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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wBqkbPcFTpyrqKzY3PTyZzG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doppler tecidual como &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico em longo prazo na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia Castelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Dario Marins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Renata da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Henriques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallicchio</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a L&#250;cia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Total Care</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>85</fpage>
      <lpage>92</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler tecidual correlacionam-se com a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e podem servir como &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. OBJETIVO: Determinar se par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual podem predizer eventos em longo prazo em pacientes ambulatoriais com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 73 pacientes (60,9&#177;12,1 anos) que realizaram ecocardiograma Doppler entre mar&#231;o de 2001 e maio de 2004. O evento prim&#225;rio pesquisado foi morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. RESULTADOS: O per&#237;odo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 1.367&#177;665 dias. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise log&#237;stica multivariada "stepwise" incluindo os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a raz&#227;o entre as velocidades m&#225;ximas de enchimento do VE e mioc&#225;rdica no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (raz&#227;o E/E'; p=0,0007) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FE; p=0,01) permaneceram como preditores do evento prim&#225;rio. Os pontos de corte &#243;timos para a previs&#227;o do evento prim&#225;rio para a raz&#227;o E/E' (AUC 0,77; p=0,0001) e FE (AUC 0,68; p=0,006) foram, respectivamente, 12,7% e 30%. Assim, pacientes com raz&#227;o E/E' &gt; 12,7 (raz&#227;o de risco=3,8, p=0,001) ou FE &lt;30% (raz&#227;o de risco=2,3, p=0,03) demonstravam pior progn&#243;stico pela an&#225;lise da curva de sobrevida. Importante salientar que 47% dos pacientes com FE acima do ponto de corte, mas raz&#227;o E/E' elevada, apresentaram eventos durante o per&#237;odo estudado. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em pacientes ambulatoriais com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, a raz&#227;o E/E' &#233; um importante e independente indicador progn&#243;stico em longo prazo de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, recomenda-se incluir a medida dessa vari&#225;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira desses pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>ECOCARDIOGRAFIA - ADULTOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Doppler tecidual como &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico em longo prazo na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Roberto Magalh&#227;es Saraiva; Rita de C&#225;ssia Castelli da Rocha; Adriana Ferraz Martins; Dario Marins Duarte; Renata da Silva Peixoto; Simone Henriques de Castro; Carla Tavares Gallicchio; Andr&#233;a L&#250;cia de Ara&#250;jo; S&#233;rgio Emanuel Kaiser</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Total Care, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler tecidual correlacionam-se com a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e podem servir como &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar se par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual podem predizer eventos em longo prazo em pacientes ambulatoriais com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 73 pacientes (60,9&#177;12,1 anos) que realizaram ecocardiograma Doppler entre mar&#231;o de 2001 e maio de 2004. O evento prim&#225;rio pesquisado foi morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O per&#237;odo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 1.367&#177;665 dias. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise log&#237;stica multivariada "stepwise" incluindo os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a raz&#227;o entre as velocidades m&#225;ximas de enchimento do VE e mioc&#225;rdica no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (raz&#227;o E/E'; p=0,0007) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FE; p=0,01) permaneceram como preditores do evento prim&#225;rio. Os pontos de corte &#243;timos para a previs&#227;o do evento prim&#225;rio para a raz&#227;o E/E' (AUC 0,77; p=0,0001) e FE (AUC 0,68; p=0,006) foram, respectivamente, 12,7% e 30%. Assim, pacientes com raz&#227;o E/E' &gt; 12,7 (raz&#227;o de risco=3,8, p=0,001) ou FE &lt;30% (raz&#227;o de risco=2,3, p=0,03) demonstravam pior progn&#243;stico pela an&#225;lise da curva de sobrevida. Importante salientar que 47% dos pacientes com FE acima do ponto de corte, mas raz&#227;o E/E' elevada, apresentaram eventos durante o per&#237;odo estudado. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em pacientes ambulatoriais com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, a raz&#227;o E/E' &#233; um importante e independente indicador progn&#243;stico em longo prazo de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, recomenda-se incluir a medida dessa vari&#225;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira desses pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Progn&#243;stico, ecocardiograma Doppler, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante grandes avan&#231;os no manuseio da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) respons&#225;veis por melhora substancial na sobrevida dos pacientes nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos<sup>1</sup>, a morbidade e a mortalidade dessa s&#237;ndrome permanecem elevadas<sup>1,2</sup>. Entretanto, os pacientes com IC podem ser agrupados em subgrupos com progn&#243;sticos distintos, definidos por par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. Al&#233;m da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)<sup>3,4</sup>, outras vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas derivadas da interroga&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral pelo Doppler puls&#225;til foram capazes de prever eventos card&#237;acos em pacientes com IC<sup>4-6</sup>. No entanto, as velocidades do fluxo mitral s&#227;o influenciadas por diversos fatores, tais como idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e pr&#233;-carga<sup>7</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, novos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos ao Doppler tecidual t&#234;m se mostrado menos dependentes de pr&#233;-carga<sup>8-10</sup>. Paralelamente, em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, um &#237;ndice derivado da an&#225;lise do fluxo mitral e da velocidade mioc&#225;rdica do anel mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole tem boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE. Esse &#237;ndice &#233; a raz&#227;o E/E&#180; que &#233; a raz&#227;o entre as velocidades m&#225;ximas de enchimento do VE e mioc&#225;rdica do anel mitral, medidas no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole<sup>11-13</sup>. A velocidade m&#225;xima do anel mitral durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (A')<sup>14</sup> tamb&#233;m possui boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE. Isso permite o reconhecimento de pacientes com press&#245;es diast&#243;licas finais do VE elevadas<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, alguns estudos demonstraram que