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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kpsft8KRkMcyHfLMw67vrxN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Defici&#234;ncia de tiamina como causa de cor pulmonale revers&#237;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Liana S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e7</fpage>
      <lpage>e9</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2008</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A defici&#234;ncia de tiamina pode apresentar quatro formas cl&#225;ssicas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: polineuropatia perif&#233;rica, anorexia e fraqueza muscular (berib&#233;ri seco); insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito com sinais congestivos (berib&#233;ri &#250;mido); berib&#233;ri associado ao choque (Shoshin berib&#233;ri) e encefalopatia de Wernicke. Neste relato, descrevemos quadro sugestivo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave e cor pulmonale, com estase jugular, hepatite congestiva e edema generalizado, que apresentou revers&#227;o completa ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de tiamina.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Defici&#234;ncia de tiamina</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>berib&#233;ri</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Defici&#234;ncia de tiamina como causa de <italic><bold>cor pulmonale</bold></italic> revers&#237;vel</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Liana S. Coelho; Jo&#227;o C. Hueb; Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Unesp - Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A defici&#234;ncia de tiamina pode apresentar quatro formas cl&#225;ssicas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: polineuropatia perif&#233;rica, anorexia e fraqueza muscular (berib&#233;ri seco); insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito com sinais congestivos (berib&#233;ri &#250;mido); berib&#233;ri associado ao choque (Shoshin berib&#233;ri) e encefalopatia de Wernicke. Neste relato, descrevemos quadro sugestivo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave e cor pulmonale, com estase jugular, hepatite congestiva e edema generalizado, que apresentou revers&#227;o completa ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de tiamina.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Defici&#234;ncia de tiamina, doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar, berib&#233;ri, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente masculino, 42 anos, lavrador, chegou ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia de nosso servi&#231;o com queixa de dor epig&#225;strica em queima&#231;&#227;o, v&#244;mitos e fezes liquefeitas. Referia tamb&#233;m dispn&#233;ia aos moderados esfor&#231;os de longa data, mas com piora recente. Acompanhando o quadro, referia edema de membros inferiores, h&#225; 15 anos, com piora importante nos &#250;ltimos dias, tornando-se generalizado, inclusive com edema em face. Antecedentes pessoais: ex-etilista e tabagista atual (30 anos-ma&#231;o); febre reum&#225;tica aos 18 anos, evoluindo com dupla les&#227;o mitral leve e estenose a&#243;rtica leve. Adicionalmente, apresentou quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito por berib&#233;ri em 1999, com melhora ap&#243;s tiamina. Faz uso de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a h&#225; 15 anos, para tratamento do edema.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava press&#227;o arterial de 90x60 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 24 mpm, ritmo card&#237;aco regular com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 96 bpm. Apresentava-se ict&#233;rico, com edema compress&#237;vel de membros inferiores e estase jugular 3+/4+. O exame card&#237;aco evidenciava <italic>ictus</italic> vis&#237;vel e palp&#225;vel no quinto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo medindo duas polpas digitais, com impuls&#227;o de mesoc&#225;rdio. As bulhas eram r&#237;tmicas, com sopro sist&#243;lico nos focos a&#243;rtico e mitral 3+/6+. A ausculta pulmonar evidenciou a presen&#231;a de crepita&#231;&#245;es finas no ter&#231;o inferior do t&#243;rax, bilateralmente. O f&#237;gado era palp&#225;vel a 4 cm do rebordo costal direito, indolor.</p>
    <p>Os exames bioqu&#237;micos da entrada mostraram: creatinina = 2,6 mg/dL e ur&#233;ia = 71 mg/dL; s&#243;dio = 136 mmol/L; fosfatase alcalina = 117 U/L; ALT = 1485 U/L, AST = 2550 U/L, bilirrubina conjugada = 0,1 mg/dL, bilirrubina n&#227;o-conjugada = 2,0 mg/dL e bilirrubina total = 2,10 mg/dL. O hemograma n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es. O eletrocardiograma evidenciava ritmo sinusal com 100 bpm, onda P apiculada e onda T invertida de V1 a V3. A gasometria arterial, em ar ambiente, evidenciou pH 7,29, PO<sub>2</sub> 69,5 mmHg, PCO<sub>2</sub> 24,8 mmHg, BIC 11,7 mmol/L e SatO<sub>2</sub> 90,3%. O exame radiol&#243;gico de t&#243;rax mostrou aumento da silhueta card&#237;aca, com infiltrado ret&#237;culo intersticial em bases. A ultra-sonografia abdominal mostrou congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica, com dilata&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior e das veias supra-hep&#225;ticas. Sorologias para hepatite B e C negativas. O ecocardiograma mostrou dupla les&#227;o mitral leve, com gradiente AE-VE m&#233;dio de 10 mmHg e estenose a&#243;rtica leve. Adicionalmente, o exame evidenciou aumento importante das c&#226;maras direitas, com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada, retifica&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular por sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo direito. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo encontrava-se preservada. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 77 mmHg. </p>
