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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GZFH7C6jXZNJNbZpqpqT9VC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2008001300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(08)09100107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2008001300007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>VO2 pico e inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 na era dos betabloqueadores na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: uma experi&#234;ncia brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Vaz da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d'Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Veridiana Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira Ayub</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>91</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>42</fpage>
      <lpage>48</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2007</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO2 pico) e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 s&#227;o preditores de sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Entretanto, com a adi&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador no tratamento da IC, os valores de progn&#243;stico do VO2 pico e da Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente estabelecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos betabloqueadores no valor de progn&#243;stico do VO2 pico e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 em pacientes com IC. M&#201;TODOS: Estudamos 391 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com idade de 49 &#177; 14 anos e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 38 &#177; 10%. Total de pacientes que usavam (grupo I - GI) e n&#227;o usavam (grupo II - GII) betabloqueadores: 229 e 162, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, em esteira, usando o protocolo de Naughton. RESULTADOS: O VO2 pico &lt; 10 ml.kg-1.min-1 identificou pacientes de alto risco, enquanto valores &gt; 16 ml.kg-1.min-1 categorizaram pacientes com melhor progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo. A faixa do VO2 pico entre &gt; 10 e &lt; 16 ml.kg-1.min-1 indicou risco moderado para evento card&#237;aco em quatro anos de seguimento. O betabloqueador reduziu significativamente a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 em pacientes com IC. O valor progn&#243;stico da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 &lt; 34 no grupo betabloqueado pode refletir o impacto desse f&#225;rmaco nessa vari&#225;vel cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. CONCLUS&#195;O: O VO2 pico baixo e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2 elevado s&#227;o fortes e independentes preditores de eventos card&#237;acos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Assim, ambas as vari&#225;veis continuam a ser preditores importantes de sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, principalmente na era do betabloqueador.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Betabloqueadores</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA </p>
    <p>VO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub> pico e inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub> na era dos betabloqueadores na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: uma experi&#234;ncia brasileira</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Guilherme Veiga Guimar&#227;es; M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Vaz da Silva; Veridiana Moraes d'Avila; Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Christiano Pereira Silva; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o preditores de sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Entretanto, com a adi&#231;&#227;o do betabloqueador no tratamento da IC, os valores de progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e da Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente estabelecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar o efeito dos betabloqueadores no valor de progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com IC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudamos 391 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com idade de 49 &#177; 14 anos e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 38 &#177; 10%. Total de pacientes que usavam (grupo I &#150; GI) e n&#227;o usavam (grupo II &#150; GII) betabloqueadores: 229 e 162, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, em esteira, usando o protocolo de Naughton. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O VO<sub>2</sub> pico <underline>&lt;</underline> 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> identificou pacientes de alto risco, enquanto valores &gt; 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> categorizaram pacientes com melhor progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo. A faixa do VO<sub>2</sub> pico entre &gt; 10 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> indicou risco moderado para evento card&#237;aco em quatro anos de seguimento. O betabloqueador reduziu significativamente a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com IC. O valor progn&#243;stico da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 34 no grupo betabloqueado pode refletir o impacto desse f&#225;rmaco nessa vari&#225;vel cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O VO<sub>2</sub> pico baixo e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> elevado s&#227;o fortes e independentes preditores de eventos card&#237;acos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Assim, ambas as vari&#225;veis continuam a ser preditores importantes de sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, principalmente na era do betabloqueador. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Betabloqueadores, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso do betabloqueador (BB) na terap&#234;utica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) iniciou uma nova era no tratamento dessa cardiomiopatia. Os betabloqueadores s&#227;o capazes de antagonizar parcialmente a atividade simp&#225;tica e a atividade inflamat&#243;ria, com efeitos na apoptose e na hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos, levando ao aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e atenua&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o do remodelamento ventricular<sup>1-4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, esses f&#225;rmacos aumentam a sobrevida e reduzem a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo de pacientes<sup>5</sup>,embora n&#227;o melhorem a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica bem estabelecida para o diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) medido durante o TECP &#233; um preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com IC e um importante crit&#233;rio na sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos para transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. No entanto, outras vari&#225;veis do TECP tamb&#233;m t&#234;m demonstrado valor de progn&#243;stico na IC, como a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE) e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>) expressa como inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><sup>8</sup>. Entretanto, investiga&#231;&#245;es em nosso meio sobre os efeitos dos betabloqueadores nos valores de progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o limitadas nesse grupo de pacientes. </p>
    <p>O prop&#243;sito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos betabloqueadores no valor de progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tratados em ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia especializado nessa cardiopatia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados consecutivamente 391 pacientes com IC, da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1999 a maio de 2004. Destes, 162 pacientes n&#227;o faziam uso de agentes BB antes do TECP e durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, por causa da baixa tolerabilidade ao f&#225;rmaco e por n&#227;o ser uma conduta totalmente estabelecida para doen&#231;a de Chagas. Todos os 229 pacientes em terap&#234;utica BB estavam com a dose est&#225;vel por mais de tr&#234;s meses antes do TECP. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes que n&#227;o estavam com a terap&#234;utica medicamentosa otimizada h&#225; mais de tr&#234;s meses, portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, teste interrompido por complica&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e eletrocardiograficas, raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria RQ <underline>&lt;</underline> 1,0<sup>9</sup>, doen&#231;a neuromuscular, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;as pulmonares, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio <underline>&lt;</underline> 6 meses e limita&#231;&#227;o ortop&#233;dica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente todos os pacientes foram submetidos a eletrocardiograma de repouso nas doze deriva&#231;&#245;es-padr&#227;o e a teste de esfor&#231;o com monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de eletrocardiograma (Max 1; Marquette Electronics; Milwaukee, WI, EUA), de press&#227;o arterial pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, da ventila&#231;&#227;o e das trocas gasosas durante o teste de esfor&#231;o. O teste foi realizado em esteira program&#225;vel (Series 2000; Marquette Electronics; Milwaukee, WI, EUA), segundo protocolo de Naugthon modificado<sup>10</sup>. Ap&#243;s dois minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o ereta em repouso, todos os pacientes foram encorajados a realizar exerc&#237;cio at&#233; que os sintomas (fadiga ou dispn&#233;ia) os tornassem in&#225;beis a continuar o teste. Os dados ventilat&#243;rios, do consumo de oxig&#234;nio e da produ&#231;&#227;o do di&#243;xido de carbono foram obtidos em cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio usando-se sistema computadorizado (modelo Vmax 229, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA, EUA), e realizou-se a an&#225;lise dos dados coletados pela m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de intervalos a cada sessenta segundos. O consumo do oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2 </sub>pico) foi considerado o mais alto VO<sub>2</sub> atingido no exerc&#237;cio<sup>11</sup>, o qual foi utilizado como &#237;ndice da capacidade f&#237;sica m&#225;xima de cada indiv&#237;duo. Calculou-se a inclina&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE, ml/min) <italic>vs.</italic> a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>, ml/min) pela inclina&#231;&#227;o da reta entre a VE e VCO<sub>2</sub> de repouso ao final do exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas fizeram parte dos procedimentos cl&#237;nicos e contaram com o consentimento pr&#233;vio dos pacientes sobre a divulga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica dos dados. Com o prop&#243;sito de analisar e correlacionar os fen&#244;menos sem manipul&#225;-los, optou-se pelo estudo do tipo retrospectivo e descritivo<sup>12</sup>. Os pacientes foram agrupados em dois grupos de acordo com o tratamento, com e sem uso de betabloqueador. Para o valor de progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> pico, consideraram-se os pacientes em classes A (&gt; 20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), B (&gt;16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> a <underline>&lt;</underline> 20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), C (&gt; 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> a <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 ml.kg-1.min<sup>-1</sup>) e D (<underline>&lt;</underline> 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)<sup>13,14</sup>. Para o valor de progn&#243;stico da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, os pacientes foram classificados em <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 e &gt; 34<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento e an&#225;lise de sobrevida</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O seguimento dos pacientes foi feito por entrevista via telefone, com o paciente e/ou familiares. O ponto de corte do estudo foi morte decorrente de causas cardiovasculares (morte s&#250;bita, progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e embolia pulmonar) ou necessidade de transplante (<italic>status</italic> 1)<sup>7</sup>. Os pacientes que morreram por causa n&#227;o-card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo de seguimento foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos em m&#233;dias com desvio padr&#227;o. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para as vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o de Cox, univariada e multivariada foram utilizadas para avaliar o valor de progn&#243;stico do VO<sub>2</sub> pico e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. O valor para vari&#225;vel primitiva foi gerado com curvas <italic>receiver-operating caracteristc</italic> (ROC) em intervalos regulares, e o melhor limiar foi automaticamente identificado, minimizando o valor da express&#227;o (1 &#150; sensibilidade)<sup>2</sup> + (1 &#150; especificidade)<sup>2</sup>. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi obtida em concord&#226;ncia com Hanley e McNeil<sup>15</sup>. Utilizou-se o teste de Klapan Meier para analisar a sobrevida em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub> pico e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as entre as curvas de sobrevida foi testada pelo teste <italic>long-rank</italic>. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas significativas. Todos os dados foram calculados pelo <italic>software</italic> SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 11.5. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, a FC de repouso e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> foram significativamente menores no grupo de pacientes com betabloqueador. A FC m&#225;xima, PAS e PAD de repouso e m&#225;xima, VO<sub>2</sub> pico e tempo de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de seguimentos dos pacientes foi de 853 &#177; 442 dias. No grupo de pacientes com betabloqueador, 6 estavam em classe D, 88 em C, 83 em B e 52 em A. Dos pacientes sem betabloqueador, 8 encontravam-se na classe D, 63 na C, 57 na B e 34 na A. No grupo com betabloqueador, 177 pacientes apresentaram a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 34 e 52 &gt; 34, e no grupo sem betabloqueador 100 e 62 pacientes, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises de progn&#243;sticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva de sobrevida do VO<sub>2</sub> pico, o grupo betabloqueado demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe D, quando comparada com as outras classes (p &lt; 0,05). Tamb&#233;m houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre a classe C em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s classes B e A (p = 0,00). No entanto, entre as classes A e B n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a. No per&#237;odo de seguimento morreram 2%, 2,4%, 16% e 33,3% nas classes A, B, C e D, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a07fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo sem betabloqueador, a an&#225;lise da curva de sobrevida do VO<sub>2</sub> pico mostrou diferen&#231;a apenas da classe D em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras classes. Nas classes A, B, C e D, morreram 11,8%, 12%, 12,7% e 50% dos pacientes, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig02">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a07fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva de sobrevida dos pacientes em uso de betabloqueador, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,001) entre os valores <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 e &gt; 34, com 7 e 13 dos pacientes, respectivamente, indo a &#243;bito no per&#237;odo do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig03">fig. 3</xref>). No grupo sem betabloqueador, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise da curva de sobrevida da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 34 com 10% e &gt; 34 com 19% de &#243;bitos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig04">fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a07fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a07fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O resultado da an&#225;lise da curva de ROC est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> e nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig01">figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig02">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig04">4</xref>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico para o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> foi estatisticamente significativa para ambos no grupo betabloqueador. Entretanto, no grupo sem betabloqueador, apenas a curva da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apresentou signific&#226;ncia. A &#225;rea inferior da curva ROC foi de 0,80 tanto para o VO<sub>2</sub> pico como para a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> dos pacientes em uso de betabloqueador, enquanto no grupo sem betabloqueador foi de 0,60 e 0,65, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados demonstraram que o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar manteve o valor de progn&#243;stico em portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na era dos betabloqueadores. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> foram preditivos de sobrevida nos pacientes com IC em uso de betabloqueador, mostrando alta sensibilidade e especificidade nesse grupo tratado com betabloqueadores. </p>
