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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">djzPPj5fGLG58St849DD8fd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100112</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico como causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em adulto jovem</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobato</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Fortes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saliba</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Augusto R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Regenga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e4</fpage>
      <lpage>e6</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#233; uma cardiopatia rara, com alta morbidade e mortalidade quando o manejo &#233; retardado. Este artigo apresenta um caso com evolu&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica, em paciente de 19 anos. A hist&#243;ria e o exame cl&#237;nico eram compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca recente, associados a epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope e diminui&#231;&#227;o de pulsos em membros inferiores. O eletrocardiograma mostrava sobrecarga biventricular e biatrial. O ecocardiograma mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o severa dos ventr&#237;culos e altera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo em aorta descendente. Na angiotomografia, visualizou-se oclus&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica ap&#243;s a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. O diagn&#243;stico institu&#237;do foi de interrup&#231;&#227;o de aorta, sendo indicado tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Aorta tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>adulto</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico como causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em adulto jovem</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rog&#233;rio Fortes Lobato; Luis Augusto R. Saliba; Carlos Regenga Ferreiro; Fernando Bacal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#233; uma cardiopatia rara, com alta morbidade e mortalidade quando o manejo &#233; retardado. Este artigo apresenta um caso com evolu&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica, em paciente de 19 anos. A hist&#243;ria e o exame cl&#237;nico eram compat&#237;veis com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca recente, associados a epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope e diminui&#231;&#227;o de pulsos em membros inferiores. O eletrocardiograma mostrava sobrecarga biventricular e biatrial. O ecocardiograma mostrou disfun&#231;&#227;o severa dos ventr&#237;culos e altera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo em aorta descendente. Na angiotomografia, visualizou-se oclus&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica ap&#243;s a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. O diagn&#243;stico institu&#237;do foi de interrup&#231;&#227;o de aorta, sendo indicado tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Aorta tor&#225;cica, adulto, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#233; uma cardiopatia cong&#234;nita de conseq&#252;&#234;ncias devastadoras, com mortalidade de 75% aos 10 dias e de 90% aos 12 meses de vida. Com incid&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s casos para cada milh&#227;o de nascidos vivos<sup>1</sup>, representa 1,3% das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas graves<sup>2</sup> e apenas eventualmente n&#227;o est&#225; associada a outras anomalias, como persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, valva a&#243;rtica bivalvular, estenose suba&#243;rtica, <italic>truncus arteriosus comunis</italic> e transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>No rec&#233;m-nascido, faz parte do diagn&#243;stico diferencial de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, por&#233;m no adulto a ocorr&#234;ncia dessa entidade &#233; extremamente peculiar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino de 19 anos, estudante, solteiro, branco, natural de S&#227;o Paulo (SP), procedente dos Estados Unidos. Iniciou investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em mar&#231;o de 2007, referindo cansa&#231;o aos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os e edema incipiente de MMII nos seis meses anteriores. Dias antes da primeira consulta, apresentou tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope, piora da dispn&#233;ia e do edema. At&#233; o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, apresentava-se assintom&#225;tico com bom desenvolvimento pondero-estatural, negava antecedentes m&#243;rbidos pessoais ou familiares. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava sinais cl&#237;nicos sugestivos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (edema de MMII, f&#237;gado aumentado e turg&#234;ncia jugular), n&#227;o se observavam outras altera&#231;&#245;es &#224; ectoscopia. Os pulsos eram normais nos MMSS, com press&#227;o arterial (PA) de 140/90 mmHg em ambos os membros, nos MMII apresentavam amplitude reduzida, com PA de 90/50 mmHg em MID e 100/60 mmHg em MIE.</p>
    <p>O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e a radiografia de t&#243;rax apresentavam respectivamente sobrecarga das quatro c&#226;maras e aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca de 2+/4+ &#224; custa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). A disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi confirmada pelo ecodopplercardiograma, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de VE (FEVE) de 22% (Simpson biplano) e dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta; o ventr&#237;culo direito era moderadamente dilatado com hipocinesia severa difusa, apresentando press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar de 76 mmHg, al&#233;m de sinais sugestivos de obstru&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ap&#243;s art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda.</p>
