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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ppzNVD4SCPx6bqcD79rxFVD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica vs cintilografia com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio-99m para a detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monte</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Urpia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Solano de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parga Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izaki</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>126</fpage>
      <lpage>131</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio (IMPO) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) com potencial impacto progn&#243;stico. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica (CM) com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio-99m &#233; utilizada no diagn&#243;stico de IMPO, mas demonstra limitada sensibilidade para les&#245;es subendoc&#225;rdicas. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC), por sua vez, det&#233;m alta acur&#225;cia para a detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. OBJETIVO: Comparar a RMC e a CM para a detec&#231;&#227;o de IMPO ap&#243;s CRM. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 24 pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica, com a t&#233;cnica de realce tardio pela RMC e com a CM, antes e depois da CRM, analisando-se o surgimento de &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria (IMPO). Mensuraram-se tamb&#233;m marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB e troponina I), antes e depois da cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Dezenove pacientes completaram o estudo. Desses, 6 (32%) apresentaram IMPO &#224; RMC, e 4 (21%) &#224; CM (p = NS). Dos 323 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo avaliados, 17 (5,3%) exibiram necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC, e 7 (2,2%) &#224; CM (p = 0,013). Observou-se moderada concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos (kappa = 0,46), havendo diverg&#234;ncia, quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de IMPO, em 4 (21%) casos, a maioria com pequenas &#225;reas de necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC, n&#227;o visualizadas &#224; CM. Em todos os casos com IMPO &#224; RMC, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de CKMB e troponina I. CONCLUS&#195;O: Houve moderada concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre os m&#233;todos para a detec&#231;&#227;o de IMPO, mas a RMC permitiu a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de pequenas &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria, n&#227;o identificadas pela CM e associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estudo comparativo</kwd>
        <kwd>imagem por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>pirofosfato de Tecn&#233;cio Tc 99 m</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> TOMOGRAFIA/RESSON&#194;NCIA </p>
    <p>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica <italic><bold>vs</bold></italic> cintilografia com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio-99m para a detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Guilherme Urpia Monte; Luciano Ferreira Drager; F&#225;bio Solano de Freitas Souza; Luiz Francisco Rodrigues de &#193;vila; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga Filho; Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado C&#233;sar; Marisa Izaki; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Roberto Kalil Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio (IMPO) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) com potencial impacto progn&#243;stico. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica (CM) com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio-99m &#233; utilizada no diagn&#243;stico de IMPO, mas demonstra limitada sensibilidade para les&#245;es subendoc&#225;rdicas. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC), por sua vez, det&#233;m alta acur&#225;cia para a detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar a RMC e a CM para a detec&#231;&#227;o de IMPO ap&#243;s CRM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 24 pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica, com a t&#233;cnica de realce tardio pela RMC e com a CM, antes e depois da CRM, analisando-se o surgimento de &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria (IMPO). Mensuraram-se tamb&#233;m marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB e troponina I), antes e depois da cirurgia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dezenove pacientes completaram o estudo. Desses, 6 (32%) apresentaram IMPO &#224; RMC, e 4 (21%) &#224; CM (p = NS). Dos 323 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo avaliados, 17 (5,3%) exibiram necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC, e 7 (2,2%) &#224; CM (p = 0,013). Observou-se moderada concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos (kappa = 0,46), havendo diverg&#234;ncia, quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de IMPO, em 4 (21%) casos, a maioria com pequenas &#225;reas de necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC, n&#227;o visualizadas &#224; CM. Em todos os casos com IMPO &#224; RMC, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de CKMB e troponina I. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Houve moderada concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre os m&#233;todos para a detec&#231;&#227;o de IMPO, mas a RMC permitiu a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de pequenas &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria, n&#227;o identificadas pela CM e associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Estudo comparativo, imagem por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, mioc&#225;rdio/cintilografia, pirofosfato de Tecn&#233;cio Tc 99 m, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio/cirurgia, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e nos cuidados intensivos, o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio (IMPO) ainda &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM), com potencial impacto progn&#243;stico<sup>1-5</sup>. Entre os exames empregados para o seu diagn&#243;stico, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio-99m (CM) destaca-se como um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo, capaz de visualizar &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica<sup>6</sup>. Embora tenha boa sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto transmural, a cintilografia planar exibe baixa sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto subendoc&#225;rdico, o mais comum ap&#243;s CRM<sup>7</sup>. A t&#233;cnica de tomografia por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico, mais conhecida como SPECT (do ingl&#234;s single photon emission computed tomography), det&#233;m maior sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto subendoc&#225;rdico, mas sua especificidade tamb&#233;m &#233; limitada<sup>6</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, seu per&#237;odo relativamente curto de positividade, em torno de sete dias<sup>7-9</sup>, baseado na liga&#231;&#227;o entre o radiof&#225;rmaco e o c&#225;lcio mitocondrial dos mi&#243;citos acometidos pelo infarto, pode limitar a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes clinicamente inst&#225;veis, nos primeiros dias p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, que n&#227;o possam ser transportados para o setor de medicina nuclear. </p>
