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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GRPm3KPxQWsyJHhWH4yD97t</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4: mulher de 78 Anos, obesa, com dispn&#233;ia s&#250;bita intensa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ceotto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>63</fpage>
      <lpage>68</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMO-CL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso 4 - mulher de 78 Anos, obesa, com dispn&#233;ia s&#250;bita intensa</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bruno Ceotto; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Vieira de Sousa; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Obesidade, dispn&#233;ia, hipertrofia ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 78 anos de idade procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por dispn&#233;ia intensa. </p>
    <p>A paciente era portadora de obesidade acentuada, hipotireoidismo e hipertens&#227;o arterial de longa data. Fazia uso de 150 mg de captopril, 40 mg de furosemida, 0,25 mg de digoxina e 75 &#181;g de levotiroxina di&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Por longo tempo, apresentou dispn&#233;ia desencadeada por grandes esfor&#231;os e, uma semana antes do atendimento, teve piora da dispn&#233;ia, agora no repouso, ortopn&#233;ia, tosse seca e edema de membros inferiores. Foi atendida em outro servi&#231;o, onde se realizou o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Foi medicada e recebeu alta hospitalar, entretanto a dispn&#233;ia se intensificou. Em raz&#227;o disso, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia no InCor.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (28 de abril de 2007) revelou paciente com taquipn&#233;ia (freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria 36 incurs&#245;es/minuto), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 150/80 mmHg, peso de 125 kg; altura de 1,60 m e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea de 46,9 kg/m&#178;. A semiologia pulmonar revelou estertores em ter&#231;o inferior de ambos os hemit&#243;rax e raros sibilos. Os exames do cora&#231;&#227;o e do abdome foram normais. Havia edema de membros inferiores, maior &#224; direita. A satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (avaliada por via transcut&#226;nea) foi de 88%. </p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais revelaram: ur&#233;ia de 85 mg/dl, creatinina de 1,8 mg/dl, glicemia de 116 mg/dl, hemoglobina de 18g/dl, hemat&#243;crito de 57%, plaquetas de 228000/mm&#179;, troponina de 2,8 ng/ml, CKMB de 10,8 &#181;g/l, d&#237;mero D da fibrina &gt; 5000 &#181;g; rela&#231;&#227;o de tempos de TTPA .1,41. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) revelou ritmo sinusal, 114 bpm, intervalo PR 175 ms, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS 94 ms, QT 282 ms, eixo de QRS +150 para tr&#225;s, padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3,</sub> dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o ramo direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma revelou di&#226;metros de aorta de 32 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo de 32 mm, espessura de septo interventricular de 10 mm e da parede livre de 9 mm. Havia dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada de &#225;trio direito, o ventr&#237;culo direito era tamb&#233;m dilatado e hipocin&#233;tico, e sua press&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi estimada em 85 mm Hg. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi considerado normal. </p>
    <p>Foi feita a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de tromboembolismo pulmonar e prescreveram-se 40 mg de furosemida endovenosa.</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Administrou-se dopamina por via endovenosa e foi necess&#225;ria a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio. Instituiu-se tromb&#243;lise (100 mg de ativador tissular do plasminog&#234;nio recombinante para 2 horas de administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa).</p>
    <p>Na noite do dia seguinte &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, a paciente apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, que n&#227;o respondeu &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, e faleceu.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O caso em quest&#227;o &#233; de uma paciente de 78 anos, portadora de hipotireoidismo, obesidade e hipertens&#227;o com dispn&#233;ia aos grandes esfor&#231;os h&#225; um ano e progressiva h&#225; uma semana, atualmente em repouso, associada a ortopn&#233;ia, tosse seca e edema de membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>Dispn&#233;ia &#233; um sintoma que resulta do processamento de m&#250;ltiplos est&#237;mulos pelo organismo<sup>1</sup>. Portanto, ir&#225; se apresentar de forma diferente em cada paciente. Sua natureza individualizada reduz a probabilidade de se chegar a um diagn&#243;stico preciso quando avaliada isoladamente. Diante de paciente com dispn&#233;ia, enfrentamos ampla gama de diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, de gravidade extremamente vari&#225;vel, abrangendo causas card&#237;acas, pulmonares, neurol&#243;gicas, musculares e at&#233; mesmo psicog&#234;nicas<sup>2</sup>. Nesse contexto, a semiot&#233;cnica minuciosa e a escolha e interpreta&#231;&#227;o correta dos exames complementares podem levar ao diagn&#243;stico correto. Mesmo na presen&#231;a de obesidade, fator que sabidamente dificulta o exame f&#237;sico<sup>3</sup>, os achados semiol&#243;gicos ajudar&#227;o decisivamente no diagn&#243;stico diferencial.</p>