    <p>O valor de refer&#234;ncia do VO<sub>2</sub> pico utilizado em nosso estudo foi o da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Weber-Janicki<sup>14</sup>. Nossos pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub> pico <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> tiveram pior progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com &gt; 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, independentemente da etiologia e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios autores t&#234;m demonstrado que o VO<sub>2</sub> pico &#233; uma vari&#225;vel importante de progn&#243;stico no paciente com IC em uso de betabloqueador, o que fortalece os nossos achados, independentemente dos valores de cortes utilizados<sup>14,16-19</sup>. Esses estudos demonstraram que o VO<sub>2 </sub>pico avaliado em esteira ainda &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til na determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC em uso de betabloqueadores. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico foi considerado preditor univariado e independente de sobrevida livre de evento, e a terapia com betabloqueadores n&#227;o influenciou no <italic>status</italic> de predi&#231;&#227;o absoluta do VO<sub>2</sub> pico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida<sup>14-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudos em que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica foi feita em cicloerg&#244;metro mostraram, no entanto, que o VO<sub>2</sub> pico &#233; uma vari&#225;vel de baixo valor progn&#243;stico<sup>8,22</sup>. Isso pode decorrer da menor massa muscular envolvida nesse tipo de erg&#244;metro, proporcionando informa&#231;&#245;es preditivas limitadas<sup>23,24</sup>. Em pessoas saud&#225;veis, o VO<sub>2</sub> pico obtido em cicloerg&#244;metro foi 10% a 15% menor que aquele obtido no teste em esteira<sup>21,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico, o VO<sub>2</sub> pico apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: a depend&#234;ncia com a intensidade do esfor&#231;o do paciente, que est&#225; diretamente relacionado ao avaliador e ao estado emocional<sup>25</sup>, e a capacidade metab&#243;lica do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, que paralelamente pode definir valores maiores do VO<sub>2</sub> pico<sup>21-24</sup>, tendo rela&#231;&#227;o com o estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio ou fisicamente ativo dos pacientes com IC<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>A inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> aumentada est&#225; relacionada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de perfus&#227;o pulmonar e ao d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, contribuindo com o valor do progn&#243;stico na IC<sup>26</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; geralmente independente do esfor&#231;o e representa as condi&#231;&#245;es reflexas dos pacientes com IC<sup>22,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos t&#234;m adotado valores de limiares para definir padr&#245;es de melhor e pior progn&#243;stico do paciente com IC, para a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><sup>16,22,28</sup>; em nosso estudo utilizamos os valores <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 e &gt; 34, respectivamente. Nosso resultado foi semelhante a esses estudos quanto ao progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>O valor progn&#243;stico da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> de pacientes tratados com betabloqueador, quando comparados com o grupo sem betabloqueador, pode ser pela condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica geralmente n&#227;o associada com instabilidade neuroauton&#244;mica, e sim por sinais de desequil&#237;brio no sistema de controle ventilat&#243;rio<sup>17,22</sup>. Algumas hip&#243;teses t&#234;m sido descritas para explicar essa resposta durante o exerc&#237;cio, como a excessiva ativa&#231;&#227;o dos ergorreceptores musculares e quimiorreceptores perif&#233;ricos e centrais<sup>29,30</sup>. Os quimiorreceptores centrais est&#227;o associados com o controle ventilat&#243;rio em pacientes com IC com capacidade f&#237;sica preservada, enquanto os perif&#233;ricos e os ergorreceptores s&#227;o mais importantes naqueles com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio reduzida<sup>15,20,27</sup>. O potencial benef&#237;cio do betabloqueador na resposta excessiva da ventila&#231;&#227;o durante o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IC pode ser por restabelecimento do perfil hemodin&#226;mico e do <italic>drive</italic> simp&#225;tico<sup>20</sup>. Neste estudo, observamos que houve evid&#234;ncia direta do efeito do betabloqueador na resposta ventilat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e progn&#243;stico foi de fato significativa em pacientes tratados com betabloqueador. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na rotina de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a pol&#237;tica de tratamento dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca privilegia o uso do carvedilol em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros betabloqueadores. No entanto, n&#227;o investigamos as raz&#245;es de prescri&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica do tipo de betabloqueador. Nossos resultados podem ser aplicados em pacientes com IC tratados com diferentes agentes betabloqueadores, apesar da dissimilaridade farmacol&#243;gica entre eles. N&#227;o inclu&#237;mos neste estudo vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, hemodin&#226;micas e medidas neuro-hormonais que poderiam colaborar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com intermedi&#225;ria capacidade funcional. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo foi retrospectivo. Embora nossos achados estejam de acordo com investiga&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias, estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso do betabloqueador na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem demonstrado uma melhora significativa da sobrevida e da qualidade de vida nesses pacientes, embora tenha pouco efeito no VO<sub>2</sub> pico. O ponto de corte do VO<sub>2</sub> pico <underline>&lt;</underline> 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> identifica pacientes de alto risco, enquanto valores &gt; 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> categoriza pacientes com melhor progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio prazo. A faixa do VO<sub>2</sub> pico entre &gt; 10 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> indica risco moderado para evento card&#237;aco em quatro anos de seguimento.