<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mtDJHgbh5HVdbQyzcZCBLKf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva (PEEP) e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal sobre o n&#237;vel de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taniguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Utino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Park</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Velasco</surname>
            <given-names>Irineu Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soriano</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>119</fpage>
      <lpage>125</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o associada com pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes s&#233;pticos. Existe um grande interesse em descobrir um marcador biol&#243;gico da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes s&#233;pticos. OBJETIVO: Procuramos determinar os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico. M&#201;TODOS: Realizamos um estudo prospectivo em pacientes com sepse grave/choque s&#233;ptico internados na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universit&#225;rio. Determinamos os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de sepse grave/choque s&#233;ptico. Analisamos a taxa de mortalidade e a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, hemodin&#226;micas e respirat&#243;rias. RESULTADOS: Vinte e tr&#234;s pacientes (9 mulheres e 14 homens) com idades entre 20 e 79 anos (m&#233;dia de 51,3&#177;18,6) e &#237;ndice APACHE 22,6&#177;11,8 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo; 15 pacientes (65,2%) foram monitorados com cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar e 20 (87%) foram submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B estava inversamente relacionado com a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva e diretamente relacionado com a creatinina (beta 0,548 e 0,377, p 0,02 e 0,002, respectivamente), mas n&#227;o com mortalidade ou com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e hemodin&#226;micos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este &#233; o primeiro relato de rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico. Nesses casos, o BNP e o n&#237;vel de creatinina devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Respira&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva</kwd>
        <kwd>pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B</kwd>
        <kwd>choque</kwd>
        <kwd>sepse</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> TERAPIA INTENSIVA CARDIOL&#211;GICA</p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia da press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva (PEEP) e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal sobre o n&#237;vel de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Victor Sarli Issa<sup>II</sup>; Leandro Utino Taniguchi<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Park<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Monteiro Cruz<sup>I</sup>; Edimar Alcides Bocchi<sup>II</sup>; Irineu Tadeu Velasco<sup>I</sup>; Francisco Soriano<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o associada com pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes s&#233;pticos. Existe um grande interesse em descobrir um marcador biol&#243;gico da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes s&#233;pticos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Procuramos determinar os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Realizamos um estudo prospectivo em pacientes com sepse grave/choque s&#233;ptico internados na unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universit&#225;rio. Determinamos os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de sepse grave/choque s&#233;ptico. Analisamos a taxa de mortalidade e a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, hemodin&#226;micas e respirat&#243;rias. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Vinte e tr&#234;s pacientes (9 mulheres e 14 homens) com idades entre 20 e 79 anos (m&#233;dia de 51,3&#177;18,6) e &#237;ndice APACHE 22,6&#177;11,8 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo; 15 pacientes (65,2%) foram monitorados com cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar e 20 (87%) foram submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B estava inversamente relacionado com a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva e diretamente relacionado com a creatinina (beta 0,548 e 0,377, p 0,02 e 0,002, respectivamente), mas n&#227;o com mortalidade ou com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e hemodin&#226;micos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este &#233; o primeiro relato de rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico. Nesses casos, o BNP e o n&#237;vel de creatinina devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Respira&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B, choque, sepse, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sepse &#233; uma causa freq&#252;ente de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidades de terapia intensiva. S&#243; nos Estados Unidos, &#233; respons&#225;vel por 200.000 mortes por ano<sup>1</sup>. Disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o que acomete at&#233; 50% dos pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico<sup>2,3</sup>. Nesses pacientes, acredita-se que a depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica desempenhe um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento de hip&#243;xia tecidual e disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica, e est&#225; associada com pior progn&#243;stico apesar dos avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos alcan&#231;ados<sup>4</sup>. Existem controv&#233;rsias sobre as raz&#245;es que levam &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes s&#233;pticos, como subst&#226;ncias cardiodepressoras circulantes, aumento da apoptose mioc&#225;rdica e hip&#243;xia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes s&#233;pticos, o suporte cardiovascular &#233; parte fundamental da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica, assim como o monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico. Entretanto, estudos recentes questionaram o valor do uso de cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar (CAP), uma vez que a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar n&#227;o proporcionou benef&#237;cios em termos de sobrevida<sup>5</sup>. Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o que outros m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos de monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico, como ecocardiografia e Doppler esof&#225;gico, exigem um alto grau de treinamento e n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em muitas institui&#231;&#245;es, existe um grande interesse no desenvolvimento de um marcador biol&#243;gico da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca capaz de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas dos pacientes s&#233;pticos.</p>
