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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yrLprQG3DN7wDrBQyRYG7zp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001400001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardioversor-desfibrilador na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita: para todos ou para poucos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ISCMPA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>70</fpage>
      <lpage>71</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Cardioversor-desfibrilador na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita: para todos ou para poucos?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e Hospital S&#227;o Francisco-ISCMPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Desfibriladores implant&#225;veis, preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, morte s&#250;bita, custos de cuidados de sa&#250;de</p>
    <p>Os cardioversores-desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI) t&#234;m sido usados h&#225; mais de duas d&#233;cadas para preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita. Inicialmente recomendados para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, atualmente t&#234;m na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria a sua indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum. Registro norte-americano recente mostrou que dos 108.341 implantes realizados em 2006, 85.823 (79,2%) foram para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e somente 22.518 (20,8%) para secund&#225;ria<sup>1</sup>. V&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m procurado definir quais s&#227;o os pacientes que merecem essa forma de tratamento. O mais recente e maior destes &#233; o <italic>Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure</italic> (SCD-Heft)<sup>2</sup> que seguiu 2.521 pacientes com ICC classe funcional II-III e FE <underline>&lt;</underline>35% em tr&#234;s grupos (placebo, amiodarona e implante de CDI) por um tempo m&#233;dio de 45,5 meses. Neste, observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o em mortalidade total no grupo com CDI, com 23% de redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo no grupo CDI, e aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio com o uso da amiodarona.</p>
    <p>Como esses ensaios cl&#237;nicos foram realizados basicamente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, em uma realidade diferente da brasileira, a aplicabilidade desses dados &#233; freq&#252;entemente questionada. No presente artigo<sup>3</sup>, buscou-se validar os resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira ao se compararem os pacientes do SCD-Heft &#224;queles que apresentassem crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do SCD-Heft e estivessem de um ambulat&#243;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de um hospital do nosso meio. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos mostrou pequenas diferen&#231;as: o percentual de pacientes isqu&#234;micos &#233; ligeiramente maior (63% vs. 53%, p = 0,05) e o uso de digoxina &#233; menor nos pacientes do presente estudo (35% vs. 70%; p &lt; 0,001). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; digoxina, n&#227;o se espera altera&#231;&#227;o em mortalidade com seu uso, o que torna este poss&#237;vel fator de confus&#227;o menor importante. O percentual ligeiramente superior de isqu&#234;micos poderia ter significado em termos de mortalidade, j&#225; que estes costumam apresentar taxas maiores que os n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos, mas isso n&#227;o foi observado. Os dados mais importantes do ponto de vista de altera&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o uso de betabloqueadores e inibidores da ECA, s&#227;o similares entre os dois trabalhos. No SCD-Heft, o benef&#237;cio observado do implante de CDI ocorreu exclusivamente em pacientes com classe funcional II da NYHA, que representavam 70% do total. Esse percentual foi de 67% no presente estudo, reafirmando a similaridade entre as popula&#231;&#245;es. A conclus&#227;o a que se chega &#233; que pacientes acompanhados em ambulat&#243;rio de ICC em nosso meio s&#227;o similares aos randomizados no SCD-Heft, indicando que os resultados deste ensaio cl&#237;nico podem ser aplicados em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>No entanto, outro ponto muito discutido em rela&#231;&#227;o ao implante de CDI em nosso meio &#233; o custo-efetividade. Os autores do presente trabalho sugerem que essa terap&#234;utica n&#227;o &#233; usada mais regularmente em raz&#227;o do impacto econ&#244;mico que geraria em nosso sistema de sa&#250;de. Essa discuss&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; recente e ocorre tamb&#233;m em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>4-6</sup>. V&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m medido e comparado os custos do implante do CDI com outras formas de tratamento. A diferen&#231;a de custos para o implante varia de U$ 19.000, no SCD-Heft<sup>7</sup>, a U$ 39.200, no MADIT II<sup>8</sup>. O custo da terapia deve ser julgado em conjunto com o benef&#237;cio que ela apresenta. Do mesmo modo que o custo, o NNT, n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio de pacientes tratados para evitar um desfecho, &#233; bastante variado. No MADIT II, o NNT &#233; de 11 para 3 anos, no SCD-Heft &#233; de 14 para 5 anos; e &#233; de 3 para 5 anos no MUSTT e de 4 para 2,4 anos no MADIT<sup>9-11</sup>. Outro dado