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o betabloqueador reduz significativamente a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com IC. O valor progn&#243;stico da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 34 no grupo betabloqueado pode refletir o impacto desse f&#225;rmaco nessa vari&#225;vel cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar parece manter o valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na era dos betabloqueadores. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico baixo e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> elevado s&#227;o fortes e independentes preditores de eventos card&#237;acos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o facilmente mensur&#225;veis e com alta sensibilidade e especificidade obtidas pelo teste cardiorrespirat&#243;rio, e o valor de progn&#243;stico apresenta import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica em subgrupo de pacientes com sintomatologia n&#227;o-compat&#237;vel com a capacidade funcional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Vaz da Silva pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Guilherme Veiga Guimar&#227;es </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Baeta Neves, 98, Pinheiros </p>
        <p> 05444-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gvguima@usp.br">gvguima@usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/05/07; revisado recebido em 05/10/07; aceito em 10/12/07.</p>
  </body>
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          <article-title>Muscle ergoreceptor overactivity reflects deterioration in clinical status and cardiorespiratory reflex control in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2324</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chua</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capucci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piepoli</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope in betablockers era in patients with heart failure: a brazilian experience</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) and the VE/VCO2 slope are predictors of survival in patients with heart failure (HF). However, with the advent of betablockers in the treatment of HF, the prognostic values of peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope have not been fully established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of betablocker use on the prognostic value of peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope in patients with HF. METHODS: We studied 391 patients with heart failure, aged 49 &#177; 14 years and presenting a left ventricular ejection fraction of 38 &#177; 10%. The total number of patients that used (Group I - GI) or did not use (Group II - GII) betablockers was 229 and 162, respectively. All patients were submitted to a cardiopulmonary stress test on a treadmill, using the Naughton protocol. RESULTS: A peak VO2 &lt; 10 ml.kg-1.min-1 identified high-risk patients, whereas values &gt; 16 ml.kg-1.min-1 categorizes patients with a better mid-term prognosis. Peak VO2 values between &gt; 10 and &lt; 16 ml.kg-1.min-1 indicated moderate risk for cardiac event in four years of follow up. The betablocker use significantly reduced the VE/VCO2 slope in patients with HF. The prognostic value of the VE/VCO2 slope &lt; 34 in the group using betablocker can reflect the impact of the drug on this cardiorespiratory variable. CONCLUSION: A low peak VO2 and an elevated VE/VCO2 slope are strong and independent predictors of cardiac events in HF. Thus, both variables remain important survival predictors in patients with HF, especially at the age of betablockers.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Betablockers</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure, low</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Peak VO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub> and VE/VCO<sub><bold>2</bold></sub> slope in betablockers era in patients with heart failure: a Brazilian experience</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Guilherme Veiga Guimar&#227;es; M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Vaz da Silva; Veridiana Moraes d&#146;Avila; Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira; Christiano Pereira Silva; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SUMMARY</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Studies have demonstrated that peak oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are predictors of survival in patients with heart failure (HF). However, with the advent of betablockers in the treatment of HF, the prognostic values of peak VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope have not been fully established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effect of betablocker use on the prognostic value of peak VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in patients with HF.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We studied 391 patients with heart failure, aged 49 &#177; 14 years and presenting a left ventricular ejection fraction of 38 &#177; 10%. The total number of patients that used (Group I - GI) or did not use (Group II - GII) betablockers was 229 and 162, respectively. All patients were submitted to a cardiopulmonary stress test on a treadmill, using the Naughton protocol.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A peak VO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> identified high-risk patients, whereas values &gt; 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> categorizes patients with a better mid-term prognosis. Peak VO<sub>2</sub> values between &gt; 10 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> indicated moderate risk for cardiac event in four years of follow up. The betablocker use significantly reduced the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in patients with HF. The prognostic value of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 in the group using betablocker can reflect the impact of the drug on this cardiorespiratory variable.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A low peak VO<sub>2</sub> and an elevated VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are strong and independent predictors of cardiac events in HF. Thus, both variables remain important survival predictors in patients with HF, especially at the age of betablockers.