par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual eram capazes de acrescentar informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em pacientes com IC internados em um hospital<sup>15</sup> ou acompanhados ambulatorialmente<sup>14,16,17</sup>. Entretanto, a abrang&#234;ncia dos resultados era limitada pelo curto per&#237;odo de seguimento<sup>17,18</sup> ou pelo desequil&#237;brio no sentido de incluir-se propor&#231;&#227;o excessiva de pacientes em classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) III ou IV<sup>14,18-20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Procuramos, portanto, determinar se par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual podem tamb&#233;m prever eventos a longo prazo em uma situa&#231;&#227;o mais pr&#243;xima &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica habitual ambulatorial, onde a maioria dos pacientes refere sintomas leves a moderados. Adicionalmente, procuramos determinar se o Doppler tecidual obtido no primeiro exame realizado ap&#243;s o encaminhamento do paciente ao ambulat&#243;rio &#233; capaz de predizer o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes, em contraste com estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>14,17,18</sup> que utilizaram dados obtidos de exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados pelo menos dois meses ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada consistiu de 81 pacientes consecutivos de nosso programa de controle de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que, entre mar&#231;o de 2001 e maio de 2004, realizaram seu primeiro Doppler ecocardiograma em nosso laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Crit&#233;rios de elei&#231;&#227;o eram idade entre 18 e 75 anos, FE inferior a 50% e hist&#243;ria de IC conforme os crit&#233;rios de Framingham<sup>21</sup>. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt;100 bpm, estenose valvar grave, doen&#231;a pulmonar grave, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, neoplasia maligna, marcapasso permanente, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e janelas inadequadas para o Doppler ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>A classe funcional da NYHA foi avaliada a cada visita mediante question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico de escala de atividade<sup>22</sup>. Mas, para an&#225;lise de sobrevida, consideramos somente a avalia&#231;&#227;o obtida na primeira visita. O evento prim&#225;rio determinado retrospectivamente foi composto de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC. A informa&#231;&#227;o acerca do seguimento foi obtida por meio do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico ou por contato telef&#244;nico com os pacientes ou familiares. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa consoante &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram examinados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo usando cortes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos padr&#227;o. Os estudos foram feitos usando-se aparelhos de ecocardiografia dispon&#237;veis comercialmente (Sonos 4500, Hewlett-Packard, Andover, MA), equipados com transdutor de 2,5 MHz de freq&#252;&#234;ncia. As dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas foram medidas conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>23</sup>. Pelo menos cinco batimentos consecutivos foram obtidos da janela paraesternal para se obter os di&#226;metros internos do VE no eixo-curto do VE. O modo M foi usado para medir as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), e di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (VEd) e sist&#243;lico (VEs) finais do VE. A FE do VE foi determinada usando-se o m&#233;todo modificado de Simpson com imagens obtidas a partir das janelas apicais 4 e 2 c&#226;maras. O fluxo mitral foi obtido colocando-se o cursor do Doppler puls&#225;til na extremidade dos folhetos mitrais na janela apical 4 c&#226;maras. A partir desse fluxo determinaram-se as velocidades m&#225;ximas de enchimento do VE no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (E) e durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (A), a correspondente raz&#227;o E/A e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) da onda E.</p>
    <p>O Doppler tecidual do anel mitral foi obtido na janela apical 4 c&#226;maras na posi&#231;&#227;o septal. As velocidades m&#225;ximas do deslocamento mioc&#225;rdico foram medidas no in&#237;cio (E') e no final (A') da di&#225;stole e sua raz&#227;o E'/A' foi calculada. A velocidade mioc&#225;rdica m&#225;xima durante a s&#237;stole (S') tamb&#233;m foi determinada. Todas as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram gravadas para permitir an&#225;lise posterior.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>C&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram feitos usando-se os programas GraphPad Prism 3.02 (San Diego, CA) e MedCalc 9.2.0.2 (Mariakerke, B&#233;lgica). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. Pacientes com e sem eventos foram comparados usando-se teste <italic>t </italic>de Student n&#227;o-pareado ou Qui-quadrado, conforme apropriado.</p>
    <p>Cada vari&#225;vel foi testada por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para o desfecho final combinado de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC. Todas as vari&#225;veis com associa&#231;&#227;o significativa pela an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada "<italic>stepwise</italic>" com o objetivo de identificar preditores independentes do desfecho final do estudo.</p>
    <p>Curvas de sobrevida cumulativa foram constru&#237;das pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier com teste de "<italic>log-rank</italic>". Pacientes cujo seguimento era perdido foram censurados durante a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Curvas ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>) foram geradas para se determinar pontos de corte &#243;timos, com as correspondentes sensibilidades e especificidades, para previs&#227;o do desfecho final prim&#225;rio do estudo. A hip&#243;tese nula foi rejeitada quando o valor de <italic>p</italic> era menor que 0,05. Estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo demonstrou alta concord&#226;ncia interobservador e intraobservador para as medidas de E' e A'<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A partir de uma popula&#231;&#227;o inicial de 81 pacientes, exclu&#237;ram-se cinco, dentre os quais quatro estavam em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e um portava marcapasso permanente. Outros tr&#234;s tiveram o seguimento perdido logo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Setenta e tr&#234;s pacientes (54 homens; 60,9&#177;12,1 anos de idade) representaram a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e tiveram o seguimento m&#233;dio de 1.367&#177;665 dias. Vinte e quatro pacientes apresentaram o evento prim&#225;rio (morte, n=12: nove por causa card&#237;aca, dois por acidente vascular cerebral e um por insufici&#234;ncia renal; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC, n=12). Dentre 11 pacientes censurados por perda do seguimento, o tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento at&#233; o &#250;ltimo contato foi de 1.089&#177;647 dias. O intervalo de tempo m&#233;dio entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma e o primeiro evento foi de 785&#177;544 dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a04tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes se apresentava com IC leve a moderada (NYHA classe I: 23,3%; II: 54,8%; III: 19,2%; IV: 2,7%). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a04tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes que apresentaram ou n&#227;o o evento prim&#225;rio combinado n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo, etiologia da IC, interna&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos seis meses antes do ecocardiograma, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o e freq&#252;&#234;ncia de uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, exceto pela furosemida. Pacientes que apresentaram o evento prim&#225;rio combinado tinham pior classe funcional da NYHA, usavam furosemida mais freq&#252;entemente e tinham maior preval&#234;ncia de diabete melito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a04tab01">tab.1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes que apresentaram eventos tinham maior di&#226;metro de AE e menor FE quando comparados com pacientes livres de evento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a04tab02">tab.2</xref>). Eles tamb&#233;m possu&#237;am pior fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avaliada tanto ao Doppler puls&#225;til (maiores velocidade de onda E e raz&#227;o E/A, e menor TD) quanto ao tecidual (maior raz&#227;o E/E`; <xref ref-type="table" rid="a04tab02">tab.2</xref>). A velocidade S` tamb&#233;m era menor nos pacientes com eventos. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a04tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com progn&#243;stico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, a an&#225;lise univariada demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos e a classe funcional, presen&#231;a de diabete melito ou de infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio, e uso de furosemida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab.3</xref>). Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que pela an&#225;lise univariada tamb&#233;m estavam significantemente associados com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos foram AE, FE, velocidade da onda E, raz&#227;o E/A e TD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab.3</xref>). A raz&#227;o E/E' e a velocidade A&#180; foram os par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual significativamente associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos por an&#225;lise univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab.3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada <italic>stepwise</italic> incluindo todas as vari&#225;veis com associa&#231;&#227;o univariada e ajustada para sexo e idade selecionou como preditores independentes do evento prim&#225;rio combinado apenas o uso de furosemida (<italic>p</italic>=0,01, OR=8,1 [IC95%=1,6 a 40,4]), FE (<italic>p</italic>=0,04, OR=0,91 [IC95%=0,83 a 0,99]), e raz&#227;o E/E` (<italic>p</italic>=0,001, OR=1,37 [IC95%=1,13 a 1,65]). Quando a mesma an&#225;lise foi realizada incluindo-se apenas vari&#225;veis do Doppler ecocardiograma, a FE (<italic>p</italic>=0,01, OR=0,90 [IC95%=0,82 a 0,97]), e a raz&#227;o E/E` (<italic>p</italic>=0,0007, OR=1,31 [IC95%=1,12 a 1,52]) permaneceram como preditores independentes do evento prim&#225;rio combinado.</p>
    <p>Curvas ROC foram geradas para identificar pontos de corte &#243;timos para par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual e FE. Os seguintes valores emergiram como valores de corte &#243;timo para identificar os pacientes que apresentaram o evento prim&#225;rio combinado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig.1A</xref>): S'&lt;5,4 cm/s (&#225;rea sobre a curva [AUC]=0,67, <italic>p</italic>=0,008, sensibilidade 54,2%, especificidade 81,2%), E'&lt;6,8 cm/s (AUC=0,63, <italic>p</italic>=0,06, sensibilidade 58,3%, especificidade 68,7%), A'&lt;9,7 cm/s (AUC=0,66, <italic>p</italic>=0,01, sensibilidade 83,3%, especificidade 56,2%), e raz&#227;o E/E'&gt;12,7 (AUC=0,77, <italic>p</italic>=0,0001, sensibilidade 66,7%, especificidade 77,1%). O ponto de corte &#243;timo para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que apresentaram o evento prim&#225;rio combinado por meio da FE foi de 30% (AUC=0,68, <italic>p</italic>=0,006, sensibilidade 50,0%, especificidade 77,1%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig.1b</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig1b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC para FE e raz&#227;o E/E' n&#227;o diferiram significativamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig.1</xref>). Entretanto, ao dividirmos os pacientes com FE acima de 30% (50 pacientes), em dois grupos, segundo a raz&#227;o E/E', encontramos 19 (38%) com valores iguais ou maiores que 12,7, e 31 (62%) com raz&#227;o E/E' &lt;12,7. O primeiro grupo concentrou 75% (9/12) dos eventos dos pacientes com FE &gt; 30%, resultando numa incid&#234;ncia de eventos de 47%, enquanto no segundo grupo apenas tr&#234;s eventos foram registrados, correspondendo a uma incid&#234;ncia de eventos de 9,7%. </p>
    <p>De acordo com as an&#225;lises de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, o progn&#243;stico era pior em pacientes com raz&#227;o E/E'&gt;12,7 (raz&#227;o de risco=3,8, IC 95% 1,8 a 9,6, <italic>p</italic>=0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a">fig.2a</xref>) ou FE&lt;30% (raz&#227;o de risco=2,3, IC95% 1,07 a 6,1, <italic>p</italic>=0,03; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b">fig.2b</xref>). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com e sem essas duas anormalidades simultaneamente presentes: raz&#227;o E/E'&gt;12,7 e FE&lt;30%, resultou numa discrimina&#231;&#227;o mais clara dos pacientes com pior progn&#243;stico (raz&#227;o de risco=10,8, IC 95% 7,2 a 188,0, <italic>P</italic>&lt;0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2c">fig.2c</xref>). A presen&#231;a desses dois fatores implicou raz&#227;o de chance de 19,8 (<italic>p</italic>=0,0005) com alta especificidade (97.9%), mas baixa sensibilidade (29,2%) para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos. Por sua vez, a presen&#231;a de ao menos um desses fatores implicou raz&#227;o de chance de 9,3 (<italic>p</italic>=0,0003) com menor especificidade (57,1%), mas maior sensibilidade (87,5%) para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos.</p>
    <fig id="fig2a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig2b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig2c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O achado principal deste estudo foi a indica&#231;&#227;o de que par&#226;metros derivados do Doppler tecidual obtidos j&#225; ap&#243;s a primeira consulta ambulatorial podem predizer eventos (mortalidade total ou interna&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC) em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. A raz&#227;o E/E' e a FE foram as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas capazes de adicionar valor progn&#243;stico quando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada. Nossa an&#225;lise se diferencia de estudos pr&#233;vios nos quais as informa&#231;&#245;es do ecocardiograma eram obtidas pelo menos dois meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terapia padr&#227;o<sup>14,17,18</sup>. Em nossa vis&#227;o, as altas morbidade e mortalidade associadas &#224; IC condicionam a necessidade de obter-se informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica o mais prontamente poss&#237;vel, pelo que optamos por usar os dados obtidos do ecocardiograma solicitado ap&#243;s a primeira consulta do paciente no nosso programa ambulatorial de controle da IC.</p>