a ser incorporado nesse c&#225;lculo &#233; que o custo-efetividade deve ser ajustado &#224; toler&#226;ncia do paciente ao tratamento, ou seja, ajustado &#224; qualidade de vida. E, novamente, os dados de aumento de custo-efetividade ajustados &#224; qualidade de vida por ano (QALY) s&#227;o muito diferentes entre os diversos estudos. Considerando-se uma efic&#225;cia m&#233;dia, os valores de QALY encontrados s&#227;o, em d&#243;lares, 34.000, 34.900, 54.100 e 70.200, para os estudos MUSTT, MADIT, MADIT II e SCD-Heft, respectivamente<sup>12</sup>. N&#250;meros t&#227;o diferentes geram posicionamentos diferentes. Enquanto v&#225;rios autores sugerem que o implante de CDI &#233; muito caro para ser sustentado pelo sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico, outros n&#227;o concordam com esse argumento. Camm e cols.<sup>13</sup> consideram que o aumento do gasto para o sistema da sa&#250;de europeu seria pouco relevante, mesmo que os implantes aumentassem tr&#234;s vezes. Al&#233;m disso, esses autores insistem que o custo anual dos CDI na Europa (0,49 bilh&#227;o de euros) &#233; desprez&#237;vel quando comparado a outras terap&#234;uticas correntes, como a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (2,12 bilh&#245;es) ou angioplastia coron&#225;ria (2,7 bilh&#245;es), ou com outros custos, como a inefici&#234;ncia na administra&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (64 bilh&#245;es). Talvez o dado mais consistente ao se analisarem os v&#225;rios trabalhos seja o de que quanto maior a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, melhores s&#227;o o NNT e o custo-efetividade. No entanto, o principal risco relacionado ao uso de m&#233;todos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o mais espec&#237;ficos &#233; a possibilidade de haver diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade, reduzindo assim o n&#250;mero de pessoas que poderiam se beneficiar.</p>
    <p>Dados brasileiros que avaliam o custo-efetividade do implante de cardioversores-desfibriladores no setor p&#250;blico para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria est&#227;o sendo estudados, mas ainda n&#227;o publicados<xref ref-type="fn" rid="nt1">*</xref>. Um estudo realizado no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (RS) mostrou uma diferen&#231;a de custo-efetividade do CDI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento convencional, em reais, de 72.280/QALY. Se o pre&#231;o de implante e a troca de gerador do CDI sofressem uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 50%, essa rela&#231;&#227;o seria de 38.436/QALY. E se os pacientes selecionados fossem somente os de mais alto risco, como os do MADIT, esse valor seria de 59.738/QALY. </p>
    <p>O presente trabalho traz uma contribui&#231;&#227;o importante ao mostrar que os dados de um grande ensaio cl&#237;nico podem ser aplicados &#224; nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Os cardioversores-desfibriladores s&#227;o &#250;teis na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade. O grande desafio, em nosso pa&#237;s e em todo o mundo, &#233; encontrar m&#233;todos mais precisos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, associados a CDI mais baratos e de durabilidade cada vez maior, para aumentar o n&#250;mero de beneficiados com um bom custo-efetividade.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman </p>
        <p> Avenida Iguassu, 176/402 - Petr&#243;polis </p>
        <p> 90470-430 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="zimerman@cardiol.br">zimerman@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzimerman@terra.com.br">lzimerman@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/05/08; revisado em 21/05/08; aceito em 21/05/08.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt1">
        <label>
          <italic>*</italic>
        </label>
        <p> Comunica&#231;&#227;o pessoal</p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardioverter-defibrillator in the primary prevention of sudden death: for all or for a few?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p><inline-formula id="cend-body2"/>Cardioverter-defibrillator in the primary prevention of sudden death: for all or for a few?     </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e Hospital S&#227;o Francisco-ISCMPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words: </bold>Defibrillators, implantable; primary prevention; health care costs; death, sudden</p>
      <p>The implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) have been used for more than two decades to prevent sudden death. Initially recommended for secondary prevention, currently their most common indication is the primary prevention.</p>
      <p>A recent US report showed that, of the 108,341 implants carried in 2006, 85,823 (79.2%) were for primary prevention and only 22,518 (20.8%) were for secondary prevention<sup>1</sup>. Several clinical trials have sought to define which patients ought to have this form of treatment. The most recent and largest of these trials is the "Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure" (SCD-Heft)<sup>2</sup>; which followed 2,521 patients with CHF Functional Class II-III and EF <underline>&lt;</underline>35% in 3 groups (placebo, amiodarone and ICD implant) for a mean follow-up of 45.5 months. This study showed a decrease in the total mortality of the group with ICD, with 23% decrease in the relative risk in the ICD group and no benefit with amiodarone use.</p>