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Betablockers; heart failure, low; prognosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of betablockers (BB) in the treatment of patients with heart failure (HF) started a new era in the management of this cardiomyopathy. Betablockers are capable of partially antagonizing the sympathetic and the inflammatory activity, with effects on the apoptosis and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, leading to an increase in the ejection fraction and attenuation of the ventricular remodeling progression<sup>1-4</sup>. Additionally, these drugs increase survival and reduce hospitalization in this group of patients<sup>5</sup>, although, in parallel, they do not improve tolerance to exercise<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary stress (CPX) test is a well-established technique for the diagnosis of patients with HF. The peak oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) measured during the CPX is a predictor of mortality in patients with HF and an important criterion in the selection of heart transplant candidates<sup>7</sup>. However, other CPX variables have also demonstrated a prognostic value in HF, such as the ratio between ventilation (VE) and the carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>) expressed as the VE/VCO<sub>2 </sub>slope<sup>8</sup>. Nevertheless, investigations in our country about the effects of betablockers on the prognostic value of peak VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are limited in this group of patients. </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess the effect of betablockers on the prognostic value of peak VO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in patients with heart failure, treated at a cardiology outpatient clinic specialized in this cardiopathy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 391 consecutive patients with HF were studied at the Heart Failure Clinical Unit of <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> of <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, from January 1999 to May 2004. Of these, 162 patients did not use BB agents before the CPX test and during the follow-up due to low tolerance to the drug, as well as due to the fact that it is not a fully established conduct for Chagas&#146; disease. All 229 patients undergoing treatment with BB had received a stable dose for more than 3 months before the CPX test. The patients&#146; clinical characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients who did not have the drug therapy optimized for more than three months or those with chronic atrial fibrillation, interrupted test due to hemodynamic and electrocardiographic complications, respiratory quotient RQ <underline>&lt;</underline> 1.0<sup>9</sup>, neuromuscular disease, peripheral vascular disease, pulmonary diseases, myocardial infarction <underline>&lt;</underline> 6 months before or orthopedic limitations, were excluded. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiopulmonary stress test</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, all patients were submitted to a 12-derivation electrocardiogram at rest and stress test with continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram (Max 1; Marquette Electronics; Milwaukee, WI, USA), of blood pressure through auscultation and gas exchanges during the stress test. The stress test was performed on a programmable treadmill (Series 2000; Marquette Electronics; Milwaukee, WI, USA) according to the modified Naughton protocol<sup>10</sup>. After 2 minutes in the standing position at rest, all patients were encouraged to perform the exercise until the symptoms (fatigue or dyspnea) made them unable to continue the test. The ventilatory data as well as the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production data were obtained at each respiratory cycle, using a computerized system (Vmax 229 model, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA) and the analysis of the collected data was made through the arithmetic mean of intervals obtained every sixty seconds. Peak oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>) was considered as the highest VO<sub>2</sub> attained during the exercise<sup>11</sup>, which was used as the index of maximum physical capacity for each individual. The ventilation slope (VE, ml/min) <italic>versus</italic> carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>, ml/min) was calculated based on the inclination of the straight line between the VE and VCO<sub>2</sub> at rest, at the end of the exercise. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All assessments performed were part of the clinical procedures and all patients gave their informed consent prior to the scientific publication of the data. The present study is a retrospective and descriptive study, as the phenomena were analyzed and correlated without being manipulated<sup>12</sup>. The patients were divided in two groups according to treatment &#150; with or without betablockers. Regarding the prognostic value of peak VO<sub>2</sub>, patients were classified as class A (&gt;20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), B (&gt;16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> to <underline>&lt;</underline>20 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), C (&gt;10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> to <underline>&lt;</underline>16 ml.kg-1.min<sup>-1</sup>) or D (<underline>&lt;</underline>10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)<sup>13,14</sup>. Regarding the prognostic value of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, the patients were classified as <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 or &gt; 34<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up and analysis of survival</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The follow-up of patients was carried out by phone interviews with the patient and/or family members. The study cutoff was death due to cardiovascular causes (sudden death, heart failure