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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jY6xmpzdM6yDTKkyNMN5rXH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cirurgia da endocardite em valva a&#243;rtica: op&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de abscesso a&#243;rtico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Antoninho Sanfins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Tambellini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paulista</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Paredes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Flavio Sanches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdulmassih Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Camilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinkhuysen</surname>
            <given-names>Jarbas Jackson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaccur</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Bento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>72</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A grande diversidade de apresenta&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas encontradas em pacientes com endocardite infecciosa, especialmente nos que desenvolvem abscessos do anel a&#243;rtico ou fistulas intracard&#237;acas, tem sido um complicador para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico dessa doen&#231;a. Por esse motivo, os cirurgi&#245;es t&#234;m desenvolvido op&#231;&#245;es t&#225;ticas para sua corre&#231;&#227;o. A consci&#234;ncia geral de que a retirada do tecido infectado promove uma limpeza radical, o aparecimento de colas biol&#243;gicas que facilitam o fechamento dos abscessos e o surgimento de novos substitutos valvares melhoraram o resultado do tratamento. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar mais uma op&#231;&#227;o no tratamento do abscesso a&#243;rtico, para casos selecionados, tubo valvulado em posi&#231;&#227;o infra-coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: Empreendemos a t&#233;cnica em tr&#234;s pacientes: em dois, empregamos tubo valvulado com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, e em um, com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica. Dois pacientes necessitaram procedimentos associados com troca da valva mitral em um deles e pl&#225;stica da valva tric&#250;spide no outro. Todos eram reopera&#231;&#245;es de pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. RESULTADOS: A evolu&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria imediata foi satisfat&#243;ria com os tr&#234;s recebendo alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva para o quarto. Um dos pacientes evoluiu para &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o de co-morbidades graves que j&#225; apresentava no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, relacionadas a varizes de es&#244;fago e comprometimento hep&#225;tico. Os outros dois apresentam boa evolu&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. CONCLUS&#195;O: Acreditamos que essa op&#231;&#227;o seja mais uma alternativa para o tratamento de abscessos com grande comprometimento de estruturas do anel a&#243;rtico e da continuidade mitro-a&#243;rtica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>abscesso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CIRURGIA CARD&#205;ACA - ADULTOS</p>
    <p>Cirurgia da endocardite em valva a&#243;rtica - op&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de abscesso a&#243;rtico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antoninho Sanfins Arnoni<sup>I,II</sup>; Renato Tambellini Arnoni<sup>I,II</sup>; Paulo Paredes Paulista<sup>I</sup>; Victoria E. Martinez<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Flavio Sanches Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Camilo Abdulmassih Neto<sup>I</sup>; Jarbas Jackson Dinkhuysen<sup>I</sup>; Mario Issa<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Chaccur<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Carlos Bento de Souza<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A grande diversidade de apresenta&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas encontradas em pacientes com endocardite infecciosa, especialmente nos que desenvolvem abscessos do anel a&#243;rtico ou fistulas intracard&#237;acas, tem sido um complicador para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico dessa doen&#231;a. Por esse motivo, os cirurgi&#245;es t&#234;m desenvolvido op&#231;&#245;es t&#225;ticas para sua corre&#231;&#227;o. A consci&#234;ncia geral de que a retirada do tecido infectado promove uma limpeza radical, o aparecimento de colas biol&#243;gicas que facilitam o fechamento dos abscessos e o surgimento de novos substitutos valvares melhoraram o resultado do tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Demonstrar mais uma op&#231;&#227;o no tratamento do abscesso a&#243;rtico, para casos selecionados, tubo valvulado em posi&#231;&#227;o infra-coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Empreendemos a t&#233;cnica em tr&#234;s pacientes: em dois, empregamos tubo valvulado com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, e em um, com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica. Dois pacientes necessitaram procedimentos associados com troca da valva mitral em um deles e pl&#225;stica da valva tric&#250;spide no outro. Todos eram reopera&#231;&#245;es de pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A evolu&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria imediata foi satisfat&#243;ria com os tr&#234;s recebendo alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva para o quarto. Um dos pacientes evoluiu para &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o de co-morbidades graves que j&#225; apresentava no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, relacionadas a varizes de es&#244;fago e comprometimento hep&#225;tico. Os outros dois apresentam boa evolu&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Acreditamos que essa op&#231;&#227;o seja mais uma alternativa para o tratamento de abscessos com grande comprometimento de estruturas do anel a&#243;rtico e da continuidade mitro-a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Endocardite/cirurgia, cirurgia