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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gbDbS4psNRBXMXGCR9Lngcf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Excesso de peso, press&#227;o arterial e atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento &#224; escola</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Kelly S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Adair S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Desporto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>93</fpage>
      <lpage>101</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e press&#227;o arterial (PA) tem aumentado em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, enquanto os dom&#237;nios da atividade f&#237;sica declinaram. OBJETIVO: Identificar e associar o excesso de peso, de gordura corporal e de PA elevada entre os estudantes ativos e passivos no deslocamento &#224; escola. M&#201;TODOS: Participaram do estudo 1.570 escolares de 7 a 12 anos de idade, de Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB. Os estudantes responderam a um question&#225;rio sobre a forma de deslocamento &#224; escola (ativo = caminhada/bicicleta ou passivo = carro/moto/&#244;nibus) e o tempo despendido. O excesso de peso foi determinado no IMC &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;, a gordura no percentil &gt; 85 da dobra tricipital e a PA elevada no percentil &gt; 90. Na an&#225;lise, utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regress&#227;o de Poisson. RESULTADOS: O deslocamento ativo associou-se &#224; menor preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e de gordura, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao passivo (p &lt; 0,05). A raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) para o excesso de peso associou-se &#224; gordura (masculino: RP = 6,45, IC95% = 4,55-9,14; feminino: RP = 4,10, IC95%= 3,09-5,45), &#224; PAS elevada (masculino: RP = 1,99, IC95%= 1,30-3,06; feminino: RP = 2,09, IC95%= 1,45-3,01) e &#224; PAD elevada nas meninas (RP = 1,96, IC95% = 1,41-2,75). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com o deslocamento ativo (p &gt; 0,05) CONCLUS&#195;O: O deslocamento passivo &#224; escola associou-se ao excesso de peso e gordura, e dissociou-se da PA elevada. O excesso de peso associou-se ao excesso de gordura e &#224; PA elevada. &#201; preciso prevenir o excesso de peso, como meio de evitar o ac&#250;mulo de gordura e o aumento da PA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>atividade motora</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EPIDEMIOLOGIA</p>
    <p>Excesso de peso, press&#227;o arterial e atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento &#224; escola</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Kelly S. Silva; Adair S. Lopes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica (PPGEF) - Centro de Desporto (CDS), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e press&#227;o arterial (PA) tem aumentado em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, enquanto os dom&#237;nios da atividade f&#237;sica declinaram. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Identificar e associar o excesso de peso, de gordura corporal e de PA elevada entre os estudantes ativos e passivos no deslocamento &#224; escola. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Participaram do estudo 1.570 escolares de 7 a 12 anos de idade, de Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB. Os estudantes responderam a um question&#225;rio sobre a forma de deslocamento &#224; escola (ativo = caminhada/bicicleta ou passivo = carro/moto/&#244;nibus) e o tempo despendido. O excesso de peso foi determinado no IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, a gordura no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 da dobra tricipital e a PA elevada no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 90. Na an&#225;lise, utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regress&#227;o de Poisson. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O deslocamento ativo associou-se &#224; menor preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e de gordura, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao passivo (p &lt; 0,05). A raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) para o excesso de peso associou-se &#224; gordura (masculino: RP = 6,45, IC95% = 4,55-9,14; feminino: RP = 4,10, IC95%= 3,09-5,45), &#224; PAS elevada (masculino: RP = 1,99, IC95%= 1,30-3,06; feminino: RP = 2,09, IC95%= 1,45-3,01) e &#224; PAD elevada nas meninas (RP = 1,96, IC95% = 1,41-2,75). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com o deslocamento ativo (p &gt; 0,05) </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O deslocamento passivo &#224; escola associou-se ao excesso de peso e gordura, e dissociou-se da PA elevada. O excesso de peso associou-se ao excesso de gordura e &#224; PA elevada. &#201; preciso prevenir o excesso de peso, como meio de evitar o ac&#250;mulo de gordura e o aumento da PA. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Sobrepeso, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, atividade motora, crian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada t&#234;m aumentado consideravelmente em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, enquanto os dom&#237;nios da atividade f&#237;sica declinam em propor&#231;&#227;o similar<sup>1</sup>. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica diminuiu por diversas raz&#245;es, como o aumento de ve&#237;culos motores para ir &#224; escola, maior tempo gasto em atividades sedent&#225;rias e menor participa&#231;&#227;o em esportes organizados<sup>2</sup>. Essas mudan&#231;as provocaram efeitos adversos &#224; sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental, aumentando a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de risco e reduzindo as oportunidades para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>A caminhada &#224; escola &#233; freq&#252;entemente associada ao aumento da atividade f&#237;sica para estudantes de diversos pa&#237;ses<sup>3,4</sup>, ao passo que o transporte passivo associou-se ao decr&#233;scimo de 12% a 20% no atendimento &#224;s diretrizes de atividade f&#237;sica e ao aumento de 17% a 22% da preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo<sup>5</sup>. Por&#233;m, poucos pesquisadores estudaram as contribui&#231;&#245;es do deslocamento ativo na redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial e outros fatores de riscos. </p>