    <p>Dispn&#233;ia de origem card&#237;aca &#233; a express&#227;o cl&#237;nica da hipertens&#227;o venosa capilar pulmonar. A paciente do caso apresentava ausculta pulmonar alterada, o que provavelmente direcionou o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca realizado no outro servi&#231;o. Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, obesidade grau III (IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e dispn&#233;ia cr&#244;nica aos grandes esfor&#231;os refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, sendo esta &#250;ltima mais comum em pacientes idosos, do sexo feminino e obesos<sup>4</sup>, todas estas caracter&#237;sticas presentes na paciente. No entanto, na aus&#234;ncia de fatores desencadeantes como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar aguda, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; caracteristicamente lenta e progressiva. A paciente apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o relativamente r&#225;pida em uma semana, dado que vai de encontro ao diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de dispn&#233;ia cr&#244;nica aos grandes esfor&#231;os associada &#224; policitemia sugere que a paciente seja portadora de hipoxemia cr&#244;nica. Dentre os diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, devemos considerar a s&#237;ndrome da apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono, comum em pacientes obesos. Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, o t&#244;nus da musculatura do paciente n&#227;o &#233; capaz de manter aberta a via a&#233;rea superior durante o sono, resultando em hipoventila&#231;&#227;o, hipoxemia, o que leva &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e policitemia, culminando em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca principalmente direita e diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional<sup>5</sup>. Existem v&#225;rias outras condi&#231;&#245;es que causam hipertens&#227;o pulmonar: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, esquistossomose, entres outras.</p>
    <p>Edema assim&#233;trico em membros inferiores, na presen&#231;a de dispn&#233;ia e hipoxemia, nos remeteu ao diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) agudo. As s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas apresentadas pelo TEP s&#227;o diversas, por&#233;m podem ser divididas em tr&#234;s grupos principais<sup>6</sup>: 1) infarto pulmonar, em que predominam dor pleur&#237;tica e hemoptise; 2) dispn&#233;ia isolada, que pareceu ser a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial da paciente; e 3) colapso circulat&#243;rio, definido como altera&#231;&#227;o da consci&#234;ncia ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica menor que 90 mmHg. A semiologia pulmonar encontra-se alterada em 29% a 37% dos pacientes com TEP, variando de acordo com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar pr&#233;via<sup>7</sup>. Taxas de mortalidade em 15 dias encontradas nos pacientes com dispn&#233;ia isolada e colapso circulat&#243;rio, 6,2% e 6,5%, respectivamente, s&#227;o claramente superiores aos 2,5% apresentados por pacientes com infarto pulmonar<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tromboembolismo venoso ocorre em decorr&#234;ncia de um desequil&#237;brio no sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o. Os pilares que contribuem decisivamente para a coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular s&#227;o conhecidos h&#225; mais de 100 anos e foram descritos inicialmente por Rudolph Virchow<sup>9</sup> como a tr&#237;ade: integridade endotelial, hipercoagulabilidade e estase sang&#252;&#237;nea. A influ&#234;ncia sobre esses fatores pode ser prim&#225;ria (cong&#234;nita) ou secund&#225;ria (adquirida).</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco mais comumente presentes e mais facilmente identificados s&#227;o os secund&#225;rios. Entre os principais, encontram-se: imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, cirurgia nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e malignidade<sup>10</sup>. No entanto, existem casos em que tais fatores n&#227;o est&#227;o presentes, chamados de tromboembolismo venoso idiop&#225;tico ou prim&#225;rio. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, deve ser dada especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; pesquisa dos fatores cong&#234;nitos. A altera&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita mais comum nesses pacientes &#233; a muta&#231;&#227;o do fator V de Leiden, presente em at&#233; 40% dos casos<sup>11</sup>. A paciente deste caso era obesa e hipertensa, esses fatores de risco s&#227;o importantes para tromboembolismo venoso em mulheres<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente apresentava oximetria medida por via transcut&#226;nea em 88%. Tal hip&#243;xia associada &#224; taquipn&#233;ia (36 incurs&#245;es/minuto) e taquicardia (120 bpm) reflete a instala&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e confere gravidade ao quadro cl&#237;nico. A hipoxemia no TEP pode ser explicada por v&#225;rios mecanismos, o principal deles &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o pulmonar. A presen&#231;a de hipoxemia n&#227;o nos auxilia no diagn&#243;stico<sup>13</sup>, por&#233;m &#233; muito importante como preditor de mortalidade. A oximetria est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel nos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia e &#233; de simples e r&#225;pida execu&#231;&#227;o. Mesmo em pacientes sem hipotens&#227;o ou necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica inicial, a presen&#231;a de oximetria &lt; 95% na admiss&#227;o hospitalar traduz um grupo de pacientes com mortalidade em 30 dias bem maior, 20% contra somente 2% naqueles com oximetria <underline>&gt;</underline> 95%<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma da paciente mostrava taquicardia sinusal, desvio do eixo para direita e padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>. Esse padr&#227;o &#233; classicamente considerado como sugestivo de embolia pulmonar, reconhecido h&#225; d&#233;cadas como reflexo de <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> agudo<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Devemos ser cuidadosos ao interpretar esse eletrocardiograma no contexto diagn&#243;stico. O padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> n&#227;o &#233; espec&#237;fico para TEP, ocorrendo em 13,5% dos pacientes com suspeita de TEP que tiveram esse diagn&#243;stico afastado<sup>16</sup>. Sua