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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4VMrCRTR5LZ78cxqBxkMqRC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Bel&#233;m, Par&#225;, 2005</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Hilma Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Nilma do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Erly Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Colaborador em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Regi&#227;o Norte </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de Pesquisas Epidemiol&#243;gicas em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>110</fpage>
      <lpage>118</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial constitui um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, atingindo 20% a 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta mundial e 12% a 35% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. OBJETIVO: Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal desenvolvido em 2005, com uma amostra probabil&#237;stica da popula&#231;&#227;o &gt;18 anos de Bel&#233;m (PA), pelo SIMTEL (monitoramento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas por telefone). Considerou-se como vari&#225;vel desfecho: hipertens&#227;o; como vari&#225;vel explanat&#243;ria: excesso de peso; como vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o: idade, escolaridade e caracter&#237;sticas de estilo de vida. As vari&#225;veis associadas com hipertens&#227;o arterial foram analisadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para c&#225;lculo de risco. RESULTADOS: A hipertens&#227;o arterial atingiu 16,2% dos homens e 18,3% das mulheres, e o excesso de peso, 49,3% e 34,0%, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial se associou diretamente com idade e com excesso de peso em ambos os sexos. Para os homens, se associou com consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as e baixo consumo de feij&#227;o; para as mulheres, com estado civil vi&#250;va ou separada e, inversamente, com escolaridade. O risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial aumentou com o peso em ambos os sexos (p&lt;0,001), sendo na obesidade 6,33 vezes maior para os homens e 3,33 para as mulheres, comparativamente ao peso normal. CONCLUS&#195;O: O excesso de peso se associou com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m vari&#225;veis como idade, escolaridade e consumo alimentar interferem nessa associa&#231;&#227;o, de modo a configurar contextos favor&#225;veis &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o ou ao aumento desse risco.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>adultos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> HIPERTENS&#195;O ARTERIAL</p>
    <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso em adultos, Bel&#233;m, Par&#225;, 2005</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hilma Paix&#227;o Borges<sup>I</sup>; Nilma do Carmo Cruz<sup>I</sup>; Erly Catarina Moura<sup>I,II,III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Par&#225; (UFPA), Bel&#233;m, PA - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Centro Colaborador em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Regi&#227;o Norte (CECAN-Norte), UFPA, Bel&#233;m, PA - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>N&#250;cleo de Pesquisas Epidemiol&#243;gicas em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de (NUPENS) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial constitui um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, atingindo 20% a 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta mundial e 12% a 35% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal desenvolvido em 2005, com uma amostra probabil&#237;stica da popula&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline>18 anos de Bel&#233;m (PA), pelo SIMTEL (monitoramento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas por telefone). Considerou-se como vari&#225;vel desfecho: hipertens&#227;o; como vari&#225;vel explanat&#243;ria: excesso de peso; como vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o: idade, escolaridade e caracter&#237;sticas de estilo de vida. As vari&#225;veis associadas com hipertens&#227;o arterial foram analisadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para c&#225;lculo de risco. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial atingiu 16,2% dos homens e 18,3% das mulheres, e o excesso de peso, 49,3% e 34,0%, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial se associou diretamente com idade e com excesso de peso em ambos os sexos. Para os homens, se associou com consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as e baixo consumo de feij&#227;o; para as mulheres, com estado civil vi&#250;va ou separada e, inversamente, com escolaridade. O risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial aumentou com o peso em ambos os sexos (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0,001), sendo na obesidade 6,33 vezes maior para os homens e 3,33 para as mulheres, comparativamente ao peso normal. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O excesso de peso se associou com maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m vari&#225;veis como idade, escolaridade e consumo alimentar interferem nessa associa&#231;&#227;o, de modo a configurar contextos favor&#225;veis &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o ou ao aumento desse risco. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, adultos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; conhecida a crescente preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis nas popula&#231;&#245;es, especialmente obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial. A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, considerada um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em todos os estratos s&#243;cioecon&#244;micos<sup>1</sup>. Estima-se que pelo menos 50 milh&#245;es de norte-americanos sejam hipertensos, e estudos brasileiros t&#234;m mostrado no pa&#237;s preval&#234;ncias entre 12% e 35%<sup>2</sup>. A HA &#233; uma das mais importantes causas de morbidade e mortalidade universais, e um dos mais prevalentes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia renal e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, assim como a obesidade<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A HA possui natureza