tor&#225;cica, valva a&#243;rtica, abscesso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico da endocardite vem sofrendo modifica&#231;&#245;es com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da medicina em geral e da cirurgia card&#237;aca em particular. Os diagn&#243;sticos mais precisos e a antibioticoterapia com medicamentos mais eficazes e mais precocemente instalados t&#234;m evitado a forma&#231;&#227;o de abscessos, uma grande complica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. No princ&#237;pio, o tratamento era feito com refor&#231;o do local do abscesso com pontos ancorados em barras de teflon, o que n&#227;o trazia bom resultado nos casos de grandes abscessos. O implante de pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o supra-coronariana e realiza&#231;&#227;o de pontes de safena<sup>1 </sup>foi outra solu&#231;&#227;o, mas em jovens trazia problemas quanto &#224; durabilidade das pontes e deixava a regi&#227;o doente sem tratamento adequado. O uso de dacron para fechar os abscessos foi outra proposta utilizada com melhores resultados<sup>2</sup>. Com base nessa experi&#234;ncia, foi utilizado o peric&#225;rdio bovino<sup>3</sup> com a mesma finalidade, com a facilidade do manuseio do tecido e a possibilidade de us&#225;-lo parcialmente ou em todo o anel e implantando a pr&#243;tese com pontos passados no mesmo. A t&#233;cnica apresentou bons resultados. O aparecimento de cola biol&#243;gica facilitou e melhorou os resultados, quando empregada para bloqueio da loja abscessada que ficava entre o tecido do doente e o peric&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>A grande melhoria dos resultados veio quando os cirurgi&#245;es come&#231;aram a tratar o abscesso como uma cirurgia oncol&#243;gica, com ampla ressec&#231;&#227;o do tecido infectado, e reconstru&#231;&#245;es as mais dif&#237;ceis, mas tamb&#233;m as mais completas seguidas. As pr&#243;teses, tanto biol&#243;gicas como mec&#226;nicas, contribu&#237;ram para o sucesso tardio dos procedimentos, gra&#231;as ao seu desenvolvimento e aparecimento de substitutos valvares com preparo, conserva&#231;&#227;o e desenhos modernos.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia de Ross<sup>4</sup>, o uso de homoenxertos aut&#243;logos ou heter&#243;logos<sup>5</sup>, as pr&#243;teses <italic>stentless</italic><sup>6</sup> trouxeram mais uma contribui&#231;&#227;o para o arsenal utilizado no tratamento da cirurgia dos abscessos do anel a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>Nosso objetivo neste trabalho &#233; apresentar uma op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento de t&#227;o grave doen&#231;a, com emprego de tubo valvado infra-coronariano na sua corre&#231;&#227;o, implantado como se fosse uma pr&#243;tese <italic>stentless</italic>. A possibilidade de uso de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica nesse tubo d&#225; uma chance de escolha ao cardiologista e ao pr&#243;prio paciente, sem necessidade de reimplante de coron&#225;rias ou da confec&#231;&#227;o de pontes de safena.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, com essa t&#233;cnica, diminu&#237;mos a chance de sangramento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, j&#225; que as suturas ficam dentro da aorta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde janeiro de 2005, tr&#234;s pacientes portadores de endocardite foram operados utilizando tubo valvulado em posi&#231;&#227;o infra-coronariana. Em dois deles, foi utilizada pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica e, no outro, pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Os tr&#234;s pacientes j&#225; haviam sido operados previamente com coloca&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses. </p>
    <p>O primeiro deles foi operado em 1994 para substitui&#231;&#227;o de valva a&#243;rtica por pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de bola associada &#224; amplia&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta. Tinha na ocasi&#227;o 13 anos de idade. Em janeiro de 2005, apresentou-se com quadro de endocardite na pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica com grande abscesso periprot&#233;tico. Foi realizada substitui&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese e corre&#231;&#227;o do abscesso com emprego de tubo valvulado com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de duplo disco. Foi associada corre&#231;&#227;o de abscesso de valva tric&#250;spide, com conserva&#231;&#227;o e plastia da mesma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig2">2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0072-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <fn id="fig2">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0072-00002-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>O segundo estava sendo submetido &#224; segunda reopera&#231;&#227;o. Na primeira cirurgia em 1975, com 17 anos de idade, recebeu pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e comissurotomia mitral. Foi reoperado em 1979 com troca da pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica por Starr Edwards e implante de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral. Vinte e sete anos depois, desenvolveu endocardite na pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica com grande abscesso e comunica&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;trio esquerdo. Como no momento da cirurgia n&#227;o tiv&#233;ssemos dispon&#237;vel pr&#243;teses <italic>stentless</italic>, que j&#225; hav&#237;amos usado anteriormente na corre&#231;&#227;o de abscessos, e apoiados pela experi&#234;ncia inicial com tubo valvulado, resolvemos implantar tubo Haemashield, que foi valvulado com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica. A pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral foi substitu&#237;da por outra pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>O terceiro havia sido operado em 1986 por endocardite e, na ocasi&#227;o, foi implantada pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de bola, corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma do seio de Valsava e amplia&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta com peric&#225;rdio bovino. Contava na ocasi&#227;o 17 anos. Apresentava agora grande abscesso na regi&#227;o periprot&#233;tica. Na corre&#231;&#227;o utilizamos tubo valvulado Haemashield com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de duplo disco.</p>