aus&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para afastar o diagn&#243;stico por apresentar baixa sensibilidade, estando presente em somente 11,6% dos casos<sup>16</sup>. O eletrocardiograma de pacientes com TEP pode ser completamente normal, e a altera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo mais freq&#252;ente &#233; a taquicardia sinusal, que fisiopatologicamente reflete o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco que se imp&#245;e para aumentar a oferta de oxig&#234;nio<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A dosagem do d&#237;mero D da fibrina estava &gt; 5.000 &#956;g, valor elevado que demonstra ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema fibrinol&#237;tico end&#243;geno, por ser o d&#237;mero D um produto de degrada&#231;&#227;o da fibrina. Seu uso no diagn&#243;stico de TEP foi extensamente estudado e caracteriza-se por elevada sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo, por&#233;m com especificidade pobre<sup>18</sup>. Portanto, a principal aplica&#231;&#227;o do d&#237;mero D &#233; a exclus&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de TEP em pacientes com probabilidade baixa ou intermedi&#225;ria. Os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D encontram-se elevados em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, septicemia, malignidades e em v&#225;rias outras afec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas.</p>
    <p>A paciente apresentou dosagens elevadas de CKMB e troponina, que inicialmente poderiam sugerir que estivesse sofrendo infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. As troponinas card&#237;acas v&#234;m mostrando grande especificidade como marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, por&#233;m devemos ter em mente que o fato de elas estarem elevadas n&#227;o significa que o mecanismo dessa eleva&#231;&#227;o seja instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, presente em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Sabemos que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina tamb&#233;m pode ser secund&#225;ria &#224; sobrecarga aguda do ventr&#237;culo direito, com aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica e conseq&#252;ente isquemia<sup>19</sup>; este deve ter sido o mecanismo da eleva&#231;&#227;o registrada na paciente. A cin&#233;tica das troponinas pode auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e TEP, uma vez que neste &#250;ltimo os valores usualmente se normalizam nas primeiras 40 horas, ao contr&#225;rio da eleva&#231;&#227;o prolongada que ocorre no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>20</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o das troponinas card&#237;acas apresenta ainda valor progn&#243;stico comprovado em pacientes com TEP. A mortalidade &#233; de 19,7% em pacientes com valores elevados, bem superior &#224; daqueles pacientes com valores normais, cuja mortalidade &#233; de 3,7%<sup>21</sup>. Mesmo no subgrupo de pacientes hemodinamicamente est&#225;veis, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina foi associada &#224; mortalidade 5,9 vezes superior<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma confirmou a suspeita gerada pela cl&#237;nica, associada ao eletrocardiograma e ao achado de eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponinas, de um quadro de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar severa e sobrecarga ventricular direita. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 85 mmHg, com dilata&#231;&#227;o e hipocinesia do ventr&#237;culo direito. Al&#233;m disso, o ecocardiograma mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal, o que foi muito importante por ser capaz de excluir insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, seja ela sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, como causa do quadro da paciente. Apenas 40% dos pacientes com TEP apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas ao ecocardiograma, por&#233;m essas altera&#231;&#245;es, quando presentes, auxiliam no diagn&#243;stico presuntivo e constituem excelente ferramenta progn&#243;stica<sup>22</sup>. Os pacientes com hipocinesia de ventr&#237;culo direito apresentam o dobro de mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pacientes sem hipocinesia<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O TEP &#233; uma doen&#231;a de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico, sua confirma&#231;&#227;o se baseia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade cl&#237;nica de cada paciente, seguida pela identifica&#231;&#227;o do trombo ou sua repercuss&#227;o na perfus&#227;o pulmonar em diagn&#243;stico por imagem. Foram propostos v&#225;rios algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos para a doen&#231;a, por&#233;m nenhum foi capaz de mostrar substancial benef&#237;cio sobre os demais<sup>23</sup>; suas diferen&#231;as baseiam-se eminentemente na disponibilidade e experi&#234;ncia de cada servi&#231;o com o exame complementar selecionado.</p>
    <p>Na tentativa de uniformizar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para o diagn&#243;stico de TEP, foram criados escores. Os principais s&#227;o os de Wells e Geneva, ambos bastante &#250;teis, com caracter&#237;sticas operacionais semelhantes<sup>24</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios de Wells modificados incluem: sinais cl&#237;nicos de trombose venosa profunda, aus&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico mais prov&#225;vel que TEP, taquicardia, imobiliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada, fen&#244;meno tromb&#243;tico pr&#233;vio, hemoptise e malignidade<sup>25</sup>. Realizada a estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, se ainda houver a suspeita de TEP, este deve ser confirmado por diagn&#243;stico em m&#233;todo de imagem, com duas estrat&#233;gias principais. A angiotomografia pulmonar helicoidal computadorizada pode ser utilizada para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico, e normalmente &#233; a escolha em centros com experi&#234;ncia no m&#233;todo, mas apresenta a desvantagem do uso de