    <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) &#233; um membro da fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas produzidas pelo cora&#231;&#227;o humano em resposta ao estiramento mioc&#225;rdico que tem propriedades natriur&#233;ticas, diur&#233;ticas e vasodilatadoras<sup>6</sup>. O BNP demonstrou ser um marcador acurado das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ventricular, bem como um importante instrumento diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e de monitoramento para portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>7</sup>, s&#237;ndromes coronarianas<sup>8</sup> e hipertens&#227;o<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesses casos, o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de BNP est&#225; correlacionado com os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, como aumento da press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>. No entanto, estudos sobre o valor do BNP em pacientes em estado cr&#237;tico revelaram resultados conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e mortalidade<sup>11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a exist&#234;ncia de falhas metodol&#243;gicas<sup>12</sup> e a aus&#234;ncia de um n&#250;mero representativo de pacientes s&#233;pticos nesses estudos<sup>13-15</sup> nos impede de tirar conclus&#245;es finais sobre o assunto.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, procuramos determinar o valor progn&#243;stico dos n&#237;veis de BNP em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico, bem como a influ&#234;ncia de diferentes par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, hemodin&#226;micos e respirat&#243;rios nos n&#237;veis de BNP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes internados consecutivamente na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de um hospital universit&#225;rio entre mar&#231;o de 2004 e fevereiro de 2006 foram examinados quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de sepse grave ou choque s&#233;ptico de acordo com as diretrizes atuais<sup>16</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo foram idade acima de 18 anos e diagn&#243;stico de sepse grave ou choque s&#233;ptico como motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI ou como complica&#231;&#227;o durante a perman&#234;ncia nessa unidade. Todos os participantes, ou seus parentes mais pr&#243;ximos, assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com um dos seguintes quadros: hemorragia intracraniana, terapia renal substitutiva, evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia atual ou pr&#233;via, sindromes coronarianas ou status p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de grave sepse/choque s&#233;ptico. O estado de cada paciente no momento da alta na UTI foi registrado.</p>
    <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo conselho de &#233;tica local. A decis&#227;o sobre o uso de monitoramento invasivo com cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar e as decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o foram influenciadas pelos pesquisadores, ficando a cargo da equipe da UTI.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ficha de anamnese, os exames f&#237;sicos e o prontu&#225;rio dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram revisados. A gravidade da doen&#231;a foi avaliada de acordo com o &#237;ndice APACHE II (<italic>Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II</italic>)<sup>17</sup>. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas foram: dados demogr&#225;ficos, balan&#231;o h&#237;drico e taxa de mortalidade na UTI. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue arterial para an&#225;lise de gasometria, pH, excesso de base e bicarbonato. Outra amostra de sangue foi retirada de uma veia central no pesco&#231;o para exames de rotina de s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, creatinina, BUN, hemoglobina, contagem de leuc&#243;citos e contagem de plaquetas. Parte dessa amostra de sangue era imediatamente centrifugada e armazenada em tubos de pl&#225;stico a -70&#186; C para an&#225;lise futura. Em abril de 2006, essas amostras foram usadas para dosagem dos n&#237;veis de BNP. Realizamos um imunoensaio enzim&#225;tico de micropart&#237;culas (MEIA - Abbott Diagnostics) cujo limite superior de detec&#231;&#227;o de BNP &#233; de 4000 pg/ml.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e respirat&#243;rias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No momento da coleta de sangue foram registradas as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e respirat&#243;rias, como freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial, press&#227;o venosa central, press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva e rela&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio/fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio (PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub>). A press&#227;o arterial foi medida tanto por m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo como invasivo, por meio da inser&#231;&#227;o de um cateter na art&#233;ria radial ou femoral. A press&#227;o venosa central foi medida por meio de um cateter inserido em uma veia central. Todas as press&#245;es foram medidas com o paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal, tomando-se como n&#237;vel de refer&#234;ncia zero a linha axilar m&#233;dia. Em pacientes monitorados com CAP foram obtidas tamb&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es sobre press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o de capilar pulmonar, resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica<sup>18</sup> e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (determinado