multicausal e seus principais fatores de risco s&#227;o classificados como modific&#225;veis (estilo de vida, tabagismo, sedentarismo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada e outros), entre eles se evidencia a associa&#231;&#227;o direta com a obesidade e com o excesso de peso<sup>4</sup>. O sexo, a idade e algumas vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas s&#227;o potenciais confundidores da rela&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e press&#227;o arterial, pois essas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o associadas &#224; massa corporal<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudo realizado em 2006, junto &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o adulta das capitais de Estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, apontou 44,1% de excesso de peso, sendo 11,4% de obesidade, e que 21,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o referiram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste artigo, estudamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre presen&#231;a de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso, levando-se em conta vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e de estilo de vida, na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta masculina e feminina de Bel&#233;m (PA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal, a partir dos dados obtidos pelo SIMTEL (sistema de monitoramento de fatores de risco e prote&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis por meio de inqu&#233;rito telef&#244;nico) no ano de 2005. O SIMTEL foi realizado em cinco capitais das macrorregi&#245;es brasileiras e Bel&#233;m foi escolhida para representar a Regi&#227;o Norte. Os procedimentos de amostragem empregados pelo SIMTEL-BEL&#201;M foram os mesmos das outras capitais, que visaram obter amostra probabil&#237;stica da popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com 18 ou mais anos de idade residentes em domic&#237;lios servidos por pelo menos uma linha telef&#244;nica fixa. Foi estabelecido o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de duas mil entrevistas para se estimar com coeficiente de confian&#231;a de 95% e erro m&#225;ximo de cerca de dois pontos porcentuais a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de qualquer fator de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, seguindo a mesma metodologia do SIMTEL-2003, realizado em S&#227;o Paulo<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A primeira etapa da amostragemconsistiu no sorteio de sete mil linhas telef&#244;nicas do cadastro eletr&#244;nico das linhas residenciais fixas existentes no munic&#237;pio de Bel&#233;m, as quais foram re-sorteadas e divididas em 20 r&#233;plicas de 350 linhas ordenadas de 1 a 20, cada r&#233;plica reproduzindo a mesma propor&#231;&#227;o de linhas por regi&#227;o da cidade. A segunda etapa da amostragem consistiu no sorteio dos indiv&#237;duos - um por linha telef&#244;nica - que seriam entrevistados pelo sistema, identificando previamente, dentre as linhas sorteadas, as que eram efetivamente residenciais e que estavam ativas (linhas eleg&#237;veis) e a obten&#231;&#227;o da aquiesc&#234;ncia dos usu&#225;rios dessas linhas em participar do sistema. Foram realizadas at&#233; dez chamadas para cada n&#250;mero na primeira etapa, sendo duas em dia de semana no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, duas no per&#237;odo da tarde, duas no per&#237;odo noturno (at&#233; 21 horas), uma no s&#225;bado de manh&#227;, uma no s&#225;bado &#224; tarde, uma no domingo ou feriado de manh&#227;, e outra no per&#237;odo da tarde. Na segunda etapa tamb&#233;m foram realizadas at&#233; dez chamadas em dias e hor&#225;rios pr&#233;-agendados na primeira etapa ou nos contatos posteriores. Foram consideradas perdas: os n&#250;meros chamados at&#233; dez vezes em que n&#227;o se conseguiu contato para confirma&#231;&#227;o da resid&#234;ncia e sorteio de um morador na primeira etapa ou n&#227;o-contato com o sorteado na segunda etapa. No total foram chamados 3.500 n&#250;meros, sendo 2.918 eleg&#237;veis (resid&#234;ncias confirmadas, n&#227;o atende, ocupado, fax ou secret&#225;ria eletr&#244;nica), houve 205 recusas em participar do estudo e foram conclu&#237;das 2.620 entrevistas, perfazendo 89,9% de taxa de sucesso e 7,0% de recusa.</p>
    <p>A amostra total do banco de dados do SIMTEL-BEL&#201;M foi constitu&#237;da de 2.620 indiv&#237;duos; no entanto, para o presente artigo, por se tratar de estudo de associa&#231;&#227;o, foram exclu&#237;das as mulheres gr&#225;vidas (23 casos), as pessoas que desconheciam o peso e a altura (27 casos), as que desconheciam o peso (39 casos) e as que desconheciam a altura (179 casos), restando 2.352 casos v&#225;lidos.</p>
    <p>A entrevista do SIMTEL &#233; baseada num question&#225;rio com perguntas sobre caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas, padr&#227;o de alimenta&#231;&#227;o e de atividade f&#237;sica, peso e altura auto-referidos, consumo de cigarros e de bebidas alco&#243;licas, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, entre outras. </p>
    <p>Para essa investiga&#231;&#227;o, a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi considerada como vari&#225;vel desfecho e o excesso de peso, como vari&#225;vel explanat&#243;ria. A hipertens&#227;o arterial foi categorizada em sim ou n&#227;o em refer&#234;ncia &#224; exist&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio; o excesso de peso em n&#227;o-excesso de peso, pr&#233;-obesidade e obesidade, conforme os valores do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), calculados a partir do peso em metros dividido pela altura ao quadrado, respectivamente &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 25 a 29 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> ou mais<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>As demais vari&#225;veis independentes, consideradas potencialmente de confus&#227;o, foram: idade (categorizada em seis faixas: 18 a 24, 25 a 34, 35 a 44, 45 a 54, 55 a 64 ou 65 e mais anos), cor (categorizada em dois grupos: branca e amarela ou parda, morena e negra), escolaridade (categorizada em quatro faixas: 0 a 4, 5 a 8, 9 a 11 ou 12 e mais anos de estudo), estado civil (categorizado em tr&#234;s grupos: solteiro, casado ou vi&#250;vo e separado), consumo regular de frutas e hortali&#231;as (considerado <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 dias na semana), de feij&#227;o (considerado <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 dias na semana), de refrigerante (considerado <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 dias na semana), h&#225;bito de consumo de carne com gordura ou frango com pele, consumo abusivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas (considerado &gt; 5 doses para o homem e &gt; 4 doses para a mulher numa &#250;nica ocasi&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias) e refer&#234;ncia a realizar atividade f&#237;sica no lazer (considerado <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 dia na semana) foram categorizadas em sim ou n&#227;o, e h&#225;bito de fumar em tr&#234;s categorias: nunca fumou, fumante atual ou ex-fumante.</p>