contraste iodado, por&#233;m tem sensibilidade suficiente para excluir embolia clinicamente significativa com seguran&#231;a<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>A segunda alternativa &#233; baseada na cintilografia pulmonar de ventila&#231;&#227;o e perfus&#227;o, e pode confirmar TEP principalmente em pacientes com elevada probabilidade cl&#237;nica, por&#233;m n&#227;o ser&#225; capaz de exclu&#237;-lo em alguns casos, nos quais ser&#225; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia pulmonar invasiva<sup>10</sup>. A ultra-sonografia com Doppler venoso de membros inferiores tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada, e sua positividade &#233; suficiente para o diagn&#243;stico em pacientes nos quais n&#227;o ser&#225; considerado o uso de terapias com maior morbidade como tromb&#243;lise ou cirurgia<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com quadro de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e necessitou de infus&#227;o de dopamina e intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal com suporte ventilat&#243;rio. O choque decorrente do quadro de tromboembolismo pulmonar decorre da dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, com diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco associado a desvio do septo interventricular para a esquerda, reduzindo a pr&#233;-carga decorrente do d&#233;bito do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Isso leva &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o coronariana e &#224; isquemia do ventr&#237;culo direito, o que ocasiona mais disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita; assim, forma-se um ciclo vicioso que culmina com hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse momento, formou-se uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de decis&#227;o extremamente dif&#237;cil.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve tempo para o diagn&#243;stico de certeza de TEP que poderia ser obtido por meio do m&#233;todo de imagem. A instabilidade cl&#237;nica da paciente n&#227;o permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de nenhum exame complementar fora do ambiente de terapia intensiva, portanto o diagn&#243;stico foi presuntivo de TEP, baseado principalmente na cl&#237;nica e no ecocardiograma. Foi ent&#227;o administrado fibrinol&#237;tico.</p>
    <p>O uso do fibrinol&#237;tico poderia reduzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita por dissolver o trombo com conseq&#252;ente melhora da obstru&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias pulmonares, al&#233;m de prevenir a forma&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de serotonina e outros fatores neuro-humorais, que poderiam piorar a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Adicionalmente, poderia dissolver trombos formados em outros locais, como nos membros inferiores e na regi&#227;o p&#233;lvica. As principais indica&#231;&#245;es de uso s&#227;o os casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o e submaci&#231;o. O fibrinol&#237;tico aprovado para uso pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA) foi o t-PA(Ateplase) de 100 mg em infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua e posteriormente hepariniza&#231;&#227;o<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aqueles que s&#227;o considerados para terapia com fibrinol&#237;tico necessitam de rastreamento de condi&#231;&#245;es que possam contra-indicar o uso, visto que a m&#233;dia de ocorr&#234;ncia de hemorragia intracerebral &#233; de 3%. Apesar de a fibrin&#243;lise ser considerada uma das primeiras op&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o, o real beneficio cl&#237;nico &#233; incerto. An&#225;lises de estudos cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o evidenciaram redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e de recorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar em 90 dias<sup>13</sup>. Em pacientes com TEP maci&#231;o e submaci&#231;o, nos quais a fibrin&#243;lise &#233; contra-indicada ou falhou, embolectomia cir&#250;rgica ou por cateter deve ser considerada<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na noite do dia seguinte &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, a paciente apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, que pode ser decorrente de tromboembolismo pulmonar, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, hip&#243;xia, dist&#250;rbios hidroeletroliticos (hipocalemia e hipercalemia), hipovolemia, acidose ou hipotermia. A parada foi refrat&#225;ria &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespiratoria e cerebral. </p>
    <p><bold>Dr. Bruno Ceotto, Dr. J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Vieira de Sousa</bold>.</p>
    <p><italic>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica - </italic>tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo maci&#231;o.</p>
    <p><italic>Outros diagn&#243;sticos</italic> - obesidade m&#243;rbida, hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipotireoidismo. </p>
    <p>Dr. Bruno Ceotto, Dr. J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Vieira de Sousa</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necropsia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cad&#225;ver de paciente apresentando acentuada obesidade. O cora&#231;&#227;o pesava 640 g e mostrava hipertrofia de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, mais acentuada do direito, acompanhada de discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). A art&#233;ria pulmonar mostrava-se dilatada, e havia tromboembolismo pulmonar recente, maci&#231;o e bilateral, com oclus&#227;o de ramos de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda e da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita no n&#237;vel do hilo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico dos diversos &#243;rg&#227;os confirmou os achados anteriormente descritos e evidenciou na tire&#243;ide, que apresentava volume habitual e n&#227;o estava aderida a estruturas vizinhas, intenso processo inflamat&#243;rio linfocit&#225;rio, sem forma&#231;&#227;o de fol&#237;culos linf&#243;ides, acompanhado de fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Os rins apresentavam superf&#237;cie finamente granulosa, arterioloesclerose hialina, raros focos de fibrose intersticial e glomeruloesclerose. A ves&#237;cula biliar apresentava volume pequeno e luz virtual, estando sua cavidade preenchida por c&#225;lculo &#250;nico, volumoso. A aterosclerose da aorta era discreta. Os &#243;rg&#227;os genitais internos n&#227;o foram encontrados (prov&#225;vel histerectomia radical pr&#233;via). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Obesidade m&#243;rbida; hipertrofia dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o; tireoidite cr&#244;nica linfocit&#225;ria; colecistite cr&#244;nica calculosa; tromboembolismo pulmonar recente, maci&#231;o (causa do &#243;bito). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso de mulher com 78 anos de idade apresentando hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipotireoidismo e obesidade m&#243;rbida. Na necropsia, encontrou-se, al&#233;m da discreta hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, explic&#225;vel pela hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipertrofia moderada do ventr&#237;culo direito do cora&#231;&#227;o. Esse &#250;ltimo achado deve-se, muito provavelmente, a d&#233;ficit cr&#244;nico da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e/ou apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono, secund&#225;rias &#224; obesidade m&#243;rbida que podem acarretar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar cr&#244;nica e sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>27</sup>. &#201; importante notar que, al&#233;m da hipertrofia ventricular direita, outras altera&#231;&#245;es presentes nesse caso est&#227;o intimamente relacionadas &#224; obesidade acentuada, como a calculose da ves&#237;cula biliar, a pr&#243;pria hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o tromboembolismo pulmonar<sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, cremos que podemos considerar a obesidade m&#243;rbida como a doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria da paciente.</p>
    <p>No caso em quest&#227;o, encontramos altera&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica da tire&#243;ide, isto &#233;, tireoidite cr&#244;nica linfocit&#225;ria, o que explicaria a disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana da paciente. Ali&#225;s, hipotireoidismo (cl&#237;nico ou subcl&#237;nico) tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado &#224; obesidade m&#243;rbida, sendo descrito em 19,5% dos pacientes<sup>30</sup>. &#201; interessante notar que, apesar de o racioc&#237;nio comum relacionar o hipotireoidismo como uma das causas da obesidade, parece n&#227;o haver consenso sobre a eventual rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre essas duas entidades<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera D. Aiello </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 4: a 78-year-old obese woman with sudden-onset dyspnea</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Case 4 - a 78-year-old obese woman with sudden-onset dyspnea</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bruno Ceotto; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Vieira de Sousa; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart Institute (Incor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, Brazil</p>
      <p>Correspondence</p>
      <p><bold>Key Words:</bold> Obesity; dyspnea; hypertrophy, ventricular.</p>
      <p>A 78-year-old woman sought medical attention for severe dyspnea. She had morbid obesity, hypothyroidism, and long-standing hypertension, and was taking captopril 150 mg, furosemide 40 mg, digoxin 0.25 mg, and levothyroxine 75<italic>&#181;</italic>g daily. </p>
      <p>For a long time she had dyspnea on heavy exertion, which became worse during the previous week, progressing to dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, nonproductive cough, and lower extremity edema. The patient had been diagnosed with heart failure at another medical institution. She was then medicated and discharged from hospital; nevertheless, her dyspnea worsened, and she sought emergency care at InCor.</p>
      <p>Physical examination (April 28, 2007) revealed tachypnea (36 breaths/min), heart rate of 120 bpm, blood pressure of 150/80 mm Hg, and body mass index of 46,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. She weighted 275.5 pounds and was 5 feet and 3 inches tall. Chest auscultation revealed bilateral rales in the lower lung fields and occasional wheezing. Examinations of the heart and abdomen were unremarkable. Bilateral lower-extremity edema was noted, greater in the right leg. Oxygen saturation (measured percutaneously) was 88%. </p>
      <p>Laboratory data were as follows: urea 85 mg/dL, creatinine 1.8 mg/dL, blood glucose 116 mg/dL, hemoglobin 18 g/dL, hematocrit 57%, platelet count 228,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, troponin 2.8 ng/ml, CK-MB 10.8 &#181;g/L, fibrin D-dimer &gt; 5000 &#181;g; and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ratio 1.41. </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 114 bpm, PR interval of 175 msec, QRS duration of 94 msec, QT interval of 282 msec, QRS axis +150 oriented posteriorly, S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> pattern, and right bundle branch block (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a10fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram yielded the following measurements: aortic diameter of 32 mm, left atrial diameter of 32 mm, interventricular septal thickness of 10 mm and free wall thickness of 9 mm. The right atrium was markedly dilated, and the right ventricle was dilated and hypokinetic, with a systolic pressure of 85 mm Hg. The left ventricle was found to be normal. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism was proposed, and furosemide, 40 mg IV, was prescribed.The patient became hemodynamically unstable, requiring intravenous dopamine and orotracheal intubation for ventilatory support. Two hours of intravenous thrombolysis was performed with 100 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA). </p>