    <p>&#201; de longa data o conhecimento do valor progn&#243;stico dos par&#226;metros que medem a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na IC. Tanto a redu&#231;&#227;o da FE<sup>25</sup> quanto o aumento do volume ou do di&#226;metro sist&#243;licos finais do VE<sup>25,26</sup> associam-se classicamente a pior progn&#243;stico. Na nossa casu&#237;stica, a FE tamb&#233;m foi preditor independente de eventos na popula&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. Al&#233;m disso, graus vari&#225;veis de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica podem coexistir e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tais como TD diminu&#237;do ou padr&#227;o restritivo, foram tamb&#233;m reconhecidos como fortes preditores do progn&#243;stico<sup>17,27</sup>. No presente estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o no TD tamb&#233;m esteve associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos mediante an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o E/E' correlaciona-se bem &#224; press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE<sup>11-13</sup> e &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral<sup>28</sup>. Esses achados estimularam a execu&#231;&#227;o de estudos testando e identificando o valor progn&#243;stico desse par&#226;metro na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE<sup>15-17,19,20,29</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a raz&#227;o E/E' tem emergido como o mais forte preditor de futuros eventos card&#237;acos quando comparada a v&#225;rios outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<sup>17,29</sup>. Nosso estudo confirmou o valor progn&#243;stico da raz&#227;o E/E' para o desfecho combinado de mortalidade total ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC. &#201; importante frisar que a mortalidade card&#237;aca respondeu pela maioria dos casos de &#243;bito relacionados em nosso estudo. O ponto de corte &#243;timo para a raz&#227;o E/E' achado por n&#243;s (12,7) &#233; similar ao descrito em outro estudo (12,5)<sup>15</sup> e pr&#243;ximo do de outro grupo (15)<sup>13</sup> que tamb&#233;m estudou o valor desta raz&#227;o como preditor de eventos card&#237;acos. O estudo cl&#225;ssico<sup>11</sup> descrevendo a habilidade em identificar press&#245;es diast&#243;licas finais elevadas do VE pela raz&#227;o E/E' septal encontrou como ponto de corte &#243;timo o valor de 15, algo maior que o descrito por n&#243;s para identificar progn&#243;stico. &#201; importa salientar, contudo, a diferen&#231;a entre o foco do presente estudo, concentrado em avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, e o interesse maior do outro estudo, voltado &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE elevada, possivelmente contribuindo para a diversidade dos resultados<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A superioridade da raz&#227;o E/E' sobre par&#226;metros derivados exclusivamente da an&#225;lise do fluxo mitral pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; depend&#234;ncia do fluxo mitral de diversos fatores, como o estado vol&#234;mico, press&#227;o atrial esquerda, idade e relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico<sup>30</sup>. De fato, o TD p&#244;de prever o progn&#243;stico pela an&#225;lise univariada, como corroborado por dados da literatura<sup>14,17,19,27</sup>, mas foi preditor de eventos mais fracos que a raz&#227;o E/E' em modelos de an&#225;lise multivariada, tanto no nosso estudo como em outros<sup>14,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, diferentemente do observado na literatura<sup>17-19,29</sup>, a velocidade E' n&#227;o foi preditora de eventos &#224; an&#225;lise univariada. Entretanto, em quase todos, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de um apenas, seu valor progn&#243;stico independente n&#227;o foi confirmado ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada<sup>18</sup>. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do a pequena, mas significativa diferen&#231;a no valor m&#233;dio da E' entre pacientes com e sem eventos, na ordem de somente 1 a 2 cm/s nesses estudos<sup>17-20</sup>. Em contraste, a raz&#227;o E/E' se revelou marcador mais acurado da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na IC e permitiu a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avan&#231;ada associada &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da velocidade A' em pacientes com IC foi destacada por uma recente publica&#231;&#227;o onde esse par&#226;metro foi selecionado entre outras vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, incluindo a raz&#227;o E/E', como o preditor independente mais poderoso<sup>14</sup>. De fato, em estudos pr&#233;vios, a velocidade A' foi significantemente menor em pacientes com eventos<sup>17-19</sup>, e no nosso estudo a velocidade A' foi preditora de eventos &#224; an&#225;lise univariada. Entretanto, no nosso e em outros estudos<sup>17-20</sup> esse par&#226;metro n&#227;o foi preditor independente de eventos.</p>
    <p>Embora a raz&#227;o E/E' e a FE tenham sido reconhecidos como &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos independentes na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC do nosso estudo, as sensibilidades para os pontos de corte &#243;timos identificados foram baixas tanto para a raz&#227;o E/E' e, especialmente, para a FE. Al&#233;m disso, as especificidades tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram altas. Um dos poss&#237;veis motivos para esses achados &#233; o longo per&#237;odo de seguimento, durante o qual outros fatores n&#227;o detectados podem ter influenciado na evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Por exemplo, a doen&#231;a coronariana era altamente prevalente na presente s&#233;rie e n&#227;o podemos afastar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos contribuindo para o &#243;bito desses pacientes. Por&#233;m, a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os &#237;ndices conferiu uma alta especificidade para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos quando ambos eram alterados al&#233;m do ponto de corte no mesmo paciente e uma boa sensibilidade quando um ou o outro estava alterado. Outro aspecto a ser apontado &#233; que mais de um quarto dos pacientes apresentava FE acima do ponto de corte, por&#233;m com raz&#227;o E/E' elevada. Esses pacientes tiveram alta incid&#234;ncia de eventos. Essa raz&#227;o E/E' elevada permitiu capturar um subgrupo de pacientes com alta ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos dentre aqueles que n&#227;o seriam identificados com base somente no valor da FE. </p>
    <p>O uso cr&#244;nico de furosemida tamb&#233;m foi preditor independente do progn&#243;stico dos pacientes no nosso estudo. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de pacientes mais sintom&#225;ticos, e, portanto, mais graves, terem o diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a inclu&#237;do mais freq&#252;entemente em suas prescri&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#243;s n&#227;o avaliamos o volume do AE pela ecocardiografia 2D, mas somente o di&#226;metro do AE pelo modo-M. A inclus&#227;o do volume do AE na an&#225;lise poderia ter resultado em outro preditor independente, j&#225; que o volume do AE est&#225; intimamente associado com valores s&#233;ricos elevados de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral<sup>31</sup> e foi reconhecido como preditor de eventos na IC como descrito na literatura<sup>27,29,32</sup>. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram avaliados neste estudo outros par&#226;metros com significado progn&#243;stico na IC, como a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ou a variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Constituem tamb&#233;m limita&#231;&#245;es a natureza retrospectiva do estudo e a popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada referenciada ao nosso servi&#231;o. Esses resultados n&#227;o devem ser estendidos a pacientes exclu&#237;dos deste estudo por caracter&#237;sticas como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou estenose valvar grave. Um estudo recente estendeu o valor progn&#243;stico da raz&#227;o E/E' a pacientes com IC e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave secund&#225;ria<sup>33</sup>. Nossa amostra populacional consistiu de pacientes de risco relativamente menor, como sugerido por sua baixa mortalidade, e, portanto, a inclus&#227;o de pacientes mais graves poderia levar a diferentes resultados. Parece-nos, contudo, que nossos resultados s&#227;o mais aplic&#225;veis &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o habitualmente assistida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica rotineira.