    <p>Estimativas da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial segundo as vari&#225;veis independentes foram calculadas separadamente para homens e mulheres. As vari&#225;veis associadas com a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial ao n&#237;vel de <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,05 foram selecionadas para o c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de chance (<italic>odds ratio</italic> bruto) da ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em cada categoria, por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. A seguir, an&#225;lise multivariada foi executada para cada vari&#225;vel com ajuste para as demais vari&#225;veis, objetivando identificar as vari&#225;veis preditoras da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Apenas as vari&#225;veis com <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,05 ap&#243;s ajuste foram introduzidas no modelo final para determinar a raz&#227;o de chance ajustada de hipertens&#227;o arterial, considerando-se intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, por se tratar de entrevista por telefone, o consentimento livre e esclarecido foi substitu&#237;do pelo consentimento verbal obtido por ocasi&#227;o dos contatos telef&#244;nicos com os entrevistados. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo foi composta na sua maioria (60,2%) por indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). Observa-se maior porcentagem de homens na faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem e menor porcentagem de vi&#250;vos ou separados. Os homens apresentaram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de excesso de peso, consumo n&#227;o-regular de frutas e hortali&#231;as, consumo regular de refrigerante, h&#225;bito de consumo de carne com gordura ou frango com pele e consumo abusivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas. As mulheres, por sua vez, apresentaram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de consumo n&#227;o-regular de feij&#227;o e n&#227;o refer&#234;ncia &#224; atividade f&#237;sica no lazer. N&#227;o se encontrou diferen&#231;a entre os sexos para cor, escolaridade e refer&#234;ncia a hipertens&#227;o arterial. A hipertens&#227;o arterial atingiu cerca de 17,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e a pr&#233;-obesidade e a obesidade, 29,9% e 10,2%, respectivamente, totalizando 40,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o com excesso de peso.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref> mostra, para os homens, que a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial aumenta diretamente com a idade; &#233; maior na faixa de menor escolaridade, diminui com o aumento da escolaridade at&#233; a faixa correspondente ao segundo grau, e volta a aumentar na faixa de maior escolaridade; e com o aumento do peso, chegando a atingir 42,5% dos obesos. A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; maior entre os vi&#250;vos e separados do que entre os casados, e maior entre esses do que entre os solteiros. Quanto ao padr&#227;o de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, verifica-se que a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi maior para os que consumiam regularmente frutas e hortali&#231;as e para os que n&#227;o consumiam regularmente feij&#227;o, nem refrigerantes. Foi maior tamb&#233;m para os que j&#225; experimentaram o h&#225;bito de fumar, especialmente os ex-fumantes. Para as mulheres, a hipertens&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m aumentou com o aumento da idade, diminuiu com o aumento da escolaridade e, tamb&#233;m, aumentou com o aumento do peso, chegando a atingir 41,0% entre as obesas. Foi maior entre as vi&#250;vas e separadas do que entre as casadas, e maior entre as casadas do que entre as solteiras. Foi maior com consumo regular de frutas e hortali&#231;as, n&#227;o-h&#225;bito de consumo de carne com gordura ou frango com pele, n&#227;o-consumo abusivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas e h&#225;bito de fumar, especialmente ex-fumantes.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mostrou, para os homens, que apenas a idade, o excesso de peso, o consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as e o consumo de feij&#227;o mantiveram-se associadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, ap&#243;s ajuste para as demais vari&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Para as mulheres, as vari&#225;veis que se mantiveram no modelo foram: idade, estado civil e excesso de peso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab04">tab. 4</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada apenas com as vari&#225;veis anteriormente associadas apontou, para os homens, aumento do risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial com o aumento da idade, a partir de 35 anos, aumento do risco em 80% para os com &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) entre 25 e 29 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e em 533% para aqueles com IMC igual ou maior a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% para os que n&#227;o consumiam regularmente frutas e hortali&#231;as, e aumento de 69% para os que n&#227;o consumiam regularmente feij&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. 