    <p>Todos os casos foram operados por meio de esternotomia mediana. As ader&#234;ncias com o peric&#225;rdio foram liberadas sem acidentes. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi instalada de maneira habitual com canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e duas c&#226;nulas no &#225;trio direito. Foi utilizado oxigenador de membranas da Edwards, modelo Vital.</p>
    <p>A aortotomia foi semelhante &#224; que temos utilizado para tratamento da valva a&#243;rtica sem complica&#231;&#245;es, ou seja, uma incis&#227;o transversal, dirigida para a comissura entre os folhetos coronariano esquerdo e n&#227;o-coronariano ou para a posi&#231;&#227;o que ela estaria antes da troca valvar.</p>
    <p>A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi feita com cardioplegia anterograda cristal&#243;ide hipot&#233;rmica nos &#243;stios coronarianos. O paciente foi esfriado no m&#225;ximo a 32 graus Celsius. Os tempos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e anoxia foram respectivamente 135-97, 120-90, e 90-70. Nenhum paciente apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular.</p>
    <p>Os tr&#234;s pacientes evolu&#237;ram bem no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, sendo extubados e recebendo alta para o quarto. O paciente n&#250;mero dois apresentou hemorragia digestiva alta, sendo reencaminhado &#224; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A endoscopia mostrou gastrite hemorr&#225;gica e varizes de es&#244;fago que foram esclerosadas. Evoluiu com encefalopatia hep&#225;tica vindo a &#243;bito com 26 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Tratava-se de paciente com cirrose hep&#225;tica, diabetes tipo I e historia pregressa de hemorragia digestiva alta por varizes de es&#244;fago. A indica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia para tratamento da endocardite deveu-se &#224; gravidade do caso do ponto de vista cardiol&#243;gica e da estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro hep&#225;tico no momento da indica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os outros dois pacientes evolu&#237;ram bem, recebendo alta hospitalar, com ecocardiograma mostrando bom resultado p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e sem sinais de recidiva da endocardite. Ambos est&#227;o oligossintom&#225;ticos at&#233; o momento, um com acompanhamento de 24 meses, e outro de 17 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A endocardite tem sido considerada por muitos anos uma doen&#231;a de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico e tratamento desafiador, especialmente com rela&#231;&#227;o aos abscessos do anel a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de Duke<sup>7</sup> vieram auxiliar a defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e s&#227;o largamente recomendados quando da suspeita da doen&#231;a. Utilizam o ecocardiograma para analisar o envolvimento endoc&#225;rdico e consideram crit&#233;rios maiores e menores, sendo o diagn&#243;stico considerado definitivo na presen&#231;a de dois crit&#233;rios maiores, ou um maior e tr&#234;s menores, ou ainda com cinco crit&#233;rios menores. &#201; poss&#237;vel haver um crit&#233;rio maior e um menor ou tr&#234;s menores.</p>
    <p>In&#250;meros consensos<sup>8</sup> t&#234;m procurado definir como diagnosticar e como tratar essa doen&#231;a que, se n&#227;o tratada, pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias e com mortalidade elevada.</p>
    <p>Segundo o consenso da Sociedade Europ&#233;ia de Cardiologia<sup>9</sup>, tr&#234;s achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o considerados de maior import&#226;ncia no paciente com suspeita de endocardite infecciosa, ou seja, a presen&#231;a de massa ecodensa, m&#243;vel em valva, no endoc&#225;rdio mural ou em pr&#243;tese implantada anteriormente; a presen&#231;a de abscessos ou fistulas, ou ainda um novo vazamento em pr&#243;tese especialmente se implantada h&#225; muito tempo. </p>
    <p>Apesar de todos esses cuidados, a ocorr&#234;ncia de abscessos a&#243;rticos continua sendo uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais s&#233;rias enfrentadas pelo cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular, o que exige as mais variadas atitudes cir&#250;rgicas poss&#237;veis na sua corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Desde h&#225; muito tempo, os cirurgi&#245;es t&#234;m se dedicado ao tratamento da endocardite infecciosa e de sua grande complica&#231;&#227;o os abscessos, especialmente os do anel a&#243;rtico, utilizando alternativas cir&#250;rgicas na sua corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os primeiros relatos falavam em limpeza do local com refor&#231;o na coloca&#231;&#227;o dos pontos para implante da pr&#243;tese. A coloca&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese na aorta ascendente fora do anel valvar foi preconizada por Danielson<sup>1</sup> em 1974, refor&#231;ada por Reitz<sup>10</sup> em 1981. O emprego de dacron no fechamento da les&#227;o foi descrito por Bailey e cols. em 1982<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitas dessas id&#233;ias ainda hoje s&#227;o levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o quando da abordagem cir&#250;rgica. Al-Attar e cols.<sup>11</sup> publicaram, em 2005, t&#233;cnica em que fazem a transloca&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica. Colocam a pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o supra-coronariana, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pontes de safena ou enxerto artificial para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A diferen&#231;a com a t&#233;cnica de Danielson est&#225; na coloca&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o supra-coronariana, e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ser feita o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel do &#243;stio coronariano. O local do abscesso &#233; tratado de acordo com a situa&#231;&#227;o encontrada. Ap&#243;s extensa limpeza do local, se o abscesso for pequeno, faz-se plicatura, e se for maior ou m&#250;ltiplo, trata-se com dacron ou com peric&#225;rdio eq&#252;ino. O tempo m&#233;dio de anoxia foi de 138 minutos. </p>