      <p>On the night of the day after admission she went into cardiorespiratory arrest with pulseless electrical activity and died despite resuscitative efforts.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical features</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the case of a 78-year-old obese female patient with hypothyroidism, hypertension, and dyspnea on heavy exertion of one year duration that had progressed to dyspnea at rest during the previous week, associated with orthopnea, nonproductive cough, and lower-extremity edema.</p>
      <p>Dyspnea is a symptom that results from the processing of multiple stimuli by the body<sup>1</sup>. It may therefore differ from patient to patient, making an accurate diagnosis more challenging when assessed separately. A wide range of differential diagnoses, highly variable in severity, should be considered in a patient with dyspnea, including cardiac, pulmonary, neurological, muscular and even psychogenic causes<sup>2</sup>. A thorough and detailed clinical examination, followed by appropriate selection and accurate interpretation of ancillary tests, may lead to the correct diagnosis. Even in the presence of obesity, which notoriously makes physical examination more difficult<sup>3</sup>, clinical symptoms play a decisive role in the differential diagnosis. </p>
      <p>Dyspnea of cardiac origin is a clinical expression of pulmonary venous and capillary hypertension. In the case described herein, the abnormal findings on chest auscultation probably prompted the diagnosis of heart failure made at another institution. The presence of systemic hypertension, grade III obesity (BMI &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and chronic dyspnea on heavy exertion supports the hypothesis of heart failure, either systolic or diastolic, the latter being more common in elderly, obese<sup>4</sup>, and female patients, as was the case in this patient. Nevertheless, in the absence of triggering factors, such as acute myocardial infarction or acute valvular dysfunction, the clinical course of heart failure is generally slow and progressive. The patient&#146;s condition worsened relatively quickly over a one-week period, which argues against the diagnosis of heart failure. </p>
      <p>The presence of chronic dyspnea on heavy exertion associated with polycythemia suggests that the patient had chronic hypoxemia. Among the differential diagnoses to be considered is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which is common in obese patients. In this condition, the patient&#146;s muscle tone is incapable of maintaining upper airway patency during sleep, resulting in hypoventilation and hypoxemia, which leads to pulmonary hypertension, polycythemia and ultimately to heart failure, particularly right-sided heart failure, and impaired functional capacity<sup>5</sup>. A number of other conditions can also cause pulmonary hypertension, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, congenital heart diseases, and schistosomiasis, among others.</p>
      <p>The presence of asymmetrical lower-extremity edema together with dyspnea and hypoxemia led us to the diagnosis of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Even though PTE is associated with a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes, they can be divided into three major groups<sup>6</sup>: (1) pulmonary infarction, characterized by pleuritic pain and hemoptysis, (2) isolated dyspnea, which appeared to be the initial clinical presentation of our patient, and (3) circulatory collapse, defined as loss of consciousness or systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg. Lung examination is abnormal in 29% to 37% of the patients with PTE, depending on whether or not prior cardiopulmonary disease is present<sup>7</sup>. Fifteen-day mortality rates in patients with isolated dyspnea and circulatory collapse (6.2% e 6.5%, respectively) are higher than those found in patients with pulmonary infarction (2.5%)<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) results from an imbalance in the coagulation system. The cardinal factors that contribute to intravascular coagulation have been known for more than a century, being originally described as a triad by Rudolf Virchow<sup>9 </sup>as follows: (1) endothelial injury, (2) hypercoagulability, and (3) blood stasis. These risk factors may be primary (inherited) or secondary (acquired) in nature.</p>
      <p>The secondary risk factors are the most frequently found and thus more easily identified, such as prolonged immobilization, surgery in the previous three months, stroke, and malignancy<sup>10</sup>. However, in some cases, known as idiopathic or primary venous thromboembolism, these risk factors are not present. Under these circumstances, particular attention must be given to the investigation of genetic factors. The most common genetic defect in these patients is a mutation in factor V Leiden, accounting for up to 40% of the cases<sup>11</sup>. The patient described herein was obese and hypertensive, and both conditions are major risk factors for venous thromboembolism in women<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Her oxygen saturation, measured by percutaneous oximetry, was 88%. Such hypoxia associated with tachypnea (36 breaths/min) and tachycardia (120 bpm) reflects both the presence of respiratory failure and severity of the clinical picture. Hypoxemia in PTE may be explained by numerous mechanisms, the most important of which are changes in the pulmonary ventilation-perfusion ratio. While the presence of hypoxemia is not helpful in establishing the diagnosis<sup>13</sup>, it plays a key role as a predictor of death. Pulse oximetry, widely available in emergency departments, is a quick and easy-to-perform test. Even in patients who initially are neither hypotensive nor requiring mechanical ventilation, a pulse oximetry reading &lt; 95% at hospital admission is associated with greater 30-day mortality (20% compared with only 2% in patients with pulse oximetry <underline>&gt;</underline> 