    <p>Pelos dados expostos, foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> descompensado, hepatite congestiva e insufici&#234;ncia renal pr&#233;&#150;renal. O paciente foi internado para investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e compensa&#231;&#227;o do quadro congestivo, sendo prescrito furosemide endovenoso. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s dias da interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente apresentou choque cardiog&#234;nico, com queda do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e press&#227;o arterial de 80x40 mmHg, necessitando de dopamina. Considerando a n&#227;o-identifica&#231;&#227;o do agente etiol&#243;gico para o choque e o antecedente de berib&#233;ri do paciente, optou-se pela administra&#231;&#227;o de tiamina 300 mg ao dia. Ap&#243;s o tratamento, o paciente voltou aos valores normais de press&#227;o, sendo retirada a medica&#231;&#227;o vasoativa ap&#243;s dois dias de tratamento. Com a manuten&#231;&#227;o do diur&#233;tico e da tiamina, o paciente passou a apresentar melhora progressiva do quadro congestivo e normaliza&#231;&#227;o das enzimas hep&#225;ticas (ALT=102 U/L, AST=46 U/L), das bilirrubinas (bilirrubina conjugada = 0,1 mg/dL e bilirrubina n&#227;o-conjugada = 0,8 mg/dL) e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina = 0,8 mg/dL e ur&#233;ia = 20 mg/dL).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a melhora hemodin&#226;mica, para a investiga&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, o paciente realizou espirometria com broncodilatador, que mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o VEF1/CVF de 0,78 e VEF1 de 68%, sugestivo de restri&#231;&#227;o, sem resposta ao broncodilatador. A tomografia de t&#243;rax mostrou sinais sugestivos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>, com pequenas &#225;reas de enfisema. A pesquisa para HIV e esquistossomose foi negativa. A arteriografia pulmonar foi negativa para tromboembolismo. No entanto, de forma surpreendente, o exame evidenciou press&#227;o m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria pulmonar no limite superior da normalidade (25 mmHg). Considerando esse resultado, foi solicitado novo ecocardiograma, realizado duas semanas ap&#243;s o inicio da terapia com tiamina. O exame, realizado pelo mesmo examinador do primeiro ecocardiograma, confirmou a presen&#231;a de dupla les&#227;o mitral leve, mas n&#227;o evidenciou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. Ap&#243;s vinte dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, o paciente recebeu alta com revers&#227;o completa do quadro congestivo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A tiamina (vitamina B1) &#233; uma vitamina sol&#250;vel, essencial no metabolismo dos carboidratos. As principais fontes de tiamina s&#227;o cereais, gr&#227;os, carnes (especialmente de porco), vegetais e latic&#237;nios. As principais causas de berib&#233;ri s&#227;o a baixa ingest&#227;o de tiamina, etilismo, uso de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a (por aumentar e excre&#231;&#227;o renal da tiamina), di&#225;lise e uso de nutri&#231;&#227;o parenteral. Alto consumo de carboidratos, situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse, como febre e infec&#231;&#245;es, podem agravar o quadro<sup>1,2</sup>. A deple&#231;&#227;o total da tiamina corporal ocorre em aproximadamente tr&#234;s semanas sem suplementa&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A defici&#234;ncia de tiamina &#233; classificada, hoje, como erro de metabolismo adquirido, resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de Krebs, o que levaria a deple&#231;&#227;o de ATP<sup>4</sup> e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o com aumento na libera&#231;&#227;o de adenosina<sup>3</sup>. No berib&#233;ri &#250;mido, ocorre vasodilata&#231;&#227;o com aumento de <italic>shunts </italic>arteriovenosos e altera&#231;&#245;es significativas dos pequenos vasos, o que diminui a circula&#231;&#227;o cerebral e renal com aumento da circula&#231;&#227;o em m&#250;sculos<sup>1</sup>. Esse fen&#244;meno poderia explicar altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, como as encontradas em nosso paciente. </p>