    <p>Acreditamos que com a op&#231;&#227;o que temos utilizado a cirurgia torna-se mais f&#225;cil e mais r&#225;pida, com o uso do pr&#243;prio tubo no fechamento dos abscessos e sem necessidade de tratar a rede coronariana com pontes de safena, que podem ter problemas em longo prazo. No grupo de 21 pacientes da s&#233;rie de Nawwar, publicada por Nottin e cols.<sup>12</sup>, um teve problema com a anastomose do gorotex, tendo que ser reoperado para nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p>Em 1985<sup>13</sup> publicamos a corre&#231;&#227;o do abscesso com grandes ressec&#231;&#245;es, limpeza de todo tecido infectado e uso de peric&#225;rdio bovino conservado em glutaralde&#237;do, parcial ou em todo o anel para fechamento da descontinuidade mitro-a&#243;rtica em casos de grandes abscessos, preservando a valva mitral, </p>
    <p>Gunai e cols.<sup>14</sup> em 2005 relatam t&#233;cnica semelhante, com a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da continuidade mitro-a&#243;rtica e preserva&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral em casos de descontinuidade mitro-a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>A necessidade de dupla troca nesses casos dificulta o procedimento, como dizem Oliveira e cols.<sup>15</sup>, considerando desafiadora, mas necess&#225;ria, a cirurgia da reconstru&#231;&#227;o do esqueleto fibroso do cora&#231;&#227;o com dupla troca valvar em pacientes com doen&#231;as valvares complexas nas quais nenhum outro procedimento alternativo &#233; poss&#237;vel</p>
    <p>David<sup>3</sup> utilizava peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo nos pequenos abscessos e peric&#225;rdio bovino conservado em glutaralde&#237;do em grandes defeitos.</p>
    <p>O uso do peric&#225;rdio, especialmente no tratamento de abscessos mais localizados, ainda n&#227;o foi abandonado e o usamos sempre que necess&#225;rio. Kim e cols.<sup>16</sup> descrevem com sucesso o uso de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo no tratamento de abscesso a&#243;rtico com pseudo-aneurisma do seio de Valsava n&#227;o-coronariano. Acreditamos que o comprometimento do seio n&#227;o-coronariano isoladamente seja a melhor op&#231;&#227;o para a corre&#231;&#227;o com o uso de peric&#225;rdio, seja ele aut&#243;logo seja bovino conservado.</p>
    <p>Choussat e cols.<sup>17</sup>, em 233 casos de abscessos, sendo 185 a&#243;rticos em sua s&#233;rie, d&#227;o prefer&#234;ncia ao emprego de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, indicando esse substituto valvar tanto para comprometimento de valvas nativas como para pr&#243;teses infectadas. A mesma conduta empregam quando a valva mitral &#233; comprometida.</p>
    <p>Gaudino e cols.<sup>18</sup> tamb&#233;m empregaram pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas nos seus 20 pacientes e conclu&#237;ram com seus resultados que os homoenxertos como substitutos de escolha na endocardite n&#227;o podem ser apoiados pelo seu estudo.</p>
    <p>Pomerantzeff e cols.<sup>19</sup> preferem o uso de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e a empregaram na maioria dos 68 casos de abscessos em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica que foram operados.</p>
    <p>Com o passar dos tempos e o aparecimento de novos substitutos valvares, outras op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas surgiram, e o emprego de homoenxertos, ou pr&#243;teses <italic>stentless</italic>, tem sido advogado.</p>
    <p>Os homoenxertos a&#243;rticos s&#227;o empregados por David<sup>20,21</sup>, e a valva mitral desses enxertos pode ser utilizada na corre&#231;&#227;o dos defeitos da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Yankah e cols.<sup>22</sup> publicaram o resultado de 17 anos de estudos de reconstru&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta em pacientes com abscesso perianular, com o uso de homoenxertos a&#243;rticos criopreservados. A mortalidade operat&#243;ria foi de 9,3% para casos eletivos, e de 14,3% para os de emerg&#234;ncia. Nos 17 anos de seguimento, a mortalidade tardia foi de 7,3%. Trinta pacientes foram reoperados, sendo 11 por infec&#231;&#227;o residual ou recorrente e vazamento periprot&#233;tico. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o uso de homoenxertos criopreservados promovem uma boa resist&#234;ncia a infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os homoenxertos, contudo, t&#234;m sido questionados na corre&#231;&#227;o de grandes abscessos. Ritter e cols.<sup>23</sup> descrevem a persist&#234;ncia de abscesso ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o com homoenxerto a&#243;rtico. Joyce e cols.<sup>24</sup> relatam f&#237;stula entre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o &#225;trio direito ap&#243;s uso de homoenxerto a&#243;rtico. A persist&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o foi reportada por Bauernschmitt e cols.<sup>25</sup> quando do uso do homoenxerto a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>O homoenxerto &#233; preferido por v&#225;rios grupos<sup>5,26,27</sup>. Niwaya e cols.<sup>28</sup> utilizaram tanto o homoenxerto como a t&#233;cnica de Ross, e consideraram que a escolha da pr&#243;tese e a t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria dependem da anatomia local, fatores de co-morbidades e prefer&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Concordamos com a afirmativa de Niwaya, e em nosso servi&#231;o temos adotado essa t&#225;tica. A ressec&#231;&#227;o sempre &#233; ampla e a escolha do substituto valvar ou da forma de reconstruir o defeito &#233; tomada na hora, levando em conta as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e a anatomia do local. J&#225; utilizamos o peric&#225;rdio no fechamento do abscesso, empregando tanto pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica como mec&#226;nica, preferindo a mec&#226;nica de duplo disco para a posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Posteriormente usamos as pr&#243;teses <italic>stentless</italic>, e agora estamos optando pelo tubo valvulado infra-coronariano nos casos em que consideramos que essa t&#233;cnica pode ser utilizada.</p>