5</xref>). Para as mulheres, o risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial aumenta com a idade ap&#243;s os 45 anos, aumentou para as vi&#250;vas ou separadas em 27%, e aumentou com o aumento do IMC em 78% para as mulheres com IMC entre 25 e 29 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e em 114% para as com IMC igual ou maior a 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">tab. 6</xref>). Em ambos os sexos, o excesso de peso mostrou-se o melhor preditor, com potencial de modifica&#231;&#227;o, da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre HA e excesso de peso, e 17,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo referiram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio de HA. Em estudo de base populacional, realizado em 2003 em Bel&#233;m, por visita domiciliar, 18% da popula&#231;&#227;o com 25 anos e mais de idade referiram diagn&#243;stico de HA, sendo 15% em homens e 19% em mulheres<sup>9</sup>. J&#225; em 2006, dados obtidos por telefone, tamb&#233;m de base populacional, mostraram 16,1% de HA em homens e 21,2% em mulheres, em Bel&#233;m<sup>6</sup>. Nosso estudo apontou, respectivamente, 16,2 e 18,3% em homens e mulheres, valores semelhantes aos dois estudos citados, considerando-se o intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224; idade, observamos associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e idade, em conformidade com outros estudos<sup>5,10-15</sup>. Quanto &#224; escolaridade, a associa&#231;&#227;o com preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi inversa, o que concorda com resultados obtidos em alguns trabalhos<sup>12,15-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estado civil tamb&#233;m se mostrou associado &#224; preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, em que os indiv&#237;duos que se disseram vi&#250;vos ou separados e os casados apresentaram preval&#234;ncias maiores quando comparados aos solteiros. Dado semelhante pode ser observado em outro estudo<sup>15</sup>, no qual as solteiras apresentaram menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. Segundo Sawyer e cols.<sup>18</sup>, a presen&#231;a de companheiro ou de la&#231;os familiares est&#225;veis est&#225; relacionada com acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e, conseq&#252;entemente, a uma maior possibilidade diagn&#243;stica de hipertens&#227;o, o que justificaria o achado de maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o nessas classes civis. O estado civil se associa tamb&#233;m com a idade, que por sua vez se associa com a hipertens&#227;o arterial, isto &#233;, as pessoas vi&#250;vas ou separadas s&#227;o mais velhas e tamb&#233;m t&#234;m mais hipertens&#227;o, de modo que estado civil se configura como vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s ajuste para a idade, o estado civil perdeu a associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o arterial para os homens, mas manteve a associa&#231;&#227;o para as mulheres.</p>
    <p>Neste artigo, foi poss&#237;vel verificar aumento significativo da preval&#234;ncia de HA nos indiv&#237;duos que estavam acima do peso, assim como j&#225; comprovado por outros estudos<sup>5,19-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao h&#225;bito alimentar, &#233; conhecida sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o excesso de peso<sup>22</sup>, conseq&#252;ente e possivelmente tamb&#233;m com a hipertens&#227;o. Neste estudo, para os homens, o n&#227;o-consumo regular de feij&#227;o se associou com HA, assim como o consumo regular de frutas e hortali&#231;as. Na comunidade estudada, o consumo de feij&#227;o faz parte da dieta domiciliar, mostrando um maior cuidado com a sa&#250;de, enquanto o consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as atinge apenas 15% dos homens, podendo se configurar como uma vari&#225;vel de causalidade reversa, isto &#233; os hipertensos passaram a consumir esses alimentos em maior quantidade na tentativa de melhorar seu estado de sa&#250;de. Sabe-se que uma das recomenda&#231;&#245;es ao hipertenso &#233; a dieta equilibrada, a qual inclui frutas e hortali&#231;as em maior quantidade do que a usualmente consumida.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao h&#225;bito de fumar verificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o indireta com a HA, na qual os ex-fumantes apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fumantes ou aos que nunca fumaram. Costa e cols.<sup>23</sup> tamb&#233;m constataram preval&#234;ncia maior de HA nos ex-fumantes. Estudo realizado por Jardim e cols.<sup>24</sup> verificou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre HA e abandono do fumo (ex-fumantes), por&#233;m a maior preval&#234;ncia de HA foi verificada entre os n&#227;o-fumantes. Em estudo realizado por Barreto e cols.<sup>25</sup>, maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi encontrada na classe dos que nunca fumaram, seguidos pelos fumantes e ex-fumantes, respectivamente. Lessa e cols.<sup>12</sup> mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial entre os n&#227;o-fumantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fumantes.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para as vari&#225;veis em estudo, observamos que a idade e o excesso de peso se mantiveram associados com hipertens&#227;o em ambos os sexos; consumo de frutas, hortali&#231;as e feij&#227;o apenas para os homens e estado civil apenas para as mulheres. Considerando-se o excesso de peso como vari&#225;vel explanat&#243;ria e as demais como vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, encontramos risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial igual a 1,80 em homens e 2,49 em mulheres na pr&#233;-obesidade e 6,33 e 3,33, respectivamente, para os mesmos sexos na obesidade. Na popula&#231;&#227;o de Fortaleza encontrou-se risco igual a 2,04 e 4,08, respectivamente, nos mesmos estratos antropom&#233;tricos, independentemente do sexo<sup>5</sup>. Em Bambu&#237;, MG, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> de hipertens&#227;o arterial para indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso foi de 2,82, e para os obesos, 4,29, ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda familiar, h&#225;bito de fumar e atividade f&#237;sica<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>De acordo com os dados do <italic>National Health and Examination Survey</italic>, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, &#233; 2,9 vezes maior quando comparada a de indiv&#237;duos eutr&#243;ficos<sup>26</sup>. Considerando ambos os sexos, nossos dados apontam para um <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 2,16 na pr&#233;-obesidade, e 4,26 na obesidade, semelhante aos descritos anteriormente. Cumpre salientar que o <italic>odds ratio</italic> foi utilizado como <italic>proxy</italic> da raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia, que &#233; a medida mais adequada para estudos do tipo transversal, como o nosso, apesar do risco de superestima&#231;&#227;o dos valores, a signific&#226;ncia e a dire&#231;&#227;o das associa&#231;&#245;es normalmente s&#227;o mantidas.