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos achados indicam que a raz&#227;o E/E' &#233; importante &#237;ndice independente de progn&#243;stico em longo prazo de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por piora da IC em pacientes tratados ambulatorialmente para IC secund&#225;ria a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. Na nossa casu&#237;stica, a raz&#227;o E/E' e a FE foram as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas a adicionar valor progn&#243;stico em modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada, incluindo vari&#225;veis tanto cl&#237;nicas quanto ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Al&#233;m disso, nossa an&#225;lise revelou um aspecto a nosso ver in&#233;dito por extrair informa&#231;&#245;es do primeiro ecocardiograma realizado ap&#243;s a visita inicial do paciente ao ambulat&#243;rio, tendo assim possibilitado a obten&#231;&#227;o imediata de importante informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. Deve-se destacar que este estudo identificou um subgrupo que, a despeito de apresentar FE superior ao nosso ponto de corte &#243;timo, possu&#237;a elevada raz&#227;o E/E' e alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos. Conseq&#252;entemente, recomenda-se que a medida sistem&#225;tica dessa vari&#225;vel por meio de um instrumental facilmente dispon&#237;vel como o Doppler ecocardiograma seja inclu&#237;da na avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina de pacientes ambulatoriais com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE e sintomas leves ou moderados de IC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem a assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica dos membros do Total Care. Agradecem tamb&#233;m o suporte recebido pelos outros m&#233;dicos da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, em especial do Dr. Dino Roberto Gomes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Roberto Magalh&#227;es Saraiva </p>
        <p> Total Care - Rua Volunt&#225;rios da P&#225;tria, 445 sala 210 </p>
        <p> 22270-000 - Botafogo - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rsaraiva@cardiol.br">rsaraiva@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 13/12/07; revisado recebido em 04/02/08; aceito em 19/02/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Tissue doppler imaging as a long-term prognostic index in left ventricular systolic dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Tissue Doppler parameters correlate with left ventricular (LV) filling pressure and can be useful as prognostic indexes for patients with heart failure. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether tissue Doppler parameters can predict events during long term follow-up of outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction. MeTHODS: Retrospective study with 73 patients (aged 60.9&#177;12.1 years) who underwent Doppler echocardiogram between March 2001 and May 2004. The primary endpoint studied was death or hospitalization due to heart failure worsening. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 1,367&#177;665 days. After logistic stepwise multivariate analysis, including echocardiographic parameters, the ratio of maximal early diastolic filling wave velocity to maximal early diastolic myocardial velocity (E/E` ratio; p=0.0007), and LV ejection fraction (EF; p=0.01) remained significant predictors of the primary outcome. The optimal cutoffs for primary endpoint prediction for E/E' ratio (AUC 0.77; p=0.0001) and EF (AUC 0.68, p=0.006) were respectively 12.7 and 30%. Accordingly, patients with E/E' ratio &gt; 12.7 (hazard ratio=3.8, p =0.001) or EF &lt;30% (hazard ratio=2.3, p=0.03) had a poorer outcome by survival curve analysis. It is noteworthy that 47% of the patients with EF above the optimal cutoff point, but with high E/E' ratio, presented events during follow-up. CONCLUSION: E/E' ratio is an important independent long-term prognostic index of death or hospitalization due to worsening heart failure in outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction. Therefore, we recommend the measurement of this variable in the routine evaluation of such patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac output, low</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction, left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</p>
      <p> ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - ADULTS</p>
      <p><undefined id="cend-body2"/>Tissue Doppler imaging as a long-term prognostic index in left ventricular systolic dysfunction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Roberto Magalh&#227;es Saraiva; Rita de C&#225;ssia Castelli da Rocha; Adriana Ferraz Martins; Dario Marins Duarte; Renata da Silva Peixoto; Simone Henriques de Castro; Carla Tavares Gallicchio; Andr&#233;a L&#250;cia de Ara&#250;jo; S&#233;rgio Emanuel Kaiser</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Total Care, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Tissue Doppler parameters correlate with left ventricular (LV) filling pressure and can be useful as prognostic indexes for patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Determine whether tissue Doppler parameters can predict events during long term follow-up of outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective study with 73 patients (aged 60.9&#177;12.1 years) who underwent Doppler echocardiogram between March 2001 and May 2004. The primary endpoint studied was death or hospitalization due to heart failure worsening.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean follow-up period was 1,367&#177;665 days. After logistic stepwise multivariate analysis, including echocardiographic parameters, the ratio of maximal early diastolic filling wave velocity to maximal early diastolic myocardial velocity (E/E` ratio; p=0.0007), and LV ejection fraction (EF; p=0.01) remained significant predictors of the primary outcome. The optimal cutoffs for primary endpoint prediction for E/E' ratio (AUC 0.77; p=0.0001) and EF (AUC 0.68, p=0.006) were respectively 12.7 and 30%. Accordingly, patients with E/E' ratio &gt; 12.7 (hazard ratio=3.8, p =0.001) or EF &lt;30% (hazard ratio=2.3, p=0.03) had a poorer outcome by survival curve analysis. It is noteworthy that 47% of the patients with EF above the optimal cutoff point, but with high E/E' ratio, presented events during follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> E/E' ratio is an important independent long-term prognostic index of death or hospitalization due to worsening heart failure in outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction. Therefore, we recommend the measurement of this variable in the routine evaluation of such patients. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Prognosis; echocardiography, Doppler; cardiac output, low; ventricular dysfunction, left.