    <p>Foi ent&#227;o solicitada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiotomografia de aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a12fig01">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a12fig02">2</xref>) que revelou oclus&#227;o da aorta ap&#243;s a origem da subcl&#225;via esquerda com extens&#227;o aproximada de 3 cm, associada a uma ampla rede de colaterais que enchiam retrogradamente a aorta descendente e as il&#237;acas, as quais tinham di&#226;metros normais para a idade do paciente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a12fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-00e4-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a12fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-00e4-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados cl&#237;nicos e radiol&#243;gicos apontavam para o diagn&#243;stico de interrup&#231;&#227;o de arco a&#243;rtico tipo A, pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Celoria e Patton<sup>4</sup>, com severa disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>Em 19 de abril, o paciente foi submetido &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Realizou-se toracotomia lateral com a inser&#231;&#227;o de um tubo de politetrafluoretileno de 18 mm entre a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda e a aorta descendente, sem o uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma do quarto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO) mostrava FEVE de 40% com hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o discretas, o gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo entre a subcl&#225;via esquerda e a aorta descendente era de 8 mmHg, e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar estimada pela insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide era de 58 mmHg. O paciente recebeu alta em boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas no nono PO e foi encaminhado para acompanhamento ambulatorial. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas doen&#231;as apresentam alta mortalidade, e outras s&#227;o extremamente raras. Quando se relatou a interrup&#231;&#227;o de aorta em um paciente adulto, discutimos uma doen&#231;a que une esses dois fatores<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nessa doen&#231;a existe aus&#234;ncia de comunica&#231;&#227;o entre dois seguimentos da aorta tor&#225;cica e conseq&#252;entemente do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo; dessa forma, &#233; esperado que na maioria absoluta dos casos ocorra &#243;bito. Por&#233;m, mesmo nessa condi&#231;&#227;o extrema, algumas vezes o organismo desenvolve mecanismos capazes de manter por longos per&#237;odos a estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e a aus&#234;ncia de sintomas.</p>
    <p>O ponto comum entre os sobreviventes &#233; a presen&#231;a de uma extensa rede de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, necess&#225;ria &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo distal e &#224; conseq&#252;ente viabilidade dos &#243;rg&#227;os. Outro fator determinante &#233; a presen&#231;a de um canal arterial com grande calibre cujo fechamento seja gradual, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. Advoga-se tamb&#233;m que em alguns casos a afec&#231;&#227;o inicial seria uma coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta com evolu&#231;&#227;o para fechamento progressivo da luz<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na literatura, os poucos relatos denotam maior incid&#234;ncia no sexo masculino, sendo feito diagn&#243;stico em pacientes at&#233; a oitava d&#233;cada de vida<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A totalidade dos pacientes foi submetida ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico com interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo extra-anat&#244;mico, com progn&#243;stico razo&#225;vel em m&#233;dio e longo prazos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s esta exposi&#231;&#227;o, conclu&#237;mos que a interrup&#231;&#227;o de aorta deve ser lembrada como etiologia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no adulto, mesmo quando se trata de causa muito rara. &#201; importante salientar que um exame f&#237;sico bem realizado pode orientar com grande sensibilidade a identifica&#231;&#227;o dessa entidade, possibilitando assim o diagn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Rog&#233;rio Fortes Lobato </p>
        <p> Rua Borges Lagoa, 933/104 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04038- 000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lobato01@ig.com.br">lobato01@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/06/07; artigo revisado recebido em 02/07/07; aceito em 08/10/07.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Interrupted aortic arch with cardiac heart failure in young adult</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare cardiopathy, with high morbimortality when treatment is delayed. This study is a case of IAA with atypical clinical behavior in a 19-year-old patient. The history and the clinical assessment were compatible with recent heart failure, associated to syncope episodes and reduction of pulses in the lower limbs. The electrocardiogram showed biventricular and biatrial overload. The echocardiogram showed severe ventricular dysfunction and altered blood flow in the descending aorta. The angiotomography disclosed occlusion of the thoracic aorta after the left subclavian artery. The attained diagnosis was interrupted aortic arch and surgical treatment was indicated.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aorta, thoracic</kwd>