em triplicata pela t&#233;cnica de termodilui&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos pacientes submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, a press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva (PEEP) foi titulada at&#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o da oxigena&#231;&#227;o ideal, o volume corrente foi mantido em at&#233; 6 ml por quilo de peso corporal e a press&#227;o de suporte foi mantida em menos de 20 cm de &#225;gua acima do valor da PEEP. Foram empregadas manobras de recrutamento a crit&#233;rio da equipe m&#233;dica da UTI; o BNP n&#227;o foi dosado nem durante, nem imediatamente antes nem ap&#243;s as manobras de recrutamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste <italic>t </italic>de <italic>Student</italic> foi aplicado para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para verificar desvios da distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana. Os dados do BNP sofreram transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, promovendo, assim, a normalidade. As vari&#225;veis discretas foram analisadas utilizando-se uma tabela 2x2 e o teste exato de Fisher. Para verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre as vari&#225;veis do estudo foi empregado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla sequencial. Valores de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05 (bicaudal) foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. As an&#225;lises foram feitas com aux&#237;lio do programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 12.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte e tr&#234;s pacientes (9 mulheres e 14 homens) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes est&#227;o relacionadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>; nove pacientes receberam alta da UTI com vida (mortalidade na UTI = 60,9%). Os pacientes que n&#227;o sobreviveram eram mais idosos, tinham escore APACHE mais alto, balan&#231;o h&#237;drico mais positivo, n&#237;veis mais elevados de creatinina e lactato e n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">3</xref>). Quinze pacientes (65,2%) foram monitorados com cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar, e os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref>. Sete pacientes (30,4%) tiveram s&#237;ndrome de ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria aguda e seis (26,1%) tiveram les&#227;o pulmonar aguda. O local da infec&#231;&#227;o foi determinado em 17 casos por meio de exames cl&#237;nicos e microbiol&#243;gicos; em seis pacientes, o local da infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi estabelecido, sendo que cinco desses pacientes apresentaram algum grau de imunodepress&#227;o (doen&#231;a reumatol&#243;gica em um paciente, leucemia aguda em dois pacientes, linfoma em um paciente e mielodisplasia em um paciente). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Durante o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI, pelo menos uma vez foi feita a coleta dos dados de BNP e par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e respirat&#243;rios dos pacientes. Dezesseis pacientes foram submetidos a uma segunda an&#225;lise no dia seguinte, e os dados de sete deles foram coletados tamb&#233;m em um prazo de 24 horas ap&#243;s a segunda coleta. Ao todo, foram realizadas 46 an&#225;lises em 23 pacientes durante tr&#234;s dias consecutivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Tabela 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de BNP foi de 280,3 &#177; 286,2; o n&#237;vel de BNP foi de 261,7 &#177; 220,7 pg/ml no primeiro dia, 275,3 &#177;. 279,6 pg/ml no segundo dia e 352,6 &#177; 482,6 pg/ml no terceiro dia (<italic>p</italic> = 0,9). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante nos n&#237;veis de BNP em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo (181,5 &#177; 2,6 pg/ml em homens e 203.2 &#177; 1.9 pg/ml em mulheres), &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de dobutamina (194,1 &#177; 2,6 pg/ml nos que receberam <italic>vs </italic>162,3 &#177; 2,6 pg/ml nos que n&#227;o receberam dobutamina), &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de norepinefrina (207.5&#177;2.9 pg/ml nos que receberam<italic> vs </italic>149,3 &#177;1,9 pg/ml nos que n&#227;o receberam norepinefrina), &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (191,4 &#177; 2,7 pg/ml nos que n&#227;o receberam e 130,3 &#177; 1.8 pg/ml nos que n&#227;o receberam ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica) ou &#224; mortalidade na UTI (173,8 &#177; 1,8 pg/ml nos que sobreviveram <italic>vs</italic> 199.5&#177;2.7 pg/ml nos que n&#227;o sobreviveram).</p>
    <p>Os resultados das an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tabela 5</xref>. Esses resultados indicam que os n&#237;veis de BNP apresentaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com os n&#237;veis de PEEP e uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os n&#237;veis de creatinina, mas n&#227;o com os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostra que os valores de BNP s&#227;o elevados em paciente com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico, e tamb&#233;m que est&#227;o correlacionados com os valores da PEEP e da creatinina. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro relado da exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e uma vari&#225;vel respirat&#243;ria, a saber, a PEEP. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com os relatados por estudos anteriores, indicando que os n&#237;veis de BNP s&#227;o elevados em pacientes s&#233;pticos<sup>19-22</sup>. O primeiro desses estudos analisou 17 pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico. Todos foram submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e tratados com medicamentos vasopressores; apesar do aumento observado nos n&#237;veis de BNP, a valor absoluto do BNP foi muito baixo (12,4 &#177; 3,6 pg/ml <italic>vs</italic> 5,5 &#177; 0,7 pg/ml)<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os estudos subseq&#252;entes detectaram n&#237;veis de BNP de 95pg/ml a 905pg/m<sup>23-25,</sup> dependendo do estado do paciente. A maioria dos estudos relatou valores de BNP entre 200 e 500 pg/ml<sup>15</sup>, que confirmam nossos achados.