    <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC), por sua vez, vem se firmando como um exame de excel&#234;ncia para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de infarto, com a t&#233;cnica de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico. Esse m&#233;todo utiliza uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica, realizada 10 a 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio - metal paramagn&#233;tico, capaz de aumentar a intensidade de sinal das estruturas, nas imagens de resson&#226;ncia<sup>10</sup>. Com esse recurso, tem sido poss&#237;vel a determina&#231;&#227;o precisa de &#225;reas de infarto recentes ou antigas, em animais e humanos, com ou sem onda Q ao ECG<sup>11</sup> e at&#233; mesmo microinfartos, sem altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ou de contra&#231;&#227;o e com m&#237;nima eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas<sup>12</sup>. Essa t&#233;cnica det&#233;m alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, superior &#224; da cintilografia, e excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com a anatomia patol&#243;gica, em estudos experimentais com animais<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com base no exposto e diante da aus&#234;ncia, at&#233; o momento, de estudos comparativos entre esses m&#233;todos, idealizou-se este trabalho, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre a RMC e a CM para a detec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de IMPO em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre agosto de 2003 e mar&#231;o de 2006, foram estudados 24 pacientes adultos, portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica, acompanhados na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Todos os casos foram submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia convencional, tendo-se observado estenose cr&#237;tica de, pelo menos, uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50% para o tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda e <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% para qualquer outra art&#233;ria). Adotaram-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: planejamento de outro tratamento cir&#250;rgico card&#237;aco, al&#233;m da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (troca valvar, por exemplo); arritmias card&#237;acas cr&#244;nicas, capazes de prejudicar a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens de RMC (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, por exemplo); e contra-indica&#231;&#245;es ao exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (marca-passo/cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, pr&#243;teses ou implantes met&#225;licos incompat&#237;veis com o exame, alergia ao gadol&#237;nio e claustrofobia conhecida). O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e cada paciente assinou o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos aos exames de RMC e CM, antes e depois da cirurgia, para avaliar o surgimento de &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria. Mensuraram-se tamb&#233;m marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB e troponina I), antes e, de forma seriada, depois da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados em aparelho com campo magn&#233;tico principal de 1,5 T (Signa CV/i, General Electric Medical Systems, Waukesha, MN, EUA), sendo utilizada bobina de superf&#237;cie, composta de quatro elementos, para exames card&#237;acos, comercialmente dispon&#237;vel. Para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e sincroniza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, acoplaram-se quatro eletrodos na parede anterior do hemit&#243;rax esquerdo do paciente. Todos os exames foram obtidos com pausa expirat&#243;ria, a fim de minimizar os artefatos decorrentes dos movimentos respirat&#243;rios. Inicialmente, foram feitas aquisi&#231;&#245;es nos tr&#234;s planos ortogonais (transversal, sagital e coronal) para localiza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o. A partir dessas imagens preliminares, planejou-se a prescri&#231;&#227;o da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico. Geraram-se planos de corte de eixo curto e eixo longo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Os cortes de eixo curto foram adquiridos com 8 mm de espessura e 2 mm de espa&#231;amento, em n&#250;mero suficiente (de 8 a 12) para a cobertura de toda a extens&#227;o do VE. Os cortes de eixo longo foram planejados a partir das imagens de eixo curto, com 8 mm de espessura e a intervalos radiais de 45&#186;, sendo em n&#250;mero de quatro, no total. Com o intuito de garantir sua comparabilidade, as imagens foram adquiridas nos mesmos planos de corte, antes e depois da cirurgia. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de necrose e fibrose mioc&#225;rdicas, empregou-se seq&#252;&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica de gradiente-eco r&#225;pido, com pulso preparat&#243;rio de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o. As imagens foram adquiridas cerca de 10 a 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 0,2 mmol/kg de contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio (&#225;cido gadot&#233;rico, Dotarem<sup>&#174;</sup>, Guerbet, Aulnay Sous Bois, Fran&#231;a), atrav&#233;s de acesso venoso perif&#233;rico, a cada dois batimentos card&#237;acos (intervalos RR), e o tempo de invers&#227;o foi meticulosamente ajustado, com o objetivo de anular o sinal do mioc&#225;rdio normal. Os principais par&#226;metros dessa seq&#252;&#234;ncia foram: TR = 7,2 ms, TE = 3,2 ms, matriz = 256 x 192 pixels, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o = 20&#186;, largura de banda = 31,2 kHz, TI = 150-250 ms, campo de vis&#227;o = 34-38 cm.</p>
    <p>As imagens foram analisadas com o aux&#237;lio do programa CineTool, vers&#227;o 3.4 (<italic>General Electric Medical Systems</italic>), por um observador (G.U.M.) sem o conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, assim como dos achados dos demais m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. Delimitaram-se, apenas, as &#225;reas de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico (necrose/fibrose), com intensidade de sinal maior do que dois desvios padr&#227;o acima da m&#233;dia do valor de intensidade de sinal do mioc&#225;rdio em uma &#225;rea remota considerada normal, de acordo com metodologia j&#225; descrita<sup>15</sup>. O valor de 1,05 g/cm<sup>3 </sup>de densidade mioc&#225;rdica foi utilizado para o c&#225;lculo da massa infartada. Definiu-se como IMPO o achado de nova &#225;rea de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico, no exame p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, ausente no exame anterior &#224; cirurgia. A an&#225;lise segmentar seguiu o padr&#227;o de segmenta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica recomendado pela American Heart Association, que define a divis&#227;o do VE em 17 segmentos: seis basais, seis