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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Tt5wqhL9gKt99FtZf7Y7b3K</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT pro-BNP: rela&#231;&#227;o com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nas miocardiopatias e pericardiopatias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buck</surname>
            <given-names>Paula de C&#225;ssia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nastari</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>49</fpage>
      <lpage>54</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O NT pro-BNP &#233; marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. OBJETIVO: Determinar os n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, hipertr&#243;fica, restritiva e afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e quarenta e cinco pacientes foram divididos nos respectivos grupos: 1) cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CCh) - 14 pacientes; 2) miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) - 71 pacientes; 3) endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) - 26 pacientes; 4) derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP) - 18 pacientes; 5) e pericardite constritiva (PC) - 16 pacientes. Foi constitu&#237;do um grupo-controle de 40 indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. O grau de acometimento mioc&#225;rdico e o derrame peric&#225;rdico foram avaliados pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional e a restri&#231;&#227;o pelo Doppler puls&#225;til do fluxo mitral. O diagn&#243;stico de PC foi confirmado por meio da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Os n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP foram medidos por imunoensaio com detec&#231;&#227;o por eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia. RESULTADOS: O NT pro-BNP esteve aumentado (p &lt; 0,001) na CCh (mediana 513,8 pg/ml), CMH (mediana 848 pg/ml), EMF (mediana 633 pg/ml), PC (mediana 568 pg/ml), DP (mediana 124 pg/ml), quando comparados ao grupo-controle (mediana 28 pg/ml). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre PC e EMF (p = 0,14). No grupo hipertr&#243;fico, o NT pro-BNP correlacionou-se com tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo (r = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/Ea (p &lt; 0,01). No grupo restritivo, houve uma tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o com pico de velocidade de onda E (r = 0,439; p = 0,06). CONCLUS&#195;O: O NT pro-BNP encontra-se aumentado nas diversas miocardiopatias e afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, e apresenta rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>derrame peric&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>pericardite constritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>NT pro-BNP</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> MIOCARDIOPATIAS</p>
    <p>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT pro-BNP: rela&#231;&#227;o com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nas miocardiopatias e pericardiopatias</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Charles Mady; F&#225;bio Fernandes; Edmundo Arteaga; Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires; Paula de C&#225;ssia Buck; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; Luciano Nastari; Ricardo Ribeiro Dias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O NT pro-BNP &#233; marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar os n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, hipertr&#243;fica, restritiva e afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Cento e quarenta e cinco pacientes foram divididos nos respectivos grupos: 1) cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CCh) &#150; 14 pacientes; 2) miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#150; 71 pacientes; 3) endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) &#150; 26 pacientes; 4) derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP) &#150; 18 pacientes; 5) e pericardite constritiva (PC) &#150; 16 pacientes. Foi constitu&#237;do um grupo-controle de 40 indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. O grau de acometimento mioc&#225;rdico e o derrame peric&#225;rdico foram avaliados pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional e a restri&#231;&#227;o pelo Doppler puls&#225;til do fluxo mitral. O diagn&#243;stico de PC foi confirmado por meio da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Os n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP foram medidos por imunoensaio com detec&#231;&#227;o por eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O NT pro-BNP esteve aumentado (p &lt; 0,001) na CCh (mediana 513,8 pg/ml), CMH (mediana 848 pg/ml), EMF (mediana 633 pg/ml), PC (mediana 568 pg/ml), DP (mediana 124 pg/ml), quando comparados ao grupo-controle (mediana 28 pg/ml). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre PC e EMF (p = 0,14). No grupo hipertr&#243;fico, o NT pro-BNP correlacionou-se com tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo (r = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/Ea (p &lt; 0,01). No grupo restritivo, houve uma tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o com pico de velocidade de onda E (r = 0,439; p = 0,06). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O NT pro-BNP encontra-se aumentado nas diversas miocardiopatias e afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, e apresenta rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Cardiomiopatias, derrame peric&#225;rdico, pericardite constritiva, NT pro-BNP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de define as miocardiopatias como doen&#231;as do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco com disfun&#231;&#227;o e as classifica em dilatada, hipertr&#243;fica, restritiva e arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso meio, a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CCh) &#233; uma das formas mais freq&#252;entes de agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica que cursam com dilata&#231;&#227;o<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria, caracterizada por hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio, que determina aumento da espessura das paredes sem dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, valvopatias, doen&#231;as cong&#234;nitas ou sist&#234;micas que possam aumentar a espessura da parede. &#201; geralmente assim&#233;trica com importante disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, enquanto a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em repouso &#233; normal<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Das miocardiopatias, a forma restritiva &#233; a mais rara. Resulta de afec&#231;&#245;es locais ou sist&#234;micas. A amiloidose card&#237;aca &#233; a forma mais prevalente fora dos tr&#243;picos. J&#225; em regi&#245;es como a &#205;ndia, a &#193;frica, as Am&#233;ricas do Sul e Central, a endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) &#233; a mais freq&#252;ente<sup>5</sup>. Caracteriza-se por fibrose do endoc&#225;rdio e mioc&#225;rdio adjacente, determinando disfun&#231;&#245;es atrioventriculares<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as peric&#225;rdicas que levam &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica s&#227;o os derrames peric&#225;rdicos e a pericardite constritiva, mas com quadros hemodin&#226;micos diversos<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia das miocardiopatias e pericardiopatias gera grande impacto na morbidade e mortalidade, com custos sociais m&#233;dicos diretos e indiretos, interna&#231;&#245;es repetidas e perda de produtividade. Da&#237;, a import&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos complementares diagn&#243;sticos com o objetivo de avaliar e selecionar os pacientes de maior risco. Esses m&#233;todos tamb&#233;m possibilitam o reconhecimento de indiv&#237;duos em fases iniciais da doen&#231;a, ainda sem o quadro cl&#237;nico conseq&#252;ente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>O NT pro-BNP &#233; descrito como um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, utilizado como m&#233;todo complementar na avalia&#231;&#227;o e no acompanhamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT pro-BNP nas diversas miocardiopatias e afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas e avaliar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica obtidas pelo ecocardiograma de repouso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliaram-se prospectivamente 145 pacientes no per&#237;odo de 2003 a 2005. Os pacientes foram divididos em cinco grupos: com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CCh), miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), endomiocardiofibrose (EMF), derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP) e pericardite constritiva (PC).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com CCh (n = 14) e idade m&#233;dia de 48&#177;9 anos foram caracterizados por disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICC) e, avaliados pelo ecocardiograma, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;40%.</p>
    <p>Foram estudados 71 pacientes com CMH, com idade m&#233;dia de 35&#177;12 anos. O diagn&#243;stico foi estabelecido pela hipertrofia do septo &gt;15 mm. </p>
    <p>Avaliaram-se 26 pacientes com EMF, com idade m&#233;dia de 49&#177;7 anos. O diagn&#243;stico foi caracterizado pela oblitera&#231;&#227;o apical de um ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, o tipo de acometimento foi caracterizado pelo ecocardiograma e, se necess&#225;rio, pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, nos casos com espessamento peric&#225;rdico. Os pacientes foram divididos nos grupos: derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP), 18 pacientes, idade m&#233;dia de 53&#177;17 anos; e pericardite constritiva (PC), 16 pacientes, idade m&#233;dia de 32&#177;16 anos. </p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, foi constitu&#237;do um grupo-controle (GC) de 40 pacientes sem cardiopatia estrutural, com idade m&#233;dia de 36&#177;10 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a08tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a08tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado com os pacientes em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e dorsal, com o aparelho Acuson (Sequ&#243;ia 512, Montain View, CA), equipado com transdutor multifreq&#252;encial de 2,5-4,0 MHz. O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi completo e obtiveram-se pelo menos tr&#234;s medidas de cada vari&#225;vel; a seguir, calculou-se a m&#233;dia dos valores de cada qual.</p>