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, nem as press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular nem o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco foram associados com os n&#237;veis de BNP. De acordo com a maioria dos estudos, os valores de BNP dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#227;o correlacionados com as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas<sup>12-14</sup>. Entretanto, relatos recentes sobre a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dosagem de NT-proBNP e a press&#227;o de enchimento cont&#237;nua em pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica mudaram essa cren&#231;a. Em pacientes s&#233;pticos, os dados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o conflitantes<sup>22</sup>. Dois estudos analisaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Em um estudo de 34 pacientes consecutivos com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico, o n&#237;vel de BNP foi mais alto naqueles tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, definida como &#225;rea de contra&#231;&#227;o inferior a 50%<sup>24</sup>; outro estudo constatou que o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP estava correlacionado com a gravidade da redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (classificada como leve, moderada e grave), determinada por ecocardiografia<sup>23</sup>. Existem pouqu&#237;ssimos dados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas obtidas por meio de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Em um estudo-piloto realizado com 17 pacientes, os autores descobriram que o BNP estava inversamente relacionado com o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (r = 0,56; <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0,05)<sup>16</sup>. Entretanto, em outro estudo que comparou os n&#237;veis de pro-BNP em 24 pacientes com sepse grave, choque s&#233;ptico e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o n&#237;vei do pept&#237;deo foi semelhante entre os grupos, apesar dos diferentes padr&#245;es hemodin&#226;micos<sup>25</sup>. Mais recentemente, um estudo prospectivo<sup>23</sup> de 22 pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico, 11 pacientes com sepse grave e 20 volunt&#225;rios sadios determinou os n&#237;veis de BNP nos dias 1, 2 e 4. Os n&#237;veis de BNP foram acentuadamente elevados nos pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico/sepse grave, comparado com os controles; apenas os valores de BNP obtido no segundo dia dos pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico estavam significantemente correlacionados com as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, como press&#227;o do &#225;trio direito, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, &#237;ndice de trabalho sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e com pior progn&#243;stico. Juntos, os dados atuais n&#227;o garantem a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o previs&#237;vel entre os valores de BNP e as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas. </p>
    <p>Outros mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, al&#233;m da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, podem ter influenciado os resultados obtidos neste estudo, como a depura&#231;&#227;o do BNP e os n&#237;veis de citocina. Acredita-se que as citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias possam elevar os n&#237;veis de BNP, e que a remo&#231;&#227;o da citocina possa reduzir os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos desse pept&#237;deo<sup>26</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, as vias endoteliais envolvidas na depura&#231;&#227;o do BNP podem ser inibidas em pacientes s&#233;pticos<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo analisou ainda a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e as vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias, ou seja, a PEEP e a rela&#231;&#227;o PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub>. Nossos achados indicam a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre BNP e PEEP. Em nosso estudo, os pacientes foram submetidos a n&#237;veis de PEEP maiores do que os relatados por outros estudos<sup>24</sup>; essa peculiaridade do tratamento pode ter revelado uma associa&#231;&#227;o nunca relatada antes. Sabe-se que a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica exerce diversas influ&#234;ncias sobre o sistema vascular<sup>25</sup>, e partimos do princ&#237;pio que a PEEP podia determinar um n&#237;vel mais baixo de BNP por meio de redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o transmioc&#225;rdica. Press&#227;o transmioc&#225;rdica &#233; definida com o gradiente de press&#227;o entre a c&#226;mara ventricular e a press&#227;o aplicada &#224; superf&#237;cie do cora&#231;&#227;o (considerada aproximadamente a press&#227;o pleural); quanto mais alto o gradiente de press&#227;o, maior a sobrecarca mioc&#225;rdica. O aumento da press&#227;o pleural pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de PEEP pode reduzir o gradiente transmioc&#225;rdico e, conseq&#252;entemente, melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e diminuir o estiramento mioc&#225;rdico<sup>28</sup>. At&#233; o momento, a natureza fisiopatol&#243;gica da associa&#231;&#227;o entre BNP e PEEP ainda est&#225; no &#226;mbito da especula&#231;&#227;o e requer uma demonstra&#231;&#227;o rigorosa.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo encontrou tamb&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre BNP e creatinina. Constatou-se que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal t&#234;m n&#237;veis elevados de BNP<sup>26</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, um bra&#231;o do estudo <italic>B-type Natriuretic Peptide for Acute Shortness of Breath Evaluation</italic> revelou que portadores de doen&#231;a renal tinham n&#237;veis mais elevados de BNP do que os pacientes que n&#227;o tinham essa doen&#231;a<sup>27</sup>. Estudos realizados com pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva tamb&#233;m relatam n&#237;veis mais altos de BNP em portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>28-30</sup>. Entretanto, h&#225; uma escassez de dados espec&#237;ficos sobre pacientes s&#233;pticos. Alguns autores relataram a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e creatinina em pacientes com sepse grave<sup>23</sup>. Em pacientes s&#233;pticos, aAcreditamos que a influ&#234;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o renal sobre os n&#237;veis de BNP deva ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da dosagem desse pept&#237;deo.</p>