mediais, quatro apicais e o &#225;pex<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames foram adquiridos em modo tomogr&#225;fico (SPECT), em equipamento de dois detectores, modelo Forte (<italic>ADAC Philips Medical Systems</italic>, Milpitas, CA, EUA), cerca de 3 horas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 740 MBq (20 mCi) do radiof&#225;rmaco (pirofosfato-<sup>99m</sup>Tc, fornecido pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Energ&#233;ticas e Nucleares - Ipen, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Durante o exame, os pacientes foram mantidos em dec&#250;bito dorsal horizontal. Empregou-se colimador de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, &#243;rbita de 360&#186;, com 96 proje&#231;&#245;es e 30 segundos por proje&#231;&#227;o, matriz de 64 x 64 pixels, com aquisi&#231;&#227;o de contagens na energia de 140 keV do tecn&#233;cio-99m e janela de voltagem de 15%. As imagens foram reconstru&#237;das nos planos ortogonais (axial, coronal e sagital), usando reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativa com cinco itera&#231;&#245;es. Considerando o per&#237;odo de positividade de capta&#231;&#227;o do pirofosfato, o exame p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi realizado at&#233; o s&#233;timo dia ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Naqueles casos em que houve descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, impedindo o transporte para o setor de medicina nuclear, nesse intervalo de tempo, o exame p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o foi realizado. A decis&#227;o quanto &#224; possibilidade do transporte ficou a crit&#233;rio dos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pelos cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi feita por consenso de dois observadores (M.I., J.C.M.), sem o conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, assim como dos achados dos demais m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. Compararam-se os exames pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, registrando-se o aparecimento de &#225;reas focais de concentra&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala do radiof&#225;rmaco, depois da cirurgia, seguindo o mesmo modelo de 17 segmentos utilizado para a an&#225;lise das imagens de RMC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As dosagens de CKMB e troponina I foram determinadas com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de kits espec&#237;ficos em sistema anal&#237;tico Immulite<sup>&#174;</sup> 1000 (<italic>Diagnostic Products Corporation</italic>, Los Angeles, CA, EUA). Os valores de refer&#234;ncia desses testes s&#227;o de at&#233; 4,0 ng/ml para CKMB e at&#233; 1,0 &#181;g/L para troponina I. As amostras sang&#252;&#237;neas, para dosagem de CKMB, foram colhidas: antes da cirurgia; a cada 6 horas depois da cirurgia, at&#233; se determinar o pico de eleva&#231;&#227;o; e a cada 24 horas, a partir de ent&#227;o, at&#233; a alta da UTI. As amostras para dosagem de troponina I foram colhidas: antes da cirurgia; a cada 8 horas depois da cirurgia, at&#233; se determinar o pico de eleva&#231;&#227;o; e a cada 24 horas, a partir de ent&#227;o, at&#233; a alta da UTI. Em dois casos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a coleta seriada de troponina depois da cirurgia por motivos operacionais. Considerou-se significativa uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores maior do que cinco vezes o limite superior da normalidade<sup>17</sup>, tanto para CKMB como para troponina I.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi elaborada com o aux&#237;lio do programa SPSS <italic>for Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 10.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas descritas como freq&#252;&#234;ncias. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico de IMPO entre a RMC e a CM, empregou-se o teste de McNemar, e a concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos foi verificada com a estat&#237;stica kappa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dezenove pacientes conseguiram completar o estudo. Desses, a maioria (84%) era do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 63 &#177; 10 anos. Em cinco (21%) dos 24 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a execu&#231;&#227;o da CM p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria nos sete primeiros dias depois da cirurgia (per&#237;odo estimado de capta&#231;&#227;o do pirofosfato): quatro, por complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, que impediram o seu deslocamento para o setor de medicina nuclear, e o outro caso, por problemas t&#233;cnicos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi realizado, em m&#233;dia, 16 &#177; 15 dias antes da cirurgia, e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 10 &#177; 8 dias depois. Dos 19 pacientes, 6 (32%) apresentaram novas &#225;reas de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico no VE, no exame p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, inexistentes anteriormente e compat&#237;veis com les&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias. Em sua maioria, essas &#225;reas foram de pequena extens&#227;o e de distribui&#231;&#227;o focal. Apesar disso, em todos os casos com necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de, pelo menos, dez vezes o limite superior do normal dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a09tab01">tab. 1</xref>). De acordo com a an&#225;lise segmentar, em 17 (5,3%) dos 323 segmentos do VE avaliados houve o surgimento de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a09tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0126-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi realizado, em m&#233;dia, 18 &#177; 15 dias antes da cirurgia e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 5 &#177; 2 dias depois. Dos 19 pacientes, 4 (21%) apresentaram &#225;rea de concentra&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala do pirofosfato no VE, no exame p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, indicando necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria. Pela an&#225;lise segmentar, em 7 (2,2%) dos 323 segmentos do VE avaliados houve o surgimento de necrose perioperat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 19 pacientes que completaram o estudo, 11 (58%) apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria significativa de CKMB, e 9 (53%) de 17 pacientes tiveram eleva&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria significativa de troponina I (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a09tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Como j&#225; referido anteriormente, todos os casos com necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria significativa de, pelo menos, dez vezes o limite superior do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico normal dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos. Em um dos pacientes com capta&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria do radiof&#225;rmaco &#224; cintilografia, n&#227;o houve eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de CKMB, assim como n&#227;o foi detectado realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico &#224; RMC. Como pode ser verificado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a09tab01">tabela 1</xref>, em 5 (38%) dos 13 pacientes sem &#225;reas de necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC e em 8 (53%) dos 15 pacientes sem capta&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala do radiof&#225;rmaco, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de CKMB depois da cirurgia. De forma semelhante, em 4 (33%) de 12 pacientes com RMC negativa para IAM perioperat&#243;rio e em 6 (43%) de 14 pacientes com cintilografia negativa para IAM perioperat&#243;rio, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria significativa de troponina I.