      <p>Considering that these clinical trials were carried out basically in developed countries, in an environment that is different from the Brazilian one, the applicability of these data is frequently questioned. The present study<sup>3</sup> sought to validate the results for the Brazilian population by comparing the patients from the SCD-Heft to those that met the inclusion criteria of the SCD-Heft and were from a Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic of a hospital in our country. The comparison between the groups showed small differences: the percentage of ischemic patients is slightly higher (63 <italic>vs.</italic> 53%, p=0.05) and the use of digoxin is lower among the patients of the present study (35 <italic>vs.</italic> 70%; p&lt;0.001). Regarding the digoxin, no alterations in mortality are expected with its use, which makes this possible confounding factor less important. The slightly higher percentage of ischemic patients might have significance in terms of mortality, as these patients usually present higher rates than the non-ischemic ones; however, that was not observed.</p>
      <p>The most important data from the point of view of alteration in mortality, such as ejection fraction and the use of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors, are similar between the two studies. In the SCD-Heft, the benefit observed after the ICD implant occurred exclusively in patients with NYHA Functional Class II, which represented 70% of the total. This percentage was 67% in the present study, supporting the similarity between the populations. The conclusion that can be reached is that patients followed at the CHF outpatient clinic in our country are similar to the randomized ones in the SCD-Heft, indicating that the results of this clinical trial can be applied to our country.</p>
      <p>However, another much discussed issue regarding the implant of the ICD in our country is the cost-effectiveness. The authors of the present study suggest that this therapy is not regularly used due to the economic impact that it would generate in our health system. This discussion is not a recent one and it is also present in developed countries<sup>4-6</sup>. Several clinical trials have assessed and compared the costs of using the ICD with other forms of treatment. The difference of costs for the implant varies from U$19,000, in the SCD-Heft<sup>7</sup>, up to U$39,200, in the MADIT II<sup>8</sup>. The therapy cost must be appraised together with its benefit. Similarly to the costs, the NNT, necessary number of treated patients to prevent an outcome, varies largely. In the MADIT II, the NNT is 11 for 3 years, in the SCD-Heft it is 14 for 5 years; on the other hand, it is 3 for 5 years in the MUSTT and 4 for 2.4 in the MADIT<sup>9-11</sup>. Another information to be added to this calculation is that the cost-effectiveness must be adjusted to the patient's tolerance to treatment, i.e., adjusted to the quality of life. And, once again, the cost-effectiveness increase data adjusted to the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) are very different among the several studies. Considering a mean efficacy, the QALY values obtained are, in dollars, 34,000, 34,900, 54,100 and 70,200, for the MUSTT, MADIT, MADIT II and SCD-Heft studies, respectively<sup>12</sup>. Such different numbers generate different opinions. Whereas several suggest that the ICD implant is too expensive to be supported by the public health system, others do not agree with such affirmation.</p>
      <p>Camm et al<sup>13</sup> consider that the cost increase would be of little relevance for the European Health System, even if the implants increased 3-fold. Additionally, they insist that the annual cost of ICD in Europe (0.49 billions of Euros) is insignificant when compared to other current therapies, such as the myocardial revascularization surgery (2.12 billions) or coronary angioplasty (2.7 billions), or with other costs, such as the lack of hospital administration efficiency (64 billions).</p>
      <p>Perhaps, the most consistent information when analyzing the several studies is that the higher the risk stratification is, the better the NNT and the cost-effectiveness are.</p>
      <p>However, the risk of using more specific stratification methods is the possibility of decreasing sensitivity, thus decreasing the number of people that could benefit.</p>
      <p>Brazilian data evaluating the cost-effectiveness of ICD implants in the public health system for primary prevention are being studied, but are yet to be published<fn id="cnot-body2"><label><sup>*</sup></label><p>. A study carried out in the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, showed a difference in cost-effectiveness of the ICD in relation to the conventional treatment, in Brazilian Reais, of 72,280/QALY. If the price of the implant and the ICD generator change underwent a decrease of 50%, this ratio would be 38,436/QALY. And if the selected patients were only the higher-risk ones, such as in the MADIT study, this ratio would be 59,738/QALY.</p></fn></p>
      <p>The present study brings a significant contribution by showing that the data from a large clinical trial can be applied to our population. The cardioverter-defibrillators are useful in reducing mortality. The great challenge, in our country and around the world, is to find more precise methods of stratification, associated to less expensive and more durable ICD devices, in order to increase the number of patients who can benefit from a good cost-effectiveness.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