    <p>Por fim, encontramos n&#237;veis semelhantes de BNP nos pacientes que sobreviveram e nos que foram a &#243;bito. Portanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre BNP e o progn&#243;stico. Outros autores constataram um impacto progn&#243;stico do BNP<sup>17,30</sup>. Em contrapartida, um recente estudo que analisou 78 pacientes internados em uma UTI geral (35 com sepse) revelou um n&#237;vel mais elevado de BNP nos pacientes que sobreviveram do que nos que morreram. Quando a an&#225;lise foi restringida aos pacientes com sepse, a mesma tend&#234;ncia foi observada<sup>31</sup>. Outros estudos n&#227;o obtiveram nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos n&#237;veis de BNP em pacientes em estado cr&#237;tico<sup>32</sup>. Os dados dispon&#237;veis atualmente n&#227;o corroboram a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora os n&#237;veis de BNP encontrados no nosso estudo sejam compat&#237;veis com os relatados na literatura, este n&#227;o foi um estudo controlado e, al&#233;m disso, foi realizado com um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes. As dosagens de BNP foram feitas at&#233; o terceiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI, o que significa que informa&#231;&#245;es de diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise. Devido ao n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, algumas diferen&#231;as (como mortalidade e a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas) podem ter sido subestimadas. Nosso estudo avaliou um grupo de pacientes s&#233;pticos de alto risco, como demonstra o n&#250;mero elevado de pacientes que necessitaram de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e a alta taxa de mortalidade observada; portanto, &#233; preciso ter cuidado ao extrapolar esses resultados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, a inclus&#227;o de dosagens repetidas dos mesmos pacientes na an&#225;lise agrupou dados de diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a, aumentando, assim, a heterogeneidade das nossas vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados indicam que os n&#237;veis de BNP s&#227;o elevados em pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico e sepse grave. Al&#233;m do mais, os n&#237;veis de BNP s&#227;o influenciados por interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas (como o n&#237;vel de PEEP) e comorbidades (como indica a associa&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de creatinina), mas n&#227;o por par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Esses achados sugerem que, em pacientes com sepse grave e choque s&#233;ptico, a influ&#234;ncia do n&#237;vel de PEEP deve ser levada em conta na interpreta&#231;&#227;o das dosagens de BNP. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Victor Sarli Issa </p>
        <p> Avenida Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 1&#186; andar, bloco I - Cerqueira Cesar </p>
        <p> 05403-900 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="victorissa@cardiol.br">victorissa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/07/07; revisado recebido em 06/09/07; aceito em 08/10/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Positive end-expiratory pressure and renal function influence B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Myocardial dysfunction is a complication associated with a poor prognosis in septic patients. A biomarker of cardiac function providing prognostic information is of paramount interest. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. METHODS: We performed a prospective study in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock in a medical intensive care unit. B-type natriuretic peptide level was determined within 24 hours after the diagnosis of severe sepsis/septic shock. We also analyzed mortality, and presence of association between B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical, hemodynamic and respiratory variables. RESULTS: 23 (9 women; 14 men) patients with ages ranging from 20-79 (mean 51.3&#177;18.6) years old and APACHE score of 22.6&#177;11.8 were included; 15 (65.2%) patients received pulmonary artery catheters, and 20 (87%) were mechanically ventilated. Multivariate analysis disclosed inverse association between B-type natriuretic peptide values with positive end-expiratory pressure values, and direct association with creatinine (beta 0.548 and 0.377, p 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), but not with mortality, clinical and hemodynamic parameters. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on an inverse association between positive end-expiratory pressure and BNP levels in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. BNP and creatinine levels should be taken into consideration when analyzing B-type natriuretic peptide levels in this setting.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Positive-pressure respiration</kwd>
        <kwd>natriuretic peptide, B-type</kwd>
        <kwd>shock</kwd>
        <kwd>sepsis</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac output, low</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</p>
      <p> CARDIAC INTENSIVE THERAPY</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="cend-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Positive end-expiratory pressure and renal function influence B-Type natriuretic peptide in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Victor Sarli Issa<sup>II</sup>; Leandro Utino Taniguchi<sup>I</sup>; Marcelo Park<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Monteiro Cruz<sup>I</sup>; Edimar Alcides Bocchi<sup>II</sup>; Irineu Tadeu Velasco<sup>I</sup>; Francisco Soriano<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Myocardial dysfunction is a complication associated with a poor prognosis in septic patients. A biomarker of cardiac function providing prognostic information is of paramount interest.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> We sought to determine the value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We performed a prospective study in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock in a medical intensive care unit. B-type natriuretic peptide level was determined within 24 hours after the diagnosis of severe sepsis/septic shock. We also analyzed mortality, and presence of association between B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical, hemodynamic and respiratory variables.