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De forma geral, houve moderada concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre os m&#233;todos - kappa = 0,46 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a09fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Quatro (21%) casos divergiram, quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de IMPO, entre a RMC e a CM. Em tr&#234;s deles, observou-se necrose perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC, mas n&#227;o foi identificada concentra&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala do pirofosfato &#224; CM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Nesses casos, a massa infartada, medida pela RMC, foi pequena (m&#233;dia de 1,8 g). No outro caso, ocorreu capta&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria do radiof&#225;rmaco, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de nova &#225;rea de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico &#224; RMC. Este paciente n&#227;o evoluiu com eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de CKMB depois da cirurgia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a09tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a09fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0126-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0126-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Embora a RMC tenha revelado IMPO em uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes do que a CM, essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,625). No entanto, considerando a an&#225;lise segmentar do VE, a RMC detectou necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria em uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de segmentos do que a CM (17 [5,3%] <italic>vs</italic> 7 [2,2%]; p = 0,013). Na maioria das vezes, esses segmentos apresentavam pequenas &#225;reas de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico, de distribui&#231;&#227;o predominantemente focal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um dos primeiros estudos a utilizar a RMC, com t&#233;cnica de realce tardio, para a detec&#231;&#227;o de IMPO e a compar&#225;-la com a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica para pesquisa de necrose, com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio-99m. Demonstrou-se uma moderada concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre os m&#233;todos, mas a RMC permitiu a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria em maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A diverg&#234;ncia entre os exames foi observada, principalmente, nos casos com pequenos infartos perioperat&#243;rios &#224; RMC, n&#227;o identificados pela CM. Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a maior resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial da RMC, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel tratar-se de falsos-negativos da cintilografia. A grande eleva&#231;&#227;o (pelo menos dez vezes o valor normal) dos biomarcadores s&#233;ricos, nesses casos, refor&#231;a essa hip&#243;tese. Em estudo experimental, Wagner e cols.<sup>14</sup> compararam a RMC, com t&#233;cnica de realce tardio, com a cintilografia (SPECT), com duplo is&#243;topo (t&#225;lio-201 e sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc), para a detec&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em c&#227;es, utilizando a anatomia patol&#243;gica como refer&#234;ncia. Os m&#233;todos foram equivalentes para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de infartos transmurais, por&#233;m a cintilografia foi inferior &#224; RMC para a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es subendoc&#225;rdicas, de menor extens&#227;o<sup>14</sup>. Provavelmente, essa constata&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; v&#225;lida em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados do presente estudo. Em um caso, houve capta&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria do pirofosfato, sem o surgimento de nova &#225;rea de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico &#224; RMC. Embora n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel descartar resultado falso-negativo desta &#250;ltima, a evolu&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica (aus&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa de CKMB) novamente sugere falha diagn&#243;stica da cintilografia. A persist&#234;ncia do pirofosfato no pool sang&#252;&#237;neo &#233; uma das poss&#237;veis causas de resultados falso-positivos do exame<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a diferen&#231;a, a favor da RMC, tenha ocorrido por causa de pequenas &#225;reas de IMPO, recentemente foi demonstrado, pelo nosso grupo, que pequenas &#225;reas de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria, detectadas pela RMC, t&#234;m repercuss&#227;o sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, em curto e m&#233;dio prazos<sup>19</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias, at&#233; o momento, de que essas pequenas &#225;reas de IMPO determinem pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Por outro lado, em todos os casos com les&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria &#224; RMC, houve grande eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CKMB e troponina I) de, pelo menos, dez vezes o limite normal. Grandes estudos, recentemente publicados, comprovaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de aumentos significativos de CKMB, depois da cirurgia, com um pior progn&#243;stico em longo prazo, havendo maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e menor sobrevida<sup>5,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar desses promissores resultados, &#233; importante reconhecer algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo. A primeira, e principal delas, &#233; a pequena casu&#237;stica, que pode ter encoberto diferen&#231;as entre os m&#233;todos e limitado a magnitude das diverg&#234;ncias observadas. Esse &#233; o caso da diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia de detec&#231;&#227;o de IMPO por paciente, uma vez que o poder do estudo n&#227;o foi suficiente para alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Em segundo lugar, em alguns casos, a cintilografia s&#243; foi realizada no s&#233;timo dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em fun&#231;&#227;o de restri&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, o que pode ter reduzido a sensibilidade do exame. O per&#237;odo, relativamente curto, de positividade da capta&#231;&#227;o do pirofosfato, depois da ocorr&#234;ncia de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, pode restringir sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico de IMPO, uma vez que n&#227;o s&#227;o incomuns instabilidades cl&#237;nicas nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, impossibilitando sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. De fato, neste estudo, quatro pacientes n&#227;o puderam ser transportados para a execu&#231;&#227;o do exame, no prazo determinado de sete dias, e, portanto, n&#227;o realizaram a cintilografia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Uma op&#231;&#227;o seria o uso da cintilografia planar, que pode ser realizada &#224; beira do leito. Contudo, sua sensibilidade &#233; reconhecidamente inferior &#224; da aquisi&#231;&#227;o tomogr&#225;fica (SPECT) para a detec&#231;&#227;o de infartos n&#227;o-transmurais<sup>7</sup>, os mais comuns na situa&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, a prolongada persist&#234;ncia do pirofosfato no pool sang&#252;&#237;neo, verificada em alguns casos, pode ter influenciado a acur&#225;cia dos exames, limitando, parcialmente, a qualidade diagn&#243;stica das imagens.