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que apesar de o instrumento de coleta de dados (inqu&#233;rito telef&#244;nico) do presente levantamento n&#227;o ter sido o mesmo utilizado nos estudos discutidos, pode-se dizer que ele possui confiabilidade, visto que a cobertura telef&#244;nica atinge um porcentual elevado da popula&#231;&#227;o de Bel&#233;m<sup>6</sup>, levando-se a considerar a amostra utilizada como representativa. Todavia, os valores encontrados para HA precisam ser analisados com cuidado, pois refletem principalmente o acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e n&#227;o a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Conclui-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresenta uma alta preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e de hipertens&#227;o arterial (ainda que possivelmente subestimada), sendo evidente a forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre ambos. Observa-se que o excesso de peso constitui um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial em ambos os sexos, e, embora algumas vari&#225;veis interfiram nesta rela&#231;&#227;o, o excesso de peso mostra-se determinante. Desse modo, o controle do peso mostra-se como principal medida para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de hipertens&#227;o arterial e, conseq&#252;entemente, para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Edital CT-Sa&#250;de/MCT/MS/CNPq n&#186; 30/2004.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso de Hilma Paix&#227;o Borges e Nilma do Carmo Cruz pela Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Par&#225;.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Erly Catarina de Moura </p>
        <p> Avenida General&#237;ssimo Deodoro, 565/1103 </p>
        <p> 66.055-240 - Bel&#233;m, PA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="erly@ufpa.br">erly@ufpa.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/10/07; revisado recebido em 08/01/08; aceito em 15/01/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between hyertension and overweight in adults in Bel&#233;m, state of Par&#225; (Brazil), 2005</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major public health issue affecting 20 to 25% of the global population of adults, and 12 to 35 % of Brazilians. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between hypertension and overweight. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2005 with a probabilistic sampling of the population &gt;18 years of age in Bel&#233;m, capital of the state of Par&#225;, in the Northern region of Brazil, using the telephone surveillance system for chronic diseases (SIMTEL). The dependent variable was hypertension, the explanatory variable was overweight and the confounding variables were age, level of education and lifestyle characteristics. The variables associated with hypertension were run through the regression logistic model and odds ratios were calculated for each variable. RESULTS: Hypertension affected 16.2% of men and 18.3% of women, and overweight affected 49.2% of men and 34.1% of women. The prevalence of hypertension was directly associated with age and overweight in both genders. Among men, hypertension was associated with intake of vegetables and low intake of beans (similar to kidney- and pinto-type beans); as for women, hypertension was associated with marital status (widow or separated), and inversely to education level. The risk of hypertension increased directly with weight for both genders (p&lt;0.001), and it was 6.33 times higher among obese men and 3.33 among obese women as compared to normal-weight subjects. CONCLUSION: Overweight was associated with hypertension. However, variables such as age, education, and food consumption interfere in this relationship, creating circumstances favorable to reducing or increasing that risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hipertension</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>adults</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</p>
      <p> ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION</p>
      <p><undefined id="cend-body2"/>Association between hypertension and overweight in adults in Bel&#233;m, state of Par&#225; (Brazil), 2005</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hilma Paix&#227;o Borges<sup>I</sup>; Nilma do Carmo Cruz<sup>I</sup>; Erly Catarina Moura<sup>I,II,III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Par&#225; (UFPA), Bel&#233;m, PA</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro Colaborador em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Regi&#227;o Norte (CECAN-Norte), UFPA, Bel&#233;m, PA</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>N&#250;cleo de Pesquisas Epidemiol&#243;gicas em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de (NUPENS) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Hypertension is a major public health issue affecting 20 to 25% of the global population of adults, and 12 to 35 % of Brazilians.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between hypertension and overweight.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2005 with a probabilistic sampling of the population <underline>&gt;</underline>18 years of age in Bel&#233;m, capital of the state of Par&#225;, in the Northern region of Brazil, using the telephone surveillance system for chronic diseases (SIMTEL). The dependent variable was hypertension, the explanatory variable was overweight and the confounding variables were age, level of education and lifestyle characteristics. The variables associated with hypertension were run through the regression logistic model and odds ratios were calculated for each variable.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Hypertension affected 16.2% of men and 18.3% of women, and overweight affected 49.2% of men and 34.1% of women. The prevalence of hypertension was directly associated with age and overweight in both genders. Among men, hypertension was associated with intake of vegetables and low intake of beans (similar to kidney- and pinto-type beans); among women, hypertension was associated with marital status (widow or separated), and inversely to education level. The risk of hypertension increased directly with weight for both genders (p&lt;0.001), and it was 6.33 times higher among obese men and 3.33 among obese women as compared to normal-weight subjects.