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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dgvWgMPVbXvhdj6SdD8cBTR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s tratamento cir&#250;rgico de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goraieb</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Croti</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Orrico</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Renata Perez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rincon</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Yesid Prieto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braile</surname>
            <given-names>Domingo Marcolino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FUNFARME </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital de Base</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>77</fpage>
      <lpage>84</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: An&#225;lise das condi&#231;&#245;es pulmonares dos pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar e resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea nos pacientes portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico com aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliaram-se, durante a cirurgia, 35 pacientes com medidas de complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea, em quatro instantes distintos. As medidas pulmonares foram feitas de forma n&#227;o-invasiva, com o m&#233;todo de oclus&#227;o da via a&#233;rea ao final da inspira&#231;&#227;o e uso de f&#243;rmulas matem&#225;ticas espec&#237;ficas. As vari&#225;veis observadas e relacionadas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares foram: no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, idade, peso e rela&#231;&#227;o entre fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo sist&#234;mico e pulmonar; no intra-operat&#243;rio, tempos de perfus&#227;o, de an&#243;xia e temperatura m&#237;nima; no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva. RESULTADOS: Ao final da cirurgia, a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar mostrou aumento significativo imediato (p &lt; 0,001) em todos os pacientes. Os pacientes maiores de 30 meses tiveram maior aumento (p = 0,0004). Aqueles com peso superior a 10 kg tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior aumento (p = 0,0006). Os pacientes com tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea maior que 50 minutos demoraram mais para apresentar aumento da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar (p = 0,04). A resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ao final da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (p = 0,393). CONCLUS&#195;O: A complac&#234;ncia pulmonar apresentou melhora ao final da cirurgia em todos os pacientes, sendo influenciada de forma significativa por fatores como idade, peso e tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. A resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea, entretanto, n&#227;o se alterou.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>complac&#234;ncia pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - CRIAN&#199;AS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s tratamento cir&#250;rgico de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lilian Goraieb<sup>I</sup>; Ulisses Alexandre Croti<sup>I</sup>; Suzana Renata Perez Orrico<sup>I</sup>; Omar Yesid Prieto Rincon<sup>II</sup>; Domingo Marcolino Braile<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Base da Funda&#231;&#227;o Regional de Medicina (FUNFARME / FAMERP), S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> An&#225;lise das condi&#231;&#245;es pulmonares dos pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o comportamento da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar e resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea nos pacientes portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico com aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Avaliaram-se, durante a cirurgia, 35 pacientes com medidas de complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea, em quatro instantes distintos. As medidas pulmonares foram feitas de forma n&#227;o-invasiva, com o m&#233;todo de oclus&#227;o da via a&#233;rea ao final da inspira&#231;&#227;o e uso de f&#243;rmulas matem&#225;ticas espec&#237;ficas. As vari&#225;veis observadas e relacionadas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares foram: no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, idade, peso e rela&#231;&#227;o entre fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo sist&#234;mico e pulmonar; no intra-operat&#243;rio, tempos de perfus&#227;o, de an&#243;xia e temperatura m&#237;nima; no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ao final da cirurgia, a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar mostrou aumento significativo imediato (p &lt; 0,001) em todos os pacientes. Os pacientes maiores de 30 meses tiveram maior aumento (p = 0,0004). Aqueles com peso superior a 10 kg tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior aumento (p = 0,0006). Os pacientes com tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea maior que 50 minutos demoraram mais para apresentar aumento da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar (p = 0,04). A resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ao final da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (p = 0,393). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A complac&#234;ncia pulmonar apresentou melhora ao final da cirurgia em todos os pacientes, sendo influenciada de forma significativa por fatores como idade, peso e tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. A resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea, entretanto, n&#227;o se alterou. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O hiperfluxo pulmonar nos portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas pode provocar mudan&#231;a na mec&#226;nica pulmonar, aumentando o trabalho respirat&#243;rio e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, com agravo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar pode se encontrar comprometida, com altera&#231;&#245;es da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar (Cp) e resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea (R<sub>VA</sub>)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o do defeito com conseq&#252;ente normaliza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo deve ser realizada em momento adequado para cada paciente, na depend&#234;ncia do grau de repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica e magnitude do defeito. </p>