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, &#233; necess&#225;rio salientar algumas limita&#231;&#245;es atuais do exame de RMC, que podem restringir a sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica na situa&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria: tempo prolongado para aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, alto custo, baixa disponibilidade, al&#233;m das contra-indica&#231;&#245;es &#224; sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, relacionadas nos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo. Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica para pesquisa de necrose, em conjunto com os demais par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, continua sendo uma op&#231;&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico de IMPO.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Observou-se moderada concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre a RMC e a CM para a detec&#231;&#227;o de necrose mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria. Houve maior diverg&#234;ncia nos pacientes com pequenas &#225;reas de IMPO &#224; RMC, n&#227;o identificadas pela cintilografia e associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, sugerindo tratar-se, portanto, de resultados falso-negativos da CM. A RMC ainda apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es para o uso rotineiro na situa&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria, mas o aprimoramento da t&#233;cnica de realce tardio mioc&#225;rdico, especialmente com as seq&#252;&#234;ncias tridimensionais de aquisi&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida<sup>21</sup>, poder&#225; ampliar o potencial de aplica&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Guilherme Urpia Monte pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Guilherme Urpia Monte </p>
        <p> SQSW 306, bloco D, ap. 404 - Setor Sudoeste </p>
        <p> 70673-434 - Cruzeiro - DF, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gumonte@cardiol.br">gumonte@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 12/01/07; revisado recebido em 18/02/08; aceito em 25/02/08.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
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          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Magnetic resonance vs technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigraphy in the detection of perioperative myocardial necrosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Perioperative myocardial infarction (POMI) is a complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with a potential prognostic impact. Technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy (MS) is used in the diagnosis of POMI; however it shows a limited sensitivity for subendocardial lesions. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), in turn, has a high accuracy in the detection of myocardial necrosis. OBJECTIVE: To compare CMRI and MS for the detection of POMI after CABG. METHODS: A total of 24 patients with chronic coronary artery disease were studied using the delayed contrast enhanced CMRI and MS before and after CABG by analyzing the development of areas of perioperative myocardial necrosis (POMI). Biochemical markers of myocardial injury (CKMB and troponin I) were also determined before and after surgery. RESULTS: Nineteen patients completed the study. Of these, 6 (32%) presented POMI on CMRI and 4 (21%) on MS (p = NS). Of the 323 left ventricular segments assessed, 17 (5.3%) showed perioperative necrosis on CMRI and 7 (2.2%) on MS (p = 0.013). Moderate agreement was observed between the methods (kappa = 0.46). There was disagreement regarding the diagnosis of POMI in 4 (21%) cases, most of them with small areas of perioperative necrosis on CMRI which were not visualized on MS. In all cases with POMI on CMRI, significant CKMB and troponin I elevations were observed. CONCLUSION: Moderate diagnostic agreement was observed between the methods for the detection of POMI, but CMRI enabled visualization of small areas of perioperative myocardial necrosis which were not identified on MS and were associated with elevation of biochemical markers of myocardial injury.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Comparative studies</kwd>
        <kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>technetium Tc99m pyrophosphate</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</p>
      <p> COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING</p>
      <p><undefined id="cend-body2"/>Magnetic resonance <italic><bold>versus</bold></italic> technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigraphy in the detection of perioperative myocardial necrosis</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Guilherme Urpia Monte; Luciano Ferreira Drager; F&#225;bio Solano de Freitas Souza; Luiz Francisco Rodrigues de &#193;vila; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga Filho; Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado C&#233;sar; Marisa Izaki; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Roberto Kalil Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Perioperative myocardial infarction (POMI) is a complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with a potential prognostic impact. Technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy (MS) is used in the diagnosis of POMI; however it shows a limited sensitivity for subendocardial lesions. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), in turn, has a high accuracy in the detection of myocardial necrosis.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare CMRI and MS for the detection of POMI after CABG.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 24 patients with chronic coronary artery disease were studied using the delayed contrast enhanced CMRI and MS before and after CABG by analyzing the development of areas of perioperative myocardial necrosis (POMI). Biochemical markers of myocardial injury (CKMB and troponin I) were also determined before and after surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Nineteen patients completed the study. Of these, 6 (32%) presented POMI on CMRI and 4 (21%) on MS (p = NS). Of the 323 left ventricular segments assessed, 17 (5.3%) showed perioperative necrosis on CMRI and 7 (2.2%) on MS (p = 0.013). Moderate agreement was observed between the methods (kappa = 0.46). There was disagreement regarding the diagnosis of POMI in 4 (21%) cases, most of them with small areas of perioperative necrosis on CMRI which were not visualized on MS. In all cases with POMI on CMRI, significant CKMB and troponin I elevations were observed.