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the great advancements in the management of heart failure (HF), responsible for a significant improvement in patient survival during the last 50 years<sup>I</sup>; the morbimortality of this syndrome remains elevated<sup>1,2</sup>. However, patients with HF can be grouped in subgroups with distinct prognoses, defined by clinical and laboratory parameters. In addition to the left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction (EF)<sup>3,4</sup>, other echocardiographic variables derived from the mitral flow interrogation by pulse Doppler were capable of predicting cardiac events in patients with HF<sup>4-6</sup>. However, the velocities of the mitral flow are influenced by several factors, such as age, heart rate and preload<sup>7</sup>. On the other hand, new echocardiographic indices obtained at the tissue Doppler have shown to be less preload-dependent<sup>8-10</sup>. In parallel, in patients with systolic HF, an index derived from the analysis of the mitral flow and the myocardial velocity of the mitral annulus in early diastole has a good correlation with the final diastolic pressure of the LV. This index is the E/E' ratio, which is the ratio between the maximum LV filling velocity and the myocardial velocity of the mitral annulus measured in early diastole<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The maximum velocity of the mitral annulus during the atrial contraction (A')<sup>14</sup> also has a good correlation with the final diastolic pressure of the LV. That allows the identification of patients with elevated final diastolic pressure of the LV<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, some studies demonstrated that the tissue Doppler parameters were capable of adding prognostic information in inpatients<sup>15</sup> or outpatients with HF<sup>14,16,17</sup>. However, the comprehensiveness of the results was limited by the short follow-up period<sup>17,18</sup>, or by the disequilibrium that resulted from the excessive number of patients included in the study that were New York Heart Association" (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV<sup>14,18-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the present study aimed at determining whether the tissue Doppler parameters could also predict long-term events in a situation closer to the routine outpatient clinical practice, where most of the patients refer mild to moderate symptoms. Additionally, we tried to determine whether the tissue Doppler obtained at the first examination after the patient's referral to the outpatient clinic is capable of predicting the prognosis of these patients, in contrast with previous studies<sup>14,17,18</sup> that used data obtained from echocardiographic assessments carried out at least 2 months after the patient was clinically stabilized.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The studied population consisted of 81 consecutive patients from our Heart Failure Control Program, who underwent their first Doppler echocardiogram at our echocardiogram laboratory between March 2001 and May 2004.</p>
      <p>Eligibility criteria included age between 18 and 75 years, EF &lt; 50% and a history of HF according to Framingham's criteria<sup>21</sup>. Patients with heart rate &gt; 100 bpm, severe valvular stenosis, severe pulmonary disease, congenital cardiopathy, malignant neoplasia, permanent pacemaker, atrial fibrillation and patients with inadequate windows for the Doppler echocardiogram were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>The NYHA functional class was evaluated at each visit through a specific activity scale questionnaire<sup>22</sup>, but for survival analysis, we considered only the assessment obtained at the first visit. The primary event determined retrospectively consisted of death or hospital admission due to HF worsening. The follow-up information was obtained from electronic medical files or by telephone contact with the patients or their family members.</p>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of our institution, following the ethical recommendations from the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients were assessed while lying on left lateral decubitus using standard echocardiographic sections. The studies were carried out using the commercially available echocardiography equipment (Sonos 4500, Hewlett-Packard, Andover, MA), equipped with a 2.5 MHz transducer. The cardiac dimensions were measured according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>23</sup>. At least five consecutive beats were obtained from the parasternal view, to obtain the internal diameters of the LV in the short axis of the LV.</p>
      <p>The M-mode was used to measure the cardiac dimensions: left atrium diameter (LA) and final diastolic (LVd) and systolic (LVs) diameters of the LV. The EF of the LV was determined using the modified Simpson's method, with images obtained from the 4- and 2-chamber apical views. The mitral flow was obtained by positioning the pulsed Doppler cursor on the tip of the mitral leaflets at the 4-chamber apical view. This flow was used to determine the maximum LV filling velocity at early diastole (E) and during the atrial (A) contraction, the corresponding E/A ratio and the E wave deceleration time (DT).</p>
      <p>The tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus was obtained from the 4-chamber apical view in the septal position. The maximum myocardium velocities were measured at early (E') and late (A') diastole and the ratio E'/A' was calculated. The maximum myocardial velocity during systole (S') was also determined. All echocardiographic measurements were recorded to allow posterior analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical calculations were carried out using the GraphPad Prism 3.02 (San Diego, CA) and MedCalc 9.2.0.2 (Mariakerke, Belgium) programs. Continuous variables were expressed as means &#177; standard deviations. Patients with or without events were compared using the non-paired Student's <italic>t</italic> test or Chi-square test, as appropriate.</p>
      <p>Each variable was tested by univariate logistic regression analysis for the final combined outcome of death or hospital admission due to HF worsening. All the variables with a significant association through the univariate analysis were included in the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, with the objective of identifying predictors that were independent from the final study outcome.</p>
      <p>Cumulative survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method in combination with log rank test. Patients who were lost to follow-up were censored from statistical analysis. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves were generated to determine the optimal cutoffs, with the corresponding sensitivities and specificities, to preview the primary final study outcome. The null hypothesis was rejected when <italic>p</italic> value was &lt; 0.05. A previous study by our group showed high interobserver and intraobserver agreement for the E' and A' measurements<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of an initial population of 81 patients, five were excluded, four of whom presented atrial fibrillation and one had a permanent pacemaker. Other three patients were lost to follow-up soon after the echocardiogram was performed and were excluded from the analysis. Seventy-three patients (54 men) aged 60.9&#177;12.1 years, represented the studied population and were followed for a mean of 1,367&#177;665 days. Twenty-four patients presented the primary event (death, n=12: 9 due to cardiac causes, 2 due to cerebrovascular accident and 1 due to renal failure; hospitalization due to HF worsening, n=12). Of the 11 patients that were censored due to loss of follow-up, the mean follow-up period until the last contact was 1,089&#177;647 days. The mean interval between the echocardiogram and the first event was 785&#177;544 days.