    <p>O uso de material prot&#233;tico na corre&#231;&#227;o desses abscessos &#233; questionado, mas Hagl e cols.<sup>29</sup> advogam seu uso, mostrando resultados compar&#225;veis ao uso de material biol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Gontijo e cols.<sup>6</sup> utilizaram pr&#243;tese porcina <italic>stentless</italic> em 14 casos de endocardite, sem nenhuma recorr&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o e considerando esse um excelente substituto para pacientes com les&#227;o do anel. Santini e cols.<sup>30</sup> mostram tamb&#233;m experi&#234;ncia inicial com esse tipo de pr&#243;tese com bons resultados</p>
    <p>Borbuga e cols.<sup>31</sup>, em cinco casos de abscesso a&#243;rtico, fizeram ampla ressec&#231;&#227;o anular, reconstruindo o local com peric&#225;rdio e implantando pr&#243;tese <italic>stentless</italic> com troca de toda raiz da aorta.</p>
    <p>Qualquer que seja o substituto valvar empregado, o importante &#233; a ressec&#231;&#227;o de todo o tecido infectado e a cuidadosa limpeza de toda regi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O emprego de cola biol&#243;gica em nossos pacientes no fechamento das cavidades tem sido utilizado em todos os casos.</p>
    <p>A op&#231;&#227;o que utilizamos nos &#250;ltimos casos &#233; o emprego de tubo valvado na posi&#231;&#227;o infra-coronariana. A prefer&#234;ncia dos cardiologistas e dos pacientes por pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas nos levou a essa t&#225;tica operat&#243;ria. Como em todas as cirurgias de abscessos, fazemos uma grande ressec&#231;&#227;o de todo tecido infectado, com limpeza da regi&#227;o. Em seguida passamos os pontos separados abaixo da regi&#227;o comprometida e implantamos tubo valvulado (Haemashield com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de duplo disco). Na regi&#227;o do abscesso &#233; colocada cola biol&#243;gica e o anel &#233; tratado com iodo, e o suporte da pr&#243;tese infiltrado, com antibi&#243;ticos. A parte superior do tubo &#233; suturada abaixo dos &#243;stios coronarianos como fazemos nas pr&#243;teses <italic>stentless</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Acreditamos que com essa op&#231;&#227;o aumentamos o nosso arsenal para tratamento dessa grave doen&#231;a, por&#233;m mais tempo &#233; necess&#225;rio para que possamos avaliar como se comportar&#225; no futuro o tubo na posi&#231;&#227;o infra-coronariana, e quais as dificuldades t&#233;cnicas que teremos caso haja necessidade de troca da pr&#243;tese ou do tubo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Antoninho Sanfins Arnoni </p>
        <p> Rua Borges Lagoa, 1.450, Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04038-905, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aarnoni@hpev.com.br">aarnoni@hpev.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 16/09/2007; revisado enviado em 29/01/08; aceito em 19/02/08.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>31. Bozbuga N, Erentug V, Erdogan HB, Kirali K, Ardal H, Tas S, et al. Surgical treatment of aortic abscess and fistula. Tex Heart Inst J. 2004; 31 (4): 382-6.</mixed-citation>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Surgery for Aortic Valve endocarditis: treatment options for aortic abscess</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Patients with infective endocarditis show a large diversity of anatomical presentations, which has been a complicating factor for the surgical treatment of this condition, especially in those who develop abscesses in the aortic ring or intracardiac fistulae. For this reason, surgeons have been developing tactical options to repair it. There is consensus around the fact that the removal of infected tissue promotes radical cleaning, and that the outcome of the treatment has been improved by the manufacture of biological glues which facilitate the closure of abscesses and by the creation of new valve replacements. OBJECTIVE:To demonstrate yet one more treatment option for aortic abscess for selected cases: a valved conduit placed in infra-coronary position. METHODS: We employed the technique in three patients: in two of them we employed a valved conduit with a mechanical prosthesis and in one of them a valved conduit with a biological prosthesis. Two patients needed associated procedures such as replacement of mitral valve in one of them and tricuspid valvoplasty in the other. All cases involved reoperation of prostheses in aortic position. RESULTS: The progression during surgery and in the early postoperative period was satisfactory and the three patients were discharged from the Intensive Care Unit and were sent to hospital rooms. One of the patients progressed to death during hospital stay due to severe comorbidities which were present in the preoperative period, and which related to esophageal varices and hepatic involvement. The other two progressed well in the late postoperative period. CONCLUSION: We believe that this option is yet one more alternative for the treatment of abscesses with great involvement of aortic ring structures and mitro-aortic continuity.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic valve</kwd>
        <kwd>abscess</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</p>
      <p> HEART SURGERY - ADULTS</p>