    <p>As medidas, em modo-M, foram feitas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>10</sup>. A massa ventricular esquerda foi calculada por meio da f&#243;rmula modificada de Devereux, corrigida pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal e expressa tamb&#233;m como &#237;ndice de massa<sup>11</sup>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz<sup>12</sup>. Derrame peric&#225;rdico importante foi definido pela presen&#231;a de derrame posterior e anterior &gt;20 mm e moderado entre 10 e 20 mm<sup>13</sup>. Todos os pacientes com derrame peric&#225;rdico eram sintom&#225;ticos, portanto com restri&#231;&#227;o </p>
    <p>O fluxo mitral e o tric&#250;spide foram obtidos pelo Doppler puls&#225;til em corte apical quatro c&#226;maras, com a amostra de volume posicionada na borda dos folhetos valvares, com menor ganho e menor filtro poss&#237;veis para obter a melhor defini&#231;&#227;o. Para considerar um padr&#227;o restritivo, mediu-se o pico de velocidade das ondas E e A, e foi calculada a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de pericardite constritiva foi confirmado pelos achados da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e presen&#231;a de espessamento peric&#225;rdico &gt; 4 mm. </p>
    <p>A restri&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com derrame peric&#225;rdio foi definida pela presen&#231;a de efus&#227;o importante com sintomas cl&#237;nicos e altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o do fluxo mitral. Na pericardite constritiva, al&#233;m de sinais indiretos de altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento diast&#243;lico pela cinerresson&#226;ncia e dilata&#231;&#227;o de veia cava inferior, foram tamb&#233;m consideradas medidas do fluxo mitral (velocidade das ondas E e A, e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A), com presen&#231;a de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o maior que 25% do fluxo mitral durante inspira&#231;&#227;o. Na endomiocardiofibrose, foi considerada a presen&#231;a de oblitera&#231;&#227;o apical de um ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos com altera&#231;&#227;o sugestiva de fibrose, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es do enchimento do fluxo mitral. </p>
    <p>Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi colhida amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico em veia do antebra&#231;o utilizando-se tubo seco mantido em gelo e centrifugado sob refrigera&#231;&#227;o por 10 minutos a 3.000 rpm para determina&#231;&#227;o do NT pro-BNP. Separado o soro usado na determina&#231;&#227;o do NT pro-BNP, os n&#237;veis foram medidos por imunoensaio com detec&#231;&#227;o por eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se a estat&#237;stica descritiva do NT pro-BNP por meio de medianas e erro-padr&#227;o, para cada grupo de doen&#231;as. </p>
    <p>Posteriormente, foram realizados os seguintes testes estat&#237;sticos:</p>
    <p>&#149; An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para comparar os valores do NT pro-BNP entre os grupos de doen&#231;as. Para usar a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia param&#233;trica para amostras independentes ou teste t-Student n&#227;o-pareado, as vari&#225;veis precisam atender &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade e de homogeneidade; quando uma dessas condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o ocorreu, o teste utilizado foi o m&#233;todo de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
    <p>&#149; O teste de Spearman foi utilizado para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o NT pro-BNP e os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (velocidade das ondas E e A, e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores de NT pro-BNP foram elevados (p &lt; 0,001) nos pacientes com CCh, CMH, EMF, PC e DP, quando comparados ao grupo-controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a08tab01">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com CMH, o NT pro-BNP correlacionou-se com a classe funcional III/IV da NYHA (mediana de 3.357 pg/ml), quando comparado &#224;queles com classe funcional I/II (mediana de 669 pg/ml; p &lt; 0,001). O NT pro-BNP tamb&#233;m se correlacionou com o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (r = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig02">fig. 2</xref>), espessamento de septo (r = 0,35, p = 0,02), presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,23, p = 0,05) e com rela&#231;&#227;o E/Ea (p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes com DP apresentavam efus&#245;es importantes e eram sintom&#225;ticos. Todos os pacientes com PC foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia, com exce&#231;&#227;o de um que evoluiu para &#243;bito antes da opera&#231;&#227;o. Esse paciente era o que apresentava maiores n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre pacientes com PC e EMF (p = 0,14). </p>
    <p>No grupo restritivo, houve uma tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o do NT pro-BNP com o pico de velocidade de onda E (r = 0,439; p = 0,06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, observamos que o NT pro-BNP encontra-se aumentado na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, hipertr&#243;fica, endomiocardiofibrose e nas afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas.</p>