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Overweight was associated with hypertension. However, variables such as age, education, and food consumption interfere in this relationship, creating circumstances favorable to reducing or increasing that risk. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Hipertension, obesity, adults.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The increasing prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases among populations is well known, especially obesity and hypertension. Hypertension is a chronic disease considered a major public health problem across all socioeconomic strata<sup>1</sup>. It is estimated that at least 50 million people in the United States have high blood pressure, and Brazilian studies have shown prevalences from 12% to 35%<sup>2 </sup>in the country. Hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and one of the most prevalent risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accidents, peripheral vascular disease, renal failure, heart failure, as well as obesity<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Multiple causes are involved in the development of hypertension, and its main risk factors (lifestyle, smoking, sedentarism, inappropriate eating patterns and others) are considered modifiable. Among these, a direct association between hypertension and obesity and between hypertension and overweight stands out<sup>4</sup>. Gender, age and certain socioeconomic aspects are potentially confounding variables of the relationship between overweight and hypertension, since they are associated with body mass<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study conducted in 2006 with adult populations of Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District indicated a prevalence of 44.1% of overweight, 11.4% of these were cases of obesity, and 21.6% of the population reported having a prior medical diagnosis of hypertension<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this article, we studied the association between a prior medical diagnosis of hypertension and overweight, taking into account sociodemographic and lifestyle variables among the adult male and female population in the city of Bel&#233;m (state of Par&#225;).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study using data obtained by SIMTEL (surveillance system of risk and protection factors for chronic non-communicable diseases by telephone interview) in 2005. SIMTEL was carried out in five capitals of Brazilian macro-regions and Bel&#233;m was chosen to represent the Northern region. Sampling procedures used by SIMTEL-BEL&#201;M were the same as those used in other capitals, which aimed to obtain a probabilistic sampling of the population <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years old living in households with at least one fixed telephone line. The minimum number of interviews was established as 2,000 in order to estimate with a 95% confidence coefficient and an approximate two percentage point error the frequency of any risk factor in the study population, following the same methodology of the SIMTEL-2003 survey carried out in S&#227;o Paulo<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the first phase of the sampling, 7.000 telephone numbers were drawn from the fixed household telephone catalogue in the city of Bel&#233;m; next, these telephone lines were redrawn and divided into 20 replicas of 350 telephone lines ordered from 1 to 20, each replicas reproducing the same ratio of lines per area of the city. The second phase of the sampling consisted in the random selection of the individuals - one per telephone line - to be interviewed by the system. This phase involved the prior identification, among the lines drawn, of those that were, in fact, household telephones and were in service (eligible lines), and the agreement to participate in the survey. Up to ten phone calls were placed to each number during the first phase: on weekdays, two calls in the morning, two in the afternoon, two at night (up to 9:00 p.m.); on weekends, one on Saturday morning, one on Saturday afternoon, one on the morning of the Sunday or holiday and another in the afternoon. In the second phase, up to 10 calls were also placed on the days and times pre-set in the first phase or through later contacts. The following situations were considered as losses: telephone numbers called up to 10 times with failure to contact for confirmation of a household and selection of a household member in the first phase, or no contact made with the selected person in the second phase. In total, 3,500 telephone numbers were called, 2,918 of which were eligible (confirmed households, no answer, busy, fax or answering machine), 205 people refused to participate in the study, and 2,620 interviews were completed, e.g., an 89.9% success rate and 7.0% refusal rate.</p>
      <p>The total SIMTEL-BEL&#201;M database sample consisted of 2,620 individuals. For the purpose of this article, however, since it is an association study, pregnant women (23 cases), subjects who did not know their weight and height (27 cases), subjects who did not know their weight (39 cases), and those who did not know their height (179 cases) were excluded, leaving 2,352 valid cases.</p>
      <p>The SIMTEL interview is based on a questionnaire consisting of questions on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, eating patterns, self-reported weight and height, smoking status, alcohol bing drinking use, presence or absence of hypertension, among others.</p>