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> 23 (9 women; 14 men) patients with ages ranging from 20-79 (mean 51.3&#177;18.6) years old and APACHE score of 22.6&#177;11.8 were included; 15 (65.2%) patients received pulmonary artery catheters, and 20 (87%) were mechanically ventilated. Multivariate analysis disclosed inverse association between B-type natriuretic peptide values with positive end-expiratory pressure values, and direct association with creatinine (beta 0.548 and 0.377, p 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), but not with mortality, clinical and hemodynamic parameters.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This is the first report on an inverse association between positive end-expiratory pressure and BNP levels in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. BNP and creatinine levels should be taken into consideration when analyzing B-type natriuretic peptide levels in this setting. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Positive-pressure respiration; natriuretic peptide, B-type; shock; sepsis; cardiac output, low.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sepsis is a frequent cause of patient admission in intensive care units, accounting for over 200,000 deaths per year in the United States<sup>1</sup> alone. The occurrence of myocardial dysfunction is a long known complication in septic patients occurring in up to 50% of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock<sup>2,3</sup>. In this setting, myocardial depression is presumed to play a central role in the development of tissue hypoxia and multiple organ dysfunction and is associated with poor prognosis despite advances in therapy<sup>4</sup>. There is no consensus as to the possible reasons for the occurrence of myocardial dysfunction in septic patients. These include circulating myocardial depressant substances, increased myocardial apoptosis, and myocardial hypoxia.</p>
      <p>In this setting, cardiovascular support is a pivotal part of current treatment strategy, and hemodynamic monitoring is considered crucial in septic patients. However, the value of the use of pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) has been questioned by recent studies, as no survival benefit could be demonstrated from PAC-guided therapy<sup>5</sup>. Considering that other methods of non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring, such as echocardiography or esophageal Doppler monitoring, require a high degree of training, and are not promptly available in many institutions, the development of a biomarker of cardiac function providing prognostic information in septic patients is of paramount interest.</p>
      <p> B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a member of a family of proteins produced by the human heart in response to myocardial stretch that carries natriuretic, diuretic and vasodilating properties<sup>6</sup>. BNP has been shown to be an accurate marker of ventricular systolic and diastolic function, as well as an important diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring tool for patients with heart failure<sup>7</sup>, acute coronary syndromes<sup>8</sup> and hypertension<sup>9</sup>. In these conditions, plasma level of BNP correlates with hemodynamic data, such as elevation of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, elevation of the left-ventricle end-diastolic pressure and reduction in the ejection fraction<sup>10</sup>. However, studies on the value of BNP in critically ill patients revealed conflicting results regarding its association with hemodynamic variables, and mortality<sup>11</sup>. In addition, methodological flaws<sup>12 </sup>and the absence of a representative number of septic patients in these studies<sup>13-15</sup> prevent us from drawing final conclusions on the subject.</p>
      <p>Thus, we sought to determine the prognostic value of BNP levels in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, and to study the influence of different clinical, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters on BNP levels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients and methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients consecutively admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital from March 2004 through February 2006 were screened for diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock, according to current guidelines<sup>16</sup>. Inclusion criteria required the diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock either as the reason for ICU admission or as a complication during ICU stay, in patients over 18 years old. Written informed consent from all participants or their closest relative, when appropriate, was required before study entry. Patients were excluded from study if they had one of the following conditions: brain hemorrhage, renal replacement therapy, evidence of current or previous heart disease, acute coronary syndromes, or post-operative status. Patients were included in the study within 24 hours after diagnosis of severe sepsis/septic shock. Patient status at ICU discharge was registered.</p>
      <p>The local ethics committee approved the study protocol. A decision regarding the use of invasive monitoring with pulmonary artery catheter, as well as therapeutic decisions were not influenced by the investigators, and were left to ICU team discretion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients included in the study had their medical charts reviewed as well as their history and physical examination. Severity of disease was quantified by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score<sup>17</sup>. Clinical variables analyzed included demographic data, water balance, and ICU mortality. Arterial blood samples were obtained for gas analysis, pH, base-excess and bicarbonate determinations. Another blood sample was drawn from a central vein in the neck for routine measurements of sodium, potassium, creatinine, BUN, hemoglobin, leucocytes and platelet counts. Part of this blood sample was immediately centrifuged and stored in plastic tubes under -70&#186; C for later analysis; and in April 2006 these samples were used to measure BNP levels. We performed a microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA -Abbott Diagnostics) whose upper limit of detection of BNP is 4000 pg/ml.