    <p>Comumente, a via de acesso utilizada no tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; a toracotomia transesternal mediana, a qual altera a anatomia tor&#225;cica durante o procedimento e pode interferir na fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup> 3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A necessidade do aux&#237;lio da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), quando por determinado per&#237;odo os pulm&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o ventilados e permanecem colapsados, propicia o edema pulmonar com conseq&#252;ente diminui&#231;&#227;o da Cp e aumento da R<sub>VA</sub><sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, procuramos avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, por meio das medidas de complac&#234;ncia pulmonar e resist&#234;ncia da via a&#233;rea, nos pacientes portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas com hiperfluxo pulmonar, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico com aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado no Hospital de Base da Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina (Funfarme) de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005, foram observados, prospectivamente, 35 pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com hiperfluxo pulmonar, submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com aux&#237;lio de CEC. Treze (37,1%) eram do sexo masculino e 22 (62,9%) do sexo feminino. A idade variou de 4 a 115 meses, com m&#233;dia de 59,23 &#177; 43,01 meses e mediana de 63 meses. O peso variou de 3,9 kg a 36,2 kg, com m&#233;dia de 17,45 &#177; 10,38 kg e mediana de 17 kg. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o fluxo pulmonar e sist&#234;mico (Qp/Qs) variou de 1 a 7, com m&#233;dia de 2,92 &#177; 1,29.</p>
    <p>Foram analisadas vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, intra-operat&#243;rias e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, pelo Parecer n&#186; 012/2004, em 16 de fevereiro de 2004.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com hiperfluxo pulmonar, portadores de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV), comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) e defeito do septo atrioventricular (DSAV) nas formas parcial e total, com idade inferior a 10 anos e necessariamente sob a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do aux&#237;lio da CEC.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se ecocardiograma at&#233; trinta dias antes da opera&#231;&#227;o, para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico e c&#225;lculo do Qp/Qs.</p>
    <p>Foram sistematicamente exclu&#237;dos os portadores de outras cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas ou adquiridas, nascidos prematuros, doen&#231;as pulmonares cr&#244;nicas pr&#233;vias, s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, opera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares ou pulmonares pr&#233;vias e rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas na indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica e ventilat&#243;ria foi semelhante para todos os pacientes, empregando-se anestesia geral combinada e balanceada associada &#224; raquianestesia. </p>
    <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-anest&#233;sica endovenosa foi midazolan 0,1 mg/kg, seguida de indu&#231;&#227;o inalat&#243;ria, com m&#225;scara facial de sevofluorano a 5% e O<sub>2</sub> a 95%. Ap&#243;s perda de consci&#234;ncia, administraram-se propofol, atrac&#250;rio e isofluorano, conforme a necessidade do paciente.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se a ventila&#231;&#227;o manual com m&#225;scara, seguida de intuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal com tubo de di&#226;metro adequado. Aplicou-se a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (VM) controlada com volume corrente de 10 ml/kg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria adequada para idade, mantendo a rela&#231;&#227;o de tempo inspirat&#243;rio e expirat&#243;rio de 1/1 com fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio (FiO<sub>2</sub>) de 0,6 e press&#227;o expirat&#243;ria final positiva (PEEP) de zero.</p>
    <p>Na raquianestesia, foram utilizadas a bupivaca&#237;na isob&#225;rica 0,5 mg/kg e sufentanila 1 mcg/kg. </p>
    <p>Todas as crian&#231;as receberam dobutamina e/ou milrinone depois da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, imediatamente ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da da CEC.</p>
    <p>De acordo com protocolo espec&#237;fico, foram coletados dados em tr&#234;s per&#237;odos diferentes: pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Previamente &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o, obtiveram-se as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, peso e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como diagn&#243;stico e Qp/Qs.</p>
    <p>Durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, foram obtidas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: tempo de perfus&#227;o, tempo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, temperatura m&#237;nima, al&#233;m da verifica&#231;&#227;o dos dados ventilat&#243;rios necess&#225;rios para o c&#225;lculo da Cp e R<sub>VA. </sub></p>
    <p>O aparelho de VM utilizado foi o Datex Ohmeda Aestiva 3.000<sup>&#174;</sup>. Os par&#226;metros foram ajustados para ventila&#231;&#227;o controlada a volume e com volume corrente de 10 ml/kgm, fluxo de onda quadrada e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de acordo com a idade.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o m&#233;todo de oclus&#227;o da via a&#233;rea ao final da inspira&#231;&#227;o, com pausa inspirat&#243;ria, na qual a press&#227;o traqueal diminui at&#233; atingir um plat&#244; e fluxo constantes iguais a zero. </p>
    <p>Os dados ventilat&#243;rios de press&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima, press&#227;o de plat&#244;, volume corrente, FiO<sub>2</sub> e PEEP foram obtidos no painel do ventilador. Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de plat&#244;, foi necess&#225;rio o ajuste do ventilador. Com o aparelho programado para o modo volume, fez-se configura&#231;&#227;o pelo menu principal para ajuste da pausa inspirat&#243;ria. Com o objetivo de manter a rela&#231;&#227;o de tempo inspirat&#243;rio com tempo expirat&#243;rio de 1:3, ajustou-se a pausa inspirat&#243;ria de 25% do tempo inspirat&#243;rio. Dessa forma, quando retornamos &#224; tela inicial, a press&#227;o de plat&#244; aparece no monitor, a cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio, logo abaixo da press&#227;o m&#225;xima. </p>
    <p>Tais dados ventilat&#243;rios foram observados e medidos em quatro instantes diferentes e bem definidos:</p>
    <p>&#149; A primeira medida, com a crian&#231;a sedada, curarizada, intubada e sob VM, ap&#243;s o posicionamento dos campos est&#233;reis. </p>
    <p>&#149; A segunda, ap&#243;s a esternotomia, pericardiotomia e coloca&#231;&#227;o dos afastadores. </p>
    <p>&#149; A terceira, com cinco minutos depois do t&#233;rmino da CEC com os afastadores ainda posicionados. </p>
    <p>&#149; E a quarta, ap&#243;s o fechamento completo do t&#243;rax.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; CEC com oxigenador de membrana (Braile Biom&#233;dica<sup>&#174;</sup>, Brasil) e bomba de rolete. Ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, os pacientes foram transferidos sob ventila&#231;&#227;o manual para a unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e, posteriormente, instalou-se a VM. Alguns pacientes foram extubados no centro cir&#250;rgico, o que dependeu da gravidade da doen&#231;a, das caracter&#237;sticas da CEC empregada e da avalia&#231;&#227;o do anestesista. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio observadas na UTI foram: tempo de VM e de perman&#234;ncia na UTI. </p>