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Moderate diagnostic agreement was observed between the methods for the detection of POMI, but CMRI enabled visualization of small areas of perioperative myocardial necrosis which were not identified on MS and were associated with elevation of biochemical markers of myocardial injury. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Comparative studies; magnetic resonance imaging; myocardial/radionuclide imaging; technetium Tc99m pyrophosphate; myocardial infarction/surgery; myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the advances in surgical techniques and intensive care, perioperative myocardial infarction (POMI) is still a complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with a potential prognostic impact<sup>1-5</sup>. Among the tests used for its diagnosis, technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy (MS) stands out as a noninvasive method able to visualize areas of myocardial necrosis<sup>6</sup>. Despite its good sensitivity in detecting transmural infarction, planar scintigraphy has a low sensitivity in detecting subendocardial infarction, which is the most common type following CABG<sup>7</sup>. The single-photon emission computed tomography technique, better known as SPECT, has a higher sensitivity in detecting subendocardial infarction; however its specificity is also limited<sup>6</sup>. Additionally, the test remains positive for a relatively short time, approximately seven days<sup>7-9</sup>, based on the radionuclide binding to mitochondrial calcium of myocytes affected by the infarction, and this may limit its use within the first postoperative days in clinically unstable patients who cannot be transferred to the Nuclear Medicine department.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), in turn, has become the gold-standard test for visualization of areas of infarction with the delayed myocardial contrast enhancement technique. This method uses a specific sequence performed 10 to 20 minutes after the intravenous administration of gadolinium-based contrast medium; gadolinium is a paramagnetic metal able to enhance the signal intensity of structures in resonance imaging<sup>10</sup>. Through this method, accurate determination of recent or old infarction areas has been possible both in animals and humans, with or without Q-wave on ECG<sup>11</sup>, and even of microinfarctions without electrocardiographic or wall motion changes and mild cardiac enzyme elevation<sup>12</sup>. This technique has a high spatial resolution, higher than that of scintigraphy, and a strong correlation with pathological anatomy in experimental studies in animals<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on these facts, and in light of the lack, to date, of comparative studies between these methods, we conceived this study, whose objective was to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between CMRI and MS for the detection of POMI areas in patients undergoing CABG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between August 2003 and March 2006, 24 adult patients with chronic coronary artery disease followed up in our institution and with indication for coronary artery bypass grafting were studied. All cases underwent conventional coronary angiography, and critical stenosis was observed in at least one coronary artery (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50% for the left main coronary artery and <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% for any of the other arteries). Exclusion criteria were the following: planning of another cardiac surgical treatment in addition to coronary artery bypass grafting (heart valve replacement, for instance); chronic heart arrhythmias that could affect CMRI image acquisition (atrial fibrillation, for instance); and contraindications for magnetic resonance imaging (pacemaker / implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, metallic implants or prostheses not compatible with the imaging test, allergy to gadolinium, and known claustrophobia). The study was approved by the Institution's Ethics Committee and a written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <p>The patients underwent CMRI and MS before and after surgery to evaluate the development of perioperative areas of myocardial necrosis. Biochemical markers of myocardial injury (CKMB and troponin I) were also measured before, and serially after surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The tests were performed in a 1.5 T magnetic MRI scanner (Signa CV/i, General Electric Medical Systems, Waukesha, MN, USA), using a commercially available four-element cardiac-phased array surface coil. For electrocardiographic monitoring and gating, four electrodes were attached to the patient's left anterior chest wall. All tests were obtained with expiratory breath-hold so as to minimize the artifacts resulting from respiratory movements. Initially, acquisitions were made in the three orthogonal planes (axial, sagittal and coronal) to locate the heart. From these preliminary images, the prescription of the delayed myocardial enhancement sequence was planned. Left ventricular (LV) short-axis and long-axis view planes were generated. The short-axis views were acquired with 8-mm width and spaced at 2-mm intervals, in a sufficient number (8 to 12) to cover all the extent of the LV. The long-axis views were planned from the short-axis images, with 8-mm width and spaced at 45&#186; radial intervals, in a total of four views. In order to ensure comparability, the images were acquired in the same view planes before and after surgery. For the assessment of areas of myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, a specific fast gradient-echo sequence with inversion-recovery preparatory pulse was used. The images were acquired approximately 10 to 20 minutes after intravenous administration of 0.2 mmol/kg of gadolinium contrast (gadoteric acid, Dotarem<sup>TM</sup>, <italic>Guerbet, Aulnay Sous Bois</italic>, France), via peripheral venous access, at every two heart beats (RR intervals) and the inversion time was carefully adjusted with the purpose of nulling the normal myocardial signal. The main parameters of this sequence were: TR=7.2 ms, TE=3.2 ms, matrix=256x192 pixels, flip angle=20&#186;, bandwidth=31.2 kHz, TI=150-250 ms, field of view=34-38 cm.</p>