    <p>Pesquisas realizadas com adolescentes e jovens adultos demonstraram que o excesso de peso foi maior entre os estudantes que se deslocavam passivamente &#224; escola, quando comparados aos que seguiam caminhando ou de bicicleta<sup>3,6</sup>. Na Carolina do Norte, os jovens com sobrepeso apresentaram 46% de chances a menos de caminhar para a escola, quando comparados com aqueles de peso normal<sup>7</sup>. No entanto, outros estudos realizados em Melbourne<sup>8</sup> e em Tehran<sup>9</sup> n&#227;o observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a forma de deslocamento e o excesso de peso.</p>
    <p>Em adultos, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do deslocamento ativo para o trabalho associou-se a valores baixos de press&#227;o arterial<sup>10</sup>. Em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos analisando a contribui&#231;&#227;o da forma de deslocamento no controle da PA. Por&#233;m, alguns estudos demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade f&#237;sica habitual e a press&#227;o arterial<sup>11</sup>, e outros n&#227;o observaram rela&#231;&#227;o<sup>12,13</sup>. Em popula&#231;&#245;es jovens, o deslocamento ativo apresentou tend&#234;ncia para manuten&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal<sup>14</sup>, e isso tem sido associado ao controle da press&#227;o arterial<sup>13,15,16</sup>. No sul da It&#225;lia e em Perth, Austr&#225;lia, os estudantes com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao considerar que o deslocamento ativo &#224; escola aumenta as chances de os estudantes serem mais ativos, e que a atividade f&#237;sica pode contribuir para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do peso, da gordura corporal e dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, o presente estudo objetivou investigar a preval&#234;ncia e a associa&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso, da gordura corporal e da PA elevada entre os estudantes que se deslocavam de forma ativa e passiva at&#233; a escola.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo &#233; parte de um levantamento epidemiol&#243;gico de corte transversal, sobre a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores associados a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em escolares da cidade de Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida entre abril e setembro de 2005, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos da Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (RG n&#186; 129/03).</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o incluiu estudantes do Ensino Fundamental, de 7 a 12 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. O processo amostral foi realizado em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios: 1. a cidade foi dividida em cinco distritos, conforme a Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Munic&#237;pio; 2. escolas (p&#250;blicas municipais e particulares); e 3. turmas (da 1&#170; &#224; 4&#170; s&#233;rie). Dos 248 estabelecimentos de Ensino Fundamental existentes no munic&#237;pio, foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles freq&#252;entados apenas por meninas (n = 10), os que n&#227;o apresentavam todas as s&#233;ries ou que possu&#237;am um n&#250;mero de alunos inferior a trinta (n = 88). Das 150 escolas consideradas eleg&#237;veis, selecionaram-se quinze (dez municipais e cinco particulares), e tr&#234;s foram avaliadas escolas em cada distrito. </p>
    <p>Para calcular o tamanho da amostra, recorreu-se &#224; proposta de Luiz e Magnanini<sup>19</sup> para estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, considerando um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, erro toler&#225;vel de 3% e preval&#234;ncia estimada de sedentarismo de 60%<sup>20</sup>. Como a amostra foi por conglomerados (turmas intactas), definiu-se um efeito de desenho igual a 1,5 e estimou-se um tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra de 1.497 escolares e, por seguran&#231;a, decidiu-se acrescentar 10% para compensar eventuais perdas. Em conformidade com o plano amostral, 1.647 estudantes aparentemente saud&#225;veis e livres de tratamento m&#233;dico participaram do estudo.</p>
    <p>Dos 1.647 estudantes, 3,6% estavam fora da faixa et&#225;ria do estudo (n = 60) e 1,0% (n = 17) dos estudantes faltaram no dia do teste ou se recusaram a realizar as medidas. A amostra final foi de 1.570 (808 meninos e 762 meninas), mantendo-se o poder estat&#237;stico inicial e a representatividade da popula&#231;&#227;o. Os dirigentes e professores das escolas sorteadas, os pais e os filhos foram informados sobre os objetivos e procedimentos do estudo, e, ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido por seus respons&#225;veis, iniciou-se a coleta dos dados. </p>
    <p>O question&#225;rio utilizado foi elaborado com base no proposto por Barros e cols.<sup>21</sup> que mede um dia t&#237;pico de atividades f&#237;sicas e alimenta&#231;&#227;o (DAFA). O question&#225;rio foi aplicado em sala de aula por tr&#234;s avaliadores previamente treinados, e os estudantes responderam &#224;s seguintes perguntas: </p>
    <p>1) Quando voc&#234; n&#227;o est&#225; na escola, onde voc&#234; passa mais tempo? (ajuda nas tarefas dom&#233;sticas; v&#234; TV ou usa o computador; brinca em casa ou na rua; pratica esportes recreativos ou competitivos). </p>
    <p>2) Qual &#233; o meio de transporte normalmente utilizado, na maioria dos dias da semana, para se deslocar de casa at&#233; a escola? (carro, moto, &#244;nibus, a p&#233; ou de bicicleta). </p>
    <p>3) Qual &#233; o tempo que normalmente voc&#234; gasta de casa at&#233; a escola? (menor que 10 minutos, 10 a 20 minutos ou mais de 20 minutos). </p>
    <p>A reprodutibilidade dessas quest&#245;es medida no teste/reteste apresentou um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,95. </p>
    <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas seguiram normas padronizadas<sup>22</sup>. Para aferir a massa corporal (kg), utilizou-se uma balan&#231;a digital da marca Plenna, e a estatura (cm) foi aferida com uma fita m&#233;trica fixada &#224; parede. A dobra cut&#226;nea tricipital (DCT) foi mensurada por meio de um plic&#244;metro da marca Harpenden, e registrou-se o valor m&#233;dio obtido de duas medidas aferidas com intervalo m&#237;nimo de 2 minutos. Essa medida foi mensurada por dois avaliadores experientes, com erro t&#233;cnico de medida intra e interavaliador inferior a 2% e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,97 (IC<sub>95%</sub>= 0,95-0,98). </p>