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the patients are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a04tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Most of the patients presented mild to moderate HF (NYHA Class I: 23.3%; Class II: 54.8%; Class III: 19.2%; Class IV: 2.7%). The comparison between patients that presented or not the combined primary event did not show any significant differences regarding age, sex, HF etiology, hospital admission during the last 6 months before the echocardiogram, presence of hypertension and frequency of medication use, except for furosemide. Patients that presented the combined primary event had a worse NYHA functional class, used furosemide more often and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a04tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a04tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic Characteristics </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients that presented events had a larger LA diameter and lower EF when compared to patients free of events (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a04tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). They also presented worse diastolic function, evaluated by the pulsed Doppler (higher E wave velocity and E/A ratio and lower DT) as well as by the tissue Doppler (higher E/E' ratio; <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a04tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). S' velocity was also lower in patients with events.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a04tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Association between Clinical and Echocardiographic Parameters and Prognosis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical characteristics, the univariate analysis showed a significant association between the occurrence of events and functional class, presence of diabetes mellitus or previous myocardial infarction and furosemide use (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). Echocardiographic parameters that also showed to be significantly associated with the occurrence of events at the univariate analysis were LA, EF, E wave velocity, E/A ratio and DT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). The E/E' ratio and A` velocity were the tissue Doppler parameters that were significantly associated to the occurrence of events at the univariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, including all the variables with univariate association and adjusted for sex and age, selected as independent predictors of the combined primary event, only furosemide use (<italic>p</italic>=0.01, OR=8.1 [95%CI=1.6 to 40.4]), EF (<italic>p</italic>=0.04, OR=0.91 [95%CI=0.83 to 0.99]) and E/E` ratio (<italic>p</italic>=0.001, OR=1.37 [I95%CI=1.13 to 1.65]). When the same analysis was carried out including only the variables of the Doppler echocardiogram, the EF (<italic>p</italic>=0.01, OR=0.90 [95%CI=0.82 to 0.97]), and the E/E` ratio (<italic>p</italic>=0.0007, OR=1.31 [95%CI=1.12 to 1.52]) remained as independent predictors of the combined primary event.</p>
      <p>ROC curves were generated to identify the optimal cutoffs for the tissue Doppler parameters and EF. The following values arose as the optimal cutoffs to identify the patients that presented the combined primary event (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">Figure 1a</xref>): S'&lt;5.4 cm/s (area under the curve [AUC]=0.67, <italic>p</italic>=0.008, sensitivity 54.2%, specificity 81.2%), E'&lt;6.8 cm/s (AUC=0.63, <italic>p</italic>=0.06, sensitivity 58.3%, specificity 68.7%), A'&lt;9.7 cm/s (AUC=0.66, <italic>p</italic>=0.01, sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 56.2%), and E/E' ratio&gt;12.7 (AUC=0.77, <italic>p</italic>=0.0001, sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 77.1%). The optimal cutoff for the identification of the patients that presented the combined primary event through the EF was 30% (AUC=0.68, <italic>p</italic>=0.006, sensitivity 50.0%, specificity 77.1%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">Figure 1b</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig1b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The areas under the ROC curves for EF and E/E' ratio did not significantly differ (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">Figure 1</xref>). However, when the patients with EF&gt; 30% (50 patients) are divided in two groups, according to the E/E' ratio, we found 19 (38%) who had values <underline>&gt;</underline> 12.7 and 31 (62%) with a E/E' ratio &lt; 12.7. The first group concentrated 75% (9/12) of the events of patients with EF &gt; 30%, resulting in an incidence of events of 47%, whereas in the second group, only 3 events were recorded, which corresponds to an incidence of events of 9.7%.</p>
      <p>According to the Kaplan-Meier analysis of survival, the prognosis was worse in patients with E/E' ratio&gt;12.7 (odds ratio=3.8, 95%CI: 1.8 to 9.6, <italic>p</italic>=0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2a-body2">Figure 2a</xref>) or EF&lt;30% (odds ratio =2.3, 95%CI: 1.07 to 6.1, <italic>p</italic>=0.03; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2b-body2">Figure 2B</xref>). The comparison between patients with and those without these two abnormalities, simultaneously present: E/E' ratio &gt;12.7 and EF&lt;30%, resulted in a clearer identification of patients with worse prognosis (OR=10.8, 95%CI: 7.2 to 188.0, <italic>p</italic>&lt;0.0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2c-body2">Figure 2C</xref>). The presence of these two factors resulted in an OR=19.8 (<italic>p</italic>=0.0005) with high specificity (97.9%), but low sensitivity (29.2%) for the occurrence of events. On the other hand, the presence of at least one of these factors resulted in an OR=9.3 (<italic>p</italic>=0.0003) with lower specificity (57.1%), but higher sensitivity (87.5%) for the occurrence of events.</p>
      <fig id="fig2a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig2b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig2c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0085-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of the present study was the indication that the parameters derived from the tissue Doppler obtained as early as after the first outpatient clinic visit can predict events (total mortality or hospitalization due to HF worsening) in patients with LV systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The E/E' ratio and the EF were the only echocardiographic variables capable of adding a prognostic value when clinical variables were included in the multivariate analysis. Our analysis is different from those in previous studies, in which the echocardiogram information was obtained at least two months after the start of the standard therapy<sup>14,17,18</sup>. As far as we can see, the high morbimortality associated to HF results in the necessity to obtain prognosis information as soon as possible and, therefore, we chose to use the data obtained at the echocardiogram requested after the patients' first visit to the outpatient clinic program of HF control.</p>
      <p>The prognostic value of parameters that measure systolic function in HF has long been known. The decrease in EF<sup>25</sup> as well as the increased final systolic diameter or volume of the LV<sup>25,26</sup> are classically associated to a worse prognosis. In our series, the EF was also an independent predictor of events in the outpatient clinic population with LV systolic dysfunction. Additionally, variable degrees of systolic and diastolic dysfunction can coexist and diastolic function parameters, such as decreased DT or restrictive pattern were also recognized as strong predictors of prognosis<sup>17,27</sup>. In the present study, the decreased DT was also associated with the occurrence of events at the univariate analysis.</p>