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic and respiratory variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following hemodynamic and respiratory variables were registered at the time of blood sampling: heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub>). Arterial blood pressure was measured both noninvasively and invasively by catheters inserted into the radial or femoral arteries. Central venous pressure was measured through a catheter inserted into a central vein. All pressures were measured in the supine position, and the zero reference was the middle axillary line. In patients monitored with PAC, information on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic vascular resistance<sup>18</sup>, and cardiac index (as determined by thermodilution technique in triplicate) were also recorded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mechanical ventilation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients submitted to mechanical ventilation had the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titrated until optimal oxygenation was achieved, tidal volume was kept up to 6 ml per kilogram, and driving pressures of less than 20 cm of water above PEEP value. Recruiting maneuvers were used at the discretion of the attending team; BNP was not collected during, immediately before or after recruiting maneuvers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Student's <italic>t</italic> test was applied for comparison of means of normally distributed data. Deviations from a Gaussian distribution were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. BNP data were log transformed, thereby promoting normality. Noncontinuous variables were analyzed by use of a 2x2 table and Fisher's exact test. Pearson correlation test was applied for univariate association between variables, and further analysis was performed with a stepwise multiple linear regression. Values of p&lt;0.05 (2 tailed) were considered significant. Tests were performed with SPSS 12.0 software for Windows.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We included 23 patients (9 women and 14 men) in the study. Their clinical characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>; 9 patients were discharged alive from the ICU (ICU mortality 60.9%). Older age, higher APACHE score, increased water balance, higher levels of creatinine and lactate, and lower hemoglobin level were found in non-survivors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">3</xref>). Pulmonary artery catheters were used in 15 (65.2%) patients, and the hemodynamic parameters are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">table 3</xref>. Seven (30.4%) patients had acute respiratory distress syndrome and six (26.1%) patients had acute lung injury. The site of infection was determined on a clinical or microbiological basis in 17 cases; in six patients the site of infection could not be established, and five of these patients had some degree of immunodepression (rheumatological disease in one patient, acute leukemia in 2 patients, lymphoma in 1 patient, myelodysplasia in one patient).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients had BNP, hemodynamic and respiratory data collected at least once during ICU stay. In 16 patients a second analysis was performed the following day; furthermore, in 7 of these patients a third set of data was also collected within 24 hours after the second one. Altogether, 46 analyses were performed in 23 patients during three consecutive days (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mean BNP level was 280.3 &#177; 286.2; BNP level was 261.7 &#177; 220.7 pg/ml on the first day, 275.3&#177;.279.6 pg/ml on the second day, and 352.6&#177;482.6 pg/ml on the third day (<italic>p</italic> = 0.9). There was no statistically significant difference in the BNP levels regarding gender (181.5 &#177; 2.6 pg/ml in men; 203.2 &#177; 1.9 pg/ml in women), dobutamine administration (194.1 &#177; 2.6 pg/ml in those who received dobutamine <italic>vs</italic> 162.3 &#177; 2.6 pg/ml in those who did not), norepinephrine administration (207.5 &#177; 2.9 pg/ml in those who received norepinephrine<italic> vs </italic>149.3 &#177;1,9 pg/ml in those who did not), mechanical ventilation (191.4 &#177; 2.7 pg/ml in those who received mechanical ventilation and 130.3&#177;1.8 pg/ml in those who did not) or ICU mortality (173.8&#177;1.8 pg/ml in survivors <italic>vs</italic> 199.5&#177;2.7 pg/ml in nonsurvivors).</p>
      <p>Results of the univariate and multivariate analysis of the association between BNP values and clinical and hemodynamic variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">table 5</xref>, and indicate that BNP levels were inversely associated with the PEEP level, directly associated with creatinine levels, but not with hemodynamic parameters.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0119-00008-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study shows that BNP values are elevated in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, and correlate with PEEP values as well as creatinine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the existence of an inverse association between BNP levels and a respiratory variable, namely PEEP.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study are in accordance with previous reports, indicating that BNP levels are elevated in septic patients<sup>19-22</sup>. The first of these reports analyzed 17 patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, all of them were mechanically ventilated and received vasopressors. Although an increase in BNP was found, the absolute value of BNP was very low (12.4&#177;3.6pg/ml <italic>vs</italic> 5.5 &#177; 0.7pg/ml)<sup>16</sup>. Following studies found higher levels of BNP, ranging from 95pg/ml up to 905pg/m<sup>23-25</sup>, depending on the patient's status; most studies report BNP values from 200-500pg/ml<sup>15</sup>, which confirms our findings.</p>