    <p>Outra altera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica do berib&#233;ri &#250;mido &#233; o aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com o conseq&#252;ente aumento do fluxo arterial pulmonar. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es poderiam resultar em hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Outro mecanismo que poderia explicar a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar seria o aumento na resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, provavelmente decorrente de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Os mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o esclarecidos. Nosso paciente apresentou quadro exuberante de <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>, com estase jugular, hepatite congestiva e edema generalizado. Aspecto que merece ser enfatizado refere-se ao fato de que <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>, como manifesta&#231;&#227;o de berib&#233;ri, &#233; evento extremamente raro<sup>2,5,6</sup>. Por esse motivo, a defici&#234;ncia de tiamina n&#227;o &#233; considerada rotina na investiga&#231;&#227;o de quadros de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico, a atividade da transquetolase eritroc&#237;tica &#233; o biomarcador da defici&#234;ncia de tiamina. Entretanto, esse &#233; um exame caro e n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel na maioria dos servi&#231;os<sup>3</sup>. Por essa raz&#227;o, o teste terap&#234;utico torna-se a forma corriqueira de confirmar os casos suspeitos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento do berib&#233;ri consiste em suporte cardiovascular e reposi&#231;&#227;o de tiamina<sup>7</sup>. A dose exata para o tratamento de um epis&#243;dio de Shoshin berib&#233;ri n&#227;o est&#225; determinada, mas doses de 100 a 300 mg di&#225;rios, administradas por via endovenosa, t&#234;m sido suficientes para revers&#227;o do quadro. A manuten&#231;&#227;o com 100 mg di&#225;rios tem sido recomendada<sup>3</sup>. Nosso paciente apresentou revers&#227;o do quadro de <italic>cor pulmonale </italic>com doses di&#225;rias de 300 mg ao dia, administradas oralmente.</p>
    <p>Reportamos, portanto, o caso de paciente que apresentava quadro sugestivo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave e manifesta&#231;&#245;es importantes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, inclusive com hepatite congestiva, que reverteu completamente ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o da tiamina. Alguns aspectos importantes devem ser considerados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao nosso caso. Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve outro fator que explicasse as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e a evolu&#231;&#227;o. O paciente apresentava hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de etilismo e uso de diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a, o que justificaria a defici&#234;ncia de tiamina. Outro aspecto &#233; que o paciente j&#225; havia apresentado quadro pr&#233;vio de berib&#233;ri, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito. Adicionalmente, houve resposta cl&#237;nica imediata com a reposi&#231;&#227;o de tiamina. Assim, apesar de n&#227;o termos feito a dosagem da atividade da transquetolase eritroc&#237;tica, o berib&#233;ri tornou-se a hip&#243;tese mais prov&#225;vel para nosso paciente. Finalmente, nosso relato apresenta uma limita&#231;&#227;o que merece ser enfatizada. A presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndromes de alto d&#233;bito limita o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar por meio do ecocardiograma, pois as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas podem se modificar pela pr&#243;pria condi&#231;&#227;o de alto d&#233;bito. Por essa raz&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico definitivo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o pode ser estabelecido sem a confirma&#231;&#227;o por estudo hemodin&#226;mico invasivo. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, acreditamos que esse caso &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia, pois a defici&#234;ncia de tiamina pode ser considerada causa revers&#237;vel de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Assim, berib&#233;ri deve ser inclu&#237;do como diagn&#243;stico diferencial em pacientes com <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>/insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Leonardo Ant&#244;nio Mamede Zornoff </p>
        <p> Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n </p>
        <p> 18618-000, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo enviado em 05/12/07; revisado recebido em 15/01/08; aceito em 17/01/08.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Thiamin deficiency as a cause of reversible cor pulmonale</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Thiamine deficiency may present four classic clinical forms: peripheral polyneuropathy, anorexia and muscular weakness (dry beriberi); high output heart failure with signs of congestion (wet beriberi); beriberi associated with shock (Shoshin beriberi) and Wernicke's encephalopathy. In this report we describe a picture that is suggestive of severe pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale, with jugular stasis, congestive hepatitis and generalized edema that reversed completely after the administration of thiamine.