      <p>The E/E' ratio correlates well with the final diastolic pressure of the LV<sup>11-13</sup> and to the plasma concentration of the brain natriuretic peptide<sup>28</sup>. These findings stimulated the researchers to carry out studies to test and identify the prognostic value of this parameter in the LV systolic dysfunction<sup>15-17,19,20,29</sup>. Additionally, the E/E' ratio has shown to be the strongest predictor of future cardiac events when compared to several other echocardiographic parameters<sup>17,29</sup>. Our study confirmed the prognostic value of the E/E' ratio for the combined outcome of total mortality or hospitalization due to the HF worsening. It is worth mentioning that the cardiac mortality was responsible for most of the cases of death reported in our study. The optimal cutoff for the E/E' ratio described by us (12.7) is similar to that described in another study (12.5)<sup>15</sup> and close to another, reported by a third group (15)<sup>13</sup> that also studied the value of this ratio as a predictor of cardiac events. The classical study<sup>11</sup>, describing the capacity to identify elevated final diastolic pressures of the LV through the septal E/E' ratio, found a value of 15 as an optimal cutoff, which is higher than the one described by us to identify prognosis. It is important to mention, however, the difference between the focus of the present study, concentrated on prognosis assessment and the higher implication of the other study, focused on the identification of the elevated diastolic pressure of the LV, possibly contributing to the diversity of results<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The superiority of the E/E' ratio over parameters that are derived exclusively from the analysis of the mitral flow can be attributed to the dependence of the mitral flow to several factors, such as the volemic status, left atrial pressure, age and myocardial relaxation<sup>30</sup>. In fact, the DT could predict the prognosis at the univariate analysis, as corroborated by literature data<sup>14,17,19,27</sup>, but it was a weaker event predictor when compared to the E/E' ratio in multivariate analysis models, both in our study and in others<sup>14,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, differently from what is observed in the literature<sup>17-19,29</sup>, the E' velocity was not a predictor of events at the univariate analysis. However, in all, except one, its independent prognostic value was not confirmed after a multivariate analysis<sup>18</sup>. This can be attributed to the small, but significant difference in the mean value of E' between patients with and without events, of only 1 to 2 cm/s in these studies<sup>17-20</sup>. In contrast, the E/E' ratio showed to be the most accurate marker of diastolic dysfunction in HF and allowed the selection of patients with HF and advanced diastolic dysfunction associated to the highest incidence of events.</p>
      <p>The prognostic importance of the A' velocity in patients with HF was demonstrated by a recent publication, where this parameter was selected among other echocardiographic variables, including the E/E' ratio, as the most powerful independent predictor<sup>14</sup>. In fact, previous studies have shown that the A' velocity was significantly lower in patients with events<sup>17-19</sup>, and in our study, the A' velocity was a predictor of events at the univariate analysis. However, in our and other studies<sup>17-20</sup>, this parameter was not an independent predictor of events.</p>
      <p>Although the E/E' ratio and the EF have been recognized as independent prognostic indices in the population with HF of our study, the sensitivities for the identified optimal cutoffs were low, for the E/E' ratio as well as for the EF. Additionally, the specificities were not high, either. One of the possible reasons for these findings is the long period of follow-up, during which other undetected factors might have influenced patient evolution. For instance, coronary disease was highly prevalent in the present series and one cannot rule out the occurrence of ischemic events contributing to the death of the patients. However, the combination of both indices resulted in high specificity for the occurrence of events, when both were altered beyond the cutoff in the same patient and a good sensitivity when one or the other was altered. Another aspect to be pointed out is that &#188; of the patients presented EF above the cutoff, but with an elevated E/E' ratio. These patients had a high incidence of events. This elevated E/E' ratio allowed the identification of a subgroup of patients who presented a high occurrence of events among those that would not be identified based solely on the EF value.</p>
      <p>The chronic use of furosemide was also an independent prognostic predictor in our study. This can be attributed to the fact that the more symptomatic patients, and thus, more severe ones, had the loop diuretic included more often in their prescriptions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We did not evaluate the LA volume through the 2-D echocardiography, but only the LA diameter through the M-mode. The inclusion of the LA in the analysis could have resulted in another independent predictor, as the LA volume is closely associated with elevated serum levels of the brain natriuretic peptide<sup>31</sup> and was recognized as an event predictor in HF, as described in the literature<sup>27,29,32</sup>. Other parameters with prognostic meaning in HF, such as tolerance to exercise or the heart rate variability were not analyzed in the present study, either.</p>
      <p>Other limitations include the retrospective nature of the study and the selected population that was referred to our service. These results should not be extended to the patients excluded from this study due to characteristics such as atrial fibrillation or severe valvular stenosis. A recent study extended the prognostic value of the E/E' ratio to patients with HF and secondary severe mitral regurgitation<sup>33</sup>. Our population sample consisted of patients with relatively lower risk, as suggested by the low mortality and therefore, the inclusion of more severe patients could lead to different results. It seems, however, that our results are more applicable to the population that is usually treated during routine clinical practice.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our findings indicate that the E/E' ratio is an important independent long-term prognostic index of death or hospitalization due to HF worsening in patients treated at the outpatient clinic for HF secondary to LV systolic dysfunction. In our series, the E/E' ratio and EF were the only echocardiographic variables that added a prognostic value in a multivariate analysis model that included clinical variables as well as echocardiographic ones. Additionally, our analysis showed a new aspect, as it extracted information from the first echocardiogram performed after the initial examination of the patient at the outpatient clinic, thus allowing the immediate attainment of important prognostic information.</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that the present study identified a subgroup of patients who, although presented EF higher than our optimal cutoff, had an elevated E/E' ratio and high frequency of events. Consequently, it is recommended that the systematic measurement of this variable, through an easily applicable instrument such as the Doppler echocardiogram, should be included in the routine assessment of outpatients with LV systolic dysfunction and mild or moderate symptoms of HF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors wish to thank the technical assistance provided by the members of Total Care. The authors also thank the support received from other physicians from our institution, especially from Dr. Dino Roberto Gomes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