    <p>Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos s&#227;o sintetizados nos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos, e o aumento dos seus n&#237;veis &#233; espec&#237;fico para eleva&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es de enchimento em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes relacionadas ao diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico. Altos n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP (usualmente acima de 400-500 pg/ml) s&#227;o relacionados a pior progn&#243;stico<sup>9</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a m&#233;dia de NT pro-BNP em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentou n&#237;veis de 800 pg/ml, sugerindo pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a de nossos resultados em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, outros autores<sup>15,16 </sup>demonstraram que os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos cerebrais podem ser considerados marcadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Ribeiro e cols.<sup>17</sup> observaram que a dosagem do BNP &#233; mais acurada do que os m&#233;todos convencionais (ECG e radiografia de t&#243;rax) na triagem de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, observamos que o NT pro-BNP estava elevado naqueles com a doen&#231;a, quando comparados ao grupo-controle.</p>
    <p>Na CMH a hipertrofia geralmente &#233; assim&#233;trica e a cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresenta-se normal ou reduzida, havendo importante disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, enquanto a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em repouso &#233; normal. Observamos boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre medidas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e hipertrofia com os n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP. Tamb&#233;m observamos aumento dos valores de NT pro-BNP nos casos com obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da. &#192; semelhan&#231;a de nossos resultados, Nishigaki e cols.<sup>18 </sup>observaram n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de BNP mais elevados nos pacientes com a forma obstrutiva do que sem obstru&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Observamos aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP nos pacientes com EMF quando relacionados com GC. Verificou-se, tamb&#233;m, que pacientes com DP e PC e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular preservada em repouso apresentaram n&#237;veis elevados de NT pro-BNP.</p>
    <p>Uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para o aumento do NT pro-BNP nas afec&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas seria a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Colapsos regionais est&#227;o associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, e esse achado ecocardiogr&#225;fico ocorre antes do desenvolvimento de hipotens&#227;o e do pulso paradoxal<sup>19</sup>. Por sua vez, Kaszaki e cols.<sup>20</sup> demonstraram que, com a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco no tamponamento peric&#225;rdico experimental, existia libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncia vasoativa. Entre as subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras, destacou-se a libera&#231;&#227;o de vasopressina, epinefrina, norepinefrina e renina. Al&#233;m disso, com o efeito de atenuar e contra-regular a excessiva libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras, havia libera&#231;&#227;o de uma subst&#226;ncia vasodilatadora, a histamina. Talvez esta seja uma outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o aumento dos n&#237;veis dos horm&#244;nios natriur&#233;ticos que s&#227;o subst&#226;ncias sabidamente vasodilatadoras.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que, em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, h&#225; aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT pro-BNP. As formas subcl&#237;nicas de constri&#231;&#227;o incluem pacientes que, ap&#243;s um ou v&#225;rios surtos de inflama&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, evoluem com espessamento peric&#225;rdico. Alguns s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos e apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal em repouso. O fato de serem assintom&#225;ticos gera dificuldade diagn&#243;stica e conseq&#252;ente subvaloriza&#231;&#227;o do problema. Como uma parte deles evolui para constri&#231;&#227;o, com todas as suas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias, &#233; importante termos profundo conhecimento sobre essa fase evolutiva da doen&#231;a. Se tivermos possibilidade de acompanhar esses indiv&#237;duos com dosagens seriadas de marcadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o, poderemos modificar as curvas de sobrevida, com indica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pericardiectomia. O NT pro-BNP poderia ser mais um m&#233;todo complementar no seguimento dos casos iniciais de espessamento peric&#225;rdico. </p>