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Thiamine deficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>pulmonary heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>beriberi</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension, pulmonary</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Thiamin deficiency as a cause of reversible cor pulmonale</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Liana S. Coelho; Jo&#227;o C. Hueb; Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thiamine deficiency may present four classic clinical forms: peripheral polyneuropathy, anorexia and muscular weakness (dry beriberi); high output heart failure with signs of congestion (wet beriberi); beriberi associated with shock (Shoshin beriberi) and Wernicke&#146;s encephalopathy. In this report we describe a picture that is suggestive of severe pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale, with jugular stasis, congestive hepatitis and generalized edema that reversed completely after the administration of thiamine.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Thiamine deficiency; pulmonary heart disease; beriberi; hypertension, pulmonary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report </bold>
      </p>
      <p>A male patient, 42, agricultural worker came to our emergency room complaining of burning epigastric pain, vomiting and watery stools. He also reported having had dyspnea at moderate effort for a long time, and which had recently worsened. He also referred having edema in both lower limbs for 15 years, which had worsened substantially in the last few days and had become generalized, including facial edema. Patient background: ex-alcoholic and smoker (one packet of cigarette &#150; 30 years); rheumatic fever at 18, which caused double mild mitral lesion and mild aortic stenosis. Additionally, he presented a picture of high output heart failure due to beriberi in 1999, which improved after administration of thiamine. He had been using loop diuretics for 15 years to treat the edema. </p>
      <p>On physical examination he presented blood pressure of 90x60 mmHg, respiratory rate of 24 breaths per minute, regular heart rate of 96 bpm. He presented icterus, with lower limb pitting edema and jugular stasis 3+/4+. The cardiac examination evidenced visible and palpable ictus in the fifth left intercostal space with two fingers of width, with midprecordial impulse The heart sounds were rhythmic, with a systolic murmur on the aortic and mitral areas 3+/6+. Pulmonary auscultation evidenced the presence of fine crepitation on the lower third of the chest, bilaterally. The liver was palpable at 4 cm below the right costal margin, with no pain.</p>
      <p>Biochemical tests on admittance revealed: creatinin=2.6mg/dL and urea=71 mg/dL; sodium=136 mmol/L; alkaline phosphatase =117 U/L; ALT=1485 U/L, AST=2550 U/L, conjugated bilirrubin=0.1mg/dL, unconjugated bilirrubin=2.0mg/dL and total bilirrubin= 2.10mg/dL. The blood cell count did not present alterations. The electrocardiogram evidenced sinus rhythm with 100 bpm, peaked P wave and inverted T wave from V1 to V3. Arterial blood gas analysis, in ambient air, evidenced pH=7.29, PO2 of 69.5 mmHg, PCO2 of 24.8 mmHg, BIC 11.7mmol/L and SatO2 90.3%. The chest X-ray showed an increase in the heart shape, with reticular insterstitial infiltrate in the bases. Abdominal ultrasound showed liver congestion with dilatation of the inferior vena cava and of the supra-hepatic veins. Serologies for B and C hepatitis were negative. The echocardiogram showed two mild mitral lesions, with an average LA-LV gradient of 10 mmHg and mild aortic stenosis. Additionally, the test evidenced substantial enlargement of the right chambers with moderate tricuspid regurgitation, rectification of the interventricular septum due to overload in the right ventricle. The systolic function of the left ventricle was unchanged. The estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 77 mmHg. </p>
      <p>The data above allowed the diagnosis of decompensated <italic>cor pulmonale, </italic>congestive hepatitis and pre-renal renal failure. The patient was admitted to hospital for diagnostic investigation and compensation of the congestive picture. Intravenous furosemide was prescribed. </p>
      <p>After three days in hospital, the patient presented cardiogenic shock, with a drop in the level of consciousness and blood pressure of 80x40 mmHg, thus requiring dopamine. Considering that the etiological agent of the shock had not been identified, and the patient had a history of beriberi, we decided to administer 300mg of thiamine per day. After the treatment, the patient&#146;s pressure levels returned to normal, and the vasoactive medication was withdrawn after two days of treatment. With the maintenance of the diuretic medication and thiamine, the patient presented progressive improvement of the congestive picture and normalization of the hepatic enzymes (ALT=102 U/L, AST=46 U/L), bilirrubins (conjugated bilerrubin=0.1mg/dL and unconjugated bilerrubin=0.8mg/dL) and of renal function (creatinin=0.8 mg/dL and urea=20 mg/dL).</p>