      <p><undefined id="cend-body2"/>Surgery for aortic valve endocarditis - treatment options for aortic abscess</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antoninho Sanfins Arnoni<sup>I,II</sup>; Renato Tambellini Arnoni<sup>I,II</sup>; Paulo Paredes Paulista<sup>I</sup>; Victoria E. Martinez<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Flavio Sanches Almeida<sup>I</sup>; Camilo Abdulmassih Neto<sup>I</sup>; Jarbas Jackson Dinkhuysen<sup>I</sup>; Mario Issa<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Chaccur<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Carlos Bento de Souza<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Patients with infective endocarditis show a large diversity of anatomical presentations, which has been a complicating factor for the surgical treatment of this condition, especially in those who develop abscesses in the aortic ring or intracardiac fistulae. For this reason, surgeons have been developing tactical options to repair it. There is consensus around the fact that the removal of infected tissue promotes radical cleaning, and that the outcome of the treatment has been improved by the manufacture of biological glues which facilitate the closure of abscesses and by the creation of new valve replacements.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To demonstrate yet one more treatment option for aortic abscess for selected cases: a valved conduit placed in infra-coronary position.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We employed the technique in three patients: in two of them we employed a valved conduit with a mechanical prosthesis and in one of them a valved conduit with a biological prosthesis. Two patients needed associated procedures such as replacement of mitral valve in one of them and tricuspid valvoplasty in the other. All cases involved reoperation of prostheses in aortic position.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The progression during surgery and in the early postoperative period was satisfactory and the three patients were discharged from the Intensive Care Unit and were sent to hospital rooms. One of the patients progressed to death during hospital stay due to severe comorbidities which were present in the preoperative period, and which related to esophageal varices and hepatic involvement. The other two progressed well in the late postoperative period.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We believe that this option is yet one more alternative for the treatment of abscesses with great involvement of aortic ring structures and mitro-aortic continuity. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Endocarditis/surgery; thoracic surgery; aortic valve; abscess.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The surgical treatment of endocarditis has changed with the evolution of medicine in general and of heart surgery in particular. More accurate diagnosis and early therapy with more efficacious antibiotics have prevented the formation of abscesses, a major complication of surgical repair. At first, treatment entailed a reinforcement of the abscess site with stitches anchored in Teflon bars, which yielded poor results in the case of large abscesses. Other solutions were prosthesis implant in supra-coronary position and saphena grafts<sup>1</sup>; but in young people there were problems with graft durability, causing the ill site to be left without adequate treatment. Dacron was also used to close the abscesses and gave better results<sup>2</sup>. Based on this experience, bovine pericardium<sup>3</sup> was used to the same end, because of the ease of manipulating the tissue and the possibility of using it in part of or in the whole ring, implanting the prosthesis with stitches. The technique presented good results. The biological glue facilitated the procedure and improved the results when it was employed to block the abscess space located between the patient's tissue and the pericardium.</p>
      <p>The outcome was greatly improved when surgeons began to treat abscesses as oncologic surgeries, with ample resection of the infected tissue and laborious reconstructions which were also the most complete. The prostheses, biological and mechanical ones alike, contributed to the success of the procedures in the late postoperative period, thanks to their development and thecreation of valve replacements with modern preparation, conservation and design.</p>
      <p>The Ross procedure<sup>4</sup>, the use of autologous or heterologous homografts<sup>5</sup> and stentless prostheses<sup>6</sup> represented yet one more option in the arsenal used to surgically treat aortic ring abscesses.</p>
      <p>Our objective in this paper is to present an option for treating this very serious disease by employing a valved conduit in infra-coronary position to repair it, implanting it as if it were a stentless prosthesis. The possibility of using a mechanical prosthesis in this conduit gives the cardiologist and the patient yet another choice, which does not require the reimplantation of coronary arteries or the use of saphena vein grafts.</p>
      <p>Additionally, with this technique, we reduce the chance of postoperative bleeding, since the sutures remain inside the aorta.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since January 2005, three patients with endocarditis have been operated to implant a valved conduit placed in infra-coronary position. A mechanical prosthesis was used in two of them, and a biological prosthesis was used in the other one.</p>
      <p>The three patients had previously been operated on for the placement of prostheses.</p>
      <p>The first one was operated on in 1994 to replace the aortic valve with a cagedball mechanical prosthesis associated with the enlargement of the aortic root. The patient was thirteen at the time. In January 2005, he presented with a picture of endocarditis in the prosthesis placed in aortic position with a large periprosthetic abscess. The prosthesis replacement was performed and the abscess was repaired using a valved conduit with a double-disc mechanical prosthesis. The tricuspid valve abscess was also repaired; the valve was maintained and the patient underwent valvoplasty (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0072-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-02-0072-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The second patient was undergoing the second reoperation. In the first surgery in 1975, at 17, the patient had a biological prosthesis implanted in aortic position and underwent mitral commissurotomy. He was reoperated in 1979 and had the prosthesis placed in aortic position replaced with a Starr Edwards valve and a biological prosthesis placed in mitral position. Twenty seven years later, he developed endocarditis in the aortic prosthesis with a large abscess and communication with the left atrium. Since at the time of surgery the stentless prostheses which we had already used to repair abscesses were unavailable, and in view of our first experience with the valved conduit we decided to implant a Hemashield conduit, which was valved with a biological prosthesis. The prosthesis in mitral position was replaced with another biological prosthesis.</p>