    <p>Existem dificuldades diagn&#243;sticas entre a PC e a cardiomiopatia restritiva, uma vez que essas entidades compartilham o mesmo quadro cl&#237;nico e fisiopatol&#243;gico<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Poucos estudos utilizaram os fatores natriur&#233;ticos para diferenciar a PC da cardiomiopatia restritiva. Leya e cols.<sup>22 </sup>dosaram n&#237;veis de BNP em 6 pacientes com pericardite constritiva e em 5 pacientes com cardiomiopatia restritiva, e conclu&#237;ram que o BNP esteve mais elevado na cardiopatia restritiva quando comparado &#224; PC, concluindo que poderia ser utilizado como m&#233;todo complementar diagn&#243;stico na diferencia&#231;&#227;o das duas entidades. Nossos resultados, ao contr&#225;rio de Leya e cols.<sup>22</sup>, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre a PC e EMF; no entanto, os pacientes com EMF estavam em classe funcional II da NYHA.</p>
    <p>Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (BNP e NT pro-BNP) t&#234;m papel no diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, especialmente naqueles com padr&#227;o restritivo<sup>8</sup>. Neste estudo, houve uma tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o com o enchimento ventricular inicial da velocidade do fluxo mitral nas s&#237;ndromes restritivas. Talvez com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes possamos confirmar esses achados. Na CMH, houve uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o com medidas diretas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e indiretas, como tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo. Na CMH, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; um marcador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais grave, como indicado pela associa&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis elevados de NT pro-BNP. O NT pro-BNP pode ser mais um m&#233;todo complementar diagn&#243;stico de utilidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com CMH.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que medidas seriadas desse marcador possam auxiliar os cl&#237;nicos no acompanhamento, diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico nas diversas afec&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas e peric&#225;rdicas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Charles Mady </p>
        <p> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cmady@cardiol.br">cmady@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="charles.mady@incor.usp.br">charles.mady@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/04/07; revisado recebido em 10/10/07; aceito em 10/12/07.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Serum NT pro-BNP: relation to systolic and diastolic function in cardiomyopathies and pericardiopathies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: NT pro-BNP is a marker of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To determine NT pro-BNP levels in patients with chagasic, hypertrophic, and restrictive heart diseases, as well as with pericardial diseases, and their relation to echocardiographic measurements of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. METHODS: A total of 145 patients were divided into the following groups: 1) Chagas' heart disease (CHD) - 14 patients; 2) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) - 71 patients; 3) endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) - 26 patients; 4) pericardial effusion (PE) - 18 patients; and 5) constrictive pericarditis (CP) - 16 patients. The control group was comprised of 40 individuals with no heart disease. The degree of myocardial impairment and pericardial effusion were assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography and the degree of restriction by pulsed Doppler transmitral flow. The diagnosis of CP was confirmed through magnetic resonance imaging. NT pro-BNP levels were determined through electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS: NT pro-BNP was increased (p &lt; 0.001) in CHD (median = 513.8 pg/ml), HCM (median = 848 pg/ml), EMF (median = 633 pg/ml), CP (median = 568 pg/ml), and PE (median = 124 pg/ml), when compared with the control group (median = 28 pg/ml). No statistically significant differences were found between CP and EMF (p = 0.14). In the hypertrophic group, NT pro-BNP was correlated with left atrial size (r = 0.40; p &lt; 0.001) and with E/Ea ratio (p &lt; 0.01). In the restrictive group, there was a trend of correlation with E-wave peak velocity (r = 0.439; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: NT pro-BNP is increased in the different cardiomyopathies and pericardial diseases and is correlated with the degree of systolic and diastolic dysfunction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>pericardial effusion</kwd>
        <kwd>pericarditis, constrictive</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Serum NT pro-BNP: relation to systolic and diastolic function in cardiomyopathies and pericardiopathies</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Charles Mady; F&#225;bio Fernandes; Edmundo Arteaga; Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires; Paula de C&#225;ssia Buck; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; Luciano Nastari; Ricardo Ribeiro Dias </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> NT pro-BNP is a marker of systolic and diastolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine NT pro-BNP levels in patients with chagasic, hypertrophic, and restrictive heart diseases, as well as with pericardial diseases, and their relation to echocardiographic measurements of systolic and diastolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 145 patients were divided into the