    <p>Para o c&#225;lculo da Cp e R<sub>VA</sub>, considerou-se o valor da Cst que foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a03fig01">figura 1</xref><sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a03fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A R<sub>VA</sub> expressa em cent&#237;metros de &#225;gua (cm/H<sub>2</sub>O) foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a03fig02">figura 2</xref><sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a03fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de dados, os valores da Cst e de R<sub>VA</sub> foram transformados, respectivamente, em &#237;ndice de complac&#234;ncia (IC) e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia (IR). Os &#237;ndices foram encontrados dividindo-se os valores de complac&#234;ncia e resist&#234;ncia pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, o que permitiu comparar indiv&#237;duos diferentes. Esses &#237;ndices foram relacionados &#224;s vari&#225;veis do pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta c&#225;lculos associados ao IC nos quatro instantes de medida e mostra que houve pequena altera&#231;&#227;o nos valores m&#233;dios do IC, ao passar de um instante para outro, durante o per&#237;odo intra-operat&#243;rio. Os valores de IC s&#227;o menos dispersos no instante 1 e atingem a maior varia&#231;&#227;o no instante 4, tendo seu valor m&#233;dio mais baixo no instante 2. Quando se aplicou o teste de compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias com dois fatores (<italic>Two-way</italic> ANOVA), verificou-se que as diferen&#231;as encontradas foram significativas (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas exploradas na an&#225;lise univariada da rela&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de complac&#234;ncia foram idade, peso, Qp/Qs, tempo de perfus&#227;o, tempo de an&#243;xia, temperatura m&#237;nima e tempo de VM e de perman&#234;ncia na UTI.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis que se mostraram mais fortemente associadas com os valores de IC nos diferentes instantes foram idade, peso e tempo de perfus&#227;o. As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram nenhum padr&#227;o de relacionamento. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref> apresenta os resultados obtidos para o teste de Mann-Whitney nas compara&#231;&#245;es de duas amostras estratificadas por idade, nos quatro instantes de medida de IC. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os resultados referentes ao peso encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a03fig02">figura 2</xref>, com seus intervalos de varia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref> observamos que, relacionando duas vari&#225;veis, peso e idade, a maioria dos pacientes com at&#233; 30 meses apresenta peso corporal at&#233; 10 kg.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o de IC com o tempo de perfus&#227;o, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o da amostra, segundo a vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica "Tperf_50", indicou que h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os valores medianos em cada instante de avalia&#231;&#227;o de IC, conforme gr&#225;fico <italic>Box-plot </italic>apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a03fig04">figura 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a03fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a03fig05">figura 5</xref> mostra a varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de complac&#234;ncia em porcentagem, de acordo com o tempo de perfus&#227;o. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a03fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab03">tabela 3</xref> apresenta os c&#225;lculos associados ao IR, nos quatro instantes de medida. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica com CEC s&#227;o muitas vezes respons&#225;veis pelo aumento da morbidade e mortalidade<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas crian&#231;as portadoras de hiperfluxo pulmonar, observamos altera&#231;&#245;es na mec&#226;nica pulmonar, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com aux&#237;lio de CEC. </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de complac&#234;ncia no instante 4 difere estatisticamente da m&#233;dia nos outros instantes de medi&#231;&#227;o. Isto &#233;, o IC apresentou um aumento estatisticamente significativo ao final da opera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Doen&#231;as que produzem fluxo anormal de sangue nos pulm&#245;es podem provocar mudan&#231;as na mec&#226;nica pulmonar, aumentando o trabalho respirat&#243;rio e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, e agravando a defici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>. A melhora da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar ao final da opera&#231;&#227;o decorre provavelmente da corre&#231;&#227;o do hiperfluxo pulmonar com melhora imediata da mec&#226;nica pulmonar. Essa melhora foi traduzida pelo aumento do IC, isto &#233;, quanto maior, mais distens&#237;vel est&#225; o pulm&#227;o e com maior varia&#231;&#227;o de volume durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o; logo quanto menor, mais r&#237;gido e menor o volume<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es produzidas por CEC, hipotermia, aus&#234;ncia de ventila&#231;&#227;o durante a opera&#231;&#227;o e pelo procedimento cir&#250;rgico seriam suficientes para comprometer a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Muitas vezes, essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela morbidade dos pacientes<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o ocorreu altera&#231;&#227;o que comprometesse a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o que foi traduzido pelo aumento do IC, comprovando, dessa forma, que os benef&#237;cios da corre&#231;&#227;o do hiperfluxo superam poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares decorrentes da CEC e do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>Satyer e cols.<sup>9</sup>, em estudo com 106 crian&#231;as menores de 1 ano, conclu&#237;ram igualmente que, naquelas com hiperfluxo pulmonar, a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Apesar da semelhan&#231;a entre os resultados, tal estudo mede a Cp din&#226;mica, enquanto n&#243;s obtivemos a medida da Cst. </p>
    <p>Lanteri e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em estudo com 23 crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, com idades entre 2 meses e 10 anos, similar aos nossos achados, observaram anormalidades da complac&#234;ncia din&#226;mica e est&#225;tica nos pulm&#245;es e aumento da resist&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria entre os pacientes com hiperfluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pulmonar. Essas medidas apresentaram valores normais depois da opera&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Takeuchi e cols.<sup>11</sup> inclu&#237;ram em seu estudo apenas crian&#231;as com peso inferior a 10 kg e tamb&#233;m observaram melhora da Cp ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o do hiperfluxo pulmonar. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do IC com as vari&#225;veis do estudo mostrou que apenas a idade, o peso e o tempo de perfus&#227;o apresentaram algum padr&#227;o de rela&#231;&#227;o com IC.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com idade de at&#233; 30 meses apresentaram valor de IC, nos quatro instantes, mais concentrados e baixos. Quando a idade se eleva acima dos 30 meses, a dispers&#227;o dos valores de IC aumenta. </p>
    <p>No subgrupo de pacientes com idade menor ou igual a 30 meses, o aumento percentual do IC &#233; de apenas 4,1% (p = 0,0165), enquanto, no subgrupo de pacientes maiores de 30 meses, esse aumento &#233; de 12,1% (p = 0,0004). </p>