      <p>In our study neither ventricular filling pressures, nor the cardiac index were associated to BNP levels. In heart failure patients most studies report that BNP values correlate with hemodynamic variables<sup>12-14</sup>. However, recent reports on correlation between measurements of N-terminal pro BNP and ambulatory filling pressures in outpatients with chronic heart failure have challenged this belief<sup>22</sup>. Data are also conflicting in septic patients as well. Two studies analyzed the correlation between natriuretic peptides levels and echocardiographic variables. In a study with 34 consecutive patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, the level of BNP was higher in patients with myocardial dysfunction, defined as an fractional area contraction of less than 50%<sup>24</sup>. Another study found that NT-proBNP level correlated with the severity of reduction in left ventricular function (classified as slight, moderate and severe) as determined by echocardiography<sup>23</sup>. Data on the association between natriuretic peptides and hemodynamic variables obtained from pulmonary artery catheterization are scarce. In a pilot study with 17 patients, the authors found that BNP was inversely correlated to cardiac index (r=0.56;P&lt;0.05)<sup>16</sup>. In another study, however, that compared the levels of pro-BNP in patients with severe sepsis, septic shock and acute heart failure in 24 patients, the level of the peptide was similar among groups, despite different hemodynamic patterns<sup>25</sup>. More recently a prospective case series study<sup>23 </sup>of 22 patients with septic shock, 11 patients with severe sepsis, and 20 healthy volunteers measured BNP at days 1, 2, and 4. BNP was markedly elevated in patients with septic shock/severe sepsis compared with controls; only BNP on day 2 in patients with septic shock significantly correlated with hemodynamic variables, namely right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, left ventricular stroke work index, and with poor prognosis. Altogether, the current available data does not warrant the existence of a predictable association between BNP values and hemodynamic variables.</p>
      <p>Pathophysiological mechanisms other than myocardial dysfunction may have influenced the results found in the present study, such as BNP clearance and cytokine levels. It has been suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines may raise BNP levels, and that cytokine removal can reduce plasma BNP<sup>26</sup>. Additionally, endothelial pathways involved in BNP clearance may be inhibited in septic patients<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study also analyzed the correlation between BNP levels and respiratory variables, namely PEEP and the PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> ratio. Our findings indicate an inverse correlation between BNP and PEEP. In our study, patients were submitted to an open lung strategy of treatment, and PEEP levels used were high as compared to other reports<sup>24</sup>. This peculiarity of patient care may have disclosed an association never reported before. Mechanical ventilation is known to have multiple influences in the vascular system<sup>25</sup>, and we hypothesize that PEEP may determine a lower level of BNP by reducing transmyocardial pressure. Transmyocardial pressure is defined as the pressure gradient between ventricular chamber and the pressure applied to the heart surface (roughly considered as the pleural pressure); the higher the pressure gradient, the higher the myocardial work load. Increasing pleura pressure by the application of PEEP can reduce transmyocardial gradient and, thus, improve myocardial function and reduce myocardial strech<sup>28</sup>. The pathophysiological nature of the association between BNP and PEEP is, so far, merely speculative and awaits rigorous demonstration.</p>
      <p>Our study also found a correlation between BNP and creatinine. Elevated BNP levels have been found in patients with end-stage renal failure<sup>26</sup>. In addition, a substudy of the B-type Natriuretic Peptide for Acute Shortness of Breath Evaluation trial revealed that patients with kidney disease had higher BNP levels than patients without kidney disease<sup>27</sup>. Studies on patients admitted to intensive care units also report greater BNP levels in patients with impaired renal function<sup>28-30</sup>. However, specific data on septic patients are scarce, some authors reporting significant association of NT-proBNP levels and creatinine levels in patients with severe sepsis<sup>23</sup>. We believe that the influence of renal function on BNP measurement should be taken into account when interpreting BNP levels in septic patients.</p>
      <p>Finally, we found similar levels of BNP in survivors and nonsurvivors. Thus no association could be demonstrated between BNP and prognosis. A prognostic impact of BNP was found by other authors<sup>17,30</sup>. In contrast, a recent study analyzing 78 patients who had been admitted to a general ICU (35 patients with sepsis) revealed higher BNP levels in survivors as compared to nonsurvivors, the same trend being observed when analysis was restricted to the patients with sepsis<sup>31</sup>. Other studies did not find any prognostic information from BNP levels in critically ill patients<sup>32</sup>. Currently available data does not support an association between BNP levels and prognosis in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although the BNP levels we found are in accordance with findings from literature, this is a non-controlled study that enrolled a small number of patients. In addition, BNP measurements were conducted up to the third day after ICU admission, meaning that information from different stages of the disease were included in our analysis. It is possible that due to the relatively small number of patients included in our study, some differences (such as mortality and the influence of hemodynamic variables) may have been underestimated. The present studied evaluated a high risk group of septic patients, as expressed by the high number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation, and high mortality rate; and therefore caution should be taken when considering other populations. Additionally, the inclusion of repeated measurements from the same patients in our analysis and grouped data from different sites of the disease increase the heterogeneity of our variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Taken together, our results indicate that BNP levels are elevated in patients with septic shock and severe sepsis. Moreover, BNP levels are influenced by therapeutic interventions, (namely PEEP level), and by comorbidities (as indicated by the association with creatinine levels), but not by hemodynamic parameters. These findings suggest that the influence of PEEP level should be taken into account when interpreting BNP measurements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