following groups: 1) Chagas&#146; heart disease (CHD) &#150; 14 patients; 2) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) &#150; 71 patients; 3) endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) &#150; 26 patients; 4) pericardial effusion (PE) &#150; 18 patients; and 5) constrictive pericarditis (CP) &#150; 16 patients. The control group was comprised of 40 individuals with no heart disease. The degree of myocardial impairment and pericardial effusion were assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography and the degree of restriction by pulsed Doppler transmitral flow. The diagnosis of CP was confirmed through magnetic resonance imaging. NT pro-BNP levels were determined through electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> NT pro-BNP was increased (p &lt; 0.001) in CHD (median = 513.8 pg/ml), HCM (median = 848 pg/ml), EMF (median = 633 pg/ml), CP (median = 568 pg/ml), and PE (median = 124 pg/ml), when compared with the control group (median = 28 pg/ml). No statistically significant differences were found between CP and EMF (p = 0.14). In the hypertrophic group, NT pro-BNP was correlated with left atrial size (r = 0.40; p &lt; 0.001) and with E/Ea ratio (p &lt; 0.01). In the restrictive group, there was a trend of correlation with E-wave peak velocity (r = 0.439; p = 0.06).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> NT pro-BNP is increased in the different cardiomyopathies and pericardial diseases and is correlated with the degree of systolic and diastolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardiomyopathies; pericardial effusion; pericarditis, constrictive.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The World Health Organization defines cardiomyopathies as diseases of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction, and classifies them as dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive and right ventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our midst, Chagas&#146; heart disease (CHD) is one the most frequent forms of myocardial aggression that progress with dilation<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary disease characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, which determines increased wall thickness without ventricular dilation in the absence of hypertension, heart valve diseases, congenital or systemic diseases that can lead to increased wall thickness. It is usually asymmetric with significant diastolic dysfunction, whereas the systolic function at rest is normal<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The restrictive form is the most uncommon among the cardiomyopathies. It results from local or systemic conditions. Cardiac amyloidosis is the most prevalent form in non tropical countries. In regions such as India, Africa, South and Central America, in turn, endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is the most frequent<sup>5</sup>. It is characterized by fibrosis of the endocardium and adjacent myocardium, thus leading to atrioventricular dysfunctions<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pericardial diseases that lead to diastolic dysfunction are pericardial effusions and constrictive pericarditis, however with different hemodynamic features<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The high prevalence of cardiomyopathies and pericardial diseases has a strong impact on morbidity and mortality, with direct and indirect medical social costs, repeated hospitalizations and loss of productivity. Hence the importance of using ancillary diagnostic methods with the purpose of evaluating and selecting patients at higher risk. These methods also enable the identification of individuals at initial phases of the disease before the onset of the clinical manifestations resulting from ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p>NT pro-BNP is described as a marker of systolic and diastolic dysfunction and is used as an ancillary method in the assessment and follow-up of heart failure patients<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine serum NT pro-BNP levels in the different cardiomyopathies and pericardial diseases, and to evaluate their relation to measurements of systolic and diastolic function as obtained with resting echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 145 patients were prospectively evaluated in the period between 2003 and 2005. Patients were divided into five groups: with Chagas&#146; heart disease (CHD), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF), pericardial effusion (PE), and constrictive pericarditis (CP). </p>
      <p>Patients with CHD (n = 14) had a mean age of 48&#177;9 years and were characterized by myocardial dysfunction and heart failure (CHF), as well as &lt; 40% ejection fraction, as assessed by echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>A total of 71 HCM patients with mean age of 35&#177;12 years were studied. Diagnosis was based on a &gt;15-mm septal hypertrophy. </p>
      <p>A total of 26 EMF patients with mean age of 49&#177;7 years were evaluated. Diagnosis was based on apical obliteration of one or both ventricles. </p>
      <p>After clinical evaluation, the type of impairment in the patients with pericardial diseases was characterized by echocardiogram and, when necessary, by magnetic resonance imaging in the cases with pericardial thickening. The patients were divided into the following groups: pericardial effusion (PE), 18 patients, mean age of 53&#177;17 years; and constrictive pericarditis (CP), 16 patients, mean age of 32&#177;16 years.</p>