    <p>O fato de as crian&#231;as menores de 30 meses apresentarem Cp menor em todos os instantes quando comparadas &#224;quelas maiores de 30 meses e de o peso se comportar de forma semelhante nas crian&#231;as com menos de 10 kg, apresentando, em todos os instantes, m&#233;dias de Cp menor, deve-se provavelmente &#224; matura&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se a tabela de crescimento adotada mundialmente pela <italic>National Center of Health Statistics </italic>(NCHS), podemos observar que crian&#231;as abaixo de 30 meses s&#227;o aquelas com peso at&#233; aproximadamente 10 kg. Dessa forma, nossos resultados obtidos com as vari&#225;veis peso e idade foram compat&#237;veis e mostraram-se similares para crian&#231;as de menor peso e menor idade, e tamb&#233;m para aquelas de maior peso e maior idade.</p>
    <p>Estudos sobre matura&#231;&#227;o pulmonar sugerem que o n&#250;mero de alv&#233;olos aumenta at&#233; aproximadamente 8 anos de idade. Ao nascimento, a regi&#227;o alveolar &#233; representada por espa&#231;os a&#233;reos primitivos descritos como s&#225;culos, chegando a quase vinte milh&#245;es. A partir da&#237;, os alv&#233;olos aparecem e se multiplicam para o n&#250;mero do adulto de trezentos milh&#245;es. A seguir, ocorrer&#225; apenas o aumento de tamanho alveolar at&#233; a idade adulta<sup>2</sup>, o que contribui para uma Cp maior apenas a partir da idade aproximada dos 8 anos de vida. Outros autores que estudaram a matura&#231;&#227;o pulmonar mostram que, ap&#243;s os 4 meses de idade, aumenta a complexidade do formato alveolar, ocorrendo a multiplica&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida dos alv&#233;olos nos primeiros 3 anos de vida<sup>12,13</sup>. Isso certamente contribui para que a Cp seja maior quanto maior for a idade.</p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as maiores apresentaram melhora da Cp do instante 1 para o instante 4 de 12%. As crian&#231;as menores de 30 meses e com menos de 10 kg apresentaram tamb&#233;m melhora da complac&#234;ncia ao final da cirurgia, mas de apenas 4,1%.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a Cp ao final da opera&#231;&#227;o apresenta melhora significativa no grupo de crian&#231;as maiores. As menores mostraram menor varia&#231;&#227;o do IC em todos os instantes, ficando esses valores concentrados num menor intervalo de varia&#231;&#227;o, enquanto, naquelas maiores, os valores de IC mostraram maior varia&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Podemos, assim, inferir com mais precis&#227;o que, no grupo de crian&#231;as menores, a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica pulmonar ser&#225; menor em todos os instantes se comparada com crian&#231;as maiores de 30 meses. </p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar que o aumento da Cp no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato n&#227;o apresentou nenhum padr&#227;o de relacionamento com o grau de hiperfluxo pulmonar, isto &#233;, quando relacionamos apenas o Qp/Qs com o grau de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o positiva. </p>
    <p>A n&#227;o-rela&#231;&#227;o do Qp/Qs com a evolu&#231;&#227;o pulmonar indica a n&#227;o-exist&#234;ncia de interfer&#234;ncia do grau de fluxo pulmonar com a capacidade pulmonar em pacientes com hiperfluxo pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Alguns autores sugerem tamb&#233;m que apenas a presen&#231;a de hiperfluxo pulmonar com aumento da PAP (PAP &gt; 18 mmHg) estaria associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do hiperfluxo, isto &#233;, a melhora &#233; inversamente proporcional &#224; PAP existente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Quanto maior a PAP no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, menor a melhora da Cp<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; perman&#234;ncia em circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, no grupo de crian&#231;as com tempo de perfus&#227;o menor ou igual a 50 minutos e tamb&#233;m no grupo de crian&#231;as com tempo de perfus&#227;o maior que 50 minutos, houve melhora da Cp. Entretanto, no grupo que permaneceu menos tempo em CEC, j&#225; se observava a melhora da Cp desde o instante 3, quando o t&#243;rax ainda se encontrava aberto e os afastadores estavam posicionados. J&#225; no grupo que ficou mais tempo em CEC, a melhora da Cp s&#243; foi observada ao final da opera&#231;&#227;o, com o t&#243;rax fechado. Estes &#250;ltimos mostraram inclusive piora do IC ap&#243;s a sa&#237;da de CEC (instante 3). </p>
    <p>O tempo de CEC &#233; citado na literatura como um dos principais fatores que dificultam o desmame da VM em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, em raz&#227;o do importante dist&#250;rbio fisiol&#243;gico causado pela rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria. A altera&#231;&#227;o na membrana dos capilares pulmonares influencia negativamente nas trocas gasosas, com aumento do risco cir&#250;rgico<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Brown e cols.<sup>14</sup>, em determinado estudo para identificar fatores de risco para maior tempo em UTI, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica, identificaram o tempo de CEC maior de 30 minutos como fator determinante para a piora da mec&#226;nica pulmonar e, conseq&#252;ente, aumento do tempo de UTI, independentemente dos eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios subseq&#252;entes. </p>
    <p>Diversos efeitos adversos est&#227;o associados ao uso da CEC em crian&#231;as. O aumento da permeabilidade capilar leva &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de edema, com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar e das trocas gasosas. </p>
    <p>Os esfor&#231;os para reduzir os efeitos adversos da CEC e delet&#233;rios da s&#237;ndrome do extravasamento capilar p&#243;s-perfus&#227;o incluem, no intra-operat&#243;rio, al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o de volume dos circuitos e terapia diur&#233;tica e antiinflamat&#243;ria, a t&#233;cnica de ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o. Estudos relacionados &#224; hemoconcentra&#231;&#227;o em cirurgias card&#237;acas com CEC t&#234;m sido feitos e concluem que as principais vantagens incluem a remo&#231;&#227;o de macromol&#233;culas mediadoras da rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, diminui&#231;&#227;o de endotoxinas circulantes, remo&#231;&#227;o do excesso de &#225;gua corp&#243;rea e da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar <sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Verificou-se um dado interessante na correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de CEC e a idade. Quando analisamos os dados intergrupos, as crian&#231;as com menor tempo de CEC apresentavam valores significativamente maiores de Cp em todos os instantes medidos, quando comparadas &#224;quelas do grupo com maior tempo de CEC. Observou-se que as primeiras tinham uma m&#233;dia de idade maior que as &#250;ltimas. As crian&#231;as maiores ficaram menos tempo em CEC que as menores. A justificativa para tal evento pode ser encontrada no fato de a indica&#231;&#227;o da opera&#231;&#227;o mais precoce acontecer na presen&#231;a de defeitos mais complexos, que causam maior repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, o que explica o maior tempo de CEC.</p>