    <p>Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso (sobrepeso + obesidade), adotaram-se como ponto de corte os valores de IMC maior ou igual a 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, considerando a classifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo e idade, em conformidade com a proposta sugerida pela International Obesity Task Force (IOTF)<sup>23</sup>. Definiram-se como excesso de gordura corporal os valores de dobra cut&#226;nea tricipital maior ou igual ao percentil 85, adotando a distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo e idade, conforme os crit&#233;rios propostos por Must e cols.<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>A PA foi aferida no per&#237;odo vespertino, por meio do m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio utilizando-se de esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide da marca Missouri Ind&#250;stria e Com&#233;rcio Ltda., calibrado periodicamente, com bra&#231;adeiras adequadas &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o e estetosc&#243;pio pedi&#225;trico. A PA foi mensurada no bra&#231;o direito posicionado &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, com o indiv&#237;duo relaxado na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Ap&#243;s 5 minutos de descanso pr&#233;vio, mensuraram-se duas medidas com intervalo de repouso m&#237;nimo de 5 minutos, e foi registrado o menor valor. A PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi determinada ao aparecimento dos ru&#237;dos (fase I de Korotkoff) e a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) no desaparecimento dos ru&#237;dos (fase V de Korotkoff). Os valores de press&#227;o arterial assumiram pontos de corte com base em tabelas de percentis, considerando o sexo, a idade e o percentil de estatura. Definiram-se como PA elevada os valores de PAS e/ou PAD maior ou igual ao percentil 90, segundo a refer&#234;ncia de classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta pelo <italic>The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</italic><sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>As medidas foram coletadas em sala de aula, por meio do m&#233;todo de circuito, exceto a press&#227;o arterial (sala reservada). Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio (15 a 20 minutos), realizou-se a aferi&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas (10 a 20 minutos) e da press&#227;o arterial (20 a 30 minutos). A equipe para coleta foi constitu&#237;da por uma enfermeira, cinco acad&#234;micos e dois profissionais de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica. Os estudantes foram considerados ativos quando se deslocavam da resid&#234;ncia para a escola por meio da caminhada ou do ciclismo, e passivos quando eram conduzidos at&#233; a escola por ve&#237;culos motorizados. Os intervalos de tempo gasto entre o percurso de casa para a escola foram analisados de forma separada e agrupada.</p>
    <p>O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de excesso de peso, gordura corporal e PA elevada entre os estudantes que se deslocavam de forma ativa e passiva at&#233; a escola, considerando o sexo, a faixa et&#225;ria e a caracter&#237;stica da escola. Utilizou-se a regress&#227;o de Poisson seguindo dois modelos de ajustes: no primeiro, consideraram-se a idade, o tempo despendido no deslocamento e a caracter&#237;stica da escola; no segundo, fez-se o ajuste para todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas. Esse procedimento foi aplicado em tr&#234;s an&#225;lises distintas: 1. excesso de peso corporal, 2. excesso de gordura corporal e 3. PA elevada. Em todos os testes aplicados, considerou-se como diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quando a probabilidade foi menor do que 0,05 (p &lt; 0,05). A faixa et&#225;ria foi classificada segundo a proposta da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos estudantes que se deslocavam de forma ativa &#224; escola (70%), 25% gastavam de 10 a 20 minutos para voltar para casa, e 29% moravam a mais de 20 minutos da escola. Dos que se deslocavam passivamente (30%), 12,6% eram conduzidos de carro por um tempo de 10 a 20 minutos e 12,2% por um tempo superior a 20 minutos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os sexos (p &gt; 0,05), entretanto a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de deslocamento ativo foi maior nos estudantes de 10 a 12 anos de idade e nos que estudavam em escolas p&#250;blicas, quando comparados aos estudantes de 7 a 9 anos e aos que estudavam em escolas privadas (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
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    <p>Os estudantes que se deslocavam passivamente &#224; escola apresentaram maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de excesso de peso, gordura corporal e menor PA elevada, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que seguiam de forma ativa (p &lt; 0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, os meninos apresentaram maior excesso de gordura, quando comparados &#224;s meninas (p &lt; 0,05). Quando se compararam as idades e a caracter&#237;stica da escola, o excesso de peso e de gordura corporal foi maior nos mais jovens e nos estudantes de escolas privadas, enquanto a PA foi mais elevada entre os mais velhos que se deslocavam de forma ativa e nos estudantes de escolas p&#250;blicas (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0093-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quando se consideraram o deslocamento e o tempo despendido at&#233; a escola, observou-se que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de excesso de peso foi de 17% para os que seguiam a p&#233; ou de bicicleta, e de 23% a 32% para os que eram conduzidos por ve&#237;culos motorizados (p &lt; 0,05). O excesso de gordura foi maior entre os estudantes que se deslocavam de forma passiva (de 26% a 32%) ou ativa por um tempo inferior a 10 minutos (25%), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que seguiam por um tempo maior ou igual 10 minutos (p &lt; 0,05). No controle do tempo despendido, n&#227;o se constataram diferen&#231;as na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de PA elevada entre os estudantes ativos e passivos (p &gt; 0,05). Para ambos os sexos, faixas et&#225;rias e nas escolas privadas, o deslocamento ativo associou-se &#224; menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de excesso de peso, quando esse dado foi comparado ao obtido pelos estudantes que seguiam passivamente (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0093-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As preval&#234;ncias e a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncias foram analisadas para excesso de peso, excesso de gordura e PA elevada por sexo. No sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab04">Tabela 4</xref>), o modelo de an&#225;lise ajustada a todas as vari&#225;veis demonstrou que