      <p>For comparison of results, a control group (CG) was formed with 40 patients with no structural heart disease, and mean age of 36&#177;10 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The echocardiographic study was performed with the patients in the supine and left lateral position using an Acuson equipment (Sequoia 512, Mountain View, CA) equipped with a 2.5-4.0 MHz multifrequency transducer. Complete echocardiographic studies were performed and at least three measurements of each variable were taken; then, the mean values of each of them were calculated. </p>
      <p>The M-mode measurements were taken according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>10</sup>. Left ventricular mass was calculated using the modified Devereux formula corrected for body surface area and also expressed as mass index<sup>11</sup>. Left ventricular ejection fraction was determined using the Teichholz method<sup>12</sup>. Large pericardial effusion was defined by the presence of &gt;20 mm posterior and anterior effusion, and moderate pericardial effusion between 10 and 20 mm<sup>13</sup>. All patients with pericardial effusion were symptomatic, therefore with restriction. </p>
      <p>Mitral and tricuspid flows were obtained using pulsed Doppler in the four-chamber apical view, with the volume sample positioned on the edge of the valve leaflets, and the least possible gain and lowest possible filter in order to obtain the best definition. To characterize a restrictive pattern, the E and A wave peak velocities were measured, and the E/A ratio was calculated<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis was confirmed by the magnetic resonance imaging findings and the presence of a &gt; 4 mm pericardial thickness.</p>
      <p>Restriction in patients with pericardial effusion was defined by the presence of significant effusion accompanied by clinical symptoms and alterations of the mitral flow pattern. In constrictive pericarditis, in addition to indirect signs of alterations of diastolic relaxation on cinemagnetic resonance and inferior vena cava dilation, measurements of the mitral flow were also considered (E and A wave velocities, and E/A ratio), with the presence of a greater than 25% reduction in the mitral flow during inspiration. Endomyocardial fibrosis was defined by the presence of apical obliteration of one or both ventricles with alterations suggestive of fibrosis, in addition to alterations in the mitral inflow filling. </p>
      <p>NT pro-BNP was determined in peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, in a dry tube kept in ice and centrifuged under refrigeration for 10 minutes at 3,000 rpm. Serum was separated for NT pro-BNP determination using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The blood samples for NT pro-BNP determination were collected during the performance of the echocardiogram.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Descriptive statistical analysis of NT pro-BNP was made using medians and standard errors for each disease group. </p>
      <p>Next the following statistical tests were performed:</p>
      <p>&#149; Analysis of variance to compare NT pro-BNP values between the disease groups. In order to use the parametric analysis of variance for independent samples or the unpaired Student&#146;s t test, the variables have to meet the assumption of normality and homogeneity. When one of these conditions was not met, the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney tests were used.</p>
      <p>&#149; The Spearman test was used to analyze the association between NT pro-BNP and the echocardiographic parameters (E and A wave velocities, and E/A ratio).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>NT pro-BNP values were increased (p &lt; 0.001) in patients with CHD, HCM, EMF, CP, and PE when compared with the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In patients with HCM, NT pro-BNP was correlated with NYHA functional class III/V (median of 3.357 pg/ml), when compared with those in functional class I/II (median of 669 pg/ml; p &lt; 0.001). NT pro-BNP also correlated with the left atrial size (r = 0.40; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>), septal thickness (r = 0.35, p = 0.02), presence of obstruction (r = 0.23, p = 0.05) and with the E/Ea ratio (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>All patients with PE presented with significant effusions and were symptomatic. All patients with CP underwent surgery, except for one who died before the operation. This patient had the highest NT pro-BNP levels. </p>
      <p>No differences were observed between CP and EMF patients (p = 0.14).</p>
      <p>In the restrictive group, there was a trend of correlation between NT pro-BNP and E-wave peak velocity (r = 0.439; p = 0.06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0049-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we observed that NT pro-BNP is increased in chagasic and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as well as in endomyocardial fibrosis and pericardial diseases.</p>