95%)<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patient&#146;s ECG showed sinus tachycardia, right axis deviation and a S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3 </sub>pattern. This pattern is traditionally considered as suggestive of pulmonary embolism, and for decades has been known to reflect acute <italic>cor pulmonale</italic><sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Care must be taken when interpreting this electrocardiogram. The S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> pattern is not specific for PTE, occurring in 13.5% of the patients in whom this diagnosis was initially suspected but subsequently ruled out<sup>16</sup>. Its absence is not sufficient to exclude the diagnosis either, because of its low sensitivity. The S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> pattern is found in only 11.6% of PTE patients<sup>16</sup>. The electrocardiogram may be completely normal in patients with PTE, the most common rhythm disturbance being sinus tachycardia, which pathophysiologically reflects an increase in cardiac output to improve oxygen delivery<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p> Plasma fibrin D-dimer was &gt; 5000 <italic>&#181;</italic>g, an elevated level that shows activation of the endogenous fibrinolytic system, since D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product. Its use in the diagnosis of PTE has been extensively studied. The D-dimer assay has high sensitivity and negative predictive value but poor specificity<sup>18</sup>. Therefore, it is best used to exclude the diagnosis of PTE in patients with low or intermediate probability. Plasma D-dimer levels are elevated postoperatively and in patients with acute myocardial infarction, sepsis, malignancies, and other systemic diseases.</p>
      <p>This patient showed increased CK-MB and troponin levels, which initially could suggest acute myocardial infarction. Although cardiac troponins have been shown to be highly specific markers of myocardial injury, we must bear in mind that an elevation in serum levels of troponin does not mean that the mechanism of such elevation was atherosclerotic plaque instability, which is found in AMI patients. It is known that troponin elevation may be secondary to acute right ventricular overload, with increased metabolic demand and thereby ischemia<sup>19</sup>; this may have been the mechanism of troponin elevation in our patient. Kinetics of troponin release may be useful in the differential diagnosis between acute myocardial infarction and PTE, since in the latter condition troponin serum levels usually return to normal levels within the first 40 hours, unlike in acute myocardial infarction<sup>20</sup>. Elevated levels of cardiac troponin have proven to be of prognostic value in patients with PTE. Mortality rates are substantially higher in patients with high troponin levels than in those with normal levels (19.7% and 3.7%, respectively)<sup>21</sup>. Even in a subgroup of hemodynamically stable patients, elevated troponin levels were associated with a mortality rate 5.9 times higher<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram confirmed the suspicion raised by clinical and electrocardiographic findings, together with elevated troponin levels, severe pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular overload. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 85 mm Hg, and the right ventricle was dilated and hypokinetic. The echocardiogram also showed normal left ventricular function, an important finding as it rules out heart failure, either systolic or diastolic, as the cause of the patient&#146;s clinical condition. Only 40% of PTE patients have suggestive changes on echocardiogram, but if present these changes are helpful in establishing the presumptive diagnosis and constitute an excellent prognostic tool<sup>22</sup>. Mortality rates are twice as high in patients with right ventricular hypokinesis as in those without hypokinesis<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism is difficult. It is usually based on the clinical probability of each patient, followed by identification of the thrombus or its repercussion in lung perfusion imaging. A number of diagnostic algorithms for PTE have been proposed, but none has offered substantial benefit over the others<sup>23</sup>. Their differences are based primarily on the availability of the ancillary test chosen and the experience of each institution with it.</p>
      <p>Scores were created in an attempt to standardize the risk stratification of PTE. The most widely used are those developed by Geneva and Wells, both of which are very helpful and share operating characteristics<sup>24</sup>. The modified Wells criteria include clinical signs of deep venous thrombosis, absence of a more likely diagnosis than PTE, tachycardia, prolonged immobilization, previous thrombotic event, hemoptysis, and malignancy<sup>25</sup>. After clinical stratification, if suspicion of PTE still remains it should be confirmed by diagnostic imaging using two main strategies. One of them is helical CT pulmonary angiography, which may confirm the diagnosis and has been the method of choice of centers experienced with this technique. Despite the disadvantage of using iodinated contrast medium, it has sufficient sensitivity to safely exclude the diagnosis of clinically significant pulmonary embolism<sup>25</sup>. The second strategy is based on ventilation/perfusion lung scans, which can confirm the diagnosis of PTE in patients with high clinical probability. However, in some patients invasive pulmonary angiography is needed to rule out the disease<sup>10</sup>. Lower-extremity venous Doppler ultrasound may also be used, and has sufficient diagnostic sensitivity for patients in whom therapies associated with greater morbidity, such as thrombolysis or surgery, will not be considered<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient progressed to hemodynamic instability, requiring intravenous dopamine and orotracheal intubation for ventilatory support. </p>