progression, myocardial acute infarction or pulmonary embolism) or the need for transplant (status 1)<sup>7</sup>. The patients that died due to non-cardiac causes in the follow-up period were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The continuous data were expressed as means and standard deviations. The Mann-Whitney test was used for the variables that did not have a normal distribution. Univariate as well as multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic value of peak VO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. The primitive variable value was generated with "receiver-operating characteristic" (ROC) curves at regular intervals, and the best threshold was automatically identified, minimizing the value of the expression [(1 &#150; sensitivity)<sup>2</sup> + (1 &#150;specificity)<sup>2</sup>]. The area under the curve was obtained in accordance to Hanley and McNeil<sup>15</sup>. The Kaplan Meier test was used to analyze survival regarding peak VO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. The statistical analysis of the differences between the survival curves were carried out by the long-rank test. Statistical differences with a p value &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. The statistical analyses were carried out with the SPSS<sup>TM</sup> software package, version 11.5. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the cardiorespiratory response to heart rate (HR) at rest and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope were significantly lower in the group of patients with BB. The maximum HR, maximum systolic (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), as well as SAP and DAP at rest, peak VO<sub>2</sub> and time of exercise did not show any statistical difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean follow-up period was 853 &#177; 442 days. In the group of patients with betablocker, 6 were class D, 88 were class C and 52 were class A. Of the patients without betablocker, 8 were class D, 63 were class C, 57 were class B and 34 were class A. In the group of patients with betablocker, 177 of them presented the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 and 52 of them &gt; 34; in the group without betablocker, 100 and 62 patients presented the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 and &gt; 34, respectively. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognostic analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the survival curve of the peak VO<sub>2</sub> showed that the group with betablocker presented a significant difference regarding class D when compared with the other classes (p&lt;0.05). There was also a significant difference regarding class C when compared to classes B and A (p=0.00). However, there was no difference between classes A and B. During the follow-up period, 2, 2.4, 16 and 33.3% of the patients died in classes A, B, C and D, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a07fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the group without betablocker, the analysis of the survival curve of the peak VO<sub>2</sub> showed a statistical difference only in class D, when compared to the other classes. A total of 11.8, 12, 12.7 and 50% of the patients died in classes A, B, C and D, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a07fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the survival curve of patients with betablocker showed that the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope presented a significant difference (p&lt; 0.001) between the patients with values <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 or &gt; 34 and 7 and 13 of the patients died, respectively, during the study period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). In the group without betablocker, no statistical difference was observed at the analysis of the survival curve of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 with 10% and &gt; 34 with 19% of deaths (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a07fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a07fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The result of the ROC curve analysis is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig02-body2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig03-body2">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a07fig04-body2">4</xref>. The prognostic classification for the peak VO<sub>2 </sub>and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was statistically significant for both in the group with betablocker; however, only the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope curve presented statistical significance in the group without betablocker. The area under the ROC curve was 0.80 for the peak VO<sub>2</sub> as well as for the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope of the patients under betablocker use, whereas in the group without betablocker, the area under the ROC curve was 0.60 and 0.65, respectively. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-91-01-0042-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results showed that the cardiopulmonary stress test maintained the prognostic value in individuals with HF at the age of betablockers. Peak VO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope were predictors of survival in patients with HF and betablocker use, showing high sensitivity and specificity in this group of patients treated with betablockers. </p>
      <p>The reference value of peak VO<sub>2</sub> used in the present study was the one based on the classification of Weber-Janicki<sup>14</sup>. Our patients with peak VO<sub>2</sub><underline>&lt;</underline> 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> had a worse prognosis when compared to patients with peak VO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, regardless of the etiology and cardiac function. </p>