      <p>The images were analyzed using the CineTool version 3.4 program (General Electric Medical Systems) by one observer (G.U.M.) who was blinded to the clinical characteristics of the patients, as well as to the findings of the other diagnostic methods. Only the areas of delayed myocardial contrast enhancement (necrosis / fibrosis) with signal intensity greater than two standard deviations above the mean value of myocardial signal intensity in a remote area considered normal according to a methodology described elsewhere<sup>15</sup> were delimited. The 1.05 g/cm<sup>3</sup> value of myocardial density was used for the calculation of the infarcted mass. POMI was defined as the finding of a new area of delayed myocardial contrast enhancement in the postoperative test that was not present in the imaging test performed before surgery. The segmental analysis followed the pattern of myocardial segmentation recommended by the American Heart Association, which defines the division of the LV in 17 segments: six basal, six mid-cavity, four apical segments, and the apex<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Myocardial scintigraphy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The tests were acquired in tomographic mode (SPECT), on an ADAC Forte dual-headed gamma camera (Philips Medical Systems, Milpitas, CA, USA), approximately three hours after intravenous administration of 740 MBq (20 mCi) of the radionuclide (pyrophosphate-<sup>99m</sup>Tc, supplied by <italic>Instituto de Pesquisas Energ&#233;ticas e Nucleares</italic> - IPEN, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil). During the test, the patients remained in the supine position. A high-resolution collimator was used, 360&#186; orbit, with 96 views and 30 seconds per view, 64x64 pixel matrix, with counting acquisition at the 140 keV photopeak of tecnecium-99m and 15% energy window. The images were reconstructed in the orthogonal planes (axial, coronal and sagittal) using iterative reconstruction with five iterations. Considering the period during which pyrophosphate uptake is positive, the postoperative test was performed up to the seventh day after surgery. In patients who presented clinical decompensation that impeded their transfer to the Nuclear Medicine department within this time interval, the postoperative test was not performed. The decision regarding the possibility of transfer was left to the discretion of the physicians in charge of the postoperative care of the patients.</p>
      <p>Image interpretation was made by a consensus between two observers (M.I. and J.C.M.) who were blind to the clinical characteristics of the patients, as well as to the findings of the other diagnostic methods. The pre and postoperative tests were compared, and the development of focal areas of anomalous radionuclide accumulation after surgery was recorded, following the same 17-segment model used for the analysis of CMR images.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical markers of myocardial injury</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CKMB and troponin I levels were determined using specific kits in the Immulite<sup>TM</sup> 1000 analytical system (Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA). Reference values for these tests are of up to 4.0 ng/mL for CKMB and up to 1.0 &#181;g/L for troponin I. Blood samples for CKMB determination were collected prior to surgery; every six hours after surgery, until the peak elevation was determined; and every 24 hours from then on, until discharge from the ICU. The samples for troponin I determination were collected before surgery; every eight hours after surgery, until the peak elevation was determined; and every 24 hours from then on, until discharge from the ICU. In two cases, blood samples for serial troponin could not be collected after surgery due to operational reasons. Upper limit of normal<sup>17</sup> elevations of biomarkers greater than fivefold were considered significant both for CKMB and troponin I.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was made using the SPSS for Windows version 10.0 program. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and categorical variables were described as frequencies. The McNemar's test was used for comparison of the frequency of the diagnosis of POMI between CMRI and MS, and the kappa statistics was used to verify the agreement between the methods.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Nineteen patients completed the study. Of these, the majority (84%) were males. The mean age was 63 &#177; 10 years. In five (21%) out of the 24 patients included, postoperative MS could not be performed within the seven days following surgery (estimated period of pyrophosphate uptake): four due to clinical complications that impaired their transfer to the Nuclear Medicine department and one case due to technical problems.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The preoperative test was performed on average 16 &#177; 15 days before surgery and the postoperative test, 10 &#177; 8 days after surgery. Of the 19 patients, six (32%) presented new areas of delayed LV myocardial contrast enhancement in the postoperative test that were not previously present, and were compatible with perioperative lesions. Most of these areas were small and had a focal distribution. Despite this fact, a significant elevation of the biochemical markers of at least tenfold the upper limit of normal was observed in all cases with perioperative necrosis on CMRI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a09tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). According to the segmental analysis, development of perioperative myocardial necrosis was observed in 17 (5.3%) of the 323 LV segments assessed.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a09tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0126-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Myocardial scintigraphy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The preoperative test was performed on average 18 &#177; 15 days before surgery and the postoperative test, 5 &#177; 2 days after surgery. Of the 19 patients, four (21%) presented an anomalous LV area of pyrophosphate accumulation in the postoperative test, thus indicating perioperative myocardial necrosis. In the segmental analysis, development of perioperative necrosis was observed in seven (2.2%) of the 323 LV segments assessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eleven (58%) of the 19 patients who completed the study presented significant postoperative CKMB elevation and nine (53%) of 17 patients presented significant troponin I elevation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a09tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). As previously mentioned, all cases with perioperative necrosis on CMRI presented significant postoperative elevation of serum levels of the biochemical markers of at least tenfold the upper limit of normal. On the other hand, in one of the patients who presented postoperative radionuclide uptake on scintigraphy, neither significant CKMB elevation was observed, nor was delayed contrast enhancement detected on CMRI. As can be observed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a09tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, in five (38%) of the 13 patients with no perioperative areas of necrosis on CMRI, and in eight (53%) of the 15 patients with no anomalous radionuclide uptake, significant CKMB elevations were observed after surgery. Likewise, in four (33%) of 12 patients with negative CMRI for perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) and in six (43%) of 14 patients with negative scintigraphy for perioperative MI, significant postoperative troponin I elevations were observed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparison between methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Overall, there was moderate diagnostic agreement between the methods - kappa = 0.46 