o excesso de peso se associou ao excesso de gordura (RP = 6,45, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 4,55-9,14) e &#224; PAS elevada (RP = 1,99, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 1,30-3,06); e o excesso de gordura e a PA elevada foram associados ao excesso de peso (RP = 4,69, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 3,65-6,01; e RP = 2,58, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 1,61-4,13), respectivamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0093-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>No sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab05">Tabela 5</xref>), o modelo ajustado indicou associa&#231;&#227;o do excesso de peso com o excesso de gordura (RP = 4,10, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 3,09-5,45), a PAS elevada (RP = 2,09, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 1,45-3,01) e a PAD elevada (RP = 1,96, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 1,41-2,75). Tanto o excesso de gordura quanto a PA elevada demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o apenas com o excesso de peso (RP = 4,30, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 3,28-5,63; e RP = 2,69, IC<sub>95% </sub>= 1,97-3,68). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0093-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesse estudo, observou-se que mais da metade dos estudantes que se deslocavam de forma ativa &#224; escola percorriam uma dist&#226;ncia com um tempo maior ou igual a 10 minutos. Dos 30% que se deslocavam de forma passiva, somente 12% eram conduzidos por um tempo superior a 20 minutos. O deslocamento ativo &#224; escola mostrou-se associado &#224; menor preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e de gordura corporal, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao deslocamento passivo. Resultados similares foram observados em adolescentes norte-americanos<sup>3,6,7,14</sup>, enquanto outros estudos n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o com o excesso de peso<sup>9</sup> ou de gordura<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de PA elevada n&#227;o diferiu entre a forma de deslocamento, quando considerado o tempo despendido da resid&#234;ncia at&#233; a escola. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial e atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o est&#225; completamente estabelecida nessa idade, com estudos demonstrando associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup> e outros n&#227;o<sup>12,13</sup>. Sabe-se que os estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos de corte transversal n&#227;o permitem observar a rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre atividade f&#237;sica e press&#227;o arterial. Entretanto, estudos longitudinais<sup>18,27</sup> e de interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup> t&#234;m demonstrado forte associa&#231;&#227;o, principalmente em programas de acompanhamento em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; faixa et&#225;ria e ao tipo de escola, tanto o excesso de peso quanto a gordura corporal foram maiores nos estudantes mais jovens e nas escolas privadas, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos mais velhos e &#224;s escolas p&#250;blicas. Resultado similar foi encontrado em outro estudo<sup>28</sup>. A PA foi mais elevada entre os estudantes mais velhos e os que estudavam em escolas p&#250;blicas. O comportamento alterado da PA em idades maiores pode estar associado &#224; matura&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica, momento em que acontecem mudan&#231;as consider&#225;veis no tamanho corporal, assim como altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais. </p>
    <p>Outros fatores n&#227;o controlados e que podem influenciar a press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o os aspectos ambientais, sociais e econ&#244;micos. Um estudo com crian&#231;as italianas demonstrou que as fam&#237;lias de baixa renda possuem n&#237;vel educacional inferior &#224;quelas de renda elevada e tendem a enfrentar maiores adversidades e restri&#231;&#245;es no cotidiano<sup>17</sup>, estando mais suscet&#237;veis a elevadas condi&#231;&#245;es de estresse, alimenta&#231;&#227;o e sono inadequados e altera&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica. Na Finl&#226;ndia, por meio de um estudo longitudinal, ficou evidenciado que o n&#237;vel educacional elevado se associou &#224; menor PAS<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o ajustada para todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas, observou-se que o excesso de peso associou-se ao excesso de gordura e &#224; PAS elevada para o sexo masculino, e tamb&#233;m &#224; PAD elevada para o sexo feminino. Estudos internacionais<sup>12,16,17</sup> e nacionais<sup>13,29,30 </sup>t&#234;m demonstrado forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a PA elevada e o excesso de peso corporal. Um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico prospectivo revelou que meninos (8-15 anos) com o IMC entre o percentil 75 e 85 e maior que o percentil 85 apresentaram quatro e cinco vezes mais chance de tornar-se hipertensos, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com o IMC abaixo do percentil 75<sup>30</sup>. Na Austr&#225;lia, um estudo longitudinal medido a cada tr&#234;s anos observou que a chance de apresentar PA elevada ou hipertens&#227;o na idade adulta (25 anos) foi 53% maior entre os rapazes com sobrepeso ou obesidade, quando comparados com aqueles de peso normal<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o se associou com a forma de deslocamento &#224; escola. Uma pesquisa com adultos chineses indicou associa&#231;&#227;o entre o deslocamento ativo ao trabalho (31-60 minutos) e a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que se deslocavam de &#244;nibus<sup>10</sup>. Em estudantes da cidade de Vit&#243;ria, ES, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e a press&#227;o arterial<sup>13</sup>; e, em estudantes (14-17 anos) de Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB<sup>30</sup>, e de Nova D&#233;lhi<sup>12</sup>, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com a atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a forma de deslocamento &#224; escola foram fornecidas pelos escolares, o que pode superestimar ou subestimar as respostas. Entretanto, o excelente grau de reprodutibilidade apresentado no question&#225;rio e a exist&#234;ncia de estudos que utilizam essa metodologia asseguram esses resultados. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida em um &#250;nico momento, n&#227;o sendo indicado para descrever preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. Todavia, tem sido comumente utilizada para estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o. Sugere-se que outras pesquisas dessa natureza sejam realizadas. Devem-se tamb&#233;m pesquisar outros fatores (medida de gasto energ&#233;tico no deslocamento e contribui&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica) e associa&#231;&#245;es (obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes).</p>