    <p>A R<sub>VA</sub> no presente estudo n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ao final do procedimento cir&#250;rgico (p = 0,393). Di Carlo e cols.<sup>17</sup> relacionaram o valor medido de R<sub>VA</sub> no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato com o sucesso ou insucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o e constataram que valores de R<sub>VA</sub> superiores a 75 cm H<sub>2</sub>O indicam a possibilidade de insucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. Referiram tamb&#233;m que o aumento da R<sub>VA</sub> se deve provavelmente ao ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido pulmonar. Esse estudo foi realizado com crian&#231;as submetidas a diversos tipos de cirurgias card&#237;acas, e n&#227;o somente para corre&#231;&#227;o de hiperfluxo, como &#233; o caso do presente estudo<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o encontrou rela&#231;&#227;o da altera&#231;&#227;o da R<sub>VA</sub> com nenhuma vari&#225;vel do pr&#233;, intra ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dessa forma, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o da R<sub>VA</sub> com o tempo de VM, embora a m&#233;dia da R<sub>VA</sub> ao final da cirurgia tenha ficado abaixo de 75 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
    <p>A R<sub>VA</sub> &#233; maior nos menores volumes pulmonares. Tal situa&#231;&#227;o parece estar relacionada ao fato de ocorrerem altera&#231;&#245;es nos di&#226;metros das vias a&#233;reas com diferentes volumes pulmonares<sup>4</sup>. Isso explica o que nossos resultados demonstraram, ou seja, que as maiores resist&#234;ncias foram encontradas no grupo de crian&#231;as menores de 30 meses e que pesavam menos que 10 kg. </p>
    <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es da R<sub>VA</sub> s&#227;o muito pequenas nos dois grupos ao longo do per&#237;odo intra-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o sendo significativas as altera&#231;&#245;es ao final da cirurgia. </p>
    <p>Contrariamente, estudos mostram que pacientes neonatais tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 25% ap&#243;s a cirurgia, enquanto crian&#231;as mais velhas apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de apenas 16%<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo Martins<sup>18</sup>, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de diferentes aspectos da fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria pode n&#227;o s&#243; prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es, como tamb&#233;m permitir melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do paciente. Assim, a medida de Cst n&#227;o-invasiva do sistema respirat&#243;rio deve ser utilizada rotineiramente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e principalmente no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio das cirurgias card&#237;acas. &#201; adequada para avalia&#231;&#227;o do par&#234;nquima pulmonar, pois os sistemas cardiovascular e respirat&#243;rio est&#227;o intimamente relacionados, tanto anat&#244;mica quanto funcionalmente.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os principais achados foram: as crian&#231;as apresentaram melhora do IC ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do hiperfluxo pulmonar; as crian&#231;as de menor idade e, portanto, de menor peso apresentaram essa melhora de forma mais discreta; aquelas que permaneceram mais tempo em CEC demoraram mais tempo para apresentar melhora do IC. O IR n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa ao final da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Lilian Goraieb pela Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Lilian Goraieb </p>
        <p> Rua Duarte Pacheco, 1401/Casa 32, Higien&#243;polis </p>
        <p> 15.085-140, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="liliangoraieb@yahoo.com.br">liliangoraieb@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 01/11/07; revisado recebido em 04/12/07; aceito em 26/12/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Changes in pulmonary function after surgical treatment of congenital heart disease with pulmonary hyperflow</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Analysis of pulmonary status of pediatric patients in the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery. OBJECTIVE: To assess pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in patients with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hyperflow submitted to surgical treatment with the use of extracorporeal circulation. METHODS: Thirty-five patients were evaluated during surgery with measurements of static compliance and airway resistance at four different timepoints. Pulmonary measurements were performed non-invasively using end-inspiratory airway occlusion and specific mathematical formulas. The variables examined and related to pulmonary changes were: preoperative - age, weight, and relationship between systemic and pulmonary blood flow; intraoperative - perfusion times, anoxia times and minimum temperature; postoperative - time on mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit. RESULTS: Pulmonary compliance in all patients had an immediate and significant increase (P&lt;0.001) at the end of surgery. Patients older than 30 months experienced a greater increase (P=0.0004). Those with more than 10kg also had a greater increase (P=0.0006). In patients on extracorporeal circulation for more than 50 minutes, the increase in pulmonary compliance took longer to occur (P=0.04). Airway resistance was not significantly changed at the end of surgery (P=0.393). CONCLUSION: All patients experienced improved pulmonary compliance at the end of surgery, and this was significantly influenced by age, weight and time on extracorporeal circulation. Airway resistance, however, was not changed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>lung compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>extracorporeal circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</p>
      <p> HEART SURGERY - CHILDREN</p>
      <p><undefined id="cend-body2"/>Changes in pulmonary function after surgical treatment of congenital heart disease with pulmonary hyperflow</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lilian Goraieb<sup>I</sup>; Ulisses Alexandre Croti<sup>I</sup>; Suzana Renata Perez Orrico<sup>I</sup>; Omar Yesid Prieto Rincon<sup>II</sup>; Domingo Marcolino Braile<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Base da Funda&#231;&#227;o Regional de Medicina (FUNFARME / FAMERP), S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Analysis of pulmonary status of pediatric patients in the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in patients with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hyperflow submitted to surgical treatment with the use of extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-five patients were evaluated during surgery with measurements of static compliance and airway resistance at four different timepoints. Pulmonary measurements were performed non-invasively using end-inspiratory airway occlusion and specific mathematical formulas. The variables examined and related to pulmonary changes were: preoperative - age, weight, and relationship between systemic and pulmonary blood flow; intraoperative - perfusion times, anoxia times and minimum temperature; postoperative - time on mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Pulmonary compliance in all patients had an immediate and significant increase (P&lt;0.001) at the end of surgery. Patients older than 30 months experienced a greater increase (P=0.0004). Those with more than 10kg also had a greater increase (P=0.0006). In patients on extracorporeal circulation for more than 50 minutes, the increase in pulmonary compliance took longer to occur (P=0.04). Airway resistance was not significantly changed at the end of surgery (P=0.393).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> All patients experienced improved pulmonary compliance at the end of surgery, and this was significantly influenced by age, weight and time on extracorporeal circulation. Airway resistance, however, was not changed. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; lung compliance; extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary hyperflow in patients with congenital heart disease may lead to changes in pulmonary mechanics, increased respiratory work and oxygen consumption, thus worsening heart failure<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pulmonary function may be compromised, with changes in pulmonary compliance (Pc) and airway resistance (Awr)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Correction of the defect, with consequent normalization of flow, must be performed at an appropriate time for each patient, depending on the clinical repercussions and magnitude of the defect.</p>