      <p>The third patient had been operated in 1986 because of endocarditis. At that time a ball-caged mechanical prosthesis was implanted, a Valsalva sinus aneurysm was repaired and the aortic root was enlarged with bovine pericardium. He was 17 at that time. He now presented with a large abscess in the periprosthetic region, and we employed a Hemashield valved conduit with a double-disc mechanical prosthesis.</p>
      <p>The surgical procedure in all three cases was medial sternectomy. Pericardium adherences were loosened with no incidents. Extracorporeal circulation was installed in the usual manner, with a cannula in the ascending aorta and two cannulae placed in the right atrium. A membrane oxygenator (Vital model) manufactured by Edwards was used.</p>
      <p>The aortotomy performed was similar to the type we have been employing for the treatment of the aortic valve with no complications, that is, a transverse incision directed at the commissure between the left coronary and non-coronary leaflets or at the position it would have been before the valve replacement.</p>
      <p>Myocardial protection was performed with anterograde hypothermal crystalloid cardioplegia in the coronary ostia. The patient was cooled to 32 degrees Celsius. Extracorporeal circulation and anoxia times were respectively 135-97, 120-90, and 90-70. No patient presented with atrioventricular block.</p>
      <p>The three patients progressed well in the immediate postoperative period, were extubated and sent to their hospital rooms. Patient number two presented with upper digestive hemorrhage and was resent to the Intensive Care Unit. The endoscopy showed hemorrhagic gastritis and esophageal varices which underwent sclerosis. He progressed to hepatic encephalopathy and died 26days after the surgery. The patient had hepatic cirrhosis, type I diabetes and a previous history of upper digestive hemorrhage due to esophageal varices. The indication of surgery to treat endocarditis was due to the severity of the case from the cardiological point of view and in view of the stabilization of the hepatic picture at the time of indication.</p>
      <p>The other two patients progressed well and were discharged from hospital, with the echocardiogram showing a good result postoperatively, with no signs of endocarditis recurrence. Both have been oligosymptomatic so far, one with a 24-month follow up and the other with a 17-month follow up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Endocarditis has been considered for many years as a disease difficult to diagnose and challenging to treat, especially as regards aortic ring abscesses.</p>
      <p>The Duke<sup>7</sup> criteria have helped to define the diagnosis and are largely recommended when there is suspicion of disease. They echocardiogram to analyze endocardial involvement and consider major and minor criteria the diagnosis is considered definitive in the presence of two major criteria, or of one major and three minor criteria, or even five minor criteria. It is also possible to have one major and one minor, or three minor criteria.</p>
      <p>Numerous consensuses<sup>8</sup> have tried to define how to diagnose and treat this disease which, if left untreated, may lead to serious complications and high mortality.</p>
      <p>According to the consensus of the European Society of Cardiology<sup>9</sup>, three echocardiographic findings are considered of major importance in patients with suspected infective endocarditis, that is, the presence of an echodense mass, which is mobile, in the valve, in the mural endocardium or in a previously implanted prosthesis; the presence of abscesses or fistulas; or a new leakage through a prosthesis, especially if implanted a long time ago.</p>
      <p>Despite all this care, the occurrence of aortic abscesses continues to be one of the most serious complications faced by cardiovascular surgeons, and requires a wide range of possible surgical procedures to correct it.</p>
      <p>Surgeons have long focused on treating infective endocarditis and its major complication, the abscesses, especially those in the aortic ring, using surgical alternatives to correct it.</p>
      <p>The first reports emphasized the cleaning of the site with reinforcement in the placement of stitches to implant the prosthesis. The placement of the prosthesis in the ascending aorta outside the valve ring was championed by Danielson<sup>1</sup> in 1974, and endorsed by Reitz<sup>10</sup> in 1981. The use of Dacron to close the wound was described by Bailey et al in 1982<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Many of these ideas are still taken into consideration today when the surgical approach is selected. In 2005, Al-Attar et al<sup>11</sup> publishedthe technique that consists of the translocation of the aortic valve. They placed the prosthesis in the supra-coronary position using saphena vein or artificial grafts for revascularization. The difference between this and Danielson's technique lies in the placement of the prosthesis in supra-coronary position, the revascularization being performed as close as possible to the coronary ostium. The abscess site is treated according to the situation found. After thorough cleaning of the site, if the abscess is small, a plication is performed and if it is large or if there are multiple abscesses, it is treated with Dacron or equine pericardium. The mean time of anoxia was 138 minutes.</p>
      <p>We believe that, with the option that we have been using, surgery becomes easier and faster, with the use of the conduit itself to close the abscesses with no need to treat the coronary network with saphena vein grafts which can present problems in the long run. In the group of 21 patients of the Nawwar series, published by Nottin et al<sup>12</sup>, one of them had problems with the anastomosis of Gore-Tex and had to be reoperated for new revascularization.</p>
      <p>In 1985<sup>13</sup> we reported on the repair of a large abscess with large resections, cleaning of all infected tissues and use of bovine pericardium preserved in glutaraldehyde in part or in the whole ring to close the mitro-aortic discontinuity in case of large abscesses, thus preserving the mitral valve.</p>