      <p>The shock associated with pulmonary thromboembolism results from right ventricular dilation and dysfunction, with a reduction in cardiac output associated with a leftward shift of the interventricular septum, thereby decreasing LV preload and output.</p>
      <p>This causes both a decrease in coronary perfusion and right ventricular ischemia, further impairing RV function and creating a vicious circle that ultimately leads to tissue hypoperfusion<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>At that point, we were faced with an extremely difficult clinical decision. There was no time to make a definite diagnosis of PTE, which could have been obtained using imaging studies. The patient&#146;s clinical instability did not allow any ancillary test to be made outside the confines of the intensive care unit, hence the presumptive diagnosis of PTE, which was based mostly on clinical and echocardiographic findings. A fibrinolytic agent was then administered. </p>
      <p>The aim of the fibrinolytic therapy was threefold: to improve RV dysfunction by dissolving the thrombus and thus reduce pulmonary arterial obstruction; to prevent the continuous release of serotonin and other neurohumoral factors that may exacerbate pulmonary hypertension; and perhaps to dissolve thrombi in other sites, such as lower extremities and the pelvic region. It is especially indicated for patients with massive or submassive pulmonary thromboembolism. The fibrinolytic approved by the FDA was t-PA (Alteplase) 100 mg, in continuous infusion, followed by heparinization<sup>26</sup>. Patients considered for fibrinolytic therapy should be assessed for contraindications, because the mean incidence of intracranial hemorrhage is 3%. Although fibrinolysis is considered one of the first choices in patients with massive PTE, its actual clinical benefit remains unclear. A review of clinical trials found no reduction in 90-day mortality and recurrence of pulmonary thromboembolism<sup>13</sup>. In patients with massive or submassive PTE in whom fibrinolysis is contraindicated or failed, surgical or catheter embolectomy must be considered<sup>26</sup><bold>.</bold> </p>
      <p>On the night of hospital day 2 the patient went into cardiorespiratory arrest with pulseless electrical activity, which may have been due to pulmonary thromboembolism, myocardial ischemia, hypoxia, electrolyte disorders (hypo- and hyperkalemia), hypovolemia, acidosis, or hypothermia. The cardiorespiratory arrest was refractory to cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bruno Ceotto, MD; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Vieira de Sousa, MD</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Diagnostic hypothesis - </italic>acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism </p>
      <p><italic>Other diagnoses</italic> - morbid obesity, hypertension, hypothyroidism </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bruno Ceotto, MD; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Vieira de Sousa, MD</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Autopsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Postmortem examination showed a severely obese woman. The heart weighed 640 g and showed biventricular hypertrophy, greater in the right ventricle, which was slightly dilated.</p>
      <p> The pulmonary artery was dilated, and a fresh, massive, bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism was found occluding first-generation branches of the left and right pulmonary arteries at the hilar level (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). Histological examination of several organs confirmed the above findings and showed in the thyroid gland, which was normal in size and not adhered to neighboring structures, a severe lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate, without formation of lymphoid follicles, accompanied by fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).The kidneys were found to have a finely granular surface, hyaline arteriolosclerosis, plus rare foci of interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. The gallbladder was small and contained a single large stone. The aorta was mildly atherosclerotic. No internal genital organs were found (probably due to prior radical hysterectomy). </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0063-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pathologic Diagnoses </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Morbid obesity; right and left ventricular hypertrophy; chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis; chronic calculous cholecystitis; and acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism (cause of death). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>(Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We report a case of a 78-year-old woman with hypertension, hypothyroidism, and morbid obesity. Postmortem examination revealed not only mild left ventricular hypertrophy, which could be explained by systemic hypertension, but also moderate right ventricular hypertrophy. The latter is most probably due to chronic pulmonary hypoventilation and/or obstructive sleep apnea secondary to morbid obesity, which may cause chronic pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular overload<sup>27</sup>. It is important to note that in addition to right ventricular hypertrophy, other changes in this case are closely related to severe obesity, such as gallstones, the systemic hypertension itself, and pulmonary thromboembolism<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we believe that morbid obesity was the primary disease of the patient.</p>
      <p>The morphological change found in the thyroid gland, that is, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, may explain the thyroid dysfunction. Indeed, hypothyroidism (either clinical or subclinical) is also associated with morbid obesity, and is found in 19.5% of the patients<sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>Interestingly, even though hypothyroidism has been traditionally considered as one of the causes of obesity, no consensus exists on the actual causal relationship between both entities<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
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