      <p>Median transsternal thoracotomy, the standard surgical approach, alters thoracic anatomy during the procedure and may interfere with pulmonary function<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The need for extracorporeal circulation (ECC), when lungs are not ventilated and remain collapsed for a period of time, causes pulmonary edema and results in decreased Pc and increased Awr<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we tried to assess changes in pulmonary function by measuring lung compliance and airway resistance in patients with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hyperflow who had undergone surgical treatment assisted by extracorporeal circulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out at the <italic>Hospital de Base da Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina (FUNFARME)</italic> in S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, state of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>From February 2004 to February 2005, 35 patients with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hyperflow, who had undergone corrective surgery with extracorporeal circulation, were prospectively observed. Thirteen patients (37.1%) were males, and 22 (62.9%) were females. Age varied from 4 to 115 months (average 59.23 &#177; 43.01 months), with a median of 63 months. Weight varied from 3.9kg to 36.2kg (average 17.45 &#177; 10.38kg), with a median of 17kg. The relationship between pulmonary and systemic flow (Qp/Qs) varied from 1 to 7 (average 2.92 &#177; 1.29).</p>
      <p>Pre-, intra- and postoperative variables were analyzed.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</italic>, state of S&#227;o Paulo, according to Expert Opinion # 012/2004, on February 16 2004.</p>
      <p>Patients included were those diagnosed with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hyperflow who had partial or total interventricular communication (IVC), interatrial communication (IAC) or atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD), were less than 10 years of age, and needed the assistance of extracorporeal circulation (ECC).</p>
      <p>Echocardiograms were performed up to 30 days before surgery to confirm diagnosis and calculate Qp/Qs.</p>
      <p>Patients with other congenital or acquired heart diseases were systematically excluded, as well as preterm babies, patients with prior chronic pulmonary diseases, genetic syndromes, prior cardiovascular or pulmonary surgery, and allergic reactions during anesthesia induction.</p>
      <p>The anesthetic and ventilatory technique used was similar for all patients, using combined and balanced general anesthesia associated with rachianesthesia.</p>
      <p>Intravenous preanesthetic medication consisted of midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, followed by inhalatory induction with sevoflurane through facial mask (5% and 95% O<sub>2</sub>). After loss of consciousness, propofol, atracurium and isoflurane were administered according to the patient's need.</p>
      <p>Manual mask ventilation was followed by endotracheal intubation with a tube of appropriate diameter. Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) with 10ml/kg tidal volume and age-appropriate respiratory rate maintained an inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio of 1:1 with a 0.6 fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO<sub>2</sub>) and zero positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).</p>
      <p>Rachianesthesia was performed using 0.5 mg/kg isobaric bupivacaine and 1mcg/kg sufentanyl.</p>
      <p>After surgery, all patients were started on dobutamine and/or milrinone immediately after release from ECC.</p>
      <p>According to the specific protocol, data were colleted at three different timepoints: pre-, intra- and postoperatively.</p>
      <p>Before surgery, data on the following variables were collected: age, gender, weight and echocardiographic data, such as diagnosis and Qp/Qs.</p>
      <p>During the procedure, the following variables were analyzed: perfusion time, myocardial ischemia time, and minimum temperature, besides the ventilatory data needed for the calculation of Pc and Awr.</p>
      <p>Mechanical ventilation was performed with a DATEX OHMEDA AESTIVA 3.000<sup>TM</sup> device. Parameters were adjusted for volume-controlled ventilation, 10ml/kgm tidal volume, square-wave flow and age-appropriate respiratory rate.</p>
      <p>Airway occlusion was performed following an end-inspiration pause, during which tracheal pressure is reduced until a plateau and a constant flow equal to zero are reached.</p>
      <p>Ventilatory data on maximal inspiratory pressure, plateau pressure, tidal volume, FiO<sub>2</sub> and PEEP were obtained from the ventilator panel. The ventilator had to be adjusted to check plateau pressure. With the device programmed for the volume mode, configuration was set through the main menu to adjust for the inspiratory pause. Aiming at maintaining a 1:3 inspiratory-to-expiratory time ratio, the inspiratory pause was adjusted at 25% of the inspiratory time. Thus, when returning to the initial screen, at each respiratory cycle the plateau pressure appears on the screen right below the maximal pressure.</p>
      <p>These ventilatory data were observed and measured at four different well-defined timepoints.</p>
      <p>The first measurement was made with the child sedated, curarized, intubated and under MV, after draping; the second, following sternotomy, pericardiotomy and placement of the retractors; the third, five minutes after the end of ECC with the retractors still in place; and the fourth, after total chest closure.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent ECC with a membrane oxygenator (Braile Biom&#233;dica<sup>TM</sup>, Brazil) and a roller pump. At the end of surgery, patients under manual ventilation were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) and later, MV was started. Depending on the severity of the disease, characteristics of the ECC, and evaluation by the anesthesiologist, some patients were extubated in the operating room.</p>
      <p>Postoperative variables observed in the ICU were duration of MV and length of stay in the ICU.</p>