      <p>Gunai et al<sup>14</sup> in 2005 reported on a similar technique, with the reconstruction of the mitro-aortic continuity and preservation of the mitral valve in case of mitro-aortic discontinuity.</p>
      <p>The need for double replacement in these cases makes the procedure more difficult, according to Oliveira et al<sup>15</sup>: they consider the surgery to reconstruct the fibrous skeleton of the heart with double replacement of valves in patients with complex valvular diseases very challenging but necessary when no other alternative procedure is possible.</p>
      <p>David<sup>3</sup> used autologous pericardium in small abscesses and bovine pericardium preserved in glutaraldehyde for large defects.</p>
      <p>The use of pericardium, especially in the treatment of more localized abscesses has not yet been abandoned and we use it whenever necessary. Kim et al<sup>16</sup> described the successful use of autologous pericardium to treat an aortic abscess with pseudo-aneurysm of non-coronary Valsalva sinus. We believe that the involvement of the non-coronary sinus isolatedly is the best option for the repair using pericardium, whether autologous or preserved bovine pericardium.</p>
      <p>Choussat et al<sup>17</sup>, in 233 cases of abscesses, with 185 aortic abscesses in their series, preferred to employ mechanical prosthesis, and indicate this valve replacement for both the involvement of native valves and in infected prostheses. They adopt the same procedure when the mitral valve is involved.</p>
      <p>Gaudino et al<sup>18</sup> have also employed mechanical prostheses in their twenty patients and concluded that their study cannot support the use of homografts as replacements of choice in endocarditis.</p>
      <p>Pomerantzeff et al<sup>19</sup> prefer to use biological prostheses and indeed have used this type of prosthesis in most of the sixty eight cases of abscesses in aortic position that they have operated.</p>
      <p>As time went by and new valve replacements emerged, other therapeutic options became available, and the use of homografts or stentless prostheses has been proposed.</p>
      <p>Aortic homografts were employed by David<sup>20,21</sup>, and the mitral valve of these grafts can be used to repair defects in the left ventricular outflow tract.</p>
      <p>Yankah et al<sup>22</sup> published the result of 17 years of studies of the reconstruction of the aortic root in patients with periannular abscess, using criopreserved aortic homografts. Operative mortality was 9.3% for elective surgeries and 14.3% for emergency surgeries. In the 17-year follow-up, late mortality was 7.3%. Thirty patients were reoperated, eleven of them due to residual or recurring infection and periprosthetic leakage. The authors concluded that the use of criopreserved homografts provides good resistance to infection.</p>
      <p>However, the use of homografts has been questioned in the repair of large abscesses. Ritter et al<sup>23</sup> described abscess persistence after repair with aortic homograft. Joyce et al<sup>24</sup> reported on a fistula between the left ventricle and the right atrium after the use of aortic homograft. Infection persistence was reported by Bauernschmitt et al<sup>25</sup> when aortic homograft was used.</p>
      <p>Homograft is preferred by many groups<sup>5,26,27</sup>. Niwaya et al<sup>28</sup> used both homograft and the Ross procedure and considered that the choice of prosthesis and operative technique depends on the site anatomy, comorbidity factors and surgeon preference.</p>
      <p>We agree with Niwaya's assertion, and have employed this tactic in our department. We always perform ample resection, and choose the valve replacement or the form of reconstruction of the defect at the time of surgery, taking into account the characteristics of the patient and the anatomy of the site. We have used pericardium to close the abscess, with both biological and mechanical prostheses, and we prefer the double disc mechanical prosthesis for the aortic position. We later used stentless prostheses, and now prefer the valved conduit in infra-coronary position in those cases where we think this technique can be used.</p>
      <p>The use of prosthetic material to repair these abscesses has been questioned, but Hagl et al<sup>29</sup> advocated for its use and showed results that are comparable with those for biological material.</p>
      <p>Gontijo et al<sup>6</sup> used stentless porcine prostheses in fourteen cases of endocarditis, with no recurrence of infection, and considered this prosthesis an excellent replacement for patients with ring lesions. Santini et al<sup>30</sup> reported good results on a first experience with this type of prosthesis.</p>
      <p>Borbuga et al<sup>31</sup> performed ample annular resection in five cases of aortic abscesses and reconstructed the site with pericardium, implanting a stentless prosthesis and replacing the whole of the aortic root.</p>
      <p>Whatever the valve replacement employed, all of the infected tissue should be resected and the site should be carefully cleaned.</p>
      <p>We have used biological glue in all of our patients to close the cavities.</p>
      <p>The option we used in the last cases was the valved conduit in infra-coronary position. Since cardiologists and patients prefer mechanical prostheses, we decided to opt for this operative tactic. As with all abscess surgeries, we perform ample resection of all the infected tissue and clean the site. We then make separat stitches below the site affected and implant the valved conduit (Hemashield with double disc mechanical prostesis). Biological glue is placed in the abscess site and the ring is treated with iodine. The prosthesis support is infiltrated with antibiotics. The upper part of the conduit is sutured below the coronary ostia just as we do with stentless prostheses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We believe that this is yet another option in our arsenal to treat this severe disease, but more time is required for us to assess the future behavior of the conduit in infra-coronary position, and the technical difficulties that will come up if the prosthesis or conduit need to be changed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