    <p>Os estudantes que se deslocavam ativamente &#224; escola apresentaram menor excesso de peso e de gordura corporal quando comparados &#224;queles que eram conduzidos de carro, e a press&#227;o arterial foi dissociada da forma de deslocamento quando se controlou o tempo despendido at&#233; a escola. Na an&#225;lise ajustada, o excesso de peso aumentou a raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia de os estudantes apresentarem excesso de gordura e PAS elevada, assim como a PAD elevada para as meninas. Tanto o excesso de gordura quanto a PA elevada somente se associaram ao excesso de peso. Em s&#237;ntese, &#233; preciso prevenir o excesso de peso, como meio de evitar o ac&#250;mulo de gordura e o aumento da PA. Para isso, as crian&#231;as devem ser estimuladas a praticar atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento &#224; escola e no tempo livre, bem como a adotar h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Francisco M. Silva, pela participa&#231;&#227;o direta na elabora&#231;&#227;o do projeto, e aos estagi&#225;rios do Laborat&#243;rio de Estudos e Pesquisa do Movimento Humano (Lepem/UFPB), que participaram na extensiva coleta e tabula&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Aos diretores, professores e alunos das escolas selecionadas para a coleta de dados. A Adriano F. Borgatto pelo aux&#237;lio na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Mestrado de Kelly Samara da Silva pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Kelly S. Silva </p>
        <p> Rua C&#244;nego Jo&#227;o de Deus, 145 </p>
        <p> 58050-360, Castelo Branco I, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ksilvajp@yahoo.com.br">ksilvajp@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/10/2007; reenviado em 18/12/2007; aceito em 03/01/2008.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Excess weight, arterial pressure and physical activity in commuting to school: correlations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity and elevated arterial pressure (AP) has increased in children and adolescents, whereas physical activity has decreased. OBJECTIVE: To identify and correlate excess weight, body fat and elevated AP among active and passive students with the way they commute to school. METHODS: One thousand five hundred and seventy students aged 7 to 12 years participated in the study conducted in Jo&#227;o Pessoa, state of Para&#237;ba. Students completed a questionnaire about the way they commuted to school (active = walking/biking or passive = by car/motorcycle/bus) and the time spent traveling to school. Excess weight was determined by BMI &gt; 25 kg/m&#178;, excess body fat as &gt; 85th percentile for tricipital fold measurement, and high AP as &gt;90th percentile. Chi-square test and Poisson's regression were used for the analysis. RESULTS: Active commuting was associated with a lower prevalence of excess weight and body fat as compared to passive commuting (p&lt;0.05). The prevalence ratio (PR) of excess weight was associated with excess body fat (Male: PR= 6.45 95%CI= 4.55-9.14; Female: PR= 4.10 95%CI= 3.09-5.45), elevated SAP [Systolic Arterial Pressure] (Male: PR= 1.99 95%CI= 1.30-3.06; Female: PR= 2.09 95%CI= 1.45-3.01), and elevated DAP [Diastolic Arterial Pressure] in girls (PR = 1.96 95%CI= 1.41-2.75). No association with active commuting was observed (p&gt;0.05) CONCLUSION: Passive commuting to school showed a correlation with excess weight and body fat but not with elevated AP. Excess weight was associated with excessive body fat and elevated AP. Excess weight should be prevented as a way to avoid fat accumulation and AP elevation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>motor activity</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</p>
      <p> EPIDEMIOLOGY</p>
      <p>Excess weight, arterial pressure and physical activity in commuting to school: correlations</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Kelly S. Silva; Adair S. Lopes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica (PPGEF) - Centro de Desporto (CDS), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="rend-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The prevalence of obesity and elevated arterial pressure (AP) has increased in children and adolescents, whereas physical activity has decreased.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To identify and correlate excess weight, body fat and elevated AP among active and passive students with the way they commute to school.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One thousand five hundred and seventy students aged 7 to 12 years participated in the study conducted in Jo&#227;o Pessoa, state of Para&#237;ba. Students completed a questionnaire about the way they commuted to school (active = walking/biking or passive = by car/motorcycle/bus) and the time spent traveling to school. Excess weight was determined by BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m2, excess body fat as <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th percentile for tricipital fold measurement, and high AP as <underline>&gt;</underline>90th percentile. Chi-square test and Poisson's regression were used for the analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> BActive commuting was associated with a lower prevalence of excess weight and body fat as compared to passive commuting (p&lt;0.05). The prevalence ratio (PR) of excess weight was associated with excess body fat (Male: PR= 6.45 95%CI= 4.55-9.14; Female: PR= 4.10 95%CI= 3.09-5.45), elevated SAP [Systolic Arterial Pressure] (Male: PR= 1.99 95%CI= 1.30-3.06; Female: PR= 2.09 95%CI= 1.45-3.01), and elevated DAP [Diastolic Arterial Pressure] in girls (PR = 1.96 95%CI= 1.41-2.75). No association with active commuting was observed (p&gt;0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Passive commuting to school showed a correlation with excess weight and body fat but not with elevated AP. Excess weight was associated with excessive body fat and elevated AP. Excess weight should be prevented as a way to avoid fat accumulation and AP elevation. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Overweight; obesity; hypertension; motor activity; child.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity and high arterial pressure (AP) have increased dramatically in children and adolescents, whereas physical activity has decreased proportionally<sup>1</sup>. Over the past decades, the level of physical activity has decreased for several reasons, such as the increased use of motor vehicles to commute to school, longer time spent in sedentary activities and less participation in organized sports<sup>2</sup>. These changes resulted in adverse effects on physical and mental health, increasing exposure to risk situations and reducing opportunities of one leading a healthy lifestyle.</p>