      <p>Natriuretic peptides are synthesized in the heart ventricles and their levels are increased specifically for elevated filling pressures in patients with ventricular dysfunction, and may provide important diagnostic and prognostic information. High NT pro-BNP levels (usually above 400-500 pg/ml) are related to a worse prognosis<sup>9</sup>. In our study, the mean NT pro-BNP level in patients with Chagas heart disease and heart failure was 800 pg/ml, thus suggesting a worse prognosis.</p>
      <p>Like the results we found in patients with Chagas disease, other authors <sup>15;16</sup> demonstrated that brain natriuretic peptides may be considered markers of ventricular dysfunction. Ribeiro et al<sup>17</sup> observed that BNP determination is more accurate than the conventional methods (ECG and chest radiography) in the detection of patients with ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>We observed high NT pro-BNP levels in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy when compared with the control group.</p>
      <p>In HCM, hypertrophy is usually asymmetrical and the left ventricular cavity is normal or reduced, with significant diastolic dysfunction, whereas the systolic function at rest is normal. A good correlation of the measurements of diastolic dysfunction and hypertrophy with NT pro-BNP levels was observed. Increased NT pro-BNP values were also observed in the cases of outflow tract obstruction. Similar to our findings, Nishigaki et al<sup>18</sup> observed plasma BNP levels higher in patients with the obstructive form than in those without obstruction.</p>
      <p>Increased NT pro-BNP levels were observed in EMF patients when compared to the CG. Patients with PE and CP and preserved ventricular systolic function at rest were also observed to present high NT pro-BNP levels.</p>
      <p>One of the possible explanations for the elevation of NT pro-BNP in pericardial diseases is the diastolic dysfunction. Regional collapse is associated with reduction in cardiac output, and this echocardiographic finding occurs before the development of hypotension and pulsus paradoxus<sup>19</sup>. Kaszaki et al<sup>20</sup>, in turn, demonstrated that by reducing cardiac output in experimental pericardial tamponade, vasoactive substances were released. Among the vasoconstrictor mediators, the greatest rise occurred in vasopressin, epinephrine, norepinephrine and renin concentrations. Additionally, to attenuate and counter-regulate the excessive release of vasoconstrictor substances, histamine, which is a vasodilator substance, was also released. This may perhaps be another explanation for the increased levels of natriuretic hormones which are known to be vasodilator substances. </p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that NT pro-BNP levels increase in symptomatic patients with pericardial constriction. The subclinical forms of constriction include patients who develop pericardial thickening after one or several episodes of pericardial inflammation. Some of these patients are asymptomatic and present echocardiographic changes and normal systolic function at rest. The fact that they are asymptomatic makes the diagnosis difficult and consequently the problem is underestimated. Since part of these patients progress to constriction with all its consequences, a deep knowledge of this phase of the disease is important. If we can follow up these individuals with serial determinations of dysfunction markers, then the survival curves can be modified by means of the early indication of pericardiectomy. NT pro-BNT could be an additional ancillary method in the follow-up of initial cases of pericardial thickening.</p>
      <p>CP may be difficult to differentiate from restrictive cardiomyopathy, since these conditions share the same clinical and pathophysiological manifestations<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few studies used natriuretic factors to differentiate CP from restrictive cardiomyopathy. Leya et al<sup>22</sup> determined BNP levels in six patients with constrictive pericarditis and in five patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy, and concluded that BNP was higher in restrictive cardiopathy when compared to CP, and therefore that it could be used as an ancillary diagnostic method to differentiate these two conditions. Our findings, unlike those of Leya et al&#146;s<sup>22</sup>, did not show differences between CP and EMF; however, the EMF patients were in NYHA functional class II.</p>
      <p>Natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT pro-BNP) play a role in the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction, especially in patients with a restrictive pattern<sup>8</sup>. In this study, there was a trend of correlation between mitral flow velocity and early ventricular filling in the restrictive syndromes. Perhaps with a greater number of patients these findings could be confirmed. In HCM, there was a good correlation with direct measurements of diastolic dysfunction and with indirect measurements such as left atrial size. In HCM, diastolic function is a marker of more severe heart failure, as indicated by the association with high NT pro-BNP levels. NT pro-BNP may be one more useful ancillary diagnostic method in the assessment and quantification of dysfunction in HCM patients. </p>
      <p>We believe that serial measurements of this marker could help clinicians in the follow-up, diagnosis and prognosis of the different myocardial and pericardial diseases. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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