      <p>After improvement of hemodynamic conditions, the patient underwent spirometry with a bronchodilator to investigate the pulmonary hypertension. The test showed a ratio FEV1/FVC of 0.78 and FEV1 of 68%, suggestive of restriction, with no response to bronchodilator. Chest tomography showed signs that suggested pulmonary hypertension and <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>, with small areas of emphysema. Investigation for HIV and schistosomiasis was negative. Pulmonary arteriography was negative for thromboembolism. However, surprisingly, the test evidenced pulmonary arterial mean pressure in the upper limit of normality (25 mmHg). Considering this result, a new echocardiogram was requested which was performed two weeks after the thiamine therapy had begun. The test was performed by the same practitioner that performed the first echocardiogram and confirmed the presence of two mild mitral lesions, but did not evidence pulmonary hypertension or dilation of the heart chambers. After twenty days in hospital, the patient was discharged with complete reversal of the congestive picture. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a soluble vitamin that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates. The main sources of thiamine are cereals, grains, meat (especially pork), vegetables and dairy products. The main causes of beriberi are low intake of thiamine, alcoholism, use of loop diuretics (as they increase the renal excretion of thiamine), dialysis and use of parenteral nutrition. High consumption of carbohydrates, stress situations, such as fever and infections may aggravate the picture<sup>1,2</sup>. The total depletion of thiamine levels in the body occurs approximately after three weeks with no supplementation<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thiamine deficiency is classified today as an acquired error of metabolism which results in dysfunction in the Krebs cycle which would lead to ATP depletion<sup>4</sup> and vasodilation with increased release of adenosine<sup>3</sup>. In wet beriberi there is vasodilation with increase of arteriovenous shunts and significant alterations in small vessels, which reduces brain and kidney circulation while increasing circulation in muscles<sup>1</sup>. This phenomenon could explain alterations in the renal functions such as the ones found in our patient. </p>
      <p>Another alteration that is characteristic of wet beriberi is the increase in end left ventricle diastolic pressure with the consequent increase in pulmonary arterial flow. These alterations could result in pulmonary hypertension. Another mechanism that could explain the pulmonary hypertension would be the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, probably as a result of vasoconstriction<sup>5</sup>. The mechanisms involved in this process have not been elucidated yet. Our patient presented a full-blown picture of <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>, with jugular stasis, congestive hepatitis and generalized edema. An aspect that is worth highlighting is the fact that <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> with manifestation of beriberi is extremely rare<sup>2,5,6</sup>. For this reason, thiamine deficiency is not considered as part of the routine when investigating pulmonary hypertension pictures.</p>
      <p>As regards the diagnosis, erythrocytic transketolase activity is the biomarker of thiamine deficiency. However, this is an expensive test that is unavailable in most medical services<sup>3</sup>. This is why the therapeutic test becomes the usual way to confirm suspected cases<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Beriberi treatment consists of cardiovascular support and thiamine replacement<sup>7</sup>. The precise dosage for treatment of an episode of Shoshin beriberi has not been determined yet, but daily doses of 100 to 300mg administered intravenously have been sufficient to reverse the picture. A maintenance daily dose of 100mg has been recommended<sup>3</sup>. Our patient presented reversal of the cor pulmonale picture with daily doses of 300 mg administered orally.</p>
      <p>Therefore we report the case of a patient presenting a picture that was suggestive of severe pulmonary hypertension and major manifestations of right-sided heart failure including congestive hepatitis, that was completely reversed after the administration of thiamine. Some important aspects should be considered as regards our case. During the investigation there was no other factor that could explain the clinical manifestations and the course of the disease. The patient had a previous history of alcoholism and use of loop diuretic, which might explain the thiamine deficiency. Another aspect is that the patient had a previous picture of beriberi, with high output heart failure. Additionally there was immediate clinical response to thiamine replacement. Therefore, although the activity of erythrocytic transketolase had not been dosed, beriberi arose as the most likely hypothesis for our patient. Finally, our report presents a limitation that is worthy of notice. The presence of high output syndromes puts a limit on the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension using the echocardiogram, since the echocardiographic variables can change due to high output heart failure itself. This is why the definitive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension cannot be established without confirmation by an invasive hemodynamic study. </p>
      <p>To conclude, we believe that this case is very important since thiamine deficiency can be considered as a reversible cause of pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, beriberi should be included for differential diagnosis purposes in patients with cor pulmonale/right-sided heart failure. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