        <kwd>adult</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure,congestive</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Interrupted aortic arch with cardiac heart failure in young adult</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rog&#233;rio Fortes Lobato; Luis Augusto R. Saliba; Carlos Regenga Ferreiro; Fernando Bacal</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Associa&#231;&#227;o do Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o- INCOR, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare cardiopathy, with high morbimortality when treatment is delayed. This study is case of IAA with atypical clinical behavior in a 19-year-old patient. The history and the clinical assessment were compatible with recent heart failure, associated to syncope episodes and reduction of pulses in the lower limbs. The electrocardiogram showed biventricular and biatrial overload. The echocardiogram showed severe ventricular dysfunction and altered blood flow in the descending aorta. The angiotomography disclosed occlusion of the thoracic aorta after the left subclavian artery. The attained diagnosis was interrupted aortic arch and surgical treatment was indicated.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Aorta, thoracic; adult; heart failure,congestive.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) is a congenital cardiopathy that has devastating consequences, with a 75% mortality rate at 10 days and 90% at 12 months of life. With an incidence of 3 cases per million live births<sup>1</sup>, it represents 1.3% of the severe congenital cardiopathies<sup>2</sup> and only eventually it is not associated to other anomalies such as persistence of the arterial canal, bicuspid aortic valve, subaortic <italic>stenosis, truncus arteriosus communis</italic> and transposition of the great arteries<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The IAA is part of the differential diagnosis of cardiac heart failure in the newborn; however, this entity is extremely unusual in the adult patient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 19-year old single Caucasian male patient, who was a student from the city of Sao Paulo and had recently arrived from the United States of America, was evaluated. The diagnostic investigation was initiated in March 2007; the patient complained of fatigue following moderate exertion and incipient edema of the lower limbs (LLLL) in the preceding six months. A few days before the first clinical visit, he had presented 3 syncope episodes and worsening of the dyspnea as well as of the edema. Prior to symptom onset, he was asymptomatic with good weight and height development and denied personal or family morbid antecedents. At the physical examination, he presented clinical signs that were suggestive of heart failure (LLLL edema, enlarged liver and jugular turgescence), with no other alterations at the ectoscopy. The pulses were normal in the upper limbs (UULL), BP was 140/90 mmHg in both limbs, whereas the LLLL presented reduced amplitude, with BP = 90/50 mmHg in the right lower limb (RLL) and 100/60mmHg in the left lower limb (LLL). </p>
      <p>The 12-derivation ECG and the chest x-ray showed overload of the four chambers and increased cardiac area of 2+/4+ on account of the left ventricle (LV). Myocardial dysfunction was confirmed by the Doppler echocardiogram, with a LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of 22% (Simpson&#146;s biplane) and slight dilatation; the right ventricle showed moderate dilatation with diffuse severe hypokinesis, with a pulmonary systolic pressure of 76 mmHg in addition to suggestive signs of aortic obstruction after the left subclavian artery. </p>
      <p>An angiotomography of the aorta was then requested (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>), which disclosed aortic occlusion after the origin of the left subclavian artery, with an extension of approximately 3 cm, associated to an extensive collateral network that retrogradely filled the descending and iliac aortas, which had normal diameters, consistent with the patient&#146;s age. The clinical and radiological findings pointed to a diagnosis of aortic arch interruption type A, according to the classification of Celoria and Patton<sup>4</sup>, with severe myocardial dysfunction. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-00e4-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-00e4-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient was submitted to the surgical correction on April 19. A lateral thoracotomy was performed, with the insertion of an 18-mm polytetrafluoroethylene tube between the left subclavian artery and the descending aorta, with the need for extracorporeal circulation. </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram performed on the 4<sup>th</sup> postoperative (PO) day showed a LVEF of 40% with slight hypertrophy and dilatation; the maximum systolic gradient between the left subclavian artery and the descending aorta was 8 mmHg and the pulmonary systolic pressure estimated by the tricuspid insufficiency was 58 mmHg. The patient was discharged from the hospital with good clinical condition on the 9<sup>th</sup> PO day and was referred to outpatient follow-up. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some diseases present high mortality whereas others are extremely rare; when aortic arch interruption in an adult patient is reported, a disease that joins these two factors is under discussion<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>This disease displays the absence of communication between the two segments of the thoracic aorta and, consequently, of the blood flow; thus, most cases are expected to be fatal. However, even under this extreme condition, sometimes the body develops mechanisms that are capable to maintaining long-term hemodynamic stability and absence of symptoms.</p>
      <p>The common characteristic among the survivors is the presence of an extensive collateral network, which is necessary for the maintenance of the distal flow and the consequent organ viability. Another determinant factor is the presence of a large-caliber arterial canal with gradual closing, allowing the development of collateral circulation. It is also thought that in some cases the initial affection would be a coarctation of the aorta, which evolved to the progressive closing of the lumen<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p> The few reports in literature show a higher incidence in the male sex, with diagnosis being made in patients up to the eight decade of life<sup>9</sup>. All of the patients were submitted to surgical treatment with extra-anatomical tube interposition, with a reasonable mid- and long-term prognosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conclude that the interrupted aortic arch must be recalled as a heart failure etiology in the adult, although it is a very rare entity; it is important to remember that an accurate physical examination can result in the identification of this entity with high sensitivity, thus allowing diagnosis attainment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