      <p>For the purpose of this investigation, hypertension was considered as the outcome variable, and overweight was considered the explanatory variable. Hypertension was classified as Yes or No, according to prior medical diagnosis; overweight was classified as non-overweight, preobesity and obesity, according to the body mass index (BMI) values calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters, e.g., &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 25 to 29 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or more, respectively<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The other independent variables considered potentially confounders were age (classified in six age groups: 18 to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, or 65 years of age and more), skin color (stratified in two groups: white and yellow or mulatto, light brown skin and black), schooling (stratified in four levels: 0 to 4, 5 to 8, 9 to 11, or 12 and more years of schooling), marital status (stratified in three groups: single, married or widowed and separated), regular intake of fruit and vegetables (<underline>&gt;</underline> 5 times per week), beans [similar to kidney- or pinto-type beans] (<underline>&gt;</underline> 5 times per week), soft drinks (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 times per week), fatty meats or chicken meat with skin, alcohol binge drinking use (&gt; 5 doses for men and &gt; 4 doses for women in at least one occasion in the last 30 days), and physical activity during leisure time (<underline>&gt;</underline> 1 day per week) were stratified as Yes or No, and smoking status was stratified in three categories: never smoked, smoker, or ex-smoker.</p>
      <p>The estimates of hypertension prevalence according to the independent variables were calculated separately for men and women. The variables associated with hypertension at the <italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05 level were selected to calculate the crude odds ratio for the occurrence of hypertension in each category by logistic regression. Next, a multivariate analysis was performed for each variable adjusted for the other variables, aiming to identify the predictors of hypertension. Only the variables with <italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05 values after the adjustment were entered into the final model in order to determine the adjusted odds ratio of hypertension, with a 95% confidence interval.</p>
      <p>In this study, the informed consent form was replaced by a verbal consent obtained during the telephone contacts with the study population. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</italic> of the <italic>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Study population consisted mostly (60.2%) of women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). There is a higher percentage of men in the youngest age group and a smaller percentage of widowed or divorced men. Men had higher frequencies of overweight, non-regular fruit and vegetable intake, regular soft drink intake, the habit of eating fatty meats or chicken with the skin, and alcohol binge drinking use. On the other hand, women had higher frequencies of non-regular intake of beans and no reference to leisure practice of physical activities. No differences were observed between genders as to skin color, schooling level, and references to hypertension. Hypertension affected approximately 17.5% of the study population, whereas preobesity and obesity affected 29.9% and 10.2%, respectively, totalizing 40.1% of the population with overweight.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows that, among men, the prevalence of hypertension increases directly with age; it is higher in the group with less schooling, it decreases with the increase in years of schooling up to the range corresponding to high school, and increases again among people with more years of schooling. Hypertension also increases directly with weight, affecting 42.5% of obese subjects. Hypertension is higher among widowed and separated people than among married people, and it is higher among those who are married than among single subjects.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Hypertension was greater among those who regularly ate fruit and vegetables, and for those who did not regularly eat beans or have soft drinks.</p>
      <p>It was also greater among those who had once experimented tobacco smoking, especially ex-smokers. Among women, hypertension also increased with age, diminished with schooling and increased with weight, and affecting 41.0% of obese women. It was greater among widowed and separated women than among married women, and it was also greater among married women than among single women. It was greater with regular intake of fruit and vegetables, with the non-habit of consuming fatty meats or chicken meat with skin, and with the no alcohol binge drinking use and smoking, especially ex-smokers.</p>
      <p>Logistic regression showed that, among men, only age, overweight, intake of fruit and vegetables, and intake of beans remained associated with hypertension after adjustments for the other variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). Among women, the variables that remained in the model were age, marital status, and overweight (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a07tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a07tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The multivariate analysis using only the variables associated in the bivariate model showed, among men, an increased risk of hypertension starting at the age of 35, an increase of 80% in the risk for those with a BMI between 25 and 29 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and a 533% for those with a BMI equal to or greater than 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, a reduction of 40% for those who did not regularly eat fruit and vegetables, and 69% for those who did not regularly eat beans (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>). Among women, the risk of hypertension increased with age after the age of 45, increased 27% for widows or divorc&#233;es, and 87% with a BMI between 25 and 29 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 114% among women with a BMI equal to or greater than 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6-body2">Table 6</xref>). For both genders, overweight proved to be the best predictor of hypertension with a potential for modification.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0110-00007-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess the association between hypertension and overweight. Medical diagnosis of hypertension was reported by 17.5% of the study population. In a population-based study conducted in 2003 through house calls in Bel&#233;m, 18% of the population aged 25 years and more reported having been diagnosed with hypertension, 15% men and 19% women<sup>9</sup>. In 2006, in another population-based study conducted in Bel&#233;m, data obtained through telephone calls showed that 16.1% of men and 21.2% of women had hypertension<sup>6</sup>. Our study indicated 16.2% of hypertension among men and 18.3% among women, values which are similar to those reported in the two studies cited above considering the confidence interval.</p>