      <p>To calculate Pc and A<sub>wr</sub>, the value of S<sub>pc,</sub> which had been calculated using the formula in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, was considered<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a03fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A<sub>wr</sub> expressed in centimeters of water (cm/H<sub>2</sub>O) was calculated using the formula in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref><sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a03fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>For the statistical analysis of the data, S<sub>pc</sub> and A<sub>wr</sub> values were translated into compliance rate (CR) and resistance rate (RR), respectively. Rates were obtained by dividing the values of compliance and resistance by body surface, which allowed the comparison among different individuals. These rates were related to pre-, intra- and postoperative variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> displays calculations associated with the CR for the four timepoints, also showing a small change in mean CR values from one timepoint to the next during the intraoperative period. CR values are less dispersed at the first timepoint and reach the greatest variation at the fourth timepoint, with the lowest mean value at the second timepoint. By applying a two-factor mean comparison test (<italic>Two-way</italic> ANOVA), significant differences were found (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The quantitative variables examined in the univariate analysis of the compliance rate relationship were: age, weight, Qp/Qs, perfusion time, anoxia time, minimum temperature, MV time and length of stay in the ICU.</p>
      <p>The variables most strongly associated with CR values for the different timepoints were age, weight and perfusion time. The other variables showed no relationship pattern.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> exhibits the results obtained from the Mann-Whitney test in comparisons of two stratified samples by age in the four CR measurements.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Weight results and their variation intervals are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows that by relating two variables, weight and age, we found that most patients up to 30 months of age weighed up to 10kg.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As to the relationship between CR and perfusion time, sample stratification, according to the "Tperf_50" categorical variable, indicated a statistically significant difference between the median values at each timepoint of CR measurement as per the Boxplot shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a03fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref> shows the percentage variation of the compliance rate according to the perfusion time.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a03fig05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows calculations associated with RR for the four measurement timepoints.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0077-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary changes following pediatric cardiac surgery with ECC often account for the increase in morbidity and mortality<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In children with pulmonary hyperflow, we noticed changes in pulmonary mechanics during the postoperative phase with ECC.</p>
      <p>The mean compliance value obtained at the fourth measurement is statistically different from the mean obtained at the other timepoints. That is, CR had a statistically significant increase at the end of the surgery.</p>
      <p>Diseases that result in abnormal flows of blood in the lungs may cause changes in pulmonary mechanics, increasing respiratory work and oxygen consumption, and worsening the cardiac condition<sup>1</sup>. The improvement in pulmonary compliance at the end of the surgery is probably due to the correction of pulmonary hyperflow, with immediate improvement of pulmonary mechanics. This improvement was translated by the increased CR, i.e, the larger it is, the more distensible is the lung and greater is the variation in volume during inspiration; consequently, the smaller it is, the more rigid is the lung, and smaller is the volume<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Changes resulting from the use of ECC, hypothermia, absence of [mechanical] ventilation during surgery, and by the surgical procedure itself would be enough to impair pulmonary function after surgery. These changes often account for patient morbidity<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>No change occurred that could compromise pulmonary function after surgery, which was translated as an increased CR. This confirms the fact that the benefits obtained from hyperflow correction supersede potential pulmonary complications resulting from ECC and the surgical procedure itself.</p>
      <p>In a study conducted with 106 children under the age of 1 year, Satyer et al<sup>9</sup>, also observed that in those patients with pulmonary hyperflow, surgical correction improves pulmonary function. Despite the similarities in the results, that study assessed the dynamic Pc, whereas ours measured SPc.</p>
      <p>In a study conducted with 23 children undergoing cardiac surgery, aged 2 months to 10 years, analogous to our findings, Lanteri et al<sup>10</sup> observed abnormalities in pulmonary dynamic and static compliances, as well as an increase in respiratory resistance among patients with pulmonary blood hyperflow. After surgery, these values were normal.</p>
      <p>Takeuchi et al<sup>11 </sup>included in their study only children weighing less than 10 kg and also observed an improvement in Pc after surgery for pulmonary hyperflow correction.</p>
      <p>CR analysis performed with study variables showed that only age, weight and perfusion time displayed some pattern of correlation with CR.</p>
      <p>Patients up to 30 months of age had lower, more concentrated RC values at the four timepoints. Above 30 months of age, dispersion of RC values increases.</p>
      <p>In the subgroup of patients aged <underline>&lt;</underline>30 months, the percentage increase in CR is only 4.1% (<italic>p</italic>=0.0165), whereas in the subgroup of patients older than 30 months, this increase is 12.1% (<italic>p</italic>=0.0004).</p>
      <p>The fact that children under 30 months of age had lower Pc values for all timepoints compared to those older than 30 months, and that weight was similar in children under 10 kg, with lower Pc means at all timepoints, is probably due to pulmonary maturation.</p>
      <p>Taking into consideration the growth table used worldwide by the National Center of Health Statistics (NCHS), one can see that children under 30 months of age are those who weigh up to approximately 10kg. Therefore, our findings as to weight and age variables were consistent and similar to those of younger children who weighed less, as well as for those older ones who weighed more.</p>
      <p>Studies about pulmonary maturation suggest that the number of alveoli increases up until approximately eight years of age. At birth, the alveolar region consists of primitive air spaces described as sacculi, which can reach up to 20 million in number. From there on, alveoli start to appear and multiply until they reach the number found in adults, i.e., 300 million. After that, only the size of the alveoli will increase<sup>2</sup>, which contributes to greater Pc values only after approximately eight years of age. Other authors who have analyzed pulmonary maturation show that after 4 months of age there is an increase in the complexity of alveolar shape, and the number of alveoli multiplies more rapidly over the first 3 years of life<sup>12,13</sup>. This certainly contributes to a higher Pc with increasing age.</p>
