment has the final objective of implementing the use of its product. It was the responsibility of the GEIC Board of Directors, at the time contrary to any study that bore any resemblance to a seeding trial, the task of shaping any possible intention and transforming it into a Phase 2 or Phase 1 study, planning the publication of its results.</p>
      <p>This is demonstrated by the fact that, based on the results of the BELIEF study, the multicentric, randomized RELIEF (Randomized Evaluation of Levosimendan Efficacy) study was planned in Brazil, coming very close to accomplishment, having been approved by many Ethics Committees in Research and failing to proceed close to the phase of patient inclusion due to financial support difficulties.</p>
      <p>&#149; Regarding the non-publication of the BELIEF study: To publishit was a correct decision made by the reviewers and the Editor of <italic>Arq Bras Cardiol. </italic>considering that, without the publication of the BELIEF study, we would have been deprived of any scientific information regarding the use of levosimendan in a typical Brazilian population, and this could have been a characteristic of seeding trial.</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that levosimendan has been approved for clinical use in Brazil and has been indicated by clinical cardiologists and specialists in intensive therapy. These doctors have reported, mainly in Congresses, varied experiences depending on the selection of patients that used it. Not to report the data from the BELIEF study, which can help all Brazilian physicians, would be "scientific selfishness" and would be equivalent to be the one-eyed man among the blind. Additionally, it would be a mistake to underestimate the capacity of Brazilian doctors, by considering that their decision will not take into account all the variables for each case, including options, therapeutic responses, study power with its obvious limitations, etc. It is evident that this is a Phase 2 or Phase 1 to 2 study, and/or transition study. Therefore, any increase in its scope is merely an extrapolation.</p>
      <p>At the conclusion of the BELIEF study, the authors recommend that, based on the results, a multicentric study specifically focused on the Brazilian population, should be developed;</p>
      <p>&#149; The BELIEF cannot test or prove the efficacy and safety of the method: It is not possible to agree, as in all phases of investigation studies, considering their limitations, the efficacy and safety are tested, whether exploratory or not, and these are never definite until phase 4 is reached. There is a sequence of phases to be developed and Phase 3 cannot be carried out without a previous Phase 2, as in the case of BELIEF;</p>
      <p>&#149; Limitation of the study design: Most of the study limitations reported by the authors of the letter had been included in the publication, so that the doctor could use the information in the BELIEF study in clinical practice, whether for clinical use or not, in a balanced way. But the BELIEF study has advantages, as it introduces the use of "real-world" patients, as in the studies, &lt; 10% of the patients can be included, i.e., most trials do not reflect the real world<sup>6</sup>;</p>
      <p>&#149; The so-called responders were the less severe cases: This statement is redundant, as it is of general knowledge that more severe patients usually respond less well to medications, mainly in decompensated heart failure. It would not have been different in the BELIEF study. However, it is not possible to agree that alone, they would tend to be discharged without the use of vasoactive agents, based on the criterion of inclusion of patients that needed positive inotropics. It is obvious that the criterion for the administration of positive inotropics can be diverse in different Centers, but to think that most Heart Failure Centers, with GEIC members, erroneously indicated the inotropics would be to underestimate the capacity of the Brazilian cardiologist. Thus, if most patients needed inotropics and the latter were not administrated, the majority would not have been discharged from the hospital;</p>
      <p>&#149; The statement that the Brazilian authors subverted the logic: this affirmation is too simplistic to be accepted. Once again, we recall the basic principles of the investigation, which must be sequential in this type of study. Not to publish the Phase 2 data to be the one-eyed man among the blind would be unacceptable.</p>
      <p>&#149; This phrase is similar to the background criticism that we made about the study: This statement is unclear, but what can be apprehended from it is that the authors of the letter agree with the limitations stated by the authors of the BELIEF study and are being repetitive;</p>
      <p>&#149; The BELIEF study must be compared to other studies: Unfortunately, it is not possible to accept that, what is good or bad or neutral, in the comparison with other drugs for Europe and the USA, is necessarily the same for Brazil. It would be an undesirable scientific colonialism, based on the different profile of the studied populations. The BELIEF study presents etiologies, ethnicities and ages that are completely different from the SURVIVE study. Hence, the need for a scientific study that is adequate for the Brazilian population<sup>7</sup>. Again, it is very simplistic, from a clinical point of view, to affirm that dobutamine is related to the increase in mortality in clinical practice, without taking into account other variables in each patient. The association is true when the drug is used inappropriately; however, when used in a "real-life" patient that is admitted with bad perfusion and congestive picture with systemic blood pressure of 70x50 mmHg, the lack of the use will increase the mortality<sup>8</sup>;</p>
      <p>&#149; Regarding the conflicts of interest: It is up to the Arq Bras Cardiol to give an answer to that, but the conflicts of interest of the authors of the BELIEF study are clearly stated in the publication. However, in order to improve transparency in this area, the conflicts of interest should not be considered only at the individual level, but extendable to the other involved members of the institution. Often, investigators from different groups at the same institution tend to favor the line of conduct of a partner group, when the latter is supported by external sponsors;</p>
      <p>&#149; The sponsor industry collected and processed the data: It is difficult to understand the point of view raised by the authors of the letter sent to <italic>Arq Bras Cardiol, </italic>perhaps because they are not used to multicentric investigations sponsored by the industry. Unfortunately, as I do not favor them myself, the multicentric study data are always collected and analyzed by the sponsor's representatives. The authors of the letter probably have ongoing investigations at their own institution that were carried out in this way. But, contrarily to the suggestion made by the authors of the letter, the study was not planned by the industry.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it can be verified that the BELIEF study results must be considered in the light of its scope and its limitations in clinical practice, as it was a consistent study developed by Brazilian investigators, with a large reputation in clinical research. It is a study that stimulates the development of a Phase-3 study in Brazil, specific for the Brazilian population. Philosophically, no one owns the scientific truth, but it is our responsibility to release information to the medical community to improve the decision-making when treating the patient. To be the one-eyed man among the blind is inadvisable; one must strive so that all can see the benefits and limitations of a certain treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Edimar Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <email xlink:href="dcledimar@incor.usp.br">dcledimar@incor.usp.br</email>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>LETTER TO THE READERS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>On the subject of the letter: "BELIEF": believe it or not", by Luis Beck-da-Silva and Flavio Danni Fuchs, regarding the study by Bocchi et al<sup>1</sup>, the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> acknowledge its failure in publishing the conflicts of interest by the author of the Editorial "Can we Believe in Levosimendan?", Ferenc Follath<sup>2</sup>. That was due to the existence of previously declared conflicts of interest in another recent publication by the same author in the Journal<sup>3</sup>. For record sake, we herein repeat the declaration:</p>
      <p>"F. Follath has participated in the Scientific Board of and received remuneration for giving lectures from Abbott Laboratory."</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias / References ("BELIEF": Believe It or Not)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias ("Na Terra de Cegos, quem Tem um Olho &#233; Rei.") / References ("Among the blind, a one-eyed man is king.")</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias (CARTA AOS LEITORES) / References (LETTER TO THE READERS)</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