      <p>Several authors have demonstrated that peak VO<sub>2</sub> is an important prognostic variable in patients with HF with betablocker use, which supports our findings, regardless of the cutoff used in the study<sup>14,16-19</sup>. These studies have demonstrated that the peak VO<sub>2 </sub>assessed on a treadmill remains a useful tool to determine prognosis in patients with HF with betablocker use. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> was considered a univariate predictor and independent from event-free survival and the betablocker therapy did not influence the status of absolute prediction of peak VO2 in relation to survival<sup>14-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, studies where the evaluation of the physical capacity was carried out in a cycle ergometer showed that peak VO<sub>2</sub> is a variable with low prognostic value<sup>8,22</sup>. This may be due to the lower muscle mass involved in this type or ergometer, providing limited predictive information<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>In healthy people, peak VO<sub>2</sub> obtained at the cycle ergometer was 10 to 15% lower than that obtained at the treadmill stress test<sup>21,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Other potential limitations of peak VO<sub>2</sub> at the assessment of prognosis is its dependence on the intensity of the patient&#146;s stress, which is directly related to the examiner and the emotional state<sup>25</sup>, as well as the metabolic capacity of the skeletal muscle, which can define, in parallel, values that are higher than peak VO<sub>2</sub><sup>21-24</sup>, being associated with the sedentary or physically active lifestyle of the patients with HF<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The increased VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope is related to the decrease in the pulmonary perfusion capacity and cardiac output, contributing with the prognostic value in HF<sup>26</sup>. Additionally, it is usually stress-independent and represents the reflex conditions of the patients with HF<sup>22,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies have adopted threshold values to define patterns of better and worse prognosis of patients with HF for the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope<sup>16,22,28</sup>; in the present study, we used <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 and &gt; 34, respectively. Our results were similar to those observed in the previous studies regarding prognosis in HF.</p>
      <p>The prognostic value of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in patients with betablockers when compared to those without BB might be due to the clinical condition, generally not associated with neuroautonomic instability, but to the signs of imbalance in the ventilatory control system<sup>17,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some hypotheses have been described to explain such response during exercise, such as the excess activation of muscular ergoreceptors as well as central and peripheral chemoreceptors<sup>29,30</sup>. </p>
      <p>The central chemoreceptors are associated with the ventilatory control in patients with HF, who have intact physical capacity, whereas the peripheral chemoreceptors and ergoreceptors are more important in those with decreased tolerance to exercise<sup>15,20,27</sup>. The potential benefit of the betablocker in the excessive ventilation response during exercise in patients with HF can be due to the re-establishment of the hemodynamic profile and sympathetic drive<sup>20</sup>. In the present study, we observed direct evidence of the effect of the betablocker on the ventilatory response during the exercise. The association between the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and prognosis was indeed significant in patients treated with betablockers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The management of patients with heart failure at our institution favors the use of Carvedilol, in relation to other betablockers. However, we have not evaluated the reasons for the specific prescription of the betablocker type. Our results can be applied to patients with HF treated with different betablocker agents, despite their pharmacological dissimilarity. We did not include in the present study the clinical and hemodynamic variables as well as the neurohormonal measurements that could help with the risk stratification in patients with intermediate functional capacity. Additionally, this study was a retrospective one. Although our findings are in accordance with previous studies, prospective studies are necessary. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of betablockers in HF has shown a significant improvement in survival and quality of life in this group of patients, although it has little effect on peak VO<sub>2</sub>. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> cutoff <underline>&lt;</underline> 10 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> identifies patients at high risk, whereas values &gt; 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> categorizes patients with a better midterm prognosis. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> range between &gt; 10 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 16 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> indicates moderate risk for cardiac event within four years of follow-up. </p>
      <p>Previous studies demonstrated that the betablocker significantly reduces the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in patients with HF. The prognostic value of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 in the group with betablocker may reflect the impact of this drug on this cardiorespiratory variable. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary stress test seems to maintain the prognostic value in patients with heart failure at the age of betablockers. A low VO<sub>2</sub> peak and an elevated VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are strong and independent predictors of cardiac events in HF. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are easily measurable, with high sensitivity and specificity obtained through the cardiorespiratory test and the prognostic value has clinical relevance in a subgroup of patients presenting symptoms that are not compatible with the functional capacity. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Vaz da Silva, from <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