      <p>Older children showed a 12% improvement in Pc from timepoint one to timepoint four. Children under 30 months of age and weighing less than 10kg also showed an improvement in lung compliance at the end of surgery, but only in the order of 4.1%.</p>
      <p>Thus, older children experienced a significant improvement in Pc at the end of surgery. The younger patients experienced less CR variation at all timepoints, with values concentrated within a narrower interval, whereas in older children CR values showed greater variation.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we can infer more accurately that in the group of younger children, static pulmonary compliance (Spc) will be lower at all timepoints when compared with children older than 30 months.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that the increase in early postoperative Pc did not show any relationship pattern with the pulmonary hyperflow, i.e., when only Qp/Qs is related to the level of improvement in postoperative pulmonary function, no positive correlation is observed.</p>
      <p>The lack of relationship between Qp/Qs and pulmonary development suggests that the level of pulmonary flow does not interfere with the pulmonary capacity in patients with pulmonary hyperflow.</p>
      <p>Some authors have suggested that only pulmonary hyperflow with increased PAP (PAP &gt;18 mmHg) would reduce compliance after surgical correction of the hyperflow. That is, the improvement is inversely proportional to the existing PAP in the preoperative stage. The greater the preoperative PAP, the smaller the improvement in Pc<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>As to time under extracorporeal circulation, in both the group of children with perfusion time <underline>&lt;</underline> 50 minutes and the group of children with perfusion time &gt; 50 minutes, there was an improvement in Pc. However, in the group that remained less time under extracorporeal circulation, an improvement in Pc was recorded as of timepoint three, when the thorax was still open and the retractors were in place. As to the group under ECC for a longer period, the improvement in Pc was observed only at the end of the surgery, when the thorax had already been closed. In fact, Pc in these patients even worsened after ECC weaning (timepoint three).</p>
      <p>ECC duration is reported in literature as one of the key factors that make MV weaning difficult in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, due to the significant physiological disorder caused by the inflammatory reaction. The change in the membranes of pulmonary capillaries negatively affects gas exchange, increasing surgical risk<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Brown et al<sup>14</sup>, in a study conducted to identify risk factors due to a longer stay in the ICU following pediatric cardiac surgery, identified time under ECC longer than 30 minutes as a determinant factor for worsening of pulmonary mechanics and, consequently, requiring a longer stay in the ICU regardless of the subsequent postoperative events.</p>
      <p>Several adverse effects have been associated with the use of ECC in children. The increase in capillary permeability results in edema formation, which consequently reduces pulmonary compliance and gas exchange.</p>
      <p>During the intra-operative phase, efforts to reduce the adverse effects of ECC as well as the deleterious effects of post-perfusion capillary leakage syndrome include, besides a reduction of the volume of circuits and diuretic and anti-inflammatory therapy, the ultra filtration technique. Studies conducted on the use of hemoconcentration in cardiac surgery with ECC have concluded that the main advantages are removal of the macromolecules that mediate the systemic inflammatory reaction, reduction of circulating endotoxins, elimination of excess body water and pulmonary hypertension<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>An interesting item of data found refers to the correlation between ECC duration and age. Upon analysis of the inter-group data, children who had spent less time under ECC showed significantly higher Pc values at all timepoints, as compared to those with longer periods under ECC. We observed that the mean age of children in the first group was greater than in the second group. The older children remained less time under ECC than the younger ones. The justification for this may lie in the fact that indication for surgery at an earlier stage is due to more complex defects with greater hemodynamic repercussions, which explains the longer time under ECC.</p>
      <p>In this study, Awr showed no significant change at the end of the surgery (<italic>P</italic>=0.393). Di Carlo et al<sup>17</sup> reported A<sub>wr</sub> values recorded immediately after surgery with successful or unsuccessful extubation, and concluded that A<sub>wr</sub> values over 75 cm H<sub>2</sub>O identify the possibility of difficult extubation due to respiratory failure. The authors also believe that the increase in A<sub>wr</sub> is probably due to pulmonary fluid build-up. That study was conducted with children undergoing several types of cardiac surgery and not exclusively for hyperflow correction, as was the case in our study<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our study did not identify any relationship between the change in A<sub>wr</sub> and any pre-, intra- or postoperative variable. Thus, there was no relationship between A<sub>wr</sub> and MV time, although the mean A<sub>wr</sub> at the end of surgery was less than 75 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
      <p>A<sub>wr</sub> is greater in smaller pulmonary volumes. This seems to be related to the fact that changes take place in the diameters of airways with different pulmonary volumes<sup>4</sup>. This explains what our results have shown, i.e., that the greatest resistance was found in the group of children younger than 30 months and who weighed less than 10 kilos.</p>
      <p>A<sub>wr</sub> variations were very small in both groups during the intraoperative period, and the changes at the end of surgery were not significant.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, studies have shown that neonates suffered a 25% decrease in respiratory resistance after surgery, whereas older children experienced a reduction of only 16%<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Martins<sup>18</sup>, monitoring of different aspects of the respiratory function can not only prevent complications, but also enable a better functional assessment of the patient. Thus, the noninvasive measurement of Spc should be routinely used in clinical practice and especially during the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery. This measurement is appropriate for the evaluation of pulmonary parenchyma since the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are closely related, both anatomically and functionally.</p>
      <p>In our study, the main findings were:children showed improvement in CR after the surgical correction of pulmonary hyperflow; in younger children and, therefore, with lower weights, this improvement was minor; those who spent more time under ECC took longer to show improvement in the CR. CRshowed no significant changes at the end of surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lilian Goraieb, from <italic>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