      <p>We observed a direct association between prevalence of hypertension and age, in accordance with other studies<sup>5,10-15</sup>. Regarding schooling, there was an inverse association with the prevalence of hypertension, which is in agreement with the results obtained in several studies<sup>12,15-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Marital status also proved to be associated with the prevalence of hypertension: widowed or separated and married individuals had greater prevalences compared to single individuals. Similar data were reported by another study<sup>15</sup>, where single women showed a lower prevalence of hypertension. According to Sawyer et al<sup>18</sup>, the presence of a partner or stable family ties is associated with access to health care services and, consequently, a greater likelihood of having hypertension diagnosed, which would justify the greater prevalence of hypertension among these subjects. Marital status is also associated with age, which is associated with hypertension, e.g., widowed or separated persons tend to be older and more prone to hypertension, thus representing a confounder variable. After adjustments for age, marital status lost its association with hypertension among men, although it remained among women.</p>
      <p>In this article, a significant increase was noted in the prevalence of hypertension among individuals who were overweight, as had already been reported in other studies<sup>5,19-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The association between eating patterns and overweight is well-known<sup>22</sup>, in addition to its consequent and possible correlation with hypertension. Among the men in this study, the lack of regular intake of beans and the regular intake of fruit and vegetables was associated with hypertension. In the community studied, beans are a regular part of homemade meals, reflecting a greater concern with health, whereas only 15% of men are used to eating fruit and vegetables. This can be considered a reverse causality variable, e.g., hypertensive subjects began to eat greater quantities of these foods in an attempt to improve their health status. One of the known recommendations given to hypertensive patients is a balanced diet that includes greater amounts of fruit and vegetables than the patient would normally eat.</p>
      <p>Regarding smoking, an indirect association with hypertension was observed, in which ex-smokers had a greater prevalence of hypertension as compared to smokers or to those who had never smoked. Costa et al<sup>23</sup> also observed a greater prevalence of hypertension among ex-smokers. A study conducted by Jardim et al<sup>24</sup> reported a positive association between hypertension and discontinued smoking (ex-smokers); however, the greatest prevalence was observed among non-smokers. In a study conducted by Barreto et al<sup>25</sup>, a greater prevalence of hypertension was observed among those who had never smoked, followed by smokers and ex-smokers, respectively. Lessa et al<sup>12</sup> reported a greater prevalence of hypertension among non-smokers as compared to smokers.</p>
      <p>After adjustments for the study variables, we observed that age and overweight remained associated with hypertension for both genders; the intake of fruit, vegetables and beans remained associated only for men, and marital status only for women. Taking into consideration overweight as the explanatory variable and all others as the confounder variables, we found a risk of 1.8 for hypertension among men and of 2.49 among women in preobesity and of 6.33 and 3.33, respectively, for both genders in obesity. In the population of Fortaleza, the risk equal to 2.04 and 4.08 was found, respectively for the same anthropometric strata, independently of gender<sup>5</sup>. In Bambu&#237;, state of Minas Gerais, the odds ratio for hypertension for overweight individuals was 2.82, and for the obese, 4.29, after adjustments for gender, age, schooling, smoking status and physical activity<sup>25</sup>. According to data from the National Health and Examination Survey, the prevalence of hypertension among overweight individuals is 2.9 times that of eutrophic subjects<sup>26</sup>. Considering both genders, our data show a 2.16 odds ratio in preobesity and 4.26 in obesity, similar to what had been described earlier. It is noteworthy that the odds ratio was used as a proxy for the prevalence ratio, which is the most adequate measurement for transversal studies such as ours, despite the risk of overestimating values, significance, and direction of associations are normally maintained.</p>
      <p>It is also noteworthy that although the instrument used to collect data (telephone survey) in this study was not the same as that used in the studies discussed, our study can be considered reliable, since the telephone fixed service reaches a high percentage of the population in Bel&#233;m<sup>6</sup>, which lead us to conclude that the sample was representative of the population. However, the prevalence of hypertension found need to be carefully evaluated, as it reflects mainly the access to healthcare services and not the prevalence of the disease.</p>
      <p>The conclusion is that the study population shows a high prevalence of overweight and hypertension (although possibly underestimated), and that there is a strong association between both. Overweight is an important risk factor for the development of hypertension for both genders, and despite the fact that some variables interfere in this relationship, overweight is determinant. Therefore, weight control is the most important step to be taken to reduce hypertension rates and, consequently, to promote health.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>I hereby declare that there are no any potential conflicts of interests involving this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has been partially funded by Edital CT-Sa&#250;de/MCT/MS/CNPq number 30/2004.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the academic thesis by Hilma Paix&#227;o Borges and Nilma do Carmo Cruz, from <italic>Faculdade de Nutri&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