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a09fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). There was disagreement between CMRI and MS regarding the diagnosis of POMI in four (21%) cases. In three of them, perioperative necrosis was observed on CMRI; however, anomalous pyrophosphate accumulation was not observed on MS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). In these cases, the infarcted mass, as measured by CMRI, was small (mean of 1.8 g). In the other case, postoperative radionuclide uptake was observed despite the absence of new areas of delayed myocardial contrast enhancement on CMRI. This patient did not progress with significant CKMB elevation after surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a09tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a09fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0126-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0126-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Although CMRI had detected POMI in a greater proportion of patients than did MS, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.625). However, considering the LV segmental analysis, CMRI detected perioperative myocardial necrosis in a significantly greater proportion of segments than did MS (17 [5.3%] versus 7 [2.2%]; p = 0.013). In most of the cases, these segments presented small areas of delayed myocardial contrast enhancement with a predominantly focal distribution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is one of the first studies to use delayed contrast enhanced CMRI for the detection of POMI, and to compare this technique with technetium-99m pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy for the detection of necrosis. A moderate diagnostic agreement was demonstrated between the two methods, but CMRI allowed the visualization of areas of perioperative myocardial necrosis in a greater proportion of patients and of left ventricular segments.</p>
      <p>Disagreement between the tests was mainly observed in the cases with small perioperative infarctions on CMRI not identified on MS. Taking the greater spatial resolution of CMRI into consideration, these were more likely false-negative results of scintigraphy. This hypothesis is supported by the significant elevation (at least tenfold the normal limit) of serum biomarkers observed in these cases. In an experimental study, Wagner et al<sup>14</sup> compared delayed contrast-enhanced CMRI with dual (thalium-201 and sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc) scintigraphy (SPECT) for the detection of myocardial infarction in dogs, using pathological anatomy as a reference. The methods were similar for the identification of transmural infarction; however, scintigraphy was less accurate than CMRI in detecting smaller subendocardial infarcts<sup>14</sup>. This is probably also valid in relation to the results found in the present study. Postoperative pyrophosphate uptake was observed in one case without the development of a new area of delayed myocardial contrast enhancement on CMRI. Although a false-negative CMRI result could not be ruled out, the progression of the biochemical markers (absence of significant CKMB elevation) once again suggests diagnostic failure of scintigraphy. Pyrophosphate persistence in the blood pool is one of the possible causes of false-positive results of this test<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the difference, in favor of CMRI, had occurred in function of small POMI areas, our group has recently demonstrated that small perioperative areas of myocardial necrosis as detected by CMRI have a short and mid-term impact on the LV systolic function<sup>19</sup>. However, there is no evidence, to date, that these small POMI areas determine a poorer clinical outcome. On the other hand, in all cases with perioperative injury on CMRI, a significant elevation of serum levels of biochemical markers of myocardial injury (CKMB and troponin I) of at least tenfold the normal limit was observed. Large studies recently published proved the association of significant increases in CKMB after surgery with a poorer long-term prognosis, with higher incidence of cardiovascular events and lower survival<sup>5,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite these encouraging results, some limitations of the present study have to be recognized. The first and major limitation is the small case series, which may have masked differences between the methods and limited the magnitude of the disagreements observed. This is the case of the difference regarding the frequency of detection of POMI per patient, since the power of the study was not wide enough to reach statistical significance. Second, in some cases, scintigraphy could only be performed on the seventh postoperative day due to clinical restrictions of the patients, which may have reduced the test sensitivity. The relatively short period during which pyrophosphate uptake is positive following the occurrence of myocardial necrosis may limit its utilization for the diagnosis of POMI, since clinical instability is not uncommon on the first postoperative days, thus impeding the performance of the test. In fact, in this study, four patients could not be transferred to the place where the test was performed within the predetermined period of seven days and, therefore, they did not undergo postoperative scintigraphy. An option would be the use of planar scintigraphy, which can be performed at bedside. However, its sensitivity is known to be lower than that of tomographic acquisition (SPECT) for the detection of non-transmural infarcts<sup>7</sup>, which are the most common in the perioperative setting. Also, the prolonged pyrophosphate persistence in the blood pool verified in some cases may have influenced the accuracy of the tests, thus partially limiting the diagnostic quality of the images.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is necessary to underscore some current limitations of CMRI, which can reduce its clinical applicability in the perioperative setting: prolonged time for image acquisition, high costs and low availability, in addition to the contraindications to its performance, which were listed in the exclusion criteria of this study. Under these conditions, myocardial scintigraphy for the detection of necrosis, along with the other clinical parameters, remains an option for the diagnosis of POMI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Moderate diagnostic agreement was observed between CMRI and MS in detecting perioperative myocardial necrosis. Greater disagreement was observed in patients with small POMI areas on CMRI that were not identified on scintigraphy and were associated with the elevation of biochemical markers of myocardial injury, thus suggesting that these were false-negative MS results. CMRI still shows some limitations regarding its routine use in the perioperative setting. However, the improvement of the delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced technique, especially with three-dimensional sequences of fast acquisition<sup>21</sup> may broaden the potential of application of this method in the assessment of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Guilherme Urpia Monte, from <bold><italic>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</italic></bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
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