      <p>Walking to school is frequently associated with increased physical activity among students from several countries<sup>3,4</sup>, whereas passive transportation has been associated with a 12-20% reduction in meeting physical activity guidelines and a 17-22% increase in the prevalence of sedentarism<sup>5</sup>. However, few investigators have examined the contribution of active commuting in reducing the prevalence of excess weight, arterial hypertension and other risk factors.</p>
      <p>Research conducted with adolescents and young adults has shown that excess weight was greater among students who went to school by bus or car when compared to those who walked or biked<sup>3,6</sup>. In North Carolina, overweight youngsters were 46% less likely to walk to school than those with a normal weight<sup>7</sup>. However, other studies conducted in Melbourne<sup>8</sup> and Tehran<sup>9</sup> have not reported any association between the type of commuting and being overweight.</p>
      <p>In adults, active commuting to work has been associated with low arterial blood pressure<sup>10</sup>. No studies were found that analyze the contribution of the mode of transportation to controlling AP in children and adolescents. However, some studies have shown an association between regular physical activity and arterial pressure<sup>11</sup>, whereas others have not reported any relationship<sup>12,13</sup>. Young populations engaged in active commuting have shown a tendency to maintain their body weight<sup>14</sup>, and this has been associated with maintaining arterial pressure control<sup>13,15,16</sup>. In South Italy and in Perth, Australia, overweight and obese students had a greater prevalence of arterial hypertension<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that active commuting to school increases the chances of students being more active, and that physical activity may contribute to maintaining healthy body weight, normal body fat proportions and blood pressure levels, this study sought to investigate the prevalence and association between excess weight, excess body fat and high AP among students who actively commuted <italic>vs</italic> those who passively commuted to school.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Material and methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is part of an epidemiological cross-sectional survey on the prevalence and factors associated with cardiovascular diseases among students in the city of Jo&#227;o Pessoa, state of Para&#237;ba. The survey was conducted from April to September 2005, after approval by the Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba Research Ethics Committee (RG 129/03).</p>
      <p>The study population included Elementary School students, 7 to 12 years of age, of both genders. The sampling process was performed in three phases: I - the city was divided into five districts, according to the City Health Office; II - Municipal public and private schools; and III - Classes (1<sup>st</sup>-4<sup>th</sup> graders). Of the 248 Elementary Schools in the city, those attended only by girls (n=10), those that did not offer all grade levels or those with less than thirty students (n=88) were excluded. Of the 150 eligible schools, 15 (10 public and 5 private) were selected and 3 in each district were evaluated.</p>
      <p>The proposal by Luiz &amp; Magnanini<sup>19</sup> for epidemiological studies was chosen to calculate the size of the sample, considering a 95% confidence interval, a 3% level of tolerable error, and an estimated 60% prevalence of sedentarism<sup>20</sup>. Since cluster sampling (intact groups) was used, a 1.6 design effect and a minimum sample size of 1,497 students were defined; also, for safety reasons, an additional 10% were included to compensate for incidental losses. According to the sampling plan, 1,647 apparently healthy students who were not undergoing any medical treatment were enrolled in the study.</p>
      <p>Of these 1,647 youth, 3.6% (n= 60) did not fit the study's age bracket requirements, and 1.0% (n= 17) students missed the test day or refused to have their measurements taken. The final sample consisted of 1,570 (808 boys and 762 girls), a sample size that maintained the initial statistical power and representativeness of the study population. The principals and teachers of the selected schools, as well as the parents and their children, were informed about the objectives and procedures of the study and, after having given their written consent, data collection began.</p>
      <p>The questionnaire was based on that proposed by Barros <italic>et al</italic><sup>21</sup> as to typical daily physical activities and meals (DAFA). Participants completed the questionnaire in the classroom, under the supervision of three trained examiners. Students answered the following questions: 1) when you are not at school, where do you spend most of your time? (helping with household chores, watching TV or using the computer, playing at home or in the street, engaging in recreational or competitive sports); 2) what type of transportation do you typically use, most days of the week, to commute from home to school? (car, motorcycle, bus, walking or biking); and 3) how long does it normally take for you to get to school? (less than 10 minutes, 10-20 minutes or more than 20 minutes). The reproducibility of these questions measured during the test/retest showed a 0.95 intra-class correlation coefficient.</p>
      <p>The anthropometric measurements followed standardized rules<sup>22</sup>. A <italic>Plenna</italic> digital scale was used to measure body mass (kg), and a measuring tape fixed to the wall was used to determine height (cm). The tricipital skin fold (TSF) was measured with a <italic>Harpenden</italic> calliper, and the mean value obtained from two readings made at two-minute intervals was recorded. The skinfold measurement was made by two experienced examiners, with &lt;2% technical error between intra- and inter-observer, and 0.97 intra-class correlation coefficient (95%CI= 0.95-0.98).</p>
      <p>Classification of excess weight (Overweight + Obesity) was made using age- and gender-specific BMI cut-off values <underline>&gt;</underline>25 kg/sq<sup>2</sup>; according to those proposed by the <italic>International Obesity Task Force </italic>(IOTF)<sup>23</sup>. Excess of body fat was defined as tricipital skin fold <underline>&gt;</underline> the 85<sup>th</sup> percentile, distributed by gender and age, according to the criteria proposed by Must <italic>et al</italic><sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>AP reading was taken in the afternoon by the auscultatory method, using an aneroid sphygmomanometer (<italic>Missouri Ind&#250;stria e Com&#233;rcio Ltda.) </italic>and a pediatric stethoscope. Device calibration was checked periodically and the cuff sizes were appropriate for arm circumferences. After the subject had been resting for 5 minutes in a sitting position, the AP was read with the right arm positioned at heart level; two readings were made with a minimum five-minute interval between them, and the lower value was recorded. The systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was determined at the occurrence of sounds (Korotkoff phase I) and the diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) at the disappearance of the sounds (Korotkoff phase V). Arterial pressure cut-off values were based on percentile tables by gender, age, and height. High AP was defined as SAP and/or DAP values equal to or greater than the 90<sup>th</sup> percentile, according to the classification proposed by <italic>The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</italic><sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Measurements were taken in the classroom using the circuit method, except for arterial pressure, which was measured in a private room. After having completed the questionnaire (15-20 minutes), students' anthropometric (10-20 minutes) and arterial pressure measurements (20-30 minutes) were taken. The staff in charge consisted of a nurse, five physical education students, and two physical education professionals. Students were considered active commuters when they went to school walking or by bike and passive commuters when they were taken by motor vehicles. The time intervals to get from home to school were analyzed separately and as groups.</p>
      <p>The Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of excess weight, excess body fat and high AP among the students who where active commuters and those who were passive commuters, considering gender, age bracket and type of school. <italic>Poisson's</italic> regression was used following two adjustment models; in the first model, age, time spent commuting and type of school were considered; and in the second, adjustments were made for all variables studied. This procedure was applied in three different analyses: 1 - Excess body weight; 2 - Excess body fat; 3 - High AP. In all tests applied, a probability lower than 0.05 (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) was considered a statistically significant difference. Age brackets were classified according to what is proposed by the World Health Organization<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the students who actively commuted to school (70%), 25% lived within a 10-20 minute walking distance and 29% lived more than 20 minutes walking distance. Of the passive commuters (30%), 12.6% were taken by car in a 10-20 minute ride, and 12.2% in a ride longer than 20 minutes. There were no differences between genders (<italic>p</italic>&gt;0.05); however, the frequency of active commuting was greater among students from 10 to 12 years of age and among those who attended public schools, when compared to students aged 7 to 9 years and those who attended private schools (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0093-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Excess weight and excess body fat were more frequent and high AP was less frequent among passive commuters compared to those who were active (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05). Boys had a greater excess of body fat when compared to girls (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05). As to ages and type of school, rates of excessive weight and excessive body fat were higher among the younger students and those attending private schools, whereas AP was higher among the older students who actively commuted and those who attended public schools (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab02-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>Considering the mode of commuting and time spent traveling to school, the frequency of excessive weight was 17% among those who walked or biked, and 23% to 32% among those who were taken by motor vehicles (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05). Excessive body fat was greater among passive commuters (26 to 32%) or those who were active commuters but traveled less than 10 minutes (25%), relative to those who had to walk/bike <underline>&gt;</underline>10 minutes (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05). Regarding the time spent commuting, no differences were observed in the frequency of high AP among active and passive commuters (<italic>p</italic>&gt;0.05). For both genders and age brackets and students in private schools, active commuting was associated with lower rates of excessive weight when compared to those students who were passive commuters (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0093-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Prevalence and prevalence ratios were analyzed as to excess weight, excess of body fat and high AP by gender. In the male group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>), the analysis model adjusted for all variables showed that excessive weight was associated with excessive body fat (PR= 6.45; 95%CI= 4.55-9.14) and high SAP (PR= 1.99; 95%CI= 1.30-3.06); and excessive body fat and high AP were associated with excessive weight (PR= 4.69; 95%CI= 3.65-6.01; and PR = 2.58; 95%CI= 1.61-4.13), respectively.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab04-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>In the female group, (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>), the adjusted analysis model indicated an association of excessive weight with excessive body fat (PR= 4.10; 95%CI= 3.09-5.45), high SAP (PR= 2.09; 95%IC= 1.45-3.01) and high DAP (PR= 1.96; 95%IC= 1.41-2.75). Both excess body fat and high AP showed an association only with the excess weight (PR= 4.30; 95%CI= 3.28-5.63; and PR= 2.69; 95%CI= 1.97-3.68).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab05-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, more than half of the students who actively commuted to school traveled ten or more minutes, and of the 30% who used other modes of transportation, the trip to school lasted more than twenty minutes for only 12% of them. Active commuting to school was associated with a lower prevalence of excess weight and excess body fat compared to passive commuting. Similar results were recorded for North-American adolescents<sup>3,6,7,14</sup>, whereas other studies found no association with excess weight <sup>9</sup> or excess body fat<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering the time spent traveling to school, the type of commuting did not alter the frequency of high AP. The relationship between arterial blood pressure and physical activity is not yet fully established for this age range, and some studies report an association<sup>11</sup> whereas others do not<sup>12,13</sup>. It is known that cross-sectional epidemiological studies do not allow the inference of a causal relationship between physical activity and arterial pressure. However, longitudinal<sup>18,27</sup> and interventional studies<sup>11</sup> have shown a strong connection, especially in long-term follow-up programs.</p>
      <p>Regarding the age bracket and type of school, both excess weight and excess body fat were greater among younger students and in private schools, compared to older students and in public schools. Another study reported similar results<sup>28</sup>. AP was greater among older students and in those who attended public schools. The modified behavior of AP in older subjects may be associated with biological maturation, a time of considerable changes in body size and hormones.</p>
      <p>Other non-controlled factors that may influence arterial pressure are environmental, social and economic in nature. A study conducted with Italian children showed that compared to those with high incomes, low-income families have lower educational levels, are more likely to face greater adversities and restrictions in daily life<sup>17</sup>, and are thus more susceptible to high levels of stress, inadequate eating and sleeping patterns, and blood pressure abnormalities. In Finland, a longitudinal study showed that high educational levels were associated with lower SAP levels<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the regression analysis adjusted for all the variables studied, excess weight was associated with excess body fat and high SAP levels in the male group, as well as high DAP levels in the female group. Internationally<sup>12,16,17</sup> and locally conducted studies<sup>13,29,30 </sup>have shown a strong association between high AP and excess weight. A prospective epidemiological study showed that boys (8-15 years of age) with BMI between the 75<sup>th</sup> and 85<sup>th</sup> percentiles, and greater than the 85<sup>th</sup> percentile were 4 to 5 times more prone to develop hypertension when compared to those with BMI below the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile<sup>30</sup>. In Australia, a longitudinal study assessed every three years observed that the chance of an individual having high AP or hypertension in adulthood (25 years) was 53% greater among overweight or obese men compared to those whose weight was within normal ranges<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, the behavior of arterial pressure was not associated with the mode of transportation to school. A research conducted with Chinese adults indicated an association between active commuting to work (31-60 minutes) and reduced arterial pressure relative to those who took a bus to work<sup>10</sup>. Among students in the city of Vit&#243;ria, state of Espirito Santo, no correlation was found between maximal oxygen consumption and arterial pressure<sup>13</sup>, and, among students from Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB<sup>30</sup> (14-17 years of age) and from New Delhi<sup>12</sup>, there was no association with physical activity.</p>
      <p>Information about the modes of transportation to school was provided by the students, which may lead to an overestimate or underestimate of the answers. However, the excellent degree of reproducibility of the questionnaire and the existence of studies that use this methodology warrant these results. Arterial pressure was read at one single timepoint; therefore, it is not indicated for describing the prevalence of hypertension. Nevertheless, this measurement has been commonly used in association studies. It is suggested that further research of the same nature be undertaken, and that other factors (measurement of energy expenditure during commuting, contribution to physical activity level) and associations (obesity, hypertension, diabetes) be investigated.</p>
      <p>The students who actively commuted to school were less overweight and had less excess body fat when compared to those who were taken by car, and arterial pressure was dissociated from the type of commuting when the time spent traveling to school was examined. In the adjusted analysis, excess body weight increased the prevalence ratio of students presenting excess body fat and high SAP, as well as high DAP in girls. Both excess body fat and high AP were associated only with excess weight. In conclusion, it is necessary to prevent excess weight to avoid the accumulation of fat and increased AP. For this end, it is suggested that children be encouraged to engage in physical activities on their way to school and during their free time, as well as to adopt healthy eating habits.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to express our appreciation to Francisco M. Silva for his direct participation in the elaboration of the project and to the trainees at the <italic>Laborat&#243;rio de Estudos e Pesquisa do Movimento Humano - LEPEM/UFPB</italic> (Laboratory of Studies and Research on Human Movement) who took part in the extensive data collection and tabulation. We are also thankful to the principals, teachers and students of the schools selected for data collection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Master submitted by Kelly Samara da Silva, from Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="rend-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address:</p>
          <p> Kelly S. Silva</p>
          <p> Rua C&#244;nego Jo&#227;o de Deus, 145 - Castelo Branco I</p>
          <p> 58.050-360 - Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ksilvajp@yahoo.com.br">ksilvajp@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 31, 2007; revised received